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Hiotigraphic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WBST  MAIN  STREET 

WIBSTIR,  NY.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

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CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microraproductions 


Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquas 


1980 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiquas 


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THE   WORKS 


Of 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 


THE    WOPvKS 


Of 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 


VOLUME  VII. 


HISTORY  OF  CEXTHAL  AMERICA. 


Vol,,  n.     1530-1800. 


SAN  FRANCISCO  : 

A.  L.  r.AXCIiOFr  &  tO.MI'ANY,  PUBLLSIIKRS. 


Entorod  aeconllnp;  to  Act  of  r„ngrps8  In  tlip  Tear  188.1,  by 

IIUDKKT  H.  BANCROFT, 
In  the  Office  of  tlu.  I.ibniri.in  of  Congress,  ut  WasUington. 


All  li'Kjhts  Ikaervcd. 


COXTE^-rS  OF  THIS  YOLU^IR 


CHAPTER  I. 

nZAlino  AXD    I'ERU. 

].VJ4-l.-i44. 
Origin  an.l  Character  of  tl.c  Co„r,ueror-Thc  Triunniratc  CopartnersLi,; 
of  1  uarro,  In.r  L,u,uc,  an.l  Diego  .lo  Aln.agro  f..r  Continnin^  the 
B.seove.,v  o    An,   ,„,.,_n..part„re-At,it„,Jo  of   Pe.lrari.,4^ W 
T>ov..!.,,,„..,.t  ,.f  ,h,.,r  nanH-I!..(„,.„  a„,l  lleembarkation-Persist- 
ence  of  IV.,..      Suflerin',.  on  (.alio  Llan-l-Fate  Lelicl-lUseov    y 
■f  I  rnnhe.  an.lthe  CWt  Ueyon-l-Keturn  to  I.anan.i-,.i..,,o  V^ 
t.  .s pan,-A   A,u-   lvv,,...!ition-Al.,„idnMl  Hi.story  of  ]',.n.-Th.. 
l.ival  Inca.s-I,.stal.li.sh„K.„t  of  (1,.  Spanianls  at  San  Mi..,..]- V,,.' 
hualpa  at  0.xan,al..a-The  Spania,.,ls  Vi^it  Hi,..  thc-e-JsH.-re     f 
I.o   ]nea-I..e„i..ti.,„   of    J-en-Anival    of    Aln.a.ro-lVath    o 
Mther     u,ne--J„.licial  Mnnler  of  the  Inea-A   Kia.'.s  lianson,- 
^..^.     of  the  IV.n.vian  Monarehy-Di.p„t..  an.l  X.,.l..t  l.Jhs 
01  tlie  Alnianios  and  i'izarros 


rAOF, 


CHAPTER  II. 

CASTILLA     DKL    OIlO. 

i;^i:M;;:i7. 

A.l,nin!.tration  of  Ped.-o  .le  lo.  IIi„s-TIe  is  S„pe,.c..lo,l  l.y  tl,o  Li,.cn. 
t.1  o  Ant.,n,o  .le  la  <  la.na-Kan.onnevo-s  J!ei.n- A  ■l>..vi,...e  in 
An,.. a  An.laluna  Crai.t.,!  to  I'e.lro  .1..  H.re.lia-lf..  Sails  f„r  Car- 
^^J^Conilict.  with  the  Xativ..s-T..,.a.u,.e  Vu^^nul-^rL 
t  1- "-'-l'n,sp..n.y  of  the  S,.ttlenK.nt-.-Alons,.  n,.,v,iia  Sent 

L  pe.  U,on.  „.  ^.a,•eh  of  the  <;litt..,.i.„  I-hanLan,  l.Van,.is,.o  (W 
an.l  O  l.e,.,-.A,:,lK.no,a  Iv.tal.li.he.l  at  I'anan.a-Mal..a,In,i„istra. 
t  on_Comp  au.ts  ,.  .he  Coloni«ts-I)estitntion  in  the  IV..vi,„.!!- 
L..hop«  o  (.ast.Ua  .K  1  On, --Mi,aeul,n,,s  ln,a,,e  of  the  Vi,-.i,.-,;i,,H. 
ogiaphieal 


•11 


(v; 


VI 


CONTIIXTS. 
CILVrTEll  III. 

Tllinn   ATTKMPTKIl   CdMiNIZ  \TIO.N    OF   VF.KAOfA. 

irj3.Vl,'a!. 


r.i  IE. 


The  Dukes  of  Vcr.njiti.T — Miin'.-v  do  Tidetli)  riiiitns  the  TiTiitory  for  licr 
S>m  Luis  Colon — Felijie  (iutieiTez  Appniiitoil  to  tlic  Coiiiinanil — 
I^iixiiii;^  on  tliu  t'oast  of  Vcragu.a — Sickness  and  raniine — Tlie 
Caci'jnc  Dunirna  l'".n.slave»l— Ho  I'ronii.ses  to  Uneirtli  his  Buried 
Trt-.-isurcs — Messeugers  Sent  in  Search  of  It — Tliey  Return  Knipty- 
liandeil — IJut  Warn  tlie  Chief's  iMillowers — IIc(!uiiU's  tlic  Spaniards 
to  tlie  Sjiot — 'I'hey  arc  Surrounded  by  Indi;ins — Iteseuc  of  the 
Caciijiic — Caniiilialisin  anionf»  the  Christians — SulTcrings  of  the  Few 
Sunivors — Tlie  Colony  Aijaiidoned G.l 

CHAPTER  IV. 

THE   CAKCIIIQIKLS  AOAIN    IN    KKVOLT. 
1.V2.J-1.V20. 

Alvarado  Sets  forth  to  Honduras  to  .Toin  Corti's — ^Tutiny  among  his 
Men — Uonzjilo  de  Alvarado  Appointed  Lieutenunt-govcnior — His 
Meetin;;  witii  Marin  ami  his  I'arty — Th'e  Second  Jlevolt  of  the 
Cakcliiijuels — <;un/;ilo  the  ("au>e  of  tiie  Insurrection — Massjicre  of 
the  Spanianls — Alvarado  Iteturns  to  (iuateinala — He  Captures  tliu 
IV-fiol  of  Xalpatlahua — He  Marches  on  I'atinamit — Ilis  Keturn  to 
Mucico — His  MeetiiiL;  witli  Cort(^'s 74 

CHAPTER  V. 

SrBjrGATION   OF  ZACATEPKC  AND   ("AI'TIIIK    OF    SINACAM's    STnONGIIOI,!). 

15'27-1528. 

Piiertocarrcro  in  Charpc  of  AfTairs — Revolt  at  Zacatcpcc — Escape  of  the 
.Spanish  (lamson — The  Place  Reeapturjd — Kxeeution  of  the  High 
Triest  I'an.-iguali — Sinaann's  Strongliold — Its  Siege  and  Capture — 
Jorge  dc  Alvarado  Appointed  tiovernor — The  City  of  Santiago 
Foundetl  in  the  Alniolonga  Valley — Prosperity  of  the  new  Settle- 
ineut $7 


CHAPTER  VI. 

INDIAN    IlKVOLTS  AND    CIVII,    FACTIONS    IN    GCATEMALA. 

ir)-'9-iJ.m 

Alvarado  Returns  to  Spain — Tie  is  Arraigne<l  1)eforc  the  Council  of  the 
Indi<<i — His  Acipiittal — His  Mariiage— Ho  Returns  to  Mexico — 
Hi.-  Ti'ial  Ixforc  the  Audiencia — Francisco  de  Ordufia  Ai'rives  at 
SavitiaL-'o — And  Takes  the  lleKidencia  of  .Tortre  de  Alvarailo-  The 


ion 


Ci.ufidei-.ited  Nations  in  Revolt — .luan  Perez  Dardon's  lOxpedit 
to  iLc  Valley  of  Xuniay — The  Spaniards  Attack  the  Stronghold  of 


COXTnXTS. 


vii 


03 


7» 


87 


Uspantf 
tiir 

Alv 
iiice. 


^-    Uy  I...anei«co  .10  CaHtcllanos-The  Circs  of  T  Ho  j^ 

\harado«  Kcturn  to  S«nti.-go-lA..no.an.c..l  Co.uliti.-n  of  the  vL 


100 


CHAPTER  VII. 


ALVARADo'fS   KXI'KDiriON  TO  PEIiiT. 

i-'jai-inno. 

malpu's    ..„.,o,a-.Strcngth  of  Alvanulo's  A,.,„«na.nt--„ri:  ..     r^ 
I  ucrto  J  .ejo-I^ihH.o  of  hi.  Kxpe,litio„-Hi.   Kotur     to        .  to 
mala-^atu•o  ltovolt«  during  hi«  aL.k.o-TI.o  Vi    t^:   ,:,,::  j^ 
A  nvos  a   Sa.Uiago-Hc  Fin.ls  Xo  Lault  iu  the  A.lolanta  lo-H  ' 
Afterward.  Ordered  to  Take  his  Ke^idencia-Alvurado  in  U^J:  ,,, 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

THE   ECCLESIASTICS   IN'   GCATEMA.  A. 

lo29-l.>ll. 
Francisco  Marroquin  Arrives  at  Santiago-He  is  Appointed  Bishop- 
Oodlessn.ss  of  the  Colonists-The  Prelate  Invites  Las  Ca  Js  t ,  L 
Hun-Marro,pun'a  Consecration  in  Mexico-Tl.e  (1uu-cl.  Ts'    H 

J^ime^e^ii;^:;!;:;;;:;;'::::-^;- 

CHAPTER  IX. 

APFAIKS     IN     HONDURAS. 

lo:27-lj;jG. 
Diego  Mendez  de  Hinostrosa  Appointed  Lieutenant-governor-Saloedo 
ReturnstoTrnjillo     IIi..oni..L%urpedlo^Va.co.rerrerrer^^^^^ 
of  .Salcedo-Three  Rival  Claimants  for  the  (iovcrnorshin     K   , 

afe.iinst  iicnora~A,ss.iis.sin.ui(jii  of  t  u:  hattcr—A  P,.l,r„    t  t 
Am.ta^dI^e„tionoftheConspin.or-"::ivi 

F  t     1    .         ''  •'^■""""^'l^-Kxodus  of  .Settlers  from  TrujUh^-They 
lowers—A Iv......  i,     \     •         •      ..        ^'""«'''>  <^sed  l.y  his  own  Fo  - 

n.e::jrc«t';:  .;,,:.!:■::'•"--''" '-» '■  ^- «-«- 

•'•• ..   144 


vm 


COXTHNTS. 


CHArTEIl  X. 

ADMINISTRATION   OK   AIFAIIi.S   IN   NIOAIUiOnA. 

1531-1550. 


FAOI. 


Miilofcasanrc  nf  raataftcila — Pioj,'o  Alvarez  Osnrio  the  First  Bishop  «{ 
NiciirnLjiiii — A  Cuiivciit  Fouinlcil  at  Loon — 1*18  (^asas  Arrives — Cas- 
tanodii'.s  Fii^'lit — Arrival  of  Coiitrenw — rroposcil  ICxpedition  to  VA 
r)es.'i;;iiai1ori) — Ojipositioii  of  Ivis  Casafi — Departure  witii  All  tlio 
Dotiiiiiioaiis— Tlie  Volcano  of  Kl  liilieriio  <lc  Masaya — Tray  lll.'is  He- 
lieves  the  Ijiviv  to  lie  Molten  Trcasuru — His  Deseent  into  the  ISnni- 
ing  Pit — l'".\p!oratinn  of  tho  l)esngua(Icr() — Pnctnr  Kiililes  Atteiujits 
to  Seize  tlie  New  Territory — Contreras  Leaves  for  Spain — His  Arrest, 
Trial,  nnd  lUtuni — His  Son-in-law  Meanwliilo  L'aurps  the  Oovurn- 
iiient — Antonio  i\o.  VaMivieso  Ajipointetl  liisJiop — Keinl  between  tlio 
Keelesiastiis  and  t\w  <  Jovernor — Alon/o  Lopez  do  Cerrato  Takes  tiic 
IJesidcncia  of  Contreras — Missionary  Lal)or8  in  Nicaragua 100 


CHAPTER  XL 

EXPEDITION   OF   DIKfiO   l.rTIERKEZ  TO  COSTA    RICA. 

1540-1545. 

l)ir_uo  fintiriToz  Appointed  riovemor — Pisertion  of  liis  Soldier? — He  Pro- 
ceeds to  Niearagua — Tlie  Advice  of  Contreras— Tlie  K.\]>e(lition  Sails 
for  tlie  Rio  San  .luan — Friendly  Reception  by  the  Natives — His  Men 
I'esert  a  Second  'I'inie — lleenfnrccnieiit.-t  from  \icai'a;:n:i  and  Xmn- 
lii'e  lie  l>ios—'riie  Historian  '■'.enzoni  .loins  the  I'arty — tiiitierre/  as 
nn  Evangelist — He  Inveigles  aniaehirc  and  Cocori  into  his  Cnnip — 
He  Heniands  (!()ld  nntler  I'ain  of  Death — X<jl>le  Conduct  of  the  Ca- 
ciijue  Cocori — The  Sjianiards  Match  into  the  Interior — Their  Snll'cr- 
ings  from  Hunger — They  are  Attacked  and  Massacred — IJcuzoni  and 
Five  Other  SiU'vivors  Rescued  by  Alonzo  de  Pisa lb? 


CHAPTER  XII. 

ALVARADO'S   LAST    EXTKIdTION. 

i5:!7-ir)ii. 

The  Adclantado'a  !Match-making  Venture — Hs  Failure — Alvarado's  Coin- 
nii.-i.sion  from  the  Crown— He  I/jnds  at  Piu^rto  de  (^'aliallos — And 
Thence  Proceeds  to  Iztapa — His  .\iinament — He  Sails  for  Mexico — 
His  Defeat  at  Xochisllan — His  Penitence,  Death,  and  L-ist  Will — 
Character  of  the  Coni|ueror — Comparison  of  Traits  with  Those  of 
Corti'S — While  above  Pizarro  He  was  far  lieneath  Sandoval— II i.'j  De- 
light in  IJIoodslied  fur  its  own  Sake — The  Rcsting-phice  and  l^jii- 
taph — Alvarado's  I'rogcny -01 


PAOI. 


IGG 


C0NTKXT9. 
CIIAPTEU   XIII. 

THE  COXgCEHT  OF  CIIIAI'AS. 


PAQI, 


Origin  of  tlio  n.i.ipaiuc,  Thoy  Sul.init  to  tlic  Spnniard.s  ,.ft.r  tlio  Mex-' 
ic.in  C.miiiicst-  P.ut  Uiso  in  Anns  wiim  l;r.|,iir..,l  fo  I'l.y  Trilpnt.-- 
Cil-taiii  Luis  Marin  I'n.Icrtjik.s  tlic  Ccn-iucst  i>f  tlio  IVoviiu-c-  IUh 
T.attl.suitl.  tlio  Xativrs-rii.-  I'anic-strickon Artillerymen-  Capturo 
..f  tlieStron-lioMuf  Chi.pas— TlieCiiamulans  Itise  in  Revolt- Their 
Furtress  l;e.siej,'e.l-l!.  pulse  (.f  tli.'  S])anianls-lJernaI  Di.i/in  Peril— 
rii-l.t  an.l  Surrender  (.f  the  fhainulana— Muriti  Heturns  to  Ivspiritu 
Santo— Secon.l  Revolt  of  the  Chiapanecs-Tht.;  ■■'il,jn-..tion  l.y 
Dieu'o  do  Mazariegos-Third  Kehellion— Their  .S  ■;  .deHtr.letion— 
^.  dro  I'n.rtoearrero  in  the  Field—ilis  Di.scotnlit.uiij—Koun.ling  of 
N'ilia  Keul-Juan  Ihiri.niez  de  fiuznian  TkI  a  tlio  ncsMfnei,-'  of 
Maziiriegos— His  Makadiiiini:nration 213 


CIIAPTEU  XIV. 

TIIIIKATENKIJ   HKSTiacTION    OF  'JlfK    INDIFS. 

i:)20-i:.i;i. 

Dcm-nse  of  Indian  ropulation  at  the  Isthniiis— And  in  ITun,lnras--Treat- 
n.ent  of  Spanish  AKies  in  Cu.'itm.ala— Torture  and  lliitehery  of 
Hostile  Xativcs-Terror  I:is]iired  l,y  Alvarado-Karly  LeLri.-lation  — 
Hi  Xoii-ol.s.rvanee-Tlie  X.w  Laws— 'J'ho  Audieneia  of  I'anani.i 
Al.oliblie.I— The  AiHlieiieia  of  Lou  Keycs  and  Los  Conlines  K.stal.- 
lished— Disgust  Caused  l,y  the;  New  Code— The  First  Vieeroy  (,f 
IVrn  Arrives  at  the  Isthnnis  -Ik.  'Jakes  ClK.r.'e  of  'IVoaMnv  A.,|uhed 
by  Slave  Liiijor— And  Liberates  a  dumber  of  Lidiaiss o-jo 


1S7 


CIIAPTEU  XV. 

P  A  N  A  M  A     A  N  D      1'  E  K  U. 

io:i8-i.VjO. 

Administration  of  Pootor  Iloblos— Intcroccanic  Commnnieatir.n— Ti-o- 
posed  Cliani:o  of  the  Site  of  ranaiii.'i— Xombn.  ,1,,  Dios  and  its 
Trade— The  Isthmus  the  lli-lnvay  of  ConinRroe  between  Die  I  lend- 
Kpheres- Vaseo  Nunez  Vela  Lands  in  iVnv-Conzah.  Fizarn.  at  the 
Head  of  a  Kebellion— 1  lisM.lntion  of  the  Audieiieiaof  Los  F,  yes  an.l 
AlTest  of  the  Vieen.y— His  Lde.-.se— His  Defeat  ai:d  Death  at  Aha- 
•juito— Conzalo's  Dreams  of  Con(i,:*t-H<-  Despatelies  r„„hieao  to 
Fananui— Hinoj.isa's  Kxpedition— His  Floo<l!e.-is  Concpiest  of  the 
Frovince— Me!rh.>r  Verdngo's  Invasion— IVdr-  do  la  Casta— His 
Negotiations  with  the  Kevolutinnists— (lasea  Lands  in  Feiu— F\e- 
cutiou  of  <  Jonzalo  Fizari'o o.jt 


CONTEXTS. 


CHAPTER  XYI. 

REVOLT   OF  THE   COXTRERAS  BROTHERS. 

1530. 


PAr.r., 


CauBC  of  the  Revolt — Preparations  of  tlie  Conspirators — Assassination  of 
Bishop  ViiliUvicso — The  IvcIkIs  Dufeat  tlie  Men  of  Granada — Tlicir 
Plan  of  ()i)cration8 — The  Kxpedition  Sails  for  Natii — flasca  Arrives 
at  tile  Isthmus  ■\vitli  tlie  King's  Treasure— Capture  of  IVinaniii— blun- 
ders of  tlie  liehel  Leaders  —  Hernando  de  Contreras  Marches  to 
Capira — He  is  Follo\ve<l  by  his  Lieutenant  Bennejo — Gasea's  Arrival 
at  Nonihro  de  Dios— Uprising  of  tlie  Inhahitants  of  Panain.l — ]>er- 
mejo's  Attack  on  tiic  Citj' — His  Kepulse — His  Forces  Annihilated — 
Fate  of  Heniaudo  and  his  Followers 274 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

AFFAIRS    IN     HONDURAS. 

15;]7-L')49. 

Francisco  de  Montcjo  Appointed  (!overnor— Revolt  of  the  Cacique  Lorn- 
pira — Dastardly  Artifice  of  tlie  Spaniards— I'^stahlishnient  of  Xew 
Colonies — Condition  of  the  Settlements — Mining  in  Honduras — 
Return  of  I'edrodo  Alvarado — Montejo  Deposed  from  Olliee — Alonso 
de  Maldonado  the  First  Presi<lent  of  the  Audienciaof  the  Confines — 
Maltreatment  of  the  Natives — Rival  Prelates  in  Honduras — Tin  ir 
Disputes — Las  Casas  Presents  a  Memorial  to  the  Audiencia — He  is 
Insulted  by  the  Oidores — His  Departure  for  Chia^1ils— Maldonado'a 
Greed — lie  is  Supersede<l  by  Alonso  Lopez  de  Cerrato — Tlie  8jat  of 
the  Audiencia  Moved  to  Santiago  dc  Guatemala 2bD 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 


PROGRESS   OF  AFFAIRS    IN   GrATE.MALA. 

ir)4i-i.")0. 

Mourning  for  Alvarado — Grief  of  Dona  Peatriz— An  Anomalous  Govern- 
ment—A  Female  Ruler — A  llcauliful  but  Treacherous  Mountain — 
A  Night  of  Horrors —  Death  of  Dofia  Peatriz— Destruction  of  Santi- 
ago— A  Ruined  City — Purial  of  the  Dead — Gh.om  of  Consciencc- 
strickcn  Survivors — .Joint  Governors — Removal  of  tlio  City  Resolved 
upon  —A  New  Site  Discussed— Another  Santiago  Founded — Maldo- 
nailo  Appointed  (!overnor — Action  of  the  Audiencia  Relative  to 
Kncomiendas — Controversies  and  Recriminations— Piemo\  a)  of  tlio 
Audiencia  to  Santiago— President  Cerrato  Otrenda  the  >Settlers—  Hi- 
Mode  of  Action ;il 


p/icr.. 


274 


CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER   XIX. 

THE  ECCLESIASTICS   IX  CUI.VPA8. 
1550. 


PAOE, 


A  Conv-en     Founckvl  l.y  tho  Merec.l  Onlcr-^iudad  Real  Appointea  a 

w'Jts  '^'ifr  ""T  '\  '^'«'-p-"«  Attempt,  to  i!^o..^,.: 

versy  w,h  tho  Au.lK.nu.aof  the  Conlines-IIu  Depart,  for  Spaia- 
Ls  Depute  with  Sepulv...a-Hi.  Appeal  to  the  Co^^i^  of 
Inl  p     ihe  Au.hencu  Transferred  fro,n  Panan.d  to  (iaat.nuh J 

^  ChJlf    ^'"""  ^'  ''""  '"'''^^-^^•^  Cha.acter-Thc  Do.nini.L 

.'i28 


CHAPTER  XX. 

MAnnoQnx  a.vd  las  casas  iv  ohatemala  an-d  vera  paz. 

i.'>4i-ir)r)0. 

A  N.nv  Cat)>o,l,.al  Wn.,te,l-A  Poor  Prelate  .n.l  Unwilling  Tithe-pay- 
••s-Two  Content.ons  P>ishops-Charitable  Institution.:  Foun.led- 
Do  .unean    ..nvent  Organi.e.l-Franeiseans  Arrivc-Their  Lab  r  - 
Mot,.l.n,a  rounds  a  Custodia-Disputes  between  Franciscans  a  ,d 
Dom.n.eans-La  T.erra  do  (Jnerra-Las  Casas' Systen.-His  iC 
L  Forts  n.  U.a  Paz     He  ( Joes  to  Spain-Decroes  Obtained  by  I 
and  an  Ind.gnant  Cabildo-Las  Casas  Returns-Pro^.vs,  in  V 
:rt^^'F;      ,'"'n'"'""  -"   "^"^^-^  Tributes-Ca,;^er':  K^^t 

^   Stl 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

OtTATEMALA    AND    CHIAPAS. 

l.wl-lOOO. 

InZ;;  i  O         ;"V'r"'^^  ^'"^  Lacan.lones-Its  Failure  -Land,  d.,. 
A   Po  nt.d  Que  ada  s  Suecessor-IIis  Residencia  Taken  by  the  Lieen- 
t;atoLr,.e„o     Funine,  Pestilence,  and  Karth,p.ako  in  (4uen      " 
Tho  Au.henaa  of  Iho  Conllncs  Ren.oved  tu'panan.a-An.I  ia 

Iransf.  rred  to  Guat,.,nala-Oonxalez  Appointe.l  P,csid..nt-  I  e 
8nccee.^jl  by   Vilhdobos-Chanye.   in   Church   Aflairs-Dca 

cW~uTl  ''"'''"  '""'  <'-l"'«-'---  l-twecn  two  J.:e. 

ami  t  ..^l...a-lndu.lnal  Coiahtiou  of  the  Province  o-o 

'*•' ti(j3 • 


xU  CONTEXTS. 

CHAPTER  XXII. 

AFFAIRS    IN'     PANAMA. 

irMl-lGOO. 

PAOK. 

Revolt  of  tlio  Ciniarroncs — Pcilro  do  Ursna  Sent  against  Thctn — A 
Secoiiil  llevolt — Cayana  Caught  and  Sent  to  Spain — Rfgiilalions 
concerninij;  Xeu'roes — Coniinerci.il  Decaileuue — iJestrictioiis  (in  Tiado 
—  IIoiiu!  Industries  —  I'earl  Fi.slieiie.s — Mining — I)ei;ay  (if  Settle- 
ments— Proposed  Change  in  the  I'm-t  (jf  F.ntry---Its  ];eHiiiv:il  finni 
X(jinl)ie  do  Dins  to  Poitoliello — Changes  in  the  Seat  of  tin;  Audien- 
ciii — Tietra  I'irine  Made  Suhjeet  to  t!ie  Viceroy  of  I'crn — I'lfalea- 
ti'ins  in  t'le  lioyal  Treasury — Preparations  for  Defence  against  <  ur- 
bail's  and  Foreign  Powers ;>^0 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

DRAKE   AND   OXENIIAM's    KXPEDITIONS. 

i:)7-2-130G. 

Drake's  Attaolc  on  Xomlirc  do  Dios — Panic  among  the  Tnliahitants — 
Stores  of  Treasure — lietreat  of  the  Knglisli  -They  Sail  for  Caiia- 
geni — And  Thence  forthe  ( lulf  of  Uraba — Visit  to  tht;  I-sle  of  Pinos — 
The  Ships  Moved  to  the  Caliezas  Islands — Seeond  l']\pedition  toCiii  ta- 
gena — Mareli  to  the  Istlinms  — Idakc's  First  (!liuip-c  of  tlie  South 
(Sea— An.liitscado  Posteil  iir.-ir  Crudes— The  I'.i  lis  (if  AinnMai'iing 
Treasure  Tiains — Tiie  I'li/e  Missrd  tliroii','h  t!ie  Fully  of  a  HiuiiU'n 
Soldier  — r';ipture  of  Cruees — TJiirty  Tons  of  <  Inld  and  Si'ver  'i'aii'ii 
near  X.>;iilire  du  T)io3 — Voyage  on  a  Il.ilt — Tin;  I'ajh diti  <n  Keiurns 
to  laigland— Oxenham'rt  Rail — Drake's  Cireunmivigaiion  of  the 
Cloljo -His  Second  Voyage  to  the  \Vest  Indies — His  I'iual  llxpedi- 
tion — His  I'eath  and  liurial  oil"  PortuUello J!)! 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

h'ICAUA(!rA   AND   COSTA   RICA. 
I.Vd-lOOO. 

Uevolt  of  Juan  fJaitan — Ilis  Defeat  liy  tlie  Licentiate  Juan  do  Cahallnn — 
lv\,ieditii)n  of  (^"ahallon  and.hian  de  Estrada  lliibago  to  Costa  Pica — 
Setlleinmts  Founded  —  I'istress  of  the  Spaniards — .Iiian  Vaxijuez 
Coronado  Comes  to  tliiir  IMief — Further  I.xpeditions — Flight  of 
thu  Natives— Capture  of  th(^  Strongliold  of  C(jtu— Administration  of 
Diego  do  Articgii  Cherino— 'I'iie  Fianeiscans  in  Costa  Pica — Martyr- 
dom iif  .lu.iu  Pi/.arro— Tlie  lOeelesiasties  in  Nicaragua — Fray  Juan 
do  Torn  i--Condilion  of  the  >;ettlenients— Shnv  (jruwtli  of  Trade,    l-i 


CONTEXTS. 


mi- 


PAnE. 


'Iicin — A 
nilalioiia 
>n  Tnuhi 
Spttlu- 
v;il  fi'oin 
Auilieii- 
Pifalca- 
iist  ( 'or- 


3S0 


lauts — 
Ciiriii- 

''illl):S — 

iCaita- 
•  S..uili 
lac'iiii'j; 

'Jakcii 

A'tunis 
<>i    Vac 


404 


Hon— 
lica — 

:lit  of 
iiiii  (if 
iityr- 
.'iiaii 
nulc.    124 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

NICARAGUA  AND  COSTA  KICA. 

lGOl-1700. 


PAGE. 


Leon  Abandoncd-Anothcr  Site  Selected-Description  of  the  NowCitv- 
11.0  Sacrilegious  Mousc-Thc  Trade  of  Granada-Freebooters  i„  Nic 
aragua-Chureh  Matters-The  Jesuits  Enter  the  Provincc-Tl.ey  are 
Itoealled-Tho  Dioceso  Subject  to  the  Archbishop  of  Linm-Succts- 
s.on  of  I'relutes-Eruption  of  El  Infiemo  de  Masaya- Massacre  of 
Spaniards  in  Costa  Rica-Maldonado's  Expedition  to  Talan.anci- 
\  erduleto's  Mission  to  Tologalpa-Its  Failure-His  Further  Attempts 
tothnstianLsetho  Natives-Massacre  of  Soldiers  and  EcclesiasUcs.  430 

CHAPTER  XXVI. 

BUCCAXEERa  AND  BUCCANEEEINO  RAIDS. 
1518-1CC4. 

Buccaneers  at  Santo  Dominso-Tortuga  the  Hcad-quarters  of  the  Pirates 
-llK-ir  Modes  of  Lifc-Franfois  L'Olonnois  the  Filibuster-IIis  V^a. 
sel  Cast  on  the  Shore  of  Campeche-IIe  Escapes  to  Tortu'a-.Vn.l 
Reappears  in  the  Lay  of  Hon<lura^-IIo  Captures  San  redro-IIo 
1  lans  a  Ilaid  on  Guatemala-IIis  Comrades  Desert  Ilim-Ilis  Vcs 
sel  Wrecke.1  off  Capo  Gracias  &  Dios-His  Expedition  to  Dcsania- 
deru-And  to  Costa  Rica-He  is  Hacked  to  Pieces-Manrvclt 
Captures  tno  Island  of  Santa  Catariua-And  Attacks  Carta-'o- 
toanta  Catarina  Retaken  by  tha  Spaniards 4-| 

CHAPTER   XXVn. 

PANAMi,   POBTOBELLO,  AND  PIRACT. 

1001-1C70. 
An  Audiencia  again  Established  in  Panamd-Its  Presidents-Captain 
1  arker  s  Raid  on  Portobello-Growth  of  I'ortobello  and  Deca.luleo  of 
lanamd-Malefeasanco  of  Officials-Interoceanie  Comn.unicatiou- 
Con  raband  Trading-Church  Matters  in  Panamd-Disputes  betuven 
the  Lisliops  and  the  Oidores-Tlie  Ecclesiastics  in  Evil  Repi.le-Do- 
structive  Conaagration-Razan's  Administration-His  Downfall  and 
Its  Cause— The  Annual  Fair  at  Pauamd .^^ 

CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

morgan's  RAIDS  ON  THE  ISTUMITS. 

1GC4-1G71. 
Morgan's  Early  Career-He  Resolves  to  Attack  Portobollo-The  Castlo 
of    Iriana  Blown  into  the  .Vii-Capture  of  the  City-Atrocities 


xiT 


CONTENTS. 


Committed  Ity  the  Buccaneers — The  Prcsulcnt  of  Panama  Marches 
against  Tliom — lie  is  Driven  Back— Morgan  Sends  Him  a  .Specimen 
of  liis  Weapons — Ransom  of  the  City  and  Return  to  Jamaica — The 
Buccaneers  Prepare  Another  Armament,  and  Resolve  to  Attack  Pa- 
nama— Capture  of  Fort  San  Lorenzo — March  across  the  Isthmus — 
ilnr^'an  Arrives  in  Sight  of  Punumd — Cowardice  of  the  Clovernor — 
Battle  M  itii  the  Spaniards — Buniing  of  the  City — Torture  of  Prison- 
ers— Bravery  of  a  Captive  Gentlewoman — The  Buccaneers  Recross 
the  Isthmus — Division  of  the  Booty 4S2 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 

CORSAIKS   IN  THK   SOCTU  SEA. 
IG71-1CS2. 

The  New  City  of  PanamA — Portohello  Sacked  by  Pirates — A  Buccaneer 
Fleet  Assemhlesat  Boea  del  Toro — The  Corsairs  Plan  a  Raid  on  Pa- 
nama— They  Capture  Santa  Maria — And  Thence  Sail  for  Plantain 
Island — Massacre  of  their  Captives — Desperate  Conflict  in  Panam;l 
Vtiiy — Some  of  the  Marauders  Return  across  the  Isthmus — The  Re- 
mainder I'roceed  to  the  Island  of  Taboga — And  there  Capture  Sev- 
eral Prizes— They  are  Asked  to  Show  their  Commissions — The  An- 
swer— They  Sail  for  the  Coast  of  Veragua — Their  Repulse  at  Pueblo 
^i.ievo — Their  Operations  on  tlie  Coast  of  South  Anieriai — Some  of 
Them  Return  to  England — They  arc  Tried  and  Acquitted 517 


I 


CHAPTER  XXX. 

FCRTUER  PIllATICAL  RAIDS. 
1G81-1GS7. 

Danipier  and  hi&  Comrades  on  the  Santa  Maria  River — They  Meet  with 
Spanish  War  Vessels — Their  March  to  the  North  Sea — They  Fall  in 
with  a  French  Ship — And  Sail  round  Capo  Horn  to  the  South  Sea — 
Tiiey  Attack  Realejo— They  Sail  for  the  Island  of  La  i'lata— Hero 
Tliey  arc  Reenforced — They  Proceed  to  the  Coast  of  South  Amer- 
ica— Where  they  Gain  Intelligence  of  the  Treasure-fleet — The 
Pirates  Sail  for  the  Pearl  Islands — Their  Defeat  in  the  Bay  of  Pa- 
uamA — Raids  on  Leon,  Realejo,  and  Granada — Piety  of  the  Filibus- 
ters— Further  Operations  of  the  Pirates 543 


CHAPTER  XXXI. 

PANAMA. 

1072-1800. 

The  Scots  Colony — They  Propose  to  Kstalilish  Settlements  in  Darien — 
Subscriptions  for  the  Enterprise — Dcpai'ture  of  the  Kxpe(Ut'on--It3 
Arrival  at  Ada — Sickness  and  Famine  among  the  Colonists — They 


CONTKXTS. 


XV 

PAOE. 


Alinnlon  tlicir  Sfttlomcnt— A  Sccoml  Kxpcilitinn  Dcspjitclicil— Ita 
railiirc — C:irt::g(-'ii;v  S.'kIjciI  liy  I'livutucrs — Iiuliaii  Outbreaks — Coii- 
fla'jnttions  in  raiiamd — I'cail  Fisln'rics— Minini; — Spanish  CuninKTco 
Falling  into  the  Ifamls  of  tht?  British — Seizure  of  llritisli  Vessel.s  and 
?ila!treatnient  of  tlirir  Crews — .renkins'  Kai-s — Deelaratio!!  of  War — 
Vernon's  Operations  on  the  Isthmus — Anson's  Voyage  roiinil  xlic 
World — Vernon's  .Second  Expedition — Its  Disastrous  Result 570 


CHAPTER  XXXII. 

MOSQUITIA,    NICAKAOUA,   AND  COSTA  BICA. 
1701-1 SOO. 

The  Sanibo3  of  ^losquitia — Their  Territory — A  Mosquito  Chieftain 
Crowned  Iving — Treaties  lietweon  Spain  and  Knglaml — The  liritish 
Ocenpy  Mosquitia — Galvez  Captures  an  Knglish  Settlement  on  tho 
r.laek  River — An  Armament  I)e.spatehed  from  Jamaica  to  Mosijui- 
tia — SmTcnder  of  tiie  Spaniards — Colonists  Ordered  to  Leave  the 
Coast — The  Governors  of  Nicaragua — The  British  Defeated  at  Fort 
San  Carlos — They  Capture  Fort  San  Juan — But  arc  Compelled  to 
Retreat — Church  Matters — Missionary  Kxpeditions  to  Talamanca — 
Ail'airs  in  Costa  Rica 505 

CHAPTER  XXXIII. 

BELIZE. 

lGJO-1800. 

Buccaneer  Settlements  in  Yucatan — The  Pirates  Engage  iu  Wood-cut- 
ting— Governor  Figueroa  Ordered  to  Kxpel  them — Raid  of  the  Wood- 
cutters on  Ascension  Bay — They  are  Driven  Back  l)y  the  Governor — 
Their  Settlement  iu  Belize  Destroyed  by  Figueroa — They  Return  in 
Stronger  Force — Further  Expeditions  against  'J'liem — Tlie  \Vood- 
cutters  under  British  Protection — They  are  Attacked  by  Governor 
Rivas — The  Boundaries  of  Belizo  Delined  by  the  Treaty  of  Ver- 
sailles— Stipulations  of  a  Later  Treaty — Further  Encroachments  of 
'i»  English 023 


CHAPTER  XXXIV. 

lIONDUnAS. 

IdoO-lSOO. 

Piratical  Raids  on  Trujillo  and  Puerto  de  Caballos — Condition  of  tho 
Settlements — Church  Matters — Missionary  Expedition  to  Tegucigal- 
\Mi — Martj'rdom  of  the  Missionaries — Lal)ors  of  the  Franciscans  in 
Honduras — Iutcrferei\co  of  tho  Bishop — Trujillo  Destroyeil  by  tho 
Dutch — Fort  San  Feinamlo  do  Omoa  Erected — Its  Capture  l)y  tho 
Ihi^lish— And  Recovery  by  President  Galvez — Roatan  Several  Times 
Occupied  by  Buccaneera— Their  Final  Expulsion GDI 


tvl 


CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER  XXXV. 

GUATEMALA      AND      CHIAPAS. 
1001-1700. 


MOB. 


President  Castilla — Port  Santo  Tojnns  Founded — Factions — A  Oambling 
IVesident — Condition  of  tho  Colonists — Grievances — rutroniiye  of 
the  Crown,  the  Audiencia,  and  tlie  Cabildo — Dispntes — Defensive 
Measures — Ride  of  President  C'aldas — Reorganixatinn  of  tlie  Audien- 
cia— President  IJarrios  and  Pishop  Navas— Political  Pisssensions — A 
Troublesome  Visitiidor — Tlio  Berropistas  and  Teijuelies — A  Lino  of 
Lisliops — Wealth  of  tlie  I  tegular  Orders— A  Prelate  Pewiteiied— Tho 
Bethleheniites — Royal  Order  concerning  Curacies — The  New  Cathe- 
dral and  Festivities — Succession — The  Progress  of  Chiapas C19 

CHAPTER  XXXVI. 

TUB     ITZAa     AND     LACANDONES. 
1001-1700. 

Early  EfTorts  at  Pacification — Priests  and  Soldiers  Sacrificed — Massacre 
of  Mironesnnd  liis  Party — El  Prospero  Expedition— Indiflerencc  of 
tho  Orders — Bishop  Navas  in  the  Field — A  Tripartite  Canipai;j,n 
Determined  upon — Expedition  of  President  Ikirrios — Meeting  witli 
Mazariegos — Velasco's  Operations — Tho  Exjieditions  Return — Fur- 
ther Expeditions — Fate  of  Vehisco  and  his  Connuand — Failure — 
Ursua's  Enterprise— Progress  of  Paredes — Negotiations  villi  tho 
Cauek — Opposition  of  Soberanis — Ursua  Takes  Command— Treacher- 
ous Allurements — The  Itzns  Concpiered — Pcten  Garrisoned — Jealousy 
of  Soberanis — Unsatisfactory  Operations — Questionable  Possesbiou.  072 

CHAPTER  XXXVII. 

GUATEMALA     AND      CIIIAPAS. 

1701-1800. 

Tho  Tzendal  Rebellion — A  New  Miracle — Atrocities — A  Novel  Hier- 
archy— The  Tzendales  Repulsed— Segovia's  Operations — I'resident 
Cosio  Assumes  Connnand— Fall  of  Cancuc — Spiead  of  tlio  Rebel- 
lion— Its  Suppression — Decadence  of  Ciiiapas — Earllupiakes — liiota 
— Venality  of  tho  Clergy — Establishnu'iit  of  the  Archbishupiic — 
Heresy —Boundaries  of  Provinces — Abolition  of  Corregimientos — 
Another  Great  l>arth(|uakc — Quarrels  over  Removal — Expulsion  of 
tho  Jesuits 090 


PAGE, 


HISTORY 


C19 


or 


CEXTR^iX    AMERICA. 


GOG 


CILAPTER   I. 

PIZARRO     AXD      PERU. 
1524-1544. 

Ourr^IN    AND   C.r.\,:ACTKK   OK   TIIE    CoXQr,;K„n--THE   TmrMVIUATr.    foPMT. 

NK.snu.  or  i'iXAUKu,  F.:iAU  LryiK,  an,.  Dik.o  i.e  Alma.ko  for  (■..v- 
TINr.N.  TUK  l.„.uVKKV  OF  An  rucovA-DEi-AUTnuo -Attht  ,  „:  .„ 
li.I.l^AKIAS-  ^U.W      I.i:Viar,I.MKNT     ,.r     TIIKIK     PLAXS-KKnKV       XM, 

L.km...kat,ox-I.,:ks,st.n,k  or  Pi.AUKo-SrKrEKiN.s  .s' ii.u.n 

Jsr.A.Ni,-I.ATKl),:,„,„_]„,s,:oVEKVOFTlMIiEZANDTHKC..AST]!>V,.N.,-^ 

RKTrux  TO  R.NAMA-l.,XAiu.o  V.s.Ts  Hpaix-A  Xkw  Exi-Kmnux- 
A,..  .  uaNA.  II,s,oi:v  o.  Pkk.-Thk  Rival  IxcAs-EsxA.usi.MKNr 
-  nn,  SPAMAuns  at  Sax  Mi,;r,a-ATAatTAU.A  at  Caxamauv- 
Un.  M'AM  u:i,s  \  ,s,T  „n,  T,.,:nK-S::izrKE  ok  thk  Ixca-I'a,  uuv- 
nnx  ,p  .  Kur-AKiwvAL  OK  Alma.u.o-Dkatu  ok  Fatwku  Lrwn.l- 

V  U:  ^■-'»^'-"V-D,«PCTKS   AX.    V:o,.KXT    DeauIS     OK    THE 

ALMAUKOS  AXI)    PlZAiiUo.s. 

Lx  a  society  like  tliafc  of  raiiania,  where  polities 

ovn"'  r'  "n''"'^  T^  'r'^^^^y  '''  diabolical,  we  could 
expect  nothing  else  than  that  the  worst  men  should 
Pn>ve  the  niost  successful.  Anion-  those  who  eaniu 
oa]i3-  to  Daui^n,  and  whom  wo  have  ImHientlv  en- 
counteivd  m  the  wars  npo.i  the  natives,  was  one  wl.o 
now  enters  the  ar«Mia  as  the  c.n.iuen.r  of  ]Vru  J  I  is 
-r^^m  was  of  the  lowest.  JJorn  in  hastardy,  i,o  M'as 
laid   l.v  Ins^  ,n,.ther  on  the  church  steps,  whence  ho 

(1) 


1 


ill 


2  riZARKO  AND  I'KIIU. 

^vas  taken  ]>y  a  swinc-hord  to  be  sucklcil  1)y  a  S(tw. 
l^^scajiiiiL;'  tliis  iiuistci"  lie  ilcd  to  SeviHo  and  lived  no 
one  knows  liow,  until  he  took  ship  to  Santo  ])oniiiiL:'o, 
no  one  knows  when.  Thenceforward  to  the  day  of  his 
assassination,  his  merciless  courage  i'oiuul  congenial 
occa}»ation;  neither  his  ignorance  nor  his  beastly  iii- 
stiiuts  nor  his  infamous  cruelty  and  treachery  stand- 
inu'  in  the  way  of  i'anie  and  i'oitune. 

Jle  was  now  not  lar  i'roni  liftv-three,  haviii<''  lieeii 
l»i  rn  at  Trujillo,  in  Estrenuulura,  about  1471,  After 
Iwitii  had  become  famous  a  distant  kinshi))  was  traced 
between  IMzaiTo  and  llernan  Cortes,  The  develoji- 
nieiit  had  been,  in  eveiy  respect,  in  k('ej)inL'-  with  the 
origin  and  environnu'nt.  lilxcej)t  IV'drarias  there 
wa.5  not  a  man  in  all  the  Indies  more  detestable. 
Innately  he  was  the  coarsest  of  all  the  con(|uero]s, 
I  have  not  seen  of  his  a  siuLi'le  noble  sentiment  ex- 
]»ressed  or  a  single  nolde  action  recorded.  The  Chris- 
ti.Miity  which  as  a  Sjianiard  he  was  oblii;'ed  to  wear 
ha;l  in  it  not  the  slightest  tincture  of  piety  or  pity, 
and  tlie  civilization  under  whicli  his  genius  grew 
(!r\('!(>ped  in  him  oidy  the  savage  cunning  MJiich  In; 
afterward  displayi'd  when  in  pursuit  of  hunian  [iny, 
lender  this  same  inihience  Cortes  and  other  ca[it;;iiis 
of  a  generous,  lordly  nature  might  wade  through  lutr- 
icis  to  a  determined  goal,  while  appalling  tragedies 
and  blood -recking  treacheries  were  not  what  tlieir 
souls  deliglited  in.  But  incarnate  vulgarity  Mas 
Fiancisco  I'izarro,  and  a  devouring  sea  of  inifpiity, 
beside  whom  beasts  were  heavenly  beings;  for  wlun 
man  sinks  to  his  lowest,  we  must  enter  the  domain 
of  hide'ous  fancy  to  tind  his  prototype, 

V\)  to  this  time  Pizari'o  had  displa3'ed  little, of  tliat 
j^ignal  ability,  that  marvellous  <letermiiiation  and  readi- 
ness  of  resource  which  cari'ied  throuii'h  one   of  the 


most  remarkable  undei'takings  of  any  age.  Soldier  of 
fortune  and  petty  farmer  were  the  only  distinctions 
he  could  boast.  No  talents  of  a  higher  order  than 
those  exhibited  by  the  other  captains  in  Darien  had 


ORGAXIZATIOX  OF  AX  ILXIT-DITIOX. 


a  sow. 
ivcd  no 
3iiiinuo, 
y  of  liis 

illl^'l'llKll 

.stlv  ill- 
•  staiul- 

Al'lAT 

-i  tract'd 
k'vclo])- 
litli  the 
■i  llicrt 
estaltlc. 
[jiicrors. 

K'llt    c.\- 

c  Chris- 
to  v,i.';ii' 
or  i)ity, 

^  o-rcw 
liich  lio 
n  [M'cy, 
;!]it;::ins 

a^X'flifS 
lit  their 
|ty  was 
li'iuity, 
r  wlu'ii 
idoiiiaiii 

(.i'thnt 
|l  rcadi- 

oi"  tho 
Ithi'i'  oi' 
lU'tions 
}r  than 

,>ii  had 


5 


a.s  y<t  ;i|ii)r.'irt.(l,  except  [)eilinp  ■;  a  cooler  cinclty  in  liis 
treatuieiit  otthe  natives,  and  a  more  selli.-<h  lie;ir(less- 
iicss  in  his  intercourse  with  his  comrades,  lie  was 
made  of  a(bjiii'ahle  stulf  for  an  executioner,  l)rave, 
hedient,   merciless,  remorseless;  and  as  he   liad  not 


o 


u 


i.inil'ested  suflicient  aml)ition  to  excite  llu;   iealousv 

*  *■' 

even  of  I'edrarias  he  had  heen  a  useful  tool  of  t!u; 
j^'ovei'Uor.      Gi'eat  deeds  do  not   always   s[)riii_i;'  IVoni 


ureal ness  ot  sou 


f 


d.     It 


h 


may  nave   i)een  merelv  owuj'j,' 


to  the  decline  of  physical  powers  with  advancing  aye 
that  Pizarro's  mind  was  led  to  serious  rellection  ou 
what  at  various  times  he  li;ul  heard  of  the  region 
.southward  of  the  Istlnnus,  of  wh:it  l\u)ci;u'o  had 
said,  and  the  Pearl  Islanders,  and  Tumaco,  and  last  of 
all  of  what  Andagoya  had  ?'eported  concei'ning  Piii'i. 
It  was  known  what  Cortes  had  done  in  the  north; 
migiit  nut  the  same  feat  be  accomplished  in  the  souih  .'' 

A'\'henccsoever  sprang  the  purpose,  on  tlu;  retui-nof 
.Vndagnya  unsuccessful  from  Biri'i,  I'izari'o  determined 
if  possible  to  undertake  an  expedition  iu  that  direction. 
Xotwillistandinif  a  louLf  career  of  successful  i'ol)l)erv 
he  had  little  to  N't'nturc,  except  that  worthless  article 
his  life.  Two  re({uirements  v.ei'e  nec»>ssary,  money 
mid  the  consent  of  the  governor,  hotli  of  which  might 
he  ohtaincMl  through  Fernando  dt;  Lu(jue,  acting  vic^ir 
(;f  I'jinanui,  and  i'ormerly  school-master  of  the  cathe- 
dr;d  of  ])arien.  Father  IjU(jue,  or  Loco  as  he  was 
later  called  ior  this  f  )I!v,  had  iiilhience  with  Pedra- 
rias.  and  the  [iroceeds  of  his  ])iety  thus  far  amounted 
to  tv.cnty  tliousand  castellanos.  Jle  ji^ined  with  liini- 
si.'lf  a  conirad(.',  Diego  dc;  Almagro,  and  winning  over 
the  priest  and  the  governor  by  a  promise  of  one  fourth 
each,  the  com[)any  was  complete.  aVlniagro  was  a  few 
years  oldei-  than  Pizarro,  and  with  an  origin  perhaps 
as  l,)\v,  Ibr  he  was  likewise  a  foumlling.  Ill-i'a\d!('d 
by  nature,  the  loss  of  an  eye  but  increased  a  sinister 
(  \]>ression  that  had  played  from  infancy  over  Ids 
ieatures.     It  is  but  faint  praise  to  say  of  him  that  his 


i 


I'IZARKO  AND  rr.KU. 


iiiijdil-os  woro  n')l)l(.  r  th;;n  thouo  of  PirMiTo.     Tliou<;]i 


lii-iv  ho  was 


iVaiik 


aiK 


I  al.h 


-It 


Kii'i-c'd  ticaclR'iv 


iKir  cwii 


111 


lie   iinrso   a    wronu"   iiioic   I'asilv  tliaii   liis   cdlli  a'>rn' 


'izar)'(t  was   to   cnniiiiand   lliu  cxpcc'itiou 


Al 


liia;4i<> 


to  take  fliar'4<;  of  llio  sliips;  the,'  vicar,  hcsidcs  his 
iiionoy,  was  to  coiitnbuto  ]iis  jji-avcrs,  wlillc  thu  '^■■>\'- 
cnioi-  was  to  have  an  eye  watelil'iil  lor  ]liu!^u  If. 

Ill  a  small  car.ivtl  with  ahoiit  a  hundrrd  men  and 
four  horst'-/  I'i/arro  sailed  iVoiu  l*anaiiia  Xovcni1-''r 
14,  1524,  leaviii'4'  Ahiiai^ro  t<»  follow  as  soon  as  ho 
could  ofjuip  anotlu  ;•  vessel.  After  toiU'hin«4'  at  Toho^a 
and  at  the  I'earl  I^;lailds,  l*iz^iri()  coasted  southv.aid 
I'j'.st  Puei'to  d(!  l^iur.s  where  terminated  the  vonm^cs 
of  \'aseo  Xuhez  and  Andaufoya,  and  entered  tho 
rivei-  Jjiru  in  search  of  ])i'ovisions,  but  iindin^L,^  n^no 
put  to  st-a,  and  after  huil'etin'^'  a  storm  foi'  ten  ('ays 
a^i^ain  landed,  and  a^'ain  failed  to  ])rocurc  food,  'i'l.e 
j^r.tund  was  soft,  and  the  foi'aneis  suffend  severely. 
At    a    place    su1)se(|nently    called     YA    Puerto    <!'.  I 


]i;!mhre   he  v^aited  fo)-  six 


AVeeKs   A\' 


ith   jtart  of  tlio 


nu-n,  all  on  the  vei^-e  of  starvation,  while  the  ship,  in 


command   of  (j!il   do   ]\Iontoneui 


().  wen 


i  1 


)acii. 


to     i!; 


I'earl   Islands  i'or   sujijilies.      AVhen    his   lorces   v.erij 
aLrniii   n.nltrd   he  iiut  to  sea  an 


d   1; 


ndini^  at  various 


j)oints  found  i'oed  and  .I'dld  abundant.  Presently  ilie 
vc'ssv  1  required  repairs,  and  fearful  lest  if  ho  shouid 
return  tho  e.\j)cdition  would  be  broke  n  up,  l^i;:ar:<> 
-ed  himself  and  all  his  followers,  save  onlv  tluro 


can 

he 


d.-.l  t. 


>  n!ana<j;e  tho  ship,  to  be  ])ut  ashoi'o,  v 


liil. 


Xir-i.kis  i\v  Iviber;'.,  the  treasurer,  v.ent  with  tho  vessel 
and  tho  Ljold  collected  to  Panama. 

Three  months  after  tlio  <lej\arture  o\'  Pi;:arro  fr'  m 
Pananni,  .\lma;^To   followed   Vvith   seventy   men,  a.i.  I 


-^  J 


'  Iferr;  r;i.  Ave.  iii.  lil).  viii.  c:ip,  xiii.-\iv.,  s.')y;<  Vi)  men.  Friiiiriscn  i'.(i 
.Ti'i'oz.  r'iz;iii'>".s  sccrciaiy,  (.'uin/.  ilcl  l\ni,  in  Huri.a,  iii.  IT!'.  Jiliui.s  tl^i,- 
irinilKT  :it  11-  Si::inii!Mls,  Insidcn  Indians;  /';'ii:iti',  //■'>/.  ihl  /'irr,  in  ii'..  at 
Hi  nifii.  I'tiV  niiniii'  .stati'nienls  and  disiic]  aucii's  cnnipare  ilomnrn,  J/ inf. 
J  if..  Ill;  <l(irr':hi.^ti  i/c  ill  \'ii/ii,  Com.  Hull,  )it.  ii.  lil>.  i.  (ap.  vii.;  Ilcjr.oi  i, 
Jiitt.  Moiulo  Xcuvo,  1 IS;  Oiiidu,  iii.  ij;.':"J-l)U;  (Ji'iiifamt,  I'li/a.-i,  /'i'-crru,  iO. 


SECOND  ExrnniTiox. 


.1  l.O 


!1'\    !!l 
W'rVJ 


.V   1 


1  .. 


the;  o 
hilo 

V(...>1 


)  (V'  111 

1,  ;ii. 

I 

irisro  1 

'.0 

a..-(s  I 

:i^ 

1.  /..'.. 

l-rt.  Ji. 

^_* 

/:,;r.o. 

'. 

ru,  ii). 

nftor  soino  Ronr<-li,  niid  llio  loss  dI'  <tn  (vc  in  fin'litiiiL^ 
savaj^cs,  ]\v  ioiiixl  his  collcaLCUc,  It.'f't  \\i\\\  Iiiiii  liis  siii-- 
]/ltis  iiK'ii,  aiul  n-tiniud  with  liis  vcssrl  to  tiic  assist- 
aiKi'  of  lvil)cTa.  I>y  tliis  time  IVdraiias,  altliou^li  lio 
liad  invested  nothing',  was  dissatislifd  and  sullen  over 
llio  i-esult.  The  sliij)s  wcic  wanted  for  Nicai'a^ua, 
lie  said,  and  half  the  men  einhaiked  in  this  mad 
soutliern  venture  were  di'ad.  Ahnaqro  was  jinally 
<;lad  to  n'et  rid  of  liiin  hy  J»ayinn'  him  a  thousand 
)»esos,  IMzarro  was  ohli^ed  to  return,  and  the  ihrce 
associates  l)oun<l  themselves  by  oath,  solenuiized  l»y 
the  sacrament,  that  the  entii'c  returns  and  emolument^* 
of  the  ox[)edition  should  be  equally  <livide<l;  Fatlui' 
]^r.(jue  (lividin<^  the  wafer  into  three  }iarts  and  each 
partaking  of  one. 

Nearly  two  years  were  thus  occn})ied  when  the  two 
cajjtains,  made  equal  by  the  new  contract,  and  each  in 
conunand  of  a  shi}i,  c^nbarked  a  second  time  with 
IJartidome  Huiz  as  pilot  and  one  liundred  and  sixty 
men,  and  standini--  will  out  sailed  directly  to  the  ]iio 
San  Juan,  the  farthest  i)oint  vet  discovered.  i\!eetin<' 
here  with  fair  success,  Almagro  was  sent  to  Panamii 
v.ifh  the  plunder;  Pizarro  with  most  of  the  men 
remainetl  on  shore;  while  liuiz  with  the  other  vessel 
continued  the  discover}'  beyond  the  etpiator,  and 
returning  reported  a  more  opulent  people  with  a 
higher  culture  than  an}'  yet  found  in  the  Indiis. 
Among  other  wondeiful  objects  which  he  had  seen 
was  a  large  trading  balm,  or  raft,  made  by  lashing 
tegether  with  vines  ])orous  timbers,  which  were  over- 
liiid  with  a  floor  of  reeds,  and  navigated  by  lateeii 
cotton  sails.  The  people  of  the  ratt  (lisj)layed  s])un 
and  raw  wool,  and  scales  for  weighing  gold,  while 
those  ujion  the  shore  ran  to  and  fr(»  lea]>ing  and  shout- 
ing to  the  homeless  wanderers,  the  hairy  exiles,  chil- 
(h-en  of  the  sea-foam,  descendants  of  tlie  sun,  as  they 
called  the  glittering  serpents  that  were  so  s(X)n  to 
envenom  their  land. 

Soon  afterward  Almagro  appeared.     lie  too  had 


'  \m 


e  rizA[:ii(i  and  ri:uu. 

lioon  sufpcssfnl.  J^di-nrias  was  (l(|ioscfl;  nnd  witli 
J'cdro  (Ic  l(>s  Jkios,  tliu  new  j.'ovviiHir,  li.'id  i-oinc  iVcsh 
as|iiriuits  for  iulvciiti^ri'  and  a  u^ravc,  cin'litv  of  anIkhii 
Mci'c  sodii  lauiiclu'd  with  J-'allicr  Liujiic's  hlL'ssiny  lu 
the  l*tin\ian  c'cix-dilioii. 

])niiiiL;  tlic  aliscnce  (»i"  the  vessels  dcatli  liad  taken 
f'ointeeii  of  I'izarro's  iiieii,  and  tlie  reinainder  now 
clainored  loudly  t(»  l»i'  carried  to  l\inani;i.  ]>nt  this 
v.as  not  to  lie  oonsiderctl.  lieiVeslied  l)V  Aliiia'-ro's 
stores  and  clieered  hy  ]{uiz'  tal(^  hoj>e  re\ived.  tlie 
j'liantoni  of  desiiair  took  ili.^lit,  and  joyous  i  \[Hclat  i<  ii 
thrilled  the  hearts  of  those  who  had  so  lattlv  dreamed 
ot  death. 

How  ha[){>y  was  Pizan-o  as  he  went  to  jnove  tl: 
};"oldeu  report  ol"  eood  IJui::!  A  storm  which  diov 
him  under  tlie  lee  of  (Jiallo  Island,  and  ohlieed  him 
to  repaii'  at  ^^an  ]Mateo  ]>ay,  only  made  the  populous 
(•ities  and  culti\jited  iields  of  maize  and  cacao  the; 
more  beautiful  tohi'hold.  And  thcgeinH  and  preciors 
metals  that  j^listened  every  where,  how  they  made  the 
hlack  hlood  of  the  jtirate  to  tingle  I  But  little  could 
l»i>  dene  with  such  a  foi'ce  as  his  a;4'ainst  ten  thousand 
warriors  that  o}i})osed  his  landing;  for  with  increase 
of  wealth  and  intelligence  was  increased  power  to  de- 
tend  possession.  "J  he  soldiers  were  not  pleased  to  have 
the  ships  go  hack  to  I'anama  M'ithont  them,  and  the 
leaders  came  tdmost  to  hlows  over  the  (piarrel;  hut  it 
was  tinalh'  ari'anged  that  F//.arro  should  remain  wiih 
the  men  (  i  (hdlo  Island,  while  xVlmagro  with  one  oi" 
the  ships  heuld  seek  a  .stronu'er  force.  Some  sent 
letters  lie     imcing  the  conunandeis,  and  hogging  that 


:e 
I  ■ 


the  g 


ovc-i'i    V  mi; 


■lit  1 


)e  inlormet 


I  of  tl 


le  misei'ahle  coi 


hl( 


dltion  of  t     '  men;  which  h'tters,  of  course,  were  iK^t 


del 


c!elivere( 


:»ne 


save  one  which  Juaii  de  Sarahia  in- 


closed in  a  hall  of  ct)tton  Mdiicli  was  to  he  present e<l 
to  the  wile  of  the  governor  as  a  siieeimeu  of  native 
industry." 


P 


-Tlii.s  letter  picturin^r  tlio  hdrrcirs  of  the  pitnntion,  iiml  lpr['f:iii'(  froni  the 
n.rnur  relief,   m;io  sji^iieil  by   tlio  writer  and  his  ce/iiirude;';  alter  wluch 


■^ 


I 


!i 


A  MOMENTOUS  DIX'I.-IOX. 


(I    llio 

>ut  it 
with 
ic  or 
sent 
that 

OOll- 

V  not 
ia  in- 
■nkd 
ativo 


Mil    tllO 

which 


Fearful  lest  the  men  nii,L;]it  seize  ^hv  reniaiirmi^ 
shij»,  l^izaiTo  (Ksp.-itrhed  it  also  to  l*anani;i  for  recruits, 
leaviuL,'  liimselt'  with  only  ei^hty-tive  nun.  Ihit  the 
missile  projected  hy  the  verse-maki'r  struek  Inuin'. 
The  Moveriioi"  \vas  indignant  that  the  kind's  sultjeets 
sliould  he  held  iu  eontiniied  jeopardy  ol"  their  lives 
liv  their  uiijiriiieipled  leade-rs,  ordered  the  expeditinu 
.stojtped,  and  sent  the  licentiate  Tat'ur  with  two  sliips 
to  hring  the  wandei^rs  liome.  Father  Jjii(|Ue,  ]i<>\\- 
ever,  wi'ote  to  Pi/,ari-o  not  to  ahandon  the-  eiiter[)i  ise, 
Tiie  arrival  of  Tal'ur  at  liie  island  places  Pizarro  in  a 
niesL  tiyiu!^  jxsitioii.  ^\nd  v.e  can  almost  lor-it  the 
hideousness  of  the  man's  natui'e,  which  assumes  yet 
<lai-ki'r  deformity  as  we  |)roceed,  when  he  rises  under 
thi'  ins[)iration  of  his  energy  in  defiance  of  destiny. 
The  very  impudence  of  his  ohstinaty^  conunands  our 
a.lmii'ation.  What  is  the  situation!*  llei't."  stands  a 
sint;'le  S[>aniard.  Yonder  are  the  ori^anized  armies 
of  J\'ru  with  tlieir  tens  of  thousands  of  ti^htiuLj  nun. 
The  rupture  hetweeu  the  ruliuL;'  powers,  ])reliminary 
to  yet  more  dire  convulsions,  has  nr)t  yet  occurred. 
Jlumanly  regarded  it  as  insensate  lolly  for  I'izarro 
t)  dream  of  seizing  this  ])Owerful  realm,  or  any  [tarfc 
of  it,  with  his  handful  of  vagahonds  as  would  he-  his 
attenqtt  to  drink  the  ocean  ilry,  or  to  ])ocket  l*ar- 
nassus.  Yet  what  shall  we  say  in  viov.'  of  the  result- 
An;l  sure  I  am  it  is  no  u])right  deity  that  aids  him. 

When  Tafur  landt><l  and  told  the  men  to  get  o!i 
hoai'd  the  shijis,  Pizarro  cried  "  Stop!"     Drawing  his 

\va>i  a  iloggerf"!,  current  for  years  thcrciftor  in  the  Indies,  which  ran  as 


iuUows: 


Ami  may  be  rendered  thus: 


I'licn  Kcfinr  f;'i'"'ni.'iili'r, 
Sliiclii  lii'ii  p"!'  1  iiiini 
(;iii'  !tll  I  Ml  i|  iiiMtrc'l.ir, 
y  aca  iimila  rl  caniiccTu. 


To  tlii.-4  \vi)  liopi'  v.'iir  lioiinr, 
Will  1.  n.lH  U.ii'li.v  r-.H-: 
\iiii  1ki\i'  llir  liiiili  r  with  yi)U, 
\Vc  liiUi'  till'  liiiliInT  li'  ri'. 

In  Unlhon,  Iligfoiir  da  P<  run,  Tci  nanx-L'unipanH  gives  a  French  rcndi  ring 
by  IJeauduin : 

?IiiTi<ii'iir  If  pinvirrii'iir,  on  r'cii  vii  voih  ilnrclior, 
1'.  Ill'  ciiiliii'iii'i'  (li'-i  pus  ill'  l:i  villi'  iiu  vc'iH  I'slua. 
liiivciVi'Z-iic'ii— I'll  (liiir.  (Mr  Miiov  If  lii.iirlicr 
liui  ll'd  Isjjijllicru  CuUllUC  lit' I'UUM'l'd  iH-atts. 


8  PIZAURO  AND  PERU. 

sword  lie  marked  a  lino  from  west  to  oast.  Then 
l)()iiiting  toward  the  south  ho  said :  "  Countrymen  and 
comrades!  Yonder  hirk  hunger,  hardships,  and  death; 
but  for  those  who  win,  fame  and  wealth  untold.  This 
way  is  Panama,  with  ease,  poverty,  and  disgrace. 
IjL't  each  man  choose  for  himself  As  forme,  sooner 
will  I  hang  my  body  from  some  sun-smitten  clitf 
for  vultures  to  i'eed  on,  than  turn  my  back  to  the 
glories  God  has  here  revealed  to  me  I"  Thus  saying 
iio  ste[»[)etl  across  the  line,  and  bade  those  who  would 
to  follow.  The  })ilot  lluiz  was  the  first;  tlien  Pedro 
de  Candia;  and  iinally  eleven  others.  All  tlie  rest 
went  back  with  Tafur  to  Panama.  lluiz  was  ortlcred 
to  accompany  him  and  lend  the  associates  his  assist- 
ance. Pizarro  then  crossed  his  army  of  twelve  on  a 
rait  to  the  small  island  of  Gorgona,  a*"  a  safer  distance 
from  the  main  shore,  and  tliere  awaited  Almagro. 
Alone,  anchored  on  a  cloud-curtained  sea,  near  a  fear- 
fully fascinating  shore,  they  waited  five  months. 

This  rash  act  of  the  now  thoroughh'  inspired  Pi- 
zarro was  viewed  differently  by  ditfercnt  persons  at 
I'anania.  The  governor  was  angry  at  what  he  deemed 
suicidal  obstinacy.  Father  Luque  was  enthusiastic, 
and  Almagro  was  not  idle.  The  general  sentiment 
was  that  in  any  event  these  Spaniards,  so  chivalrous  in 
tlu3  service  of  their  king,  should  not  be  abandoned  to 
certain  destruction.  To  jjermit  it  would  be  inlanious 
on  the  part  of  the  governor,  and  a  disgrace  to  every 
man  in  Panama.  Thus  forcibly  persuaded,  Pedro  do 
los  llios  permitted  Jjucpie  and  Almagro  to  despatcli 
a  vessel  to  tlicir  relief,  hut  stipulated  tliat  unless  it 
returned  within  six:  months  they  should  be  suhjcct  to 
hea\y  ])enalties. 

We  may  u'ell  imagine  that  Pizarro  was  glad  to  see 
the  faithful  lluiz,  altliougli  his  force  was  not  greatly 
increased  thereby.  And  now  he  would  go  forward; 
Vvith  aa  army  of  ten  thousand  or  alone  he  would 
match    his  destiny  against  that  of  Pt^ru.-    Passing 


C0A8TTXG  SOUTHWARD. 


ri:uu. 


I   ! 


10 


nZARRO  AXD  PERU. 


Gallo,  Tacamcs,  and  the  Cabo  Pasado,  the  limits  of 
former  discovery,  twenty  days  after  leavinsf  Gorgona 
tlioy  anchored  off  an  island  sacred  to  sacrificial  pur- 
])oses,  opposite  the  town  of  Tumbez.  More  biiUiant 
than  had  been  their  wildest  hopes  was  the  scene  sui'- 
roundinijc  them.  Stretching  seaward  were  the  briuht 
Avaters  of  Guayaquil,  while  from  the  grand  cordillcra 
of  the  Andes,  Chimborazo  and  Cotopaxi  lifted  their 
fiery  front  into  the  regions  of  frozen  white.  Tame 
enough,  however,  were  a  new  earth  and  a  new  heaven 
to  these  souls  of  saffron  hue,  without  the  evidences  of 
wealth  that  here  met  their  greedy  gaze,  of  wealth 
weakly  guarded  Ijy  the  unbaptized.  All  along  the 
shore  by  vvhich  tliey  had  sailed  were  verdant  fields 
and  populous  villages,  while  upon  the  persons  and 
among  the  utensils  of  the  inhabitants,  seen  principally 
in  the  trading  balsas  that  plied  those  strange  waters, 
Were  emeralds,  gold,  and  silver  in  profusion. 

Two  natives  captured  in  the  former  voyage  and 
kindly  treated  for  obvious  reasons,  were  put  on  shore 
to  pave  the  v.'ay,  and  soon  maize,  bananas,  plantains, 
cocoa-nuts,  pineapples,  as  "well  as  fish,  game,  and 
llamas  were  presented  to  the  strangers  by  the  people 
of  Tumbez.  Shortly  afterward  a  Peruvian  nobleman, 
or  orcjnn,  as  the  Spaniards  called  him,  from  the  large 
golden  pendants  which  ornamented  his  ears,  visited  the 
ship  with  a  retinue  of  attendants.  Pizarro  gave  him 
a,  hatchet  and  some  trinkets,  ainl  invited  him  to  dine. 
Next  day  Alonso  de  Molina  and  a  negro  were  sent  on 
shore  to  the  cacique  witli  a  j)resent  of  two  swine 
and  some  poultry.  A  crowd  of  wonder-stricken  spec- 
tators surrounded  them  on  landing.  The  women  were 
shy  at  first,  but  presently  could  not  sufHciently  admire 
the  fair  complexion  and  flowing  beard  of  the  Euro- 
jiean,  and  the  crisj)  hair  of  the  ebony  African,  wlujse 
lauLi'h  made  them  dance  with  delight.  Never  were 
])igs  so  scrutinized;  and  when  the  cock  crew  they 
asked  what  it  said.  Molina  was  ])romised  a  Ijcautil'ul 
bride  if  he  would  remain,  and  he  was  half  inclined  to 


ARRIVAL  AT  TUMBEZ. 


11 


and 
bore 
ains, 
and 
eoplo 
niaii, 
avge 
I  t|io 
liiin 
line, 
it  oil 
wine 
spee- 
woro 
uiiro 
]uro- 
hoso 
wcro 
tlioy 
tiiul 
1  to 


m 


aorcpt  the  offer.  The  cacique  of  Tunibcz  was  equally 
pleased  and  astonished.  He  lived  in  some  state,  hav- 
in.;"  vassals  at  his  doors  and  gold  and  silver  among  his 
utensils.  Conspicuous  among  the  buildings  of  Tum- 
bez  was  the  temple  built  of  rough  stone.  There  vv-as 
a  fortress  surrounded  by  a  triple  row  of  walls.  In 
the  valley  without  the  town  was  a  palace  belonging 
to  Huaj'na  Capac,  the  reigning  inca,  near  which  was 
a  temple  with  its  sacred  virgins,  glittering  decora- 
tions, and  beautiful  gardens  dedicated  to  the  sun. 

More  witnesses  to  such  facts  as  these  must  be  ob- 
tained before  leaving  this  place.  So  next  day  Pedro 
de  Candia  was  j)crmitted  to  go  ashore  armed  ca})-a-pie. 
Candia  was  a  Greek  cavalier  of  extraordinary  size  and 
strength;  and  when  Ivi  presented  himself  in  bright 
mail,  with  his  clattering  steel  weapons,  and  arquebusu 
vomiting  fire  and  smoke,  there  is  little  wonder  these 
simple  people  should  take  him  for  one  of  their  children 
of  the  sun.  Ileturning  to  the  ship  Candia  testified  to 
the  truth  of  all  Molina  had  said,  and  more.  Ho  was 
received  as  a  heavenly  guest,  and  conducted  througli 
the  temple  which  he  aflii-med  was  laid  with  plates  of 
gold;  M'hereat  the  Spaniards  were  wild  with  delight, 
says  an  ancient  chronicler.  Pizarro  thanked  (jod  that 
it  had  been  permitted  him  to  make  this  great  discovery, 
and  he  cursed  the  luckless  fortune  which  j)revented 
his  landing  and  taking  immediate  possession.  Ihit 
(rod  did  for  Pizarro  better  than  Pizarro  could  do  lor 
himself  Had  the  five  hundred  he  then  so  desired 
been  five  thousand,  the  probability  is  all  would  have 
been  lost  as  soon  as  ventured. 

Continuing  southward  some  distance  beyond  the 
site  of  Trnjillo,  a  city  subsequcMitly  I'ounded  by  him, 
the  eviilcneoH  of  wealth  and  intelhgeiK'o  meanwliijj 
diminishing,  and  the  i-ejiorts  of  an  imperial  city  whci-e 
dwelt  the  ruler  of  all  that  region  becoming  fainter, 
l*i/.arro  ivturned  to  Panamil,  carrying  back  with  him 
two  native  youths,  one  of  whom,  called  by  the  Span- 
iards I'V-lipillo,  became  notorious  during  the  couipiest. 


€ 


19. 


PIZARnO  AND  PERU. 


TliG  men  liad  been  ordered  to  treat  gold  with  indiiTer- 
eiice,  that  the  future  harvest  might  be  greater.^ 


J 


h< ; 


The  pirate's  paradise  was  found;  it  next  remained  to 
enter  it.  Pizarro  reached  Panama  late  in  1527,  and 
instantly  the  town  was  wild  with  excitement.  Fatlier 
Lucjue  wept  tears  of  joy.  But  although  Pedro  do 
los  Hios  forgot  his  threats  of  punishment  be  did  not 
rogaid  with  favor  another  expedition,  wliich  w  »uld 
tend  to  de[)opulate  his  own  government  and  establish 
a  rival  colony.  This  selfish  policy  of  the  governor 
hastened  the  defeat  of  its  own  aims.  Unable  to  do 
more  at  Panannl,  early  in  1528  Pizarro  sot  out  for 
Mj)ain.  Through  the  aid  of  Father  Luque  fifteen  hun- 
dred ducats  bad  been  raised  to  defray  his  expenses. 
It  was  not  without  misgivings  that  Alamauro  saw 
him  go,  and  the  ecclesiastic  himself  was  not  without 
his  susj»icions  that  foul  play  might  come  of  it.  "God 
grant,  my  sons,"  he  said  at  parting,  "that  you  do  not 
defraud  yourselves  of  his  blessing."  Pedro  do  Can- 
dia  accompanied  Pizarro,  and  tiiey  took  with  them 
specimens  of  the  natives,  llamas,  cloth,  and  gold  and 
silver  untensils  of  Peru. 

Two  notable  characters  were  encountered  bv  Pizarro 
immediatch'  on  his  arrival  in  Spain.  One  was  Her- 
nan  Cortes,  revelling  in  the  renown  of  an  ovei'thrown 
northern  empire  as  Pizarro  Avas  about  to  re  vol  in  tbo 
overthrow  of  a  southern.  Cortes  told  Pizarro  how  ho 
had  coiHpiered  Mexico  and  gave  him  many  valuable 
hints  in  tmpire-snatching.*     The  other  w^as  no  loss  a 

TJiircilnso  rle  la  Vo^n,  Cum.  Peal,  pt.  ii.  lil).  i.  cap.  xi.,  tells  the  most 
I'xtniv.iftiint  .stories  roneeriiin','Tunilicz.  'Aviiv  gran  nuinero  tV^  Phiterus,  quo 
liaciaii  Cantams  do  Oro,  y  Plita,  coii  otras  imicliaH  iiiaiu'ias  du.Joias,  asi  para 
rl  scrvifid,  y  ornanuiitii  <lil  Triiipli),  ([uo  olios  Iciiiaii  \v)V  Sairosaiito,  coiiio 
]:;ira  servicic)  <kl  iiiisnio  l!ij:a,  y  ])ai'a  cliapar  Ian  ])lancliaa  (U'stc  Mi  tal,  jior  las 
jiaredc's  do  lo.s  ToniploM,  y  I'alai'ios.'  Slo  also,  Am,:,  < 'i>ht/.  del  I'iri'.,  /lurdd, 
iii.  KJLt-Sl;  ZU-nto,  Jii.^t.  (/.'/  /V/C,  }>ii,riri,\'n.'2,:i;  a.viKirn,  HU.  Inil.,  ll.'t; 
J 'Izarra  y  Orcl'oiifi,  Wiraiutt  ]lv.-<frci<,  1;>S;  Jl(  hZ'iiii,  JlLst.  Alitiulo  Xruro,  I'JO; 
Jkrr'ra,  dec.  iii.  lil).  viii.  cap.  xii.;  Ovia/a,  iii. 

*Soinc  atiiiiii  tliat,  uliilo  in  Spsiii,  Cortrs  and  Pizarro  became  .rrcat 
friends;  that  niiu'h  fatherly  advice  was  given  liy  the  former  to  tiie  latter. 
Cortei?,  they  say,  although  the  younger,  could  teach  his  brother-conoui. ror 


THE  DISCOVERER  IX  SPAIX. 


13 


He 


zarro 
vr- 
•<)\vn 
the 
;  lio 
:a':lo 
(jss  a 


S  ((110 

si  I'lira 

CilUKJ 

.iir  hi 
'iircni, 

iTcut 

h'lttrr. 
iiiuror 


pcrsonacfe  tliaii  the  Bachiller  Enciso,  ^vllo,  still  mill- 
ing revenge,  seized  the  now  famous  discoverer  of 
Peru  and  imprisoned  him  on  the  old  charge  of  in- 
juries at  Antigua.  Ileleased  by  royal  order,  Pizarro 
presented  himself  before  the  emperor  at  Toledo  ^vith 
all  tlio  im[)udenee  of  unlettered  merit,  and  received 
tlie  appointment  of  governor,  captain  general,  and 
al'>uazii  mavor  of  all  lands  which  he  had  discovered 
or  might  discover  for  a  distance  of  two  hundred 
leau'ues  south  from  Santiuu'O.  His  p-overnment  was 
to  be  independent  from  that  of  Panama,  with  the 
right  to  erect  fortresses,  maintain  forces,  grant  en- 
cnmiendas,  and  enjoy  the  rights  and  prerogatives  of 
absolute  authority.  His  salary  was  to  be  725,000 
niaravedis,  to  be  drawn  from  the  resources  of  Irs 
own  Ljovernment  and  without  cost  to  the  crown.  In 
return  for  these  privileges  he  was  to  enlist  and  etjuip 
for  a  Peruvian  expedition  two  hundred  and  iil'ty  men, 
one  hundred  of  whom  he  was  at  liberty  to  draw  from 
the  colonies.  For  his  associates  he  was  satisfied  with 
nuich  less;  though  it  had  been  stipulated  that  for 
Ahiingro  should  be  asked  the  office  of  adelantado, 
tluis  dividing  the  honors.  As  it  was,  he  olitained  i'or 
Almagro  only  the  post  of  captain  of  the  fortress  of 
Tunibez,  with  an  income  of  300,000  maravcdis,  and 
for  Father  Lutpio  the  bishopric  of  Tumbez,  with  a 
salary  of  one  thousand  castellanos.  Bartolome  Paiiz 
was  to  be  grand  [)ilot  of  the  South  Sea;  Pedi'o  do 
Candia,  conmiandor  of  artillerv,  and  the  brave  thir- 
tern  who  so  gallantly  stood  by  their  captain  at  Hk; 
Isle  of  Clorgona  were  elevated  to  the  rank  of  knights 
and  cavaliers. 

Pizarro's  connnission  was  siij'ned  at  Toledo  July 
2C),  I  528.  Thence  he  j;roceeded  to  Trnjillo,  his  native 
})!ace,  where  he  was  joined  b}'  four  l)i'others,  Fernan- 
do, Juan,  and  Gonzalo  Pizarro,  and  Francisco  ^Martin 
de  Alcantara,  all  except  the  first  like  himself  illeL;it- 

iii.'iiiy  tliinirs,  ■•111(1  wanu'il  I'i/arro  a;:;iiiist  iKlinittiii'-,'  ;iiiotlior  to  a  share  in 
thu  .■mpruun;  uutlioiity,  wliioli  advice,  iiulcod,  was  hardly  iiccussary. 


M 


PIZARRO  AXr»  PERU. 


MM 


!'!!iitl 


! 


imatc,  all  poor,  ignorant,  and  avaricious.  Fernando, 
however,  possessed  some  superiorities,  and  played  a 
conspicuous  part  in  the  conquest.  Ho  was  a  man  of 
fine  form,  repulsive  features,  and  infamous  cliaractcr. 
As  arrogant,  jealous,  and  revengeful  as  he  was  capa- 
ble, ho  soon  acquired  unbounded  inlluence  over  iiis 
brotlier,  and  was  the  scourge  of  the  expedition. 

Small  as  was  the  force  required  by  his  capitulation 
Vvitli  the  crown,  Pizarro  was  unable  to  raise  it.  With 
the  assistance  of  Cortes  he  managed  to  make  ready 
for  sea  three  small  vessels,  in  one  of  which,  bv  eluding 
the  authorities,  he  embarked,  and  awaited  his  brothers 
at  the  Canary  Islands.  By  liberal  bribery  and  the 
solenm  assurance  of  Fernando  that  all  rcqui'^oments 
of  the  king  had  been  complied  with,  and  that  the 
spcniied  number  of  men  were  with  his  brotlier  who 
had  gone  before,  the  other  two  ships  were  allowed  to 
depart,  and  the  three  vessels  arrived  at  Nombre  do 
Dios  in  January  1530.  There  Pizarro  was  met  bv 
Ahnagro  and  Father  Luque,  who  when  tliey  learned 
how  the  royal  honors  had  been  distributed,  and  saw 
the  insolent  bearing  of  the  vulgar  brothers,  upbraided 
him  for  his  perfidy;  and  it  was  with  difficulty  that 
Ahnagro  was  jirevented  by  fresh  promises  from  with- 
drawing from  the  partnership  and  engaging  in  con- 
quest on  his  own  account. 

Ci'ossing  to  Panama,  an  expedition  was  organized 
with  one  hundred  and  eighty  men,  thirty  horses,  and 
three  ships,  though  all  had  been  procured  with  no 
small  difficulty.  On  the  day  of  St  John  the  evangelist 
imposing  ceremonies  were  held  in  the  cathedral;  the 
royal  banner  and  the  standard  of  the  expedition  were 
unfurled  and  consecrated;  a  sermon  was  preached, 
and  to  every  one  of  the  pirates  the  holy  sacrament 
was  administered,  thus  giving  this  marauding  ex})e- 
dition  the  color  of  a  religious  crusade.  The  l*izarros 
set  sail  early  in  January  1581,  leaving  Ahnagro,  as 
in  the  first  instance,  to  ibllow  with  reiinforcements. 
Tumbez  was  their  objective  [)oint;  but  turned  from 


CIVIL  WAR  IN  PERU.  l.j 

their  piir|)oso  by  adverse  \viacls,  and  caij^or  for  a  trial 
of  tlieii'  steel,  the  Spaniards  landed  at  a  hay  which 
they  called  San  Mateo,  surprised  a  village  in  the 
province  of  Coacjuc,  and  secured,  besides  |)rovisions, 
gold,  silver,  and  emeralds  to  the  value  of  twenty  thou- 
sand pesos,  which  enabled  them  to  send  back  tlio  shi})s 
at  o'.icc,  one  to  Nicaragua  and  the  other  to  Pananul, 
for  reenibrcements. 

Tlie  Spaniards  then  continued  their  course  toward 
Tumbez  by  land;  and  burdened  as  they  were  by 
\\  capons  and  armor,  marching  over  hot  sands  under 
an  ecjuatorial  sun,  the  journey  soon  became  painful  in 
the  extreme.  To  add  to  their  torments,  an  ulcerous 
epidemic  broke  out  among  them,  from  wliicli  many 
died,  witli  curses  on  their  connnandcr.  But  tlieir 
hearts  \\'ere  gladdened  one  day  by  the  ap].)roach  <jf  a 
shii)  fi'om  Panama  havinof  on  board  the  roval  officers 
appointed  to  accompany  the  expedition,  whom  Pizarro 
in  his  haste  had  left  in  Spain,  and  soon  tliey  were 
joined  by  thirty  men  under  Captain  Benalcazar. 
J\Ieeting  with  no  resistance  from  the  natives,  Pizarro 
continued  his  march  until  he  arrived  at  the  gulf  of 
(niayaquil,  opposite  the  isle  of  Puma.  I\)ssession 
of  this  island  was  deemed  desiraltle  pi'c})aratory  to 
ilie  attack  on  Tumbez,  While  meditating  on  the  best 
method  of  capturing  the  island,  Pizarro  was  gratified 
l>y  a  visit  from  its  cacique,  who  invited  the  Spaniai'ds 
to  take  uy)  their  abode  with  liim.  It  apjiears  that 
there  existed  an  liercditary  feud  between  the  ])eople 
of  Puma  and  tlioso  of  the  mainland;  and  although 
I'orced  to  submission  by  tlie  powerful  incas,  the 
i.-landers  never  ceased  to  iiiiiict  such  iniuries  as  lay  in 
their  power  on  the  town  of  Tund)ez.  The  friendsliip 
of  the  strangers  would  give  them  great  adsantages; 
hence  the  inxitation.  iMzarro  glaell}'  acce}>ted  the 
j'l'ofl'ered  hospitalit}',  and  passing  over  to  the  island 
Avllh  his  army  he  awaited  tlie  arrival  of  reenforce- 
iiunts  before  attackinij:  Tund)ez. 

J>v  their  arrooance  and   ai)parent    intimacv  with 


r:    f 


'111 


!      { 


IG 


riZAEKO  a::d  r]:nu. 


the  peo];le  of  Tuiiibez,  the  .strangci's  soon  l)ceciniO 
iiitoK'i'aMu  to  tlic  islanders,  who  caught  in  a  con- 
s[)ii-acy  \vcro  attacked  and  driven  to  hiding-places  hy 
tlieir  guests.  Noverthcles.s,  but  for  the  opportune 
arrival  ot  Fernando  do  Soto  with  one  hundred  nun 
and  some  horses  it  would  have  gone  hard  with  the 
Spaniards.  Pizarro  now  resolved  to  cross  at  once  to 
the  mainland  and  set  the  ball  in  motion. 

Xot  least  among  the  speculations  that  stirred  ilio 
breast  of  the  Spanish  conunander  was  the  rumor  that 
i'rom  time  to  time  had  reached  his  ear  of  disci  n'd 
between  the  rival  candidates  for  the  throne  of  tlio 
monarch  lately  deceased.  Civil  war  would  be  a  prov- 
idence  indeed  at  this  juncture,  not  less  kind  than  tlu.t 
which  gave  ]\rontezuma's  throne  to  Cortes. 

Tradition  refers  the  aborigines  of  Peru  to  a  time 
when  the  entire  land  was  divided  into  petty  chic  i- 
doms,  composed  of  wild  men  who  Hko  wild  boasts 
roamed  ])rimeval  forests.  After  the  lapse  of  ages, 
time  marking  no  improvement,  there  appeared  or.e 
day  on  the  bank  of  Lake  Titicaca  two  personages, 
male  and  i'emalo,  Manco  Cajiac  and  Mama  Ocollo,  of 
majestic  mien  and  clad  in  glistening  whiteness.  Tluy 
declared  tliemselves  children  of  the  sun,  sent  by  tlio 
parent  of  li'>'ht  to  enliuliten  the  human  race.  From 
LalvO  Titicaca  they  went  northward  a  few  leagues 
and  founded  the  city  of  Cuzco,  whitlier  the  cliicd's 
throughout  that  region  assendjled  and  acknowledged 
the  sovereignty  of  the  celestial  visitants.  Under  the 
instruction  of  Manco  Capac  the  men  became  skilled 
in  agriculture;  j\Iama  Ocollo  taught  tlic  women  do- 
mestic arts,  and  the  migratory  clans  of  the  western 
slope  of  the  cordillera  tlius  became  cemented  imder 
the  beneficent  rule  of  the  heavenly  teachers.  Oiig- 
inally  the  dominion  of  Manco  Capac  extended  no 
nioi'o  than  vhAit  leaijfues  from  Cuzco,  but  in  the 
twelve  succeeding  reigns,  which  formed  the  e])neh 
prior    to   the  advent  of  the    Spaniards,  the  empire 


ABORiaiNAL  HISTORY. 


17 


of  the   incas,    or   lords    of   Peru,    was    greatly   ex- 
tendecl. 

It  naturally  followed  from  their  celestial  oriji^in  and 
superior  inteilijjfence  that  the  incas  were  adored  as 
divinities,  as  well  as  obeyed  as  sovereigns.  Not  alone 
their  person,  but  everything  coming  beneath  their 
touch  was  sacred.  Their  blood  was  never  contami- 
nated by  mortal  intermixtures,  and  their  dress  it 
was  unlawful  for  any  to  assume.  The  empire  under 
Huayna  Capac,  twelfth  monarch  from  the  foundation 
of  the  dynasty,  embraced  more  than  five  hundred 
leagues  of  western  sea-coast,  and  extended  to  the 
sunmiit  of  the  Andes.  This  politic  and  wailike 
prince  died  about  the  beginning  of  the  year  152G. 
His  father,  Tupac  Inca  Yupanqui,  during  whose  reign 
tlie  imperial  domain  had  been  enlarged  by  the  addi- 
tion of  Quito  on  the  one  side  and  of  Chile  on  the 
other,  exhibited  martial  and  administrative  talents  of 
a  hicfh  order.  This  vast  inheritance,  tosfether  with 
the  wisdom  and  virtues  of  the  father,  descended  to 
the  son.  In  addition  to  a  wife,  who  was  also  his 
sister,  Huayna  Capac  had  many  concubines.  The 
lawful  heir  to  the  throne,  son  of  his  sister-wife,  was 
named  Huascar,  next  to  whom  as  heir  apparent  stood 
Manco  Capac,  son  of  another  wife  who  was  his  cousin. 
But  his  favorite  son  was  Atahualpa,  whose  mother 
was  the  beautiful  daughter  of  the  last  reigning  mon- 
arch of  Quito,  and  concubine  of  Huayna  Capac. 
From  boyhood  Atahualpa  had  been  the  constant 
companion  of  his  father,  who  on  his  death-bed,  con- 
tiary  to  custom,  divided  the  realm,  or  ordered  rather 
that  Quito,  the  ancient  kingdom  of  his  vanquished 
ancestors,  should  be  given  to  Atahualpa,  while  all 
the  rest  should  belong  to  Huascar.  Four  years 
of  tranquillity  elapsed,  and  the  impolitic  measure  of 
Huayna  Capac  bid  fair  to  prove  successful.  Huascar 
was  satisfied,  and  his  brother  appeared  content.  But 
now  a  martial  spirit  was  manifest  in  Atahualpa. 
Gradually  drawing  to  his  standard  the  flower  of  the 


UuT.  Cent.  Am.    Vol,  II.    3 


18 


PIZARRO  AND  PERU. 


1ii! 


Peruvian  army,  he  marched  aj^ainst  Iluascar,  over- 
threw him  near  the  base  of  Chiinborazo,  and  pressinj^ 
forward  aj^aiii  defeated  tlic  Peruvians  beibre  Cuzco, 
caf)tured  his  brother,  and  took  possession  of  the  im- 
perial city  of  the  incas. 

It  was  in  the  midst  of  this  struggle  that  the  Span- 
iards gathered  before  Tumbez  bent  on  phuider.  We 
see  clearly  now,  that  had  they  attempted  invasion 
before  the  opening  of  the  war  between  the  rival 
brothers,  their  eftbrt  would  have  been  what  it  ap- 
peared to  be,  chimerical  and  absurd.  But  these  fmv 
swift  years  had  ripened  this  lard  for  hellish  purposes, 
and  the  demons  were  already  knocking  at  the  dooi-. 
Crossing  to  the  mainland,  not  without  some  slight 
opposition,  Pizarro  found  Tumbez  deserted.  Gone 
were  the  gold  of  the  temple  and  the  rich  ornaments 
of  the  merry  wives.  "And  is  this  your  boasted  Tum- 
bez?" cxcltkimed  the  disappointed  cavaliers.  "Better 
far  and  richer  are  the  elysian  fields  of  Nicaragua; 
better  have  remained  at  home  than  to  come  so  far  for 
so  barren  a  conquest."  After  some  search  the  cacique 
was  found.  He  charged  the  destruction  of  the  town 
to  the  islanders  of  Puma.  As  he  professed  willing- 
ness to  submit  to  the  Spaniards,  and  as  Pizarro 
deemed  it  prudent  to  hold  Tumbez  peaceably,  he 
gave  the  cacique  his  liberty.  This  was  in  May  1532. 
Keeping  a  watchful  eye  on  his  disaffected  soldiers, 
Pizarro  set  about  planting  a  colony.  He  selected  for 
his  operations  the  valley  of  Tangarala,  some  thirty 
leagues  south  of  Tumbez  and  near  the  sea,  and  thither 
repairing  with  his  men  erected  a  fortress,  church,  and 
other  buildings,  partitioned  the  adjacent  lands,  dis- 
tributed repartimientos,  organized  a  municipality,  and 
called  the  place  San  Miguel.  So  thoroughly  had  the 
work  of  devastation  been  carried  on  by  the  islanders 
on  one  side,  and  the  soldiery  of  Atahualpa  on  the  other, 
that  the  Spaniards  met  with  little  opposition. 

But  these  were  not  the  men  to  waste  time  in  estab- 
lishing friendship  upon  a  devastated  seaboard  when 


I 


1 


FATAL  DISRUPTIONS. 


w 


there  was  a  world  of  wealth  somewhere  thereabout. 
One  thiurr  troubled  Pizarro,  however.  By  late  arrivals 
he  had  been  intbrnied  that  Almai^ro  still  thought  seri- 
ously of  establishing  for  himself  a  colony,  Pizarro 
needed  Almagro's  aid,  and  he  wanted  m)  rival  there. 
80  drawing  in  his  talons  he  wrote  Almagro  begging 
him  for  the  love  of  God  and  the  king,  if  such  were 
his  plans  to  change  them  and  come  to  his  assistance. 
This  letter  with  the  gold  thus  far  collected  he  de- 
spatched by  ship  to  Panamd. 

Meanwhile  the  rumors  of  battle  between  the  rival 
princes  become  more  defined.  It  is  known  that  when 
the  Spaniards  landed  at  San  Mateo  the  war  was  rag- 
ing. While  Pizarro  was  marching  southward  toward 
Tumbez  with  one  hundred  and  eighty  men,  Atahualpa 
was  also  marching  southward  toward  Cuzco  with  140,- 
000  men  to  meet  Huascar  with  a  force  of  130,000. 
And  Atahualpa  the  victor  now  rests  in  the  vale  of 
Caxamalca,  beyond  the  cordillcra,  but  not  more  than 
twelve  days'  journey  hence.  Pizarro  resolves  to  visit 
him;  peradventure  there  to  throw  the  die  which  is  to 
determine  many  fates.° 

*  Historians  of  the  Peruvian  conquest  point  with  emphasis  to  political  dis- 
ruption iis  the  agency  wliich  gave  tlic  country  to  tlic  Spaniards.  Of  courso 
wo  cannot  tell  what  would  have  been  the  accidents  or  incidents  of  this  inva- 
sion under  otlicr  conditions.  As  it  happened,  I  fail  to  perceive  how  the  civil 
Avar  of  necessity  was  the  cause  of  success,  or  that  without  Peruvian  disrup- 
tion the  Spaniards  could  not  have  accomplished  their  purpose.  Atahualpa 
at  the  head  of  a  powerful  army  in  the  full  flush  of  victory  could  have  crushed 
tins  handful  of  Spaniards  as  easily  as  might  have  done  a  Peruvian  host  ten- 
fold greater.  Piiiarro  could  have  performed  his  imperial  cozenage  as  easily 
when  peace  reigned  as  at  another  time.  Compare  Naharro,  Rilac'ion,  in 
Col.  Doc.  Ini'tL,  xxvi.  '23"2-7;  Heal  Ccdula,  in  Id.,  '250;  Catstuncda,  Iii/onna- 
c'loii,  in  /'/.,  '250-9;  Jarcn,  Informacton  en  Panama,  in  Id.,  '259-00;  t'<nidui, 
Iii/onnuclon,  in  /(/.,  2G1-5;  Pnlro  Pizarro,  in  /(/.,  '201-10;  Almwjro,  Informa- 
rioii,  in  /(/.,  '205-74;  Sumanos,  Uclacioii,  in  /(/.,  v.  1»3-'201;  Vol.  Doc.  Incd., 
in/./.,  1.  '20(>-'J0;  Ovalle,  Hist.  Chile,  in  PinLcr/on's  Vo>/.,  xiv.  154-0,  and  iii 
ChurchiWH  Col.  Voy.,  xiv.  154-0;  Leon's  Tmrels,  JIaldinjt  Soc;  Gdrcila.-ii  de 
la  I'er/a,  Com.  Pcalcn,  ii.  13-'20;  Pizarro  y  OreUatm,  Varoncn  llvatre--^,  127-0; 
Xcrcz,  Coiiq.  del  Peru,  179-Sl;  Gomara,  Hist.  Iiid.,  141-7;  Oviedo,  iv.  147  et 
scq.;  Zarate,  Ilixt.  Perv,  17-'23.  The  last-mentioned  document  is  hy  ono 
of  the  conquerors.  According  to  some  reports  the  inca  was  undetermined 
wiiat  course  to  pursue.  Immediately  after  the  capture  of  Huascar  some  of 
his  counsellors  were  for  sending  an  army  and  destroying  the  invaders  at  once. 
Others  wishctt  to  take  tliem  alive  and  by  making  slaves  of  them  ingraft  their 
superiority  into  their  own  incipient  civilization.     Others  more  timid  repre-^ 


lii  ;'i 

•m. 


20 


PIZARRO  AND  PERU. 


ill 


It  is  the  24th  of  September  when  Pizarro  sets  out 
from  San  Mi<rucl  with  one  hundred  and  ten  foot- 
soldiers,  sixty-seven  horsemen,  and  two  Indian  inter- 
preters. Atahualpa  is  well  aware  of  the  [)resence  of 
the  Spaniards,  of  their  works  within  Peruvian  domain, 
and  of  their  approach.  And  he  is  curious  to  behold 
them.  There  is  nothing  to  fear,  unless  indeed  they 
be  gods,  in  which  case  it  were  useless  to  oppose  them. 
Akmg  the  way  the  natives  cheerfully  provide  every 
requirement  for  the  courteous  strangers. 

Arrived  at  the  western  base  of  the  cordillcra  the 
sixth  day,  permission  is  given  to  all  who  may  choo'^e  to 
withdraw  from  the  hazardous  venture  beyond.  Nine, 
four  foot  and  five  horsemen,  avail  themselves  of  the 
opportunity  and  return  to  San  Miguel.  On  the 
march  next  day  Pizarro  is  informed  that  the  general 
in  charge  of  Atahualpa's  forces  garrisoned  at  Caxas, 
a  village  lying  directly  on  the  route  to  Caxamalca, 
is  prepared  to  question  his  progrc^ss  should  he  attempt 
to  pass  that  way.  Hernando  de  Soto,  with  a  small 
detachment,  is  sent  forward,  while  the  main  body  of 
the  little  army  await  results  at  Zaran.  Proceeding 
wondciingly  by  the  great  upper  road  or  causeway 
of  the  incas,  which  extends  along  the  rugged  Andes 
the  entire  length  of  the  empire  from  Quito  to  Cuzco, 
and  so  wide  that  six  horsemen  can  ride  there  abreast, 

scntcd  the  strangers  as  cxc'ei^lir  ;;ly  fierce  and  powerful,  to  conquer  whom 
would  be  diflicult  and  ilnnt^crtjr..:.  '  Vnos  querian,  que  fuesse  vn  capitaii  a 
cllo  con  excrcito,  otros  dezi.tp,  jne  aunquc  los  estrangeros  no  eran  muchos, 
cran  valientcs,  y  que  la  fiTi,iii'iid  de  sua  rostros,  y  personas,  la  tcrribilidad  do 
BUS  amiaa,  la  ligereza,  y  brabura  de  aqucllos  bus  cauallos  pedian  mayor 
fuerya.'  J/errera,  dec.  v.  lib.  ii.  cap.  ix.  According  to  Balboa  the  arrival  of 
the  Spaniards  caused  some  anxiety  among  the  Peruvians  at  Cuzco.  'Cetto 
iiouvelle  inquitita  tout  le  monde.  Atahualpa  essaya  de  tranquilliser  scs  sn jets 
en  leur  disant  que  ecs  etrangers  (ituient  probablement  des  envoyt^s  do  Vira- 
cocha,  et  dcpuis  cctte  (^poque  ce  nom  est  rcsti5  aux  Kspagnols.'  illft.  dit 
Pcrou,  Ternaux-Compans,  Voy.,  si^rio  ii.  tom.  iv.  ,309.  Benzoni  affirms  that 
Atahualpa  who  was  at  Caxamalca,  sent  messengers  to  Pizarro  threatening  to 
make  him  repent  if  he  did  not  leave  his  vassals  unmolested  and  return  to 
his  own  conntry.  'In  qucsto  tempo  Attabaliba  Re  del  Peru  si  ttouaua  in 
Cassiamalca,  e  intcso  com'  era  entrato  nol  suo  paese  gentc  con  la  barba,  con 
certi  animali  terribili  e  scorreuano  i  luoghi,  ammazzando,  e  dcprcdando  il 
tutto,  mandb  vn'  ambasciatore  h  Francesco  Pizzarro,  minacciandolo,  die  so 
non  lasciaua  i  b  '  vassalli,  c  se  ne  fosse  ito  al  suo  ^lacse,  die  lo  farcbbo  rial 
contento.'  JJUt.    londo  Nvovo,  121. 


Lii^ 


ARRIV^VL  AT  CAXAMALCA. 


21 


er  whom 

capital!  a 
miichoa, 

lilidad  do 
mayor 
.rrival  of 
'Cettc 
iCS  siijcts 
dc  Vira- 
Hid.  (Ill 
•ms  that 
tening  to 
•cturn  to 

-ouaua  ill 
arba,  con 
idando  il 
o,  che  so 
ebbo  mal 


I 
I 

I 


Soto  finds  the  Peruvian  general,  recites  the  stale 
.story  of  the  world's  greatest  monarch,  who  sends  his 
master  information  of  the  maker  of  the  universe  and 
this  earth's  saviour,  and  begs  permission  on  behalf  of 
the  Spanish  captain  to  proceed  on  his  heavenly  and 
j)eaceuble  errand.  At  this  juncture  a  messenger  ar- 
rives with  an  invitation  from  the  inca  for  the  Span- 
iards to  visit  him.  While  on  the  way  presents  are 
exchanged  by  the  heads  of  the  respective  powers,  and, 
as  the  Spaniards  draw  near  the  Peruvian  encampment, 
another  messenger  from  the  inca  wishes  to  know  on 
what  day  the  strangers  will  enter  Caxamalca,  that  a 
suitable  reception  may  be  prepared. 

At  leni^th  from  the  terraced  heights  above  Caxa- 
malca,  through  the  openings  of  the  foliage,  the  white 
tents  of  the  Peruvian  host  are  seen  stretching  for 
miles  along  the  fertile  valley.  It  is  a  sight  at  which 
the  heart  of  the  stoutest  cavalier  might  beat  despond- 
iiigly,  and  that  without  prejudice.  Rut  these  auda- 
cious Spaniards  halt  only  to  don  their  brightest  armor, 
and  unfurling  their  banner  they  marcli  down  the 
mountain.  Next  day,  the  15th  of  November,  Pizarro 
divides  his  force  into  three  companies  and  enters  the 
town  about  the  hour  of  vespers.  Some  two  thousand 
houses  surround  a  triangular  plaza  of  extraordinary 
size,  walleil  in  by  solid  masonry  and  low  adobe  barracks, 
and  entered  from  the  streets  throu<xh  rates.  From  a 
large  stone  fortress  broad  steps  descend  to  the  plaza 
on  one  side,  while  on  the  other  a  secret  staircase  leads 
to  the  street.  '  Without  the  now  deserted  town  stands 
tlie  temple  of  the  sun,  and  on  an  eminence  near  b}^  is 
anotlier  and  more  formidable  fortress  of  hewa  stone. 
A  spiral  wall,  which  thrice  encloses  tlio  citadel,  renders 
ilie  ))lace  impregnable  to  native  soldiery,  while  ascent 
i'wnn  the  plain  is  made  by  a  winding  staircase.  l]e- 
tween  the  village  and  the  Peruvian  encami)ment,  a 
league  distant,  a  causeway  runs,  forming  a  fine  road 
over  the  soft  fertile  lands  intervening. 

As  with  heavy  tread  the  Spaniards  march  through 


9^ 


PIZARRO  AND  PERU. 


I    ir 


!    I' 


the  silent  streets  in  \vliich  no  livin<?  thins:  is  visible 
save  a  few  knots  of  ancient,  witcli-likc  crones  who 
predict  in  low  mournful  regrets  the  destruction  of  the 
strangers,  the  adventure  at  this  point  assumes  gliostly 
Bhape,  like  the  confused  manoouvrings  of  a  dream  and 
Caxamalca  a  phantom  city.  Quartei'ing  his  troops  in 
the  plaza,  Pizarro  sends  Hernando  dc  Soto  with  fifteen 
horsemen,"  and  the  interpreter  Felipillo,  to  ask  the 
inca  the  time  and  place  of  the  approaching  intc;r- 
vicw;  and  lest  accident  should  befall  the  emljassy 
Hernando  Pizarro  is  ordered  to  follow  and  assist  as 
occasion  requires.  Over  tlie  causeway  toward  the 
imperial  camp  rushes  first  one  cavalcade  and  tlrcn  the 
other,  past  manly  men  and  modest  women  who  gaze 
in  nuite  astonishment  as  the  apparitions  emerge  from 
the  murky  twiliglit  and  sweep  by  and  disappear  midst 
clatter  of  Jioofs  and  clang  of  arms  never  before  heard 
in  this  quarter  of  the  earth.  Presently  is  encoun- 
tered the  Inca's  army  drawn  up  in  distinct  battalions, 
archers,  slingers,  clubmen,  and  spearmen,  standing 
expectantly.^  The  royal  pavilion  occupies  an  open 
space  near  the  centre  of  the  encampment.  Within 
a  siiort  distance  are  the  bath-houses,  and  a  rustic 
dwelling,  with  plastered  walls  colored  in  various  tints 
and  surrounded  l)v  corridors.  On  one  side  is  a  stone 
fountain,  and  a  reservoir  into  which  flows  water, 
both  hot  and  cold,  from  rivulets  and  springs  througli 
aqueducts  which  intersect  the  valley  in  every  direc- 
tion. On  the  other  side  arc  the  royal  gardens  and 
pleasure-grounds. 

As  the  horsemen  draw  up  before  the  royal  quarters 


\'v\    ' 


*  Ilcrrcra  says  24 ;  others  20.  In  the  narratives  of  these  early  adventurera 
rarely  two  arc  exactly  alike  eoiiucvnin^  iiiiy  occurreiiee.  Aiiiuiig  thiiu  all, 
liowevor,  we  eaii  usually  arrive  ueiir  the  truth. 

'  'J'herc  were  in  reality,  i'.eeordin.t,'  to  the  'Spanisli  Captain,'  80,000  war- 
riors in  the  oneniniinunt  of  the  inca,  ))ut  the  er.viiliers  reported  to  their 
coinrades  only  40,000  in  order  nof  to  disiii^irten  tlieni!  'Li  (.'aiiitiini  litor- 
liorno  al  .sigiior  j;ouii  nator,  e  li  di.-rseno  que  1  elie  eia  seguito  del  eaeiipie,  o 
die  li  }area  ehe  la,  gente  eh"  egli  haucua  portriano  e^ser  da  <juar;:iitii  iiiilii 
liuoinini  da  guerrn.  Kt  (juesto  dissono  per  dar  aninio  al!;v  j'eiite,  pereho 
crano  piu  ili  otliiuta  inilii,  c  dissono  anuoi'a  (juellc.  ehe  li  liaueua  dcLto  il 
cucique.'  lidatlone  d'vn  LXqnlaiio  Hpiujiivoh,  iu  Jlamuaio,  iii.  373. 


MEETING  WITH  ATAHUALPA. 


m 


o                  ,<.|B 

0[)C11                 :im 

Vitliin  ■         J| 

rustic            ^ 

s  tints             "^ 

,  stono               1 

v.-atcr,               : 

rouij^h 
(li  ree- 

ls and 

artcrs                | 

ontiircra                    | 

hem  all,                      1 

non  war-                    1 

to  t!u;ir                    M 

iii  litor-                     1 

i'i(|iii',  0                     1 

ita  iiiilti                    J 

dotty  il                   J 

tlio  inca  is  discovered  seated  on  an  ottoman  in  front 
(jf  his  tent  and  surrounded  by  groups  of  courtiers, 
while  beautiful  damsels  in  brilliant  attire  flit  about  tluj 
grounds.  Elegance,  discipline,  and  the  profound  def- 
erence of  the  nobles  toward  their  chief  are  apparent 
at  the  first  glance.  The  inca,  although  arrayed  less 
gaudily  than  his  attendants,  is  easily  distinguished  l)y 
tiie  famous  imperial  head-dress,  or  borla,  worn  by  Peru- 
vian monarchs  in  place  of  a  crown,  consisting  of  a 
crimson  woollen  frinije,  which  Oviedo  describes  as  a 
tassel  of  the  width  of  the  hand,  and  about  one  span  in 
length,  gathered  upon  the  crown  in  the  form  of  a  flat 
brush,  the  fringe  descending  over  the  forehead  down 
to  the  e3'es,  and  partially  covering  them,  so  that  the 
wearer  can  scarcely  see  without  raising  the  lower  part 
of  it  with  his  hand.  The  Christians  who  have  heard 
many  tales  of  his  craft  and  ferocity,  look  in  vain  for 
traces  of  extraordinary  jiassion  or  cunning.  The  borla, 
according  to  .Teres,  throws  a  shade  of  melancholy  over 
the  features  of  Atahualpa;  aside  from  this,  however, 
his  face  is  grave,  passionless,  and  cold.  With  a  single 
horseman  on  either  side,  Hernando  de  Soto  rides 
forward  a  few  paces,  and  without  dismounting  re- 
spectl'tilly  addresses  the  inca  through  Felipillo,  the 
interpreter.  "  I  come,  most  mighty  prince,  from 
the  connnander  of  the  CJi  istians.  who  throu;::'!!  ycjur 
courtesy  now  rests  at  Cax  mialca,  ardently  longing  to 
kiss  your  royal  hand,  aiid  deliver  you  a  message  from 
his  jmissant  master,  the  king  of  Spain."  Immovable, 
silent,  with  eves  downcast,  sits  the  inca  as  if  listening 
he  hears  not,  as  if  unawai-e  of  any  extraordinary  oc- 
lurrence.  After  an  end)ariassing  [lausi',  a  nol)leman 
who  stands  nearest  the  august  monarch  answers,  ''  It 
is  wel' 

At  this  juncture  H«Tnando  l^izari'o  rides  up-  and 
joins  in  tlu>  parley.  "When  informed  that  u  bi-othcr 
e,f  the  Spanish  ca|)tain  has  arrived,  Atahualpa  raises 
his  (y(^s  and  speaks:  "  Say  to  your  conrinandii'  that 
to-da}  1  fast,  but  to-morrow  I  will  visit  hiu!  at  C'axa- 


f 


ill 


21  PIZARRO  AND  PERU. 

malca."  Hereupon  the  ambassadors  turn  to  depart; 
but  the  inca,  slow  to  speak,  is  slower  still  to  cease 
speaking,  and  the  Spaniards  are  motioned  to  pause. 
"  My  cacique  Mayzabilica  informs  me,"  continues 
Atahualpa,  "  that  the  Christians  are  cowards,  and 
not  invincible  as  they  would  make  us  believe ;  for  on 
the  banks  of  the  Turicara  he  himself  had  killed  throe 
Spaniards  and  a  horse  in  revenge  for  outrages  on  his 
people."  Checking  his  rising  choler  with  the  thought 
of  the  stake  for  which  he  played,  Hernando  Pizarro 
explains:  "  Your  chieftain  tells  you  false  when  he  says 
that  the  Christians  dare  not  fight,  or  even  that  they 
can  be  overcome.  Ten  horsemen  are  enough  to  put 
to  Hight  ten  thousand  of  the  men  of  Mayzabilica.  My 
brotlier  comes  to  offer  terms  of  amity.  If  you  have 
enemies  to  be  subdued  direct  us  to  them,  and  we  will 
prove  the  truth  of  this  I  say."  With  an  incredulous 
smile  Atahualpa  drops  the  subject  and  ofters  refresh- 
ments to  his  visitors.  But  at  this  moment  the  atten- 
tion of  all  is  directed  to  another  scene. 

Hernando  de  Soto  is  an  expert  horseman  and 
superbly  mounted.  He  marks  the  smile  of  incredu- 
lity with  which  the  broad  boast  of  his  comrade  had 
been  received  by  the  Peruvians,  and  in  order  to 
inspire  a  more  healthful  terror,  he  drives  his  iron  heel 
into  the  Hanks  of  his  impatient  steed,  and  darting  off 
at  full  speed,  sweeps  round  in  gracctul  curves,  pranc- 
ing, leaping,  running;  then  riding  off  a  little  distance 
he  wheels  and  dashes  straight  toward  the  royal  i)avil- 
ion.  The  nobles  throw  up  their  hands  to  shield  tho 
sacred  person  of  the  inca;  a  moment  after  they  fly  in 
terror.  But  when  with  one  more  bound  the  horse 
would  be  upon  the  monarch,  the  rider  reins  back  the 
animal  to  a  dead  stop.  Jsot  the  twitching  of  a  musdo 
is  discernible  in  the  features  of  the  inca;  though  for 
their  cowardice  in  the  pi-esence  of  strangers,  we  are 
told  that  the  nobles  next  ilay  suffert'd  death.  Tho 
cavaliers  decline  food,  saying  that  they,  too,  are  hold- 
ing a  fast;  but  chicha,  or  wine  of  maize,  being  ofK>etl 


M 


•I 


i 


TREMEDITATED  TREACHERY. 


25 


them  in  golden  goblets  by  dark-eyed  beauties,  and 
Ataliualpa  brooking  no  refusal,  the  Spaniards  without 
dismounting  drink  it  off,  and  then  slowly  ride  baek  to 
Caxamalca. 

As  the  night  wears  away,  while  Aiahualpa  lies 
dreaming  of  the  twilight  apparition,  Francisco  Pizar- 
ro  matures  his  plans.  Little  as  there  was  in  the 
brief  survey  of  the  inca's  camp  to  inspire  confidence 
in  attempting  here  the  seizure  trick,  the  Spaniards 
nevertheless  determine  to  venture  it.  Tlie  details  of 
the  proposed  perfidy  and  butchery  are  arranged  with 
(jonsunnnatc  audacity  and  executed  with  a  cool  indif- 
ference to  human  rights  and  human  suffering  whicli 
would  do  honor  to  the  chief  of  anacondas.  In  issuing  to 
his  officers  their  instructions  for  the  day,  which  are 
nothing  less  than  to  seize  the  inca  and  murder  his 
attendants,  Pizarro  says:  "The  project  is  more  feasi- 
ble than  at  first  glance  one  might  imagine.  To  admin- 
ister to  us  the  rites  of  hospitality,  the  Indians  will 
not  come  arrayed  in  hostile  humor.  No  more  can  bo 
admitted  to  th^  plaza  than  may  be  easily  vanquished; 
and  witli  the  inca,  whom  his  soldiers  W(.)rship  as  a 
god,  witlMu  our  grasp,  we  may  dictate  terms  to  the 
enipiiH'.  Further  than  this  our  case  is  desperate. 
AtrtJiui*!;  'I  has  permitted  our  insignificant  force,  whicli 
hi  <  riiW  crush  at  pleasure,  to  advance  even  to  tlie 
boidci  «>t  ]ii«  sacred  ])resence;  he  will  scarcely  suffer 
us  to  '1'  UT'"  in  peace,  did  we  wish  it.  Of  your  hearts 
make  a  foiiress;  for  thoiigli  we  be  few  in  numbei', 
Clod  will  never  forsake  those  who  ivAit  his  battles." 

^lass,  attended  l)y  pious  chants,  follows  the  early 
clarion  call  the  lOth  of  November,  and  dread-dis[)el- 
liug  action  soon  clears  the  atmosphere  of  every  gloomy 
fo  j'ltcKiiiig.  Arms  and  armor  arc  put  in  order  and 
bjjiiished;  the  horses  are  decorated  with  bells  jiud 
jiiii'i'v.g  trappings,  that  they  may  present  a  terrifying 
nppv mnce.  A  sumptuous  repast  is  spread  in  one  of 
the  halls  (»pening  into  the  [)laza  in  which  the  inca  is  to 
be  received.    The  cavalry  is  divided  into  three  stjuad- 


II 


li; 


\m 


30: 


PIZAIIRO  AND  PERU. 


runs  under  Hernando  de  Soto,  Hernando  Pizarro,/ind 
Sebastian  de  Benalcdzar,  and  stationed  within  the 
halls  on  the  three  sides  of  the  plaza.  The  foot-sol- 
diers, with  the  exception  of  twenty  men  reserved  by 
Pizarro  as  his  body-guard,  occupy  rooms  adjoining 
the  court,  but  few  being  visible.  Two  small  field- 
]>ieccs  are  planted  opposite  the  avxnue  b}-^  which 
the  Peruvians  approach.  Near  the  artillerymen  are 
.stationed  the  cross-bowmen,  and  in  the  tower  of  the 
fortress  a  few  '.=>\"teers  are  placed.  Thus  the  Span- 
iards await  their  in  till  late  in  the  afternoon,  when 
from  the  tower  tL'  behold  that  which  causes  trepi- 
dation not  less  than  courage-cooling  delay.  Three 
hundred  warriors  in  gay  uniforms  clear  the  way  of 
sticks  or  stones  or  other  obstruction  for  the  royal  pro- 
cession, which  is  headed  by  Atahualpa,  seated  on  a 
throne  of  gold,  in  a  plumed  palanquin  garnished  with 
precious  stones,  and  borne  on  the  shoulders  of  his 
vassals.  On  either  side  and  behind  the  royal  litter 
walk  the  counsellors  of  the  realm,  and  behind  it  fol- 
lows battalion  after  battalion  of  the  forces  of  the  inca 
until  thirty  thousand  soldiers  in  martial  array  occupy 
the  causeway  from  the  Peruvian  camp  half  way  to 
Caxamalca.  Surely  the  projected  seizure  in  the  midst 
of  such  a  host  were  madness,  and  without  a  miracle  it 
would  seem  that  the  Christians  nuist  abandon  their 
])ious  purpose.  The  miracle,  howevci-,  is  not  wanting. 
Just  before  reaching  the  entrance  in  the  city,  Ata- 
luu'lpa  pitches  his  tents  with  the  intention  of  passing 
there  the  nigiit  and  entering  Caxamalca  the  next 
morning.  This,  the  death-blow  to  the  high  hopes  of 
the  day,  Pizarro  determines  if  possible  to  prevent. 
Despatching  a  messenger  to  the  inca,  he  beseeclics 
him  to  change  his  purpose,  and  to  sup  witli  him  tliat 
night.  The  inca  assents,  saying  that  in  view  t)f  the 
lateness  of  the  hour  he  will  bring  only  a  few  unarmed 
utleiidants.  And  to  his  subjects  he  remarks,  "Arms 
are  unnecessary  in  our  intercourse  with  those  engaged 
in  so  holy  a  mission."     Hence  the  miracle. 


1 


m^. 


VISIT  OF  ATAHUALPA. 


0 


Though  few  in  ccinparison  witli  his  entire  army, 
the  attendants  of  Atahualpa  numbered  several  thou- 
sands, as  just  before  sunset,  slowly  and  with  measured 
tread,  they  march  up  the  main  avenue  toward  the 
plaza  kecjiing  step  to  the  sonorous  music  of  the  singers 
and  with  the  dancers  who  amble  before  the  royal  lit- 
ter. Nearest  tlie  person  of  the  monarch  are  the 
orcjoncs,  as  the  Spaniards  styled  the  Peruvian  noble- 
men, richly  attired  with  armor  and  crowns  of  gold 
and  silver,  come  talking,  others  in  litters,  according 
to  their  several  :'ufks.  Around  his  neck  over  a 
sleeveless  waistcoat,  the  inca  wears  a  band  of  large 
emeralds;  under  the  magic  borla,  the  dull,  cold,  list- 
less look  of  tl^e  preceding  evening  had  given  place 
to  an  expression  of  enkindled  majesty.  Entering  the 
j>laza  the  royal  procession  deploy  to  light  and  left, 
Atahualpa  and  his  nobles  taking  their  station  in  the 
centre,  and  the  Peruvian  soldiery  lilling  the  remain- 
ing space.  Profound  quiet  fills  the  place,  and  so 
hitlden  behind  the  forms  of  his  own  swarthy  warriors 
are  the  few  Spaniards  appearing  that  Atahula])a, 
without  descending  from  the  litter,  casts  about  him 
an  inquiring  glance  and  asks  an  attendant,  "Have  tho 
strangers  iledf'^  At  this  moment  a  priest,  Vicente 
de  Valverde,  accompanied  by  the  interpreter,  emerges 
from  one  of  the  halls.  In  one  hand  he  bears  a  bible 
and  in  the  other  a  crucitix.'*  Approaching  the  royal 
litter,  the  ecclesiastic  haran^^ues  the  inca,  beginning 
with  the  doctrines  of  the  trinity,  creation,  redemption, 

*Tlio  story  is  told  in  ns  many  ways  as  there  arc  historians.  .Some  say  tliat 
the  ini-a  entered  Caxamalca  as  ii  eoiiqueror,  others  as  falling  into  the  trap  of 
the  Spaniards.  All  are  partially  eorreet.  Undouhtcdly  ho  would  cajitiiro 
the  Spaniards  if  ho  could,  whilo  they  would  i)n:vent  it  by  seeuring  him  if  they 
Were  ahle.  According  to  Zarate,  seeing  Inil  a  few  men  in  liio  phiza  when  ho 
entered  he  asked,  '  Ilavo  these  men  surrendered?' iind  his  jteoplu  answered, 
'T!iey  have  ! '  '  Y  coma  vio  tan  pooos  Ivspuuoles,  i  esos  ii  jiie  (por(|ue  los  du 
ii  ('al)allo,  estahan  cseondidos)  pen.sb,  quo  no  osarian  pareeer  delante  do  1 1,  id 
le  esperarian;  i  lovantandosc  sohre  las  andas,  dixo  A  su  tientc.  J-.'sfoa  n  ii(liil<in 
c  tihi.     Y  todos  respondieron  que  si.'  Zdrnto,  JJlsl.  ihl  Peru,  lldiria,  iii.  -1. 

"Some  H.'iy  a  cross  and  ti  hreviary,  others  a  cross  and  a  hilile.  '  IJe!,'() 
cntonees  a  el  Fray  Vincento  do  Valuerde,  doniinieo,  que  Uenauii  mia  Ciiiz  i  u 
li  niauo,  y  su  brcuiario,  u  lu  blibiu,  comu  ulgunoii  dixeu.'  (Juinani,  JJit>t.  Iwl., 
U'J. 


I    ! 


sa 


PIZARRO  AND  PERU. 


and  delegation  of  autliority,^*  and  ending  with  faith, 
hope,  and  charity,  as  manifest  in  the  person  of  the 
pirate  Pizarro. 

The  contemptuous  smile  which  mounts  the  features 
of  the  inca  at  the  opening  of  the  addioss,  changes 
to  looks  of  dark  resentment  as  he  is  told  to  renounce 
his  faith  and  to  acknowledge  the  soverei^.^nty  of  the 
king  of  Spain.  "Your  sovereign  may  be  great,"  he 
exclaims,  tire  flashing  from  his  eye,  "but  none  is 
greater  than  the  inca.  I  will  be  tributary  to  no  man." 
As  for  your  fuith,  you  say  your  god  was  slain  and  by 
men  whom  he  had  made.  Mine  lives,"  pointing 
proudly  to  ilic  setting  sun,  "omnipotent  in  the  heav- 
ens.^' Your  pope  must  be  a  fool  to  talk  of  giving  away 
the  property  of  others. "  ^^  Then  after  a  moment's  pause 
he  demands,  "By  what  authority  do  you  speak  thus 
to  me?"  The  priest  places  in  his  hand  the  bible.  "In 
this,'  he  says,  "is  given  all  that  is  requisite  for  man 
to  know."  The  inca  takes  the  book  and  turns  the 
leaves.  "It  tells  me  nothing,"  he  exclaims.  Then 
exasperated  by  what  he  deems  intentional  insult  ho 
throws  the  book  upon  the  ground,^'  saying,  "You 
shall  dearly  pay  for  this  indignity,  and  for  all  the  in- 
juries you  have  done  in  my  dominions."   It  is  enough. 

'" '  Lui  exposa  longucment  lea  myattres  dc  notre  sainte  religion,  en  citant 
.  .1  discouia  plusiciirs  passages  don  (^'vangiles,  coninie  si  Atalinalpa  avait  sii  co 
que  c  etait  (pie  lea  I'vangiles,  on  eiit  Ot(5  oblige  do  le  savuir.'  Balboa,  Hid.  dti 
J'cron,  in  T<rnuux-('ovipam,  \'oi/.,  si'fie  ii.  toni.  iv.  .'{15. 

"  'Kespondio  Atalmliba  nuiy  enojado,  (pic  no  cpieria  tributar  siedo  libre. ' 
Oomnrn,  /linf.  I  ml.,  149.  'Ma  clie  non  gli  parciia  come  Ivc  libero  di  dar  tri- 
buto  \i  elii  non  liaueua  niai  vo  duto. '  Jicu'oni,  llisl.  Momlo  A'liovo,  1'23.  'Soi 
libre,  no  debo  tributo  i\  nadie,  ni  pienso  pagarlo,  que  no  reconozeo  por  superior 
b,  ningun  Kei.'  Ci'airil<i.''0  de  la  !'(;/((,  (Jnm.  J'ealiti,  i)t.  ii.  lib.  i.  cap.  xxv. 

'^ '  Y  que  Chriato  uiurio,  y  el  sol,  y  la  luua  nunca  nioiian.'  O'omara,  Hint, 
Iml.,  150. 

'^'Kt  ehc  il  Pontcficc  doueua  cssere  vn  qnalchc  gran  p.izzo,  poi  clie  daua 
cosi  liberaniente  (piello  d'altri.'  Jlciizoid,  Ilht.  Mondo  A'uoro,  \'2',i.  '  Que  no 
obedcceria  al  Papa  porque  daua  lo  ageno,  y  por  no  dexar  U(juien  nunca  vio  el 
reyno,  <iue  fue  do  su  padre.'  O'umuru,  1 1 1st.  Ind.,  HO-oO. 

'*'Poi  gli  diinando,  come  sapeua,  che'l  ])io  de  (.'listiani  di  niente  lianeua 
fatto  il  niondo,  o  elie  fosse  niorto  in  Croee.  II  frate  rispo.so,  clie  quel  libro  lo 
diceua,  e  lo  porse  ad  Attabaliba,  ibjuale  lo  prese,  e  guardatoui  eopra,  I'idcndo 
disse;  a  me  non  dice  niente  (piesto  libro;  c  gettatoio  per  terra,  il  frate  lo 
riiiiglio.'  Ihiizoiii,  Hint.  Mondo  Kuovo,  I'J.'J.  'Lc  nioine  en  fut  si  irrite  ((u"il 
ri^'clama  h  granda  eria  vengeance  pour  roil'cuse  fuito  it.  Dieu  et  il  &a  suiuto  lui.' 
liidb^a,  Hist,  du  I'troit,  315. 


1 


SEIZURE  OF  THE  INCA. 


29 


lie  111- 


lilu-e.' 
i!ar  tri- 
'Soi 
suiicrior 

XV. 

■a,  Hint. 


lianeua 
111  no  lo 
ridcmlo 
fi'iitc  lo 
itc  (|u'il 
ate  loi.' 


God  and  the  king  rejected,  and  the  holy  cvangehsts 
trampled  under  f'oot.*^  "Why  do  you  delay?"  cries 
the  enraged  monk  to  Pizarro  as  he  picks  up  the  sacred 
volume.  "In  God's  name  at  them!  Kill  the  impious 
dogs!"^" 

The  zealous  commander  needs  no  second  exhorta- 
tion. Unl'urling  a  white  banner,  the  signal  for  assault, 
he  springs  from  his  retreat;  the  sentinel  in  the  tower 
discharges  his  musket,  and  loud  rings  the  war-cry 
Santiago!  as  every  Spaniard  rushes  to  the  charge. 
To  their  brutal  instinct  was  added  a  spiritual  drunk- 
enness which  took  them  out  of  the  category  of  manhood 
and  made  them  human  fiends.  We  wonder  how  men 
could  so  believe;  but  greater  still  is  our  wonder  how 
men  so  belicvini;  could  so  behave.  The  jjuns  fill  the 
place  with  reverberating  noise  and  smoke;  with  shrill 
blast  of  trumpets  and  jingling  of  bells  the  horsemen 
ride  upon  the  panic-stricken  crowd ;  the  infantry  with 
(;lang  of  arms  appear  and  all  unite  in  quick  succession 
in  sheathing  their  sharp  swords  in  the  unprotected 
bodies  of  the  natives.  At  first  they  turn  to  tly,  but 
at  every  point  they  are  met  by  a  blood-thirsty  foe. 
Those  nearest  the  gates  escape,  but  soon  the  passages 
are  blocked  by  heaps  of  dead  bodies.  The  carnage  is 
fearful.  And  above  all  the  din  of  slaughter  is  heard 
tlie  shrill  voice  of  the  man  of  God  crying  to  the  sol- 
diers, "Thrust!  thrust!  thrust  with  the  point  of  your 
swords,  lest  by  striking  you  break  your  weapons."^^ 

'^  Pizarro  y  Orellana  mildly  affirms  that  the  iiica  threw  the  book  from  him 
in  such  scorn,  that  the  monk  was  obliged  to  call  upon  the  Christians  to  fij,'lit 
for  their  law.  '  Y  poniendolc  la  biblia  en  las  nianos,  la  arroj(»  el  Inga  con  ti 
cran  vitupcrio,  que  obligf)  al  Religiose  i\  dar  vozes  ii  los  ( 'ristianos,  diziendo- 
les,  que  bolviessen  por  su  ley,  (jue  la  nltrajava  aquel  barbaro  gcntil,  de  quicn 
no  avia  ya  que  csperar. '  Vuroiies  Ilrstns,  I'm. 

'"'Et  subito  ad  alta  voce  comincio  .'i  gridare;  vendetta,  vendetta  Cris- 
tiani,  che  gli  Euangelij  sono  disprezzati,  e  gettati  per  terra.  Vccidete  (juosti 
cani,  che  dispreggiano  la  legge  di  l)io.'  Jiriizniii,  J  tint.  Mmido  Niioro,  I'JU. 
Gomara  says :  'Loa  EuAgelios  en  tierra,  Vcga(,'a  Christianos,  a cUoa,  a  ellos  que 
no  (|uiore  nuestra  amistad,  ni  nucstra  ley.'  J  list.  I  ml.,  150.  While  (.iarcila.^o 
dc  la  Vega  renders  it  thus:  'Ea,  ca,  destruidlos,  quo  nienosprecian  nuestra 
lei,  y  no  quicren  nuestra  amistad.'  Vom.  lldiii'H,  ii.  lib.  i,  cap.  xxv. 

"  'Do  Alonick  sclfs  liiclt  oock  niet  op  den  gantsehen  tydt  dat  sy  doende 
wai'en  met  dit  Dolck  te  vermoorden,  vamrasen  en  tieren,  vermancnde  do 
spaenjacr  den  dat  sy  niet  houwcn  macr  stckeu  soudcn,  om  de  Lcmmcra  te 


30 


PIZARRO  AND  PERU. 


I'll/ 


When  ilio  first  fierce  charge  is  iiiado,  Pizarro,  who 
with  twenty  chosen  men  had  assumed  the  task  of 
capturin<^  the  inca,  rushes  for  the  royal  htter,  but 
quick  as  are  their  movements  the  devoted  followers  of 
Atahualpa  are  before  him,  and  crowding  round  their 
imperilled  sovereign,  struggle  to  shield  his  person. 
As  one  drops  dead  another  hastens  to  take  his  place. 
Each  one  of  Pizarro's  guard  strives  for  the  honor  of 
the  capture;  but  for  a  time  they  arc  prevented  by 
the  surges  of  the  crowd  which  carry  the  monarcli 
hither  and  thither  and  by  the  desperate  defence  made 
by  the  Peruvians. 

Fearful  lest  in  the  darkness  which  is  now  coming 
on  tlie  victims  should  escape,  one  of  the  Spaniards 
strikes  with  his  sword  at  the  inca.  In  warding  off 
the  blow,  Pizarro  receives  a  slight  wound  in  the  hand; 
then  threatening  death  to  any  w^lio  oft'er  violence  to 
Atahualpa,  he  hews  his  way  through  the  fortress 
of  iaithful  hearts  which  guard  the  roj'al  person,  and 
thrusting  his  sword  into  the  bearers  of  the  litter 
brings  down  the  monarch,  whom  he  catches  in  his 
arms.  The  borla  is  torn  from  Atahualpa's  forehead 
and  he  is  led  away  to  the  fortress,  where  he  is  mana- 
cled and  placed  under  a  strong  guard. ^'^  jMeanwhilc 
the  butchery  continues  in  and  beyond  the  plaza.  And 
in  the  slauijhter  of  about  five  thousand  men  wdiich 
occupied  not  more  than  half  an  hour  it  is  said  that  no 
Spanish  blood  was  spilled  save  that  drawn  from  the 
hand  of  Pizarro  by  one  of  his  own  men.^'    Following 


l)cwarcn,  dat  sy  niet  braeckcn,  mita  sy  tic  Dogcns  in  racomcndc  moorderycn 
soiulen  van  noodo  liebben.'   W'rst-ImlUclie  Sitic'ihcl,  3o2. 

'*  '{^argauil  todos  sobre  Atabaliba,  que  todania  cstaua  en  sxi  litcra,  por 
prcnderlo,  desscando  cada  vno  el  prcz  y  gloria  dc  bu  prision.'  Gomarti,  I.')0. 
'  Ses  gardes  prircnt  la  fuitc  dc  tons  Ics  cotds,  ct  les  Espagnols,  ayaut  cutrain6 
ringa  dans  leur  camp,  Ivi  mirent  les  fers  aux  pieds.'  Ualboa,  11  int.  du  Pirou, 
310. 

■'■•Tlie  'Spanish  Captain' places  the  number  at  over  seven  thousand  be- 
sides nianyAvho  had  their  limbs  cut  ofT  and  were  in  other  ways  mutilated. 
'  Kimasero  in  quel  giorno  morti  da  sci  oucrsctte  mila  Indiani,  oltra  niolti  clio 
liancano  tagliate  Ic  braccia,  o  moltc  altre  fcrite.'  Ihlalionc.  d'  va  C'u}tUano 
S/iUf/iivolo;  lifimusio,  iii.  .374.  '  Decimos,  (pie  pasarou  dc  cinco  mil  Indioa 
los  que  muricron  aquel  dia.  Los  tres  mil  y  quinientos  fueron  U  hierro,  y 
loa  ucmiis  fueron  viejos  invtilcs,  mugeres,   muchachos,  y  nifios,  porquc  de 


'iMi'li. 


AT  THE  BANQUET. 


m 


inlerycn 


and  bc- 

tilatcd. 

^olti  iho 

Indios 
■lerro,  y 
l-c^uc  do 


their  instincts  these  fiends  incarnate  spend  tlie  night 
ill  rioting  and  drunkenness.-*'  Thus  during  the  swift 
gliinnier  of  a  tropical  tvvihght,  the  conquest  of  Peru 
is  accoinphshed;  the  sun  of  the  inca  sets  hirid,  blood- 
colored;  true  to  their  engagement,  Pizarro  and  Ata- 
hualpa  sup  together  that  night  P^ 

We  have  seen  how  the  opulent  empire  of  Peru  was 
found;  how  its  powerful  chieftain  was  treacherously 
taken  captive  by  a  crew  of  Spanish  invaders;  now 
witness  lor  a  moment  how  peace  was  made  by  ambas- 
sadors of  the  Prince  of  Peace. 

So  suddenly  fell  the  blow  that  Atahualpa  failed  to 
realize  his  situation.  It  was  but  an  aftray  of  the 
hour;  the  idea  of  his  subjugation  had  not  yet  even 
occurred  to  him.  At  the  banquet  he  praised  the  skill 
with  which  the  bloody  work  was  done,  and  to  his 
lamenting  followers  he  said,  ''Such  are  the  vicissitudes 
of  war,  to  conquer  and  to  b(3  conquered."  By  Pizarro 
and  his  comrades  the  august  prisoner  was  treated  as 
a  dish  fit  for  the  gods.  His  women  and  his  nobles 
were  permitted  to  attend  him,  and  for  his  life  or 
prolonged  imprisonment  he  was  told  to  have  no  fear. 

ntnlios  sexos,  y  dc  todas  edadcs avia  venido  innumeralde  gcntc  Ji  o\r,  y  solcnnirar 
la  cinbajada  dc  los  que  tcnian  por  dioses.'  Garcilaf<o  tie  la  Vcja;  Com.  licalex, 
pt.  ii.  HI),  i.  cap.  2r>.  This  brutal  massacre  is  dignified  by  Pizarro  y  Ore- 
liana,  as  one  of  llio  most  important  battles  of  history,  remarkable  for  the  loss 
of  so  little  Christian  blood  !  'So  vencio  una  de  las  mas  importantes  batallas, 
y  con  mciios  gcntc  dc  quantas  en  las  historias  diviiias,  y  hunianas  se  han  visto; 
no  saeandosc  mas  sangre  de  los  Cristianos,  que  la  de  una  pcquefia  herida  quo 
le  dicron  en  la  mano  ;i  nuestro  valeroso  capitan  salia.'   Vnroiics  Ilvslrcf,  l.")0. 

'■"'  'Cosi  bauuta  la  sanguinoleutc  e  terribil  vittoria  di  quella  niiscra  gento 
infelice;  stettero  tutti  la  notte  in  balli  e  festo,  lussuriando.'  Jicir.rnii,  llit^t. 
Mondi  \voro,  12-4.  '  Alsde  Spacnjaerden  desen  bloedighen  neerlughc  aeuge- 
rccht  haddcr,  van  dit  ongheluekighe  Volck,  hcbben  sy  den  naestvolgeiult  ii 
naclit  mc'td  insen  cu  springhen,  en  bancketereu  overghebrocht.'  Wext-ludische 
Siiii'/jliel,  'M>2. 

'■"  \o  greater  monument  of  blind  adulation  is  found  in  Spanish-American 
history  than  the  Varourn  Ihtitres  del  Nrevo  Mvndo,  iMadrid,  lO.'iO,  of  Pizarro 
y  Orellana,  a  descendant  of  one  of  the  great  I'izarros.  Not  only  tin;  bru- 
tal Francisco  Pizarro  is  made  a  saint,  but  the  accounts  of  the  eight  heroes  of 
the  con(piest,  which  occupy  the  greater  part  of  a  folio  volume,  are  little  else 
than  a  covering  of  defects  by  so-called  glorious  deeds,  which  serve  besides  tho 
purposes  of  fame  as  a  special  plea  for  the  confirmation  of  grants  conforic<l 
upon  the  conqueror.  This  plea  is  embodied  in  the  author's  later  JJifoirso 
Lcijal,  and  is  in  some  degree  made  weightier  by  his  position  as  member  of  tho 
royal  council. 


m  nZARRO  AXD  PERU. 

IMcanwliilo  the  Spaniards  wore  cxliortcd  to  watch- 
fulness; they  were  reminded  that  they  were  but  a 
handful  of  men  surrounded  by  millions  of  foes.  "Our 
success,"  said  Pizarro,  "was  miraculous,  for  which  God 
who  <jfave  it  us  should  be  devoutly  praised."  Tlio 
Peruvians  made  no  eifort  to  rescue  their  chief;  and 
while  the  sacred  person  of  their  inca  was  a  prisoner 
they  were  powerless  and  purposeless.  Thirty  horse- 
men were  sufficient  to  scatter  the  imperial  army  and 
rifle  the  encamj)ment.  And  while  Pizarro  preached-'' 
Christianity  to  his  chained  captive,  his  soldiers  were 
out  gold-gathering,  desecrating  the  Peruvian  temples, 
killinsr  the  men,  and  outrajjinjT  the  women."'*  It  was 
quickly  discovered  that  the  wealth  of  the  country  far 
exceeded  the  wildest  dreams  of  the  conquerors,  and 
soon  gold  and  silver  ornaments  and  utensils  to  the 
value  of  one  hundred  thousand  casteilanos  were  heaped 
up  in  tho  ])laza.^* 

Atahuulpa  was  not  slow  to  perceive  that  neither 
loyalty  nor  their  vaunted  piety  was  the  ruling  passion 
of  his  captors,  but  the  love  of  gold.  And  heroin  was 
a  ray  of  hope;  for  as  the  days  went  by  a  dark  sus- 
picion of  their  perfidy  and  evil  intention  concerning 
him  had  filled  his  mind.  Calling  Pizarro  to  him  he 
said:  "The  affairs  of  my  kingdom  demand  my  atten- 
tion. Already  my  brother  Huascar,  having  heard  of 
my  misfortune,  is  planning  his  escape.  If  gold  will 
satisfy  you,  I  will  cover  this  floor  with  vessels  of 
solid  gold,  so  you  but  grant  me  my  freedom."  Pizar- 
ro made  no  reply.  The  Spaniards  present  threw  an 
incredulous  glauce  around  the  apartment.     The  room 

^'- '  Y  sc  fue  entcrando  dc  cllos  del  discurso  de  su  veniila,  y  de  la  Fit 
Catolica,  que  oia  iiiuy  bicn:  como  hombro  que  tenia  iniiy  bien  entcndi- 
iiiicnto. '  Pizarro  y  Orcllana,  Varoncs  Ilvstres,  156. 

'-' '  Hallarun  en  el  bafio,  y  Real,  de  Atabaliba  cinco  mil  mugercs,  que  nunquc 
tristes,  y  desaniparadas,  holgaron  con  los  Christianos,  muclias  y  bucnas  ticudas, 
iiilinita  ropa  de  vestir.'  Garcilaso  de  la  Veya,  Com.  Jieales,  pt.  ii.  lib.  i.  cap. 
xxvii. 

'"  'Valio  en  fin  la  bajilla  sola  de  Atabaliba,  cien  mil  ducados.'  Garcilaso 
de  la  Vffjii,  Com.  lical,  pt.  ii.  lib.  i.  cap.  xxvii.  'Los  Soldados  no  se  descui- 
daron  en  visitar  los  quartclcs  del  exercito  del  Inga,  dondc  hallaron  j^randissimas 
riqucza  dc  oro,  y  plata.'  Pizarro  y  Ordlana,  Varonea  Jlvstres,  150. 


iiL 


A  KING'S  RANSOM.  » 

was  twenty-two  foot  in  length  by  sixteen  in  widtli. 
Inferring  from  their  silence  that  the  ransom  was  too 
small  and  distressed  at  the  prospect  of  long  confine- 
ment, he  exclaimed:  "Nay,  I  will  fill  the  room  as  high 
as  you  can  reach  with  gold,  if  you  will  let  me  go." 
And  to  make  the  offer  the  more  tempting  he  stepped  to 
the  wall  and  on  tiptoe  stretching  out  his  arm  made  a 
mark  nine  feet  from  the  floor.  Still  his  tormentors 
were  silent.  At  last  he  burst  out  excitedly:  "And  if 
that  is  not  enough,"  pointing  to  a  smaller  apartment  ad- 
joining, I  will  fill  that  room  twice  full  with  silver."  " 
The  proposal  was  accepted.  It  was  safe  enough  to  do 
so,  althouirh  the  infamous  Pizarro  never  for  a  moment 
intended  his  royal  prisoner  should  leave  his  hands 
alive;  for  by  this  means  might  the  wealth  of  the 
empire  be  most  speedily  collected,  and  if  successful 
a  pretext  for  breaking  the  promise  of  liberation  might 
easily  be  found.  Two  months  were  allowed  the  cap- 
tive in  which  to  gather  this  enormous  treasure.  Hol- 
low vessels  and  all  utensils  were  to  be  contributed  in 
manufactured  form,  not  melted  down.  Valuable  jewels 
were  to  enrich  the  collection,  and  the  friendship  of 
the  inca  was  to  crown  the  visionary  ransom. 

Immediately  after  the  recording  of  this  stipulation 
by  the  notary,  Atahualpa  sent  out  in  every  direction 
messengers  with  instructions  to  gather  and  bring  to 
Caxamalca  with  the  least  possible  delay,  the  requisite 
articles  for  the  ransom.  The  treasures  of  the  inca 
were  chiefly  lodged  in  the  royal  palaces  of  Cuzco  and 
Quito  and  in  the  temples  of  the  sun  throughout  i  "c 
empire.  All  governors  and  subalterns  were  urged  to 
use  the  utmost  alacrity  in  the  execution  of  this  order. 
]\Ioanwhile  the  pirates  were  masters  of  the  situation. 
Each  beastly  boor  of  them  was  a  lord  waited  on  l)y 
male  and  female  attendants.     They  drank  from  vessels 

'"Tratb  Ataulpa  de  sn  roseate,  y  ofrecio  tan  gran  cantiilad  tic  oro,  que 
parecia  impossible  ciimplirlo.'  Pizarro  y  Ordlana,  Varones  Ilvstrc^,  150. 
'  I'romctio,  ponjuc  lo  soltasen,  cubrir  <le  vasijas  de  plata  y  oro,  vl  .suclo  de 
vna  gran  sala  donde  estava  preso.'  Garcilaao  de  la  Vetja,  Com.  lieales,  pt.  ii. 
lib.  i.  cap.  xxviii. 

UisT.  Cent.  Ah.    Vol.  II.    3 


34 


PIZARRO  AND  PERU. 


liii 
lii 


11;:: 
Ifl 


It 
|i 
1*1 

,i 


lit 


of  gold  and  shod  their  horses  with  silver.  Their  cap- 
tain was  king  of  kings;  one  king  his  prisoner,  another 
his  prisoner's  prisoner.  One  of  the  chroniclers  states 
that  slujrtly  after  his  capture  Atahuali)a  received 
intelligence  of  an  important  battle  won  by  his  army 
on  the  day  of  his  fall.  "Such  are  the  mysteries  of 
fate,"  exclaimed  the  unhappy  monarch,  "at  the  same 
moment  conquered  and  a  conqueror."  Huascar  who 
was  at  this  time  confined  at  Andamarca  not  far  distant 
from  Caxamalca  hearing  of  the  capture  of  Atahualpa 
and  of  the  imaiense  ransom  offered  for  his  release  sent 
to  Pizarro  offering  a  much  larger  amount  for  his  own 
liberation.  Pizarro  saw  at  once  the  advantage  to  be 
derived  in  acting  the  part  of  umpire  between  these 
rival  claimants  to  the  throne,  and  consequently  the 
overtures  of  Huascar  were  encouraged.  But  Atahu- 
alpa although  closely  confined  was  kept  fully  inforn  \ 
of  the  events  transpiring  throughout  the  empins, 
his  word  was  yet  law.  Pizarro  imprudently  remans  ^i 
to  him  one  day,  "  I  wait  with  impatience  the  arrival 
of  your  brother  in  order  that  I  may  judge  between 
you  and  render  justice  where  it  may  be  due."-^  Shortly 
afterward  Huascar  was  secretly  put  to  death;  aind 
Pizarro  had  the  mortification  of  finding  himself  out- 
witted by  a  manacled  barbarian. 

While  waiting  the  gathering  of  the  gold,  Hernando 
Pizarro  with  twenty  horsemen  raided  the  country 
with  rich  results.  Three  soldiers,  it  is  said,  were  sent 
by  Pizarro  under  the  inca's  protection  to  Cuzco,  where 
after  desecrating  the  temples  and  violating  the  sacred 
virgins  thoy  returned  to  Caxamalca  with  two  hundred 
cargas  of  gold  and  twenty-five  of  silver,  the  transpor- 
tation of  which  required  no  less  than  nine  hundred 
Indians. 

Time  passed  wearily  with  the  imprisoned  monarch. 
The  influx  of  gold  at  first  rapid,  soon  fell  off,  and  un- 

'"'  'J'attends  avcc  impatience  I'arrivde  de  voire  frfere.  pour  sa voir  quels  sont 
BOS  ilroita,  reiulre  justice  h  chacuu  et  t&cherde  voua  niettre  d'accoril.  Balboa, 
Uiat.  du  Pirou,  317. 


u4i_ 


GATHERING  THE  GOLD. 


85 


nando 
ountry 
e  scut 
where 
sacred 
mdred 


luels  sont 
Balboa, 


fortunately  for  Atalmalpa  much  of  it  was  in  flat  plates 
which  increased  the  bulk  but  slowly.  Nevertheless 
as  the  matter  went  Pizarro  felt  justified  in  granting 
the  prisoner  an  extension  of  time.  In  February  1533 
Almagro  arrived  at  Caxamalca  with  two  hundred  men, 
fifty  of  whom  were  mounted,  and  demanded  for  him- 
fscliand  company  equitable  participation  in  the  spoil, ac- 
cording to  compact.  This  Pizarro  refused,  but  agreed 
to  (Hvide  what  should  be  thereafter  taken.  The  dis- 
pute was  finally  settled  by  allowing  Almagro  for  his 
expenses  one  hundred  thousand  pesos,  and  for  his  men 
twenty  thousand. 

Yet  more  slowly  came  in  the  gold ;  the  people  were 
now  hiding  it;  the  Spaniards  desir<xl  the  death  of 
Atahualpa  w'ith  the  liberty  to  devastate  and  pillage 
after  the  old  manner.  They  determined  the  inca 
should  die;-^  but  first  they  would  melt  down  and 
divide  the  gold;  they  determined  to  kill  the  inca,  but 
first  he  should  have  a  fair  trial.  It  was  no  difficult 
matter  to  frame  an  indictment.  Huascar's  death, 
})retended  insurrections,  delay  in  the  ransom,  refusal 
to  accept  baptism;  these  charges,  or  any  of  them,  were 
amply  sufficient.  Then  Felipillo  desired  one  of  At- 
aliualpa's  wives,  and  did  what  he  could  to  hasten  his 
death.  "^ 

The  native  artisans  to  whom  the  task  was  allotted 
were  occupied  more  than  a  month  in  running  into 
bars  the  immense  mass  of  gold  and  silver  collected. 
It  was  in  value  1,320,539  castellanos,"  equal  in  pur- 

'"  Benzoni  was  told  that  Pizarro  intcmlod  from  tlie  first  to  take  tlic  life  of 
Atalnialiia,  as  by  this  means  he  expected  to  be  able  better  to  subdue  aiul 
govern  the  country.  '  I'ero  io  lio  inteso,  da  poi  oho  Pizzarro  I'hebbe  fatto  pri- 
gione,  I'intento  buo  fu  sempre  di  louarselo  dinunzi  ii  gli  oechi,  per  ineglio  potero 
sog;;iogarc,  e  dominare  il  paese,'  J/ixt.  Momio  N mvo,  lib.  iii.  fol.  Vl't. 

'"II  f'tait,  dit-on,  t^pris  d'une  des  femmes  d'Atalnialpa,  que  la  crainte 
(|u'inspiraitringa  €mpt'chaitdeserendre{isesd(?sirs.'  liulbua.  Hint,  da  I'emu, 
."■2"2.  '  Sobre  estas  causas  se  examinaron  ^  alguiios  Indios,  ii  tienipo  q  el  In- 
terprctc  Filipillo,  zeloso  de  que  una  muger  do  Ataulpa  le  huviesse  desdefiado, 
interpret6  los  dichos  de  los  testigos,  escriviendolos  demanera,  que  el  I'adre 
Fray  Vicente  do  Valverde  dixo,  que  el  lirmaria  la  sentencia  de  muerte.' 
Pizarro  y  Orellana,  I'arones  Jlvxtren,  IGG. 

-' '  En  la  suma  deste  rescate,  andan  diversos,  Agustin  ^arate,  y  Francisco 
Lopez  de  Gomara,  historiadores  de  aqucUcs  ticm^^os,  crco,  que  son  cn-atus  del 


so 


PIZAIIRO  AND  PERU. 


chasing  power  to  over  twenty  millions  of  dollars  at 
the  present  day.  "  It  is  the  most  solemn  respuh:ai- 
bility  of  my  life,"  exclaimed  Pizarro,  as  he  seated 
himself  in  the  golden  .chair  of  the  inca,  to  act  as 
umpire  in  the  partition,  "  and  may  God  help  me  to 
deal  justly  by  overy  man;"  after  which  prayer  the 
pirate's  dealings  might  well  be  watched.  And  first 
he  gave  himself  the  golden  chair  in  which  he  sat, 
valued  at  20,000  castellanos,  golden  bars,  57,22*2  cas- 
tellanos,  and  2,1^50  marks  of  silver.  Next  his  biother 
Hernando  received  31,080  castellanos  of  jTroicl,  and 
2,350  marks  of  silver,  nearly  twice  as  much  as  was 
given  to  Henumdo  de  Soto,  his  etjual  in  rank  and 
talent.  Horsemen  received  8,880  castellanos  in  gold 
and  3(52  marks  of  silver.  Some  of  the  infantry  received 
half  that  amount,  others  less.  To  the  church  of  San 
Francisco  was  given  2,220  castellanos  of  gold. ^"  Father 
Lufpie  had  died  shortly  before  the  departure  of  Al- 
magro  from  Panama;  no  mention  is  made  of  him  or 
of  his  legal  representative,  Gaspar  de  Espinosa,  in  the 
distribution. 

Hernando  Pizarro  and  Hernando  do  Soto  were 
both  opposed  to  harsh  measures  with  regard  to  the 
inca,  treating  with  the  contempt  they  deserved  the 
thickening  rumors  of  revolt.  But  Pizarro  and  Al- 
magro,  impatient  to  pursue  their  ambitious  schemes, 
had  long  since  determined  Atahualpa's  fate.     The  ac- 

iiiolde:  poiulris  mini  alj2;uiius  tlcllus,  jiuiu  (juo  sc  voiii  niejor. '  Oarrlin^^i)  <li:  la 
ycijn,  Com.  L'cali'i:,  pt.  ii.  lib.  i.  can.  xxxviii.  J  iiuve  takim  tlio  lowest  estimate 
t)f  this  treasure  u.s  being  iii  all  probability  as  near  tlie  truth  tsany.  Many 
(liflerent  aniuunt.^  are  giveu,  some  of  them  as  higl-  as  four  niillious.  '  Hallaioii 
einqueta  y  ilos  nnl  niarcos  <le  bucua  plata,  y  v:  niillon,  y  tre/ientoa,  v  veyntc 
y  sey.s  mil  y  (juinletos  pesos  de  oro,  sunia,  y  rii£Zu,  niinea  vista  en  vno.' 
Ooiiifi.d,  Hid.  Iiiil.,  \'}4-i\. 

'"'  The  *  Spunish  Captain  '  says  tiiat  every  foot-soldier  received  4,800  ducats, 
equal  to  7,208  castellanos,  while  horhenien  received  double.  Those  who  weio 
left  at  San  Miguel  recei»'ed  200  pesos  each.  'II  signor  gouernatore  fece  lo 
parti,  c  tocei)  a  ciscuno  fante  a  pie,  quattro  inila  o  ottocento  pesi  d'oro,  cho 
sono  ducati.  7208,  c  a  gli  huoinini  a  cauallo  il  doppio,  seiiza  altri  vantaggi  cho 
gli  furon  fatti. .  .A  (juelli  Christiani  die  er^.r.'i  restati  in  <piel  luogo  done  h  i- 
ncua  fondato  il  ridotto  de  San  Michele,  iiette  dua  niila  pesi  d'oro,  accioche  lo 
'-artissero,  chc  no  toccc)  dugento  pesi  a  ciaacuno. '  JUlntioiir,  d'vn  Cti/iitaiio 
tS/xiniirolo,  liawiiHio,  iii.  S77.  '  (Jhacjue  cavalier  result  neuf  cents  pesos  d'or 
«.t  trois  cent  soi xante  marcs  d'urgent.  Cluupit!  fantussiu  eut  la  moilie  de  eettu 
HJinmc.'  Hist,  du  Pvruu,  1127 -S. 


!    i 
i    f 


I 


DEATH  OF  ATAHUALPA. 


37 


were 
;o  tho 
)A  the 
id  Al- 


^■'f 

■'S' 

.-*; 


cusatioiis  and  the  trial  would  both  bo  laughable  wcro 
tln'V  not  so  diabolical.  Pizarro  and  Ahnagro  acted 
as  judges.  Among  the  charges  were  attempted  in- 
surrection, usurpation  and  putting  to  death  the  law- 
I'ul  sovereign,  idolatry,  waging  unjust  warfare,  adul- 
tery, polygamy,  and  the  embezzlement  of  the  j)u)jlic 
revenues  since  the  Sj)aniards  had  taken  possession  of 
the  country!  What  more  cutting  irony  could  words 
present  of  the  Christian  and  civilized  idea  of  human- 
ity and  the  rights  of  man  then  entin-tained  than  tlic 
catalo''i.ie  of  crimes  bv  which  this  barbarian  nnu.t 
unjustly  die,  every  one  of  winch  the  8[)aniards  them- 
selves had  <  .:)nunitted  in  a  tenfold  degree  sincc^  enter- 
ing these  dominions.  The  opinion  of  the  soldiers  wr.s 
taken. "^  It  is  unnecessar>"  to  say  that  the  i)risoner 
w,is  lound  guilty.  He  was  condemned  to  be  buri.ed 
alive  in  the  jJaza. 

At  the  appointed  hour  tb(!  roy;d  captive,  ]n>aA  ily 
chained,  was  led  ibrth.  It  was  nightfall,  and  the 
torch-liu'lits  threw  a  dismal  lilare  ui)on  the  sc<!ne. 
]|y  the  inca's  Hide  walked  the  ijifamous  Father  Vi- 
cente, who  never  ceased  pouiiiig  into  the  unwilling 
ear  of  his  victim  his  hateful  consolations.  I^pon  the 
funeral  pile,  Ataliualpa  was  informed  that  if  he  would 
accept  baptism  he  might  be  kindly  strangled  instead 
of  burned  "A  cheaj)  escape  from  much  sutK'ring." 
thought  the  monarch,  and  j)ermitted  it  to  be  done. 
The  name  of  Juan  de  Atahual[)a,  was  givt-n  him.  The 
ii'on  collar  of  the  garrote  was  tlun  tightened,  the 
("hristians  recited  their  credos  over  the  new  convert, 


ducats, 
llio  weio 
It!  fuce  ll! 

I'OI'O,  fill! 

liiggi  oho 
llouo  ll  l- 
I'ioclu:  lo 
ytijiitano 
hsos  (I'or 
lie  cetto 


^'  I'iziirro  well  knew  tliat  tlio  iiicn'H  lU'aih  was  ('ortaiii  if  tlio  niattcr  wire 
left  to  l!u'  iioldiors,  while  ]>y  so  iloiiii.'  hv  iiiiuvt  lie  alilo  to  throw  otl'  soiii>'  ai 
till'  odium  which  othi'i'w  i.si'  wouhl  lie  fastt'iicil  i;[inii  hi".!.  As  he  harl  aiitiii- 
]).iled.  the  iiiajority  waa  in  favor  of  killiii!:;  tiie  ]iri.soiiir.  Otiiers  voiihl  liiAo 
liim  i\K  lit  to  S|iaiii.  vliih'  a  few  were  ill  favor  of  f/iantiiif;  liiiii  his  lilu'it y. 
■  hit  also  volhiiieht  /yiide,  door  I'izarro,  eii  Aliiiau'io  verj^aderiii  de  Kryeli.-,- 
vaedt,  eii  heraetslairheii  met  iiialeaiideriii,  wat  iiii'ii  met  Attaliali)ia  sonde 
uyti'eehten:  J']eiii;;lie  sloef,dieii  voor,  datmeii  hem  sonde  om  (h'lii  lials  hreii- 
(^iien,  i'eiii;,'e  voiiden  f(oet  daimcii  hem  Ion  lateii  sonde:  N'eeN^  wareii  \rv 
nieeiiin,';lie,  dat  lii't  ;,'oi';  wa*  dalnien  iu'm  nae  den  Key.'.er  Konde  seiideii  I'l  ;i 
hietsteii.  de  stemnu'ii  vergadert  synd;:,  inrvaleeiile  die,  dutmei'.  hcii  sonde 
ouihrenghcu."    West- liulin'j/tc  tijiii  <jlid,  iiO.j. 


\S' 


,n.         I 

\4      ! 


38 


PIZAP.RO  AND  PERU. 


and  the  spirit  of  the  inca  hied  away  to  the  sun.  Thus 
one  more  jewel  was  added  to  the  iunuortal  crown  of 
Father  Vicente  de  Valverde!^"^ 

With  the  death  of  Atahualpa  tho  empire  of  the 
incas  fell  to  pieces,  and  the  Spaniards  were  not  slow 
to  seize  upon  the  distracted  country.  It  is  said  that 
the  gold  and  silver  obtained  by  the  conquerois  at 
Cuzco  equalled  that  furnished  by  the  inca.  Official 
statements  place  the  amount  at  580,200  castellanos  of 
gold,  and  215,000  marks  of  silver.^  After  another 
distribution  government  was  organized  by  the  Span- 
iards with  Manco  Capac  crowned  inca  of  Peru  for  a 
figure-head,  behind  whom  and  in  whose  name  the 
grim  conquerors  might  unblushingly  pursue  their  work 
of  destruction.  Sebastian  Benalcazar  took  possession 
of  (^)uito,  where  he  was  shortly  afterward  confronted 
b}"-  Pedro  de  Alvarado,  one  of  the  conquerors  of  ]\Iex- 
ico  and  governor  of  Guatemala. 

It  appears  that  Alvarado,  having  fitted  out  a  fleet 
of  twelve  ships  for  a  voyage  to  the  Spice  Islands,  was 
turned  from  his  purpose  as  will  be  hereafter  related, 
by  the  reported  marvellous  successes  of  the  Peruvian 
adventures.  Believing  or  aflTecting  to  believe  tliat 
the  province  of  Quito  was  without  the  jurisdiction 
of  Pi/arro,  he  determined  to  conquer  that  country  for 
himself.  His  army  on  landing  presented  the  strongest 
front  of  any  in  Peru,  but  the  march  across  the  snowy 
sierra  was  one  of  the  most  disastrous  in  Spanish  colo- 
nial history."*  Although  the  distance  was  short  the  en- 


'-  The  philosopliy  ns  well  ns  the  rcli'^iou  of  the  early  writers  is  ever  found 
riniiil  to  the  eiiieriioney.  '^'  iiiin(|iii'  jinrccio  sin  causa,  y  i;oiiio  tal  lo  jiiirrai'nii 
Ids  (|Uo  iuterviiiieron  on  ilin,  no  sin  i"ul|iii;  pu'-s  tau  sin  ella  avia  sido  fratiiuidii 
tlul  (Ju'ixciir.  conio  cjueda  dic'lio.'  P'r.arro  if  Onlliuia,  ]'iimiiis  I/rn'rrf    ;(i((- 7. 

•'*''  'C'Omi'ncaron  vnos  ii  dtsontaldar  las  jiari'dcs  del  teni]jl(),  ijuc  tie  oro,  y 
jilnta  eran:  otros  a  (Kscntci  lar  lis  joias.  y  N'asos  de  nn),  ([uc  eon  Ion  Muertos 
cstavau:  otros  i\  touiar  idolos  t[w:  do  io  mcsino  erau,'  Ourcila.io  ilt:  la  Vfja, 
('o»i.  Ifi'dffs,  pt.  ii.  lili.  ii.  cap.  vii. 

"'Aeeri'a  de  los  ijuinicntos  iiond)resi,  que  catos  auiores  diecn,  que  llevh 
eonsijfo  I).  Pedro  de  .Alvarado,  se  nie  ofreee  di'i;ir,  (pie  iX  nnii'lios  <le  los  (pio 
fueron  eon  el,  les  oi,  que  fueron  ochocieutoii  EHi)auole8.'  O'lircilano  de  la  I'i'ja, 
Com.  Jteaks,  pt.  ii.  lil>.  ii.  cap.  ii. 


iA*,L. 


ALVARADO  IN  PERU. 


ruviaii 


la  Vt'ijn 


i  ire  way  was  strewn  with  the  dead ;  more  than  one  liun- 
(Ired  Spaniards  and  two  thousand  Indians  perished. 
Enough  liowcver  survived  to  enable  Alvarado  to  make 
uijuitablc  arrangements  with  Almagroand  Benalcilzar, 
A  [)ortion  of  the  vessels  and  the  entire  forces  of  Alva- 
rado were  transferred  to  the  associates  for  one  hundred 
thousand  castollanos.  Alvarado  then  visited  Pizarro 
lit  Pachacamac,  where  the  latter  was  awaiting  the 
development  of  events  at  Quito;  after  which  Alva- 
rado took  his  departure.  Benalcdzar  remained  at  Quito 
and  eventually  became  governor  of  that  province. 

After  this  in  the  history  of  Peru  comes  the  feud 
))otween  the  associate  conquerors;  for  here  as  else- 
where no  sooner  are  the  savages  slain  than  their 
destroyers  fall  to  fighting  among  themselves.  Alma- 
gro  and  Pizarro  are  old  men,  old  friends,  copartners; 
yet  instead  of  dividing  their  immense  accjuisition  and 
devoting  the  brief  remainder  of  their  days  to  pr>ace- 
I'ul  pursuits,  so  deadly  becomes  their  hatred  that 
eacli  seems  unable  to  rest  while  the  oth<i-  lives. 
Hernando  Pizarro  reports  proceedings  in  Spain,  ami 
^"vunagro  is  placed  in  command  of  Cuzoo, while  I'izarro 
founds  his  capital  at  Lima.  Tlie  king  confirms  Pi- 
zarro in  his  conquest  and  makes  him  Marques  de  los 
Atavillos,  and  grants  Almagro  two  hundred  leagues 
ah)ng  the  sea-shore  commencing  from  tlie  southern 
limit  of  Pizarro's  territory.  Hernando  Pizarro  takes 
Almagro's  place  at  Cuzco.  While  Penalcazar  is  at 
(,>uito,  Almagro  in  Chile,  and  the  forces  of  Pizarro 
<livided  between  Cuzco  and  Lima,  the  inca,  ]\Ianeo 
Capac,  revolts.  With  two  hundrt^d  thousand  men 
he  besieges  Cnzco,  Lima,  and  San  ]\liguel  sinudta- 
neously,  and  aiassacres  the  settlers  on  plantations, 
"^riie  Spaniards  are  reduced  to  the  greatest  extrennty. 
Cuzco  is  laid  in  a.slies,  and  Pizarro,  unable  to  cooper- 
ate with  his  brolher  Hernando,  despatches  ships  to 
J'anama  and  Nicaragua  for  aid. 

The  chief  point  of  dispute  between  the  associates 


f 


f 


i 


I:!; 


40 


PIZARRO  AND  PERU. 


im 


\m  i 


is  the  partition  lino  dividing  their  rcspectiv^o  govern- 
ments. Each  ehiinis  the  ancient  capital  of  Cuzco  as 
lying  within  his  territory.  Almagro,  returning  from 
a  disastrous  exjiedition  into  Chile,  makes  overtures  to 
gain  tlu'  friendship  of  Maneo  Capac;  failing  in  this 
he  defeats  tlu;  inca  in  a  pitched  battle,  takes  posses- 
sion of  Cuzco,  makes  Hernando  Pizarro  his  prisoner, 
and  eai)tures  his  army.  Instead  of  striking  otl*  hiu 
head  as  urged  to  do  by  Orgonez,  and  marching  at 
once  on  Lima,  Almagro  falters  and  thereby  falls. 

]SIean\vhile  Hernan  Cortes  sends  his  imperilled 
brother-conqueror  a  vessel  laden  with  provisons;  a 
kingly  gift.  (Jaspar  de  Espinosa,  Father  Luque's  suc- 
cessor, presents  himself  about  this  time  in  Peru,  and 
is  sent  to  Almagro  by  Pizarro  to  effect  a  settlement 
of  their  ditticulties,  but  the  latter  remains  firm,  and 
the  sudden  death  of  Espinosa  terminates  the  present 
overtures.  Finally  by  many  solenndy  sworn  promises, 
Vv'hich  are  broken  immediately,  his  point  is  gained, 
Francisco  Pizarro  obtains  the  release  of  his  brother; 
then  with  st-vc-n  hundred  men,  on  the  plain  before 
Cuzco,  he  engages  and  defeats  Ahnagro's  force  of  five 
hundri'd  men  under  Orgonez,  captures  Almagro,  whom 
he  places  in  chains,  and  after  a  mock  trial  puts  him  to 
jleath.  Hernando  Pizarro  is  afterward  arrested  in 
S[)ain  for  the  murder  of  Almagro,  kept  confined  a 
prisonei-  ior  tuHMity  years,  is  liberated,  and  dies  at  the 
aiife  of  one  hundred  vears. 

And  now  ap[)ears  on  the  scene,  as  heir  to  the  feud, 
Ahnagro's  illegitimate  son  ])iego,  who  henceforth 
lives  but  to  avenge  his  lather's  death.  Thei'e  are 
those  who  will  not  serve  the  murderer  of  tlu'ir  master, 
'  men  of  ( 'bile,'  tliey  are  calK'd,  and  so  tluy  see  distress 
and  carry  thin  visages  and  tattered  garments  about 
the  streets  ot*  ( 'uzeo.  These  to  the  number  of  twenty, 
with  JuaJi  de  Kada  their  leader,  meet  at  the  house  of 
_>(mng  Almagro,  and  bind  tliemselves  by  oath  to  kill 
Francisco  Pizarro  on  the  following  Sunday  tlu'  2(lth 
of  June   1541.      Almagro's  house  adjoins  the  church, 


■m 


BLOODY  TERMINATION. 


U 


\\  ])ilo  Pizarro's  is  on  the  otlier  side  of  the  plaza.  They 
will  slay  him  as  he  leaves  the  church  after  mass. 
But  the  f^overnor  does  Jiot  attend  church  that  day; 
so  they  cross  the  square  and  enter  throuj^h  an  open 
gate  into  the  court-yartl,  from  which  stairs  lead  to 
an  upper  room,  ^vhere  Pizarro  is  at  dinner  with 
several  Iriends.  Suddeidy  the  diners  hear  a  shout 
from  below,  ''  L(mg  live  the  king!  Death  to  tyrants!" 
Accustomed  to  clanger  Pizarro  acts  on  the  instant, 
directs  his  chief  officer  Francisco  de  Chaves  to  make 
fast  the  door,  and  steps  into  an  adjoining  room  with 
his  half-brother,  Martinez  de  Alcantara,  to  arm  him- 
self Chaves  springs  forward  and  clos(.s  the  door,  but 
instead  of  securing  it  he  parleys  with  the  assaihnits 
who  are  now  at  the  to]>  of  the  stairs.  A  sword  thinist 
into  the  officer's  breast  cuts  short  the  conference,  and 
tin;  body  is  Hung  Ixlow.  Pen^eiving  blood,  most  of 
the  guests  tiy,  clind>ing  over  a  ctjrridor  and  dro[>i)iMg 
to  the  gi'ound;  two  or  thrcse  who  had  come  forward 
with  Chaves  are  quickly  despatched  by  the  conspir- 
ators. AlthiHigh  his  armor  is  ill-adjusted  IMzjut*) 
springs  forward  sword  in  hand.  "How  now,  villair.s! 
woidd  you  nuirder  me?"  cries  this  veteran  of  a  hun- 
(li'ed  tights.  Then  to  Alcantara,  "Let  us  Indd  l)ravely 
Mgainst  these  traitors,  lV)r  I  swear  to  God  we  tw«t  ai'e 
enough  to  slay  them  all."  The  men  of  Chile  I'all  back 
bel'oj'o  him,  but  only  for  a  nnjinent;  again  crowding 
forward  wne  al'tc-r  another  of  the  cons|)irat<)rs  is 
sti'ctched  on  the  ground.  The  con(]uest  liowever  is 
too  une(|ual  to  continue!;  yet  alter  Alcaiitara,  the  two 
pages  of  the  governor,  and  eveiy  person  present  exci>pt 
tlie  chi(>f  lie  d(>a(l  upon  the  Hoor,  Pizarro  still  fights 
on.  At  l(>ngth  Pada,  exasperated,  gi'asps  one  of  his 
eoiurades,  lunned  Xarva(>z,  and  hurls  him  against 
Pizarro's  swoi'd.  It  is  death  to  Narvaez,  but  it  is 
\  ietorv  for  Alma'j-ro;  Ibi-  while  the  sword  of  Pizarro 
is  sheathed  in  the  body  of  the  luckless  eonspii-ator, 
the  weapon  of  another  strikes  him  in  the  throat, 
and  brings  him  to  the  lioor.    "Kill  him!  kill  hiuiT'cry 


ii 


Ii 


42 


PIZARRO  AND  PERU. 


the  assailants  as  thoy  close  round  the  fallen  chieftain, 
thrusting  into  his  body  their  swords.^'  True  to  his 
religious  instincts,  the  expiring  hero  raises  himself  on 
his  arm,  traces  witli  his  own  blood  upon  the  floor  the 
sacred  emblem  of  his  faith,  sighing  "Jesu  Cristo!" 
then  while  he  bows  his  head  to  kiss  the  cross  which 
ho  bad  made,  a  blow  more  dastardly  tluin  all  the  rest 
terminates  his  eventful  life.  Thus  perish  in  sanguinary 
brawl,  each  by  the  hand  of  the  other,  these  renowned 
chieftains,  whose  persistent  steadfastness  of  purpose 
and  manly  courage  under  difficulties  were  equalled  only 
by  their  avarice,  treachery,  and  infamous  cruelty. 

The  bloody  work  accomplished,  the  conspirators 
rusli  forward  and  cry,  "  Long  live  the  king!  Tlie  tyrant 
is  dead!  Long  live  our  lawful  Cfovernor  AlmaiTfroI" 
The  Almagroists  continue  in  power  till  the  latter  part 
of  1542,  when  thoy  are  exterminated  by  Vaca  de 
Castro,  sent  as  connnissioner  by  the  crown  to  quiet  the 
country.  Almagro  is  executed,  and  the  name  becomes 
extinct.  Juan  Pizarro  is  killed  by  the  Indians  while 
c;q)turing  the  fortress  of  Cuzco,  and  after  the  defeat 
of  Vasco  Nunez  Vela  at  Anaquito  had  been  avenged 
by  the  execution  of  Gonzalo  Pizarro  at  Xaquixa- 
guana,  the  affairs  of  Peru  lapse  into  the  hands  of  the 
viceroys.^" 

'-'  His  relative,  Pizarro  y  Orclluna,  says  he  was  at  this  time  nearly  80 
years  of  iige,  iunl  that  he  killed  five  persons  and  wounded  otlu.'rs  licforc  ho 
was  striokcn  down.  'Conio  eran  tatos  los  qin;  les  ayudavan,  aunf)uc  avia 
niuerto  ti  cinco,  y  otros  nniclioa  heridoa,  y  eomo  la  cdnd  llegava  aeerca  do 
oelicnta  anos,  no  inido  dclV'uiJO  tanto,  (jue  no  le  diessun  una  estocada  en  lagar- 
jtanta,  con  quo  se  de.salet6,  y  desangro,  y  vino  ■'i  arrodillar. '  I'aruiies  Ilostim, 
18o-«. 

^•"'It  is  scaircly  neeessary  to  say  that  the  best  history  of  the  Peruvian 
conr|uest.  indeed  the  oidy  one  that  ean  lay  elaims  to  fairness  and  conijdetc- 
ness,  ia  Mr  Preseott's.  The  chief  originid  authorities  liave  already  l)eea 
given.  Pi/arro  foinis  a,  leading  figure  in  (Jii'iiilaiia,  VitldK  df  Fn/iniinlvi  ('rlc- 
hn's,  published  at  Madrid  in  1807,  1830,  lS3.'t,  in  tlirec  volumes,  reprinted 
at  Paris  in  184.").  Celel)rated  as  a  poet  and  dramatist  ^Jinl'e  1801,  (,>uintana 
intended  to  ])roducc  a  lengtiiy  series  of  biographies  of  tiic  national  lierocs  wlio 
had  ah-eady  entered  into  his  song:  but  tiie  «lemands  of  other  studies  and  of 
his  public  duties  as  censor,  director  de  estudios,  and  as  senator,  interfered 
\,ith  his  work,  and  nine  lives  arc  all  tiiat  have  been  recorded.  While  deelar- 
i:i^  his  intention  to  be  impartial  and  instructive  he  is  often  led  liy  his  innate 
predilection  for  hero  and  word  painting,  to  mingle  poetic  fancy  witli  biograpliie 
facta.     Tlie  list  miiy  be  greatly  swollen  liy  audi  works  as  Acvula,  Jlwt.  Ltd.; 


i 


as 


!  !!'  ■!■ 


AUTHORITIES. 


43 


T  r 


CHAPTEK    II. 

CASTILLA  DEL  ORO, 

1527-1537. 

Administkatiox  of  Pedro  de  los  llios— He  is  Scpeuseded  by  the  Licen- 
tiate ASTOMO  DE   LA  GaMA — BARUION't'EVo's  ReION — A   ritOVINCE   IN 

NiEVA  An  DALcriA  Granted  to  Pedro  de  Heredia-  He  Sails  vor  Car- 
tagena— (^-"ONFLICTS  WITH  THE  XaTIVES — TREASURE  UnEARTUED— TlIK 

Devil's  IJohik— Prosi-erity  of  the  ,Si;ttlement — Alonso  Heredia 
Sent  to  JtKiiiii.D  San  Seiiastian— Is  Oim-osed  iivJilian  GuTitiiREZ — 
Capture  of  Gutierrez — The  Golden  Temple  of  Dabaiba  Once 
!MoRE — Expeditions  in  Search  of  the  Glitteuinc,  Phantom,  Fran- 
oisco    Cesar   and   ()therh  —  Acdiencia  Estap.lished  at   Panama    - 

MaLEADJIINISTKATION — COMPL/VINTS  OF  THE  CoLOMSTS  — DeSTITCTION 
IN  THE  I'lidVlNCE — BiSHOPS  OF  CaSTILLA  DEL  OltO — MIRACULOUS  ImaUE 
OF  THE  VlU(.:l\ — BlBLIOGltAPHICAL. 


jili 

iiV: 


Mention  lias  already  boon  made  of  the  appointment 
of  Pedro  de  los  llios  as  li-ovcrnor  of  (^'astilla  tiel  Oro 
in  place  of  Pedrai-ias  Dtivila,  of  the  arrival  of  his  tleot 
at  Nonibre  de  Dios  in  1 520,  and  of  the  death  of  Pe- 
<lrarias  at  Leon  in  1500.  The  new  governor  was 
instructed  that  the  conversimi  of  the  natives  rather 
than  tlieir  conquest  should  be  his  main  purpose;  tliiy 
were  to  be  ticated  ind^'cd  as  vassals  of  tlie  crown  but 
not  as  .slaves;  and  his  Majesty  tlie  emperor  Charles 
V.  was  ph'ased  to  d(3clare  that  in  the  foundation  t)f 
new  colonies  he  had  less  regard  I'or  Ids  own  aggrau- 
di/ement  tiian  for  tlu;  spread  of  the  holy  Cath(»lie 
laith,  Pedro  de  los  l^ios  was  a  man  unlit  to  govei'ii  a 
connnunit^/  of  wild  and  turbulent  advcsnturers  in  a 
.strange  and  half-settled  tei-ritory.  Instead  of  pui- 
^aiingthe  right  course  at  the  right  moment,  he  seemed 
to  go  out  of  his  way  to  commit  blunders.    As  occurred 


^likui^ 


PEDRO  DE  LOS  RTOS. 


IS 


at  his  mooting  with  Salcoch)  iu  Nicaran^ua,  when  tho 
nioro  throat  of  a  tine  made  him  beat  a  liasty  retroat  to 
I'aiianui,  ho  was  often  found  wanting  in  tho  hour  of 
trial.  His  lack  of  ambition  and  over-present  regard 
foi-  his  own  personal  ease  and  safety,  eaused  his  admin- 
istration to  prove  tame  and  uneventful. 

The  anri  sacra  t'nmes  W'dH  a  vice  so  ])rovalont  among 
the  rulers  of  Castilla  del  Oro  that  it  is  but  a  tiresome 
iteration  again  to  allude  to  it;  but  liios'  tliirst  iov 
riches  far  surpassed  the  greod  of  all  his  j^redeccssors. 
His  avarice  was  only  exceeded  by  that  of  his  wife, 
who,  as  Oviedo  tells  us,  held  him  under  complete  con- 
trol and  governed  the  province  through  the  governor. 
He  appropriated  all  that  ho  could  lay  hands  on,  whether 
public  or  private  property,  and  his  malefeasanco  in  office 
soon  became  so  notorious  as  to  atti'act  the  attention 
of  the  emperor.  Ho  was  enjoined  from  crossing  tho 
boundaries  of  his  province,  ordered  to  surrender  to  the 
royal  treasurer  tho  Pearl  Islands,  tho  revenues  of 
which,  it  will  bo  remembered,  wore  placed  under  his 
control  by  the  crown,  and  to  give  all  needful  aid  to 
Francisco  Pizarro  and  Diego  do  Almagro  in  tho  pros- 
ecution of  their  exploring  expeditions. 

But  it  was  no  part  of  the  policy  of  Rios  to  build 
up  other  territories  at  tho  expense  of  his  own,  and  1  is 
Jieglect  of  these  instructions,  united  with  tho  malign 
intluence  of  the  crafty  Pedrarias,  whom  tho  slonder- 
witted  Rios  never  ceased  to  persecute,  soon  wrought 
his  downfall.^  Such,  finally,  were  tho  complaints  laid 
before  the  council  of  the  Indies,  that  some  time 
l>efore  the  expiration  of  his  three  years'  term  of  office, 
the  licentiate  Antonio  do  la  Gama  was  sent  to  take 
his  residencia,  and  the  governor,  dis  itisficd  with  tho 
result,  proceeded  to  Spain  and  demanded  justice  His 
cause  came  up  before  the  council  of  tho  Indies,  Oviedo 
acting  as  attorney  for  tho  city  of  Panama,  and  Pedro 


'  IJrrrera,  ilcc.  iv.  lib.  iv.  cap.  ix.  Although  the  charges  against  Peilrarias 
were  pressed  by  Oviedo  in  person,  there  is  no  doubt  tliat  they  were  brouglit  ut 
thi'  instigation  of  Rios. 


If:  [ 


V.         ■  \ 


i  ■ 


46 


CASTILLA  DEL  ORO. 


tic  los  Rios  was  fined,  dr  poiled  of  office,  orderetl  home, 
and  forbidden  ever  to  return  to  the  Indies.^  His  wife, 
whom  he  liad  left  behind,  refused  to  make  the  jour- 
ney to  Spain  without  the  company  of  lier  husband, 
and  as  he  dechned  to  return  for  her,  she  remained  at 
Panama  to  the  day  of  her  death. 

After  the  condemnation  of  Rios  in  1529,  the  Hcen- 
tiate  refused  to  surrender  his  badge  of  office,  retain- 
ing his  post  as  governor  for  about  five  years. 
Notwitlistanding  some  complaints  of  his  summary 
method  of  dealing  with  judicial  matters,  a  few  even 
going  so  far  as  to  say  that  if  Rios  chose  to  return  he 
might  do  so  with  impunity,  the  general  verdict  of  the 
colonists  was  in  his  favor,  and  during  his  administra- 
tion many  public  improvements  were  made.  An 
inordinate  craving  for  wealth  was,  as  usual,  the  cause 
of  his  removal,^  and  in  the  spring  of  1534  he  was 
superseded  by  Captain  Francisco  do  Barrionuevo,  a 
soldier  who  had  gained  some  distinction  at  Cartagena. 
Barrionuevo  had  received  his  conunission  nearly  two 
jears  before,  and  set  sail  from  Spain  in  command  of  a 
force  of  two  hundred  men,  furnished  at  the  expense 
of  the  cr<nvn.  He  was  ordered  to  touch  at  Espanola, 
where  the  governor  was  instructed  to  furnish  all 
needed  supplies;  and  the  expedition  arrived  at  Nombre 
de  Dies  with  ranks  somewhat  thinned  by  disease,  and 
by  casualties  incurred  through  rendering  assisoance 
in  quelling  an  Indian  revolt  in  Santo  Domingo. 

Amidst  the  throng  of  adventurers  who,  dazzled  by 
marvellous  reports  of  the  wealth  of  the  incas  and  of 
the  fabled  treasures  of  Dabaiba,  petitioned  the  emperor 
for  grants  of  territory  south  of  Castilla  del  Oro  was 
Pedro  de  Heredia,  who  had  already  done  good  service 
at  the  settlement  of  Santa  Marta  and  elsewhere  in 
the  Indies.     To  him  was  assigned  in  Nueva  Anda- 

'  He  died  at  C6rdov.a,  Oviedo,  iii.  123-4. 

'  Of  his  subsequent  cnrecr  it  is  known  that  he  served  under  Pizarro  in  Peru 
and  aftei-ward  retired  to  his  estates  in  Cuzco.  Cartas  de  Iiidias,  701-2. 


I 


NUEVA  AXDALUCfA. 


47 


■  * 


t 


luci'a  a  province  whose  limits  extended  frotn  the 
Kiver  Atrato  to  the  Mai^dalena,  and  from  the  North 
Sea  to  the  equator.  Sailinj^  from  Spain  in  1532  with 
three  vessels  and  about  one  hundred  men,  he  landed 
at  a  port  then  called  Calamari,  but  to  which  he  <,nivo 
the  name  of  Cartagena.*  It  was  hereabout  that 
Ojeda's  command  was  annihilated  in  1509,  and  here 
that  Nicuesa  avenged  the  defeat  of  his  late  rival  by 
putting  to  the  swonl  the  people. 

After  a  brief  rest  the  Spaniards  marched  inland  and 
came  ere  long  to  a  town  where  they  met  with  stout 
resistance.  The  natives  made  good  use  of  their 
poisoned  arrows  and  clubs  of  hard  wood,  man,  matron, 
and  maid  fighting  side  by  side,  and  though  all  desti- 
tute of  clothing  or  any  defensive  armor,  confronted 
the  fire-arms  and  swords  of  the  Europeans  without 
fiinching.  A  few  prisoners  were  taken  during  the 
skirmish,  one  of  whom,  on  the  return  of  the  party  to 
(.\irtagcna,  offered  to  act  as  guide  to  some  of  the 
largest  towns  in  that  vicinity,  thinking  that  his  captors 
nnist  surely  be  there  overpowered  and  exterminated. 
On  the  way  they  were  attacked  by  a  large  body  of 
natives  who,  after  a  sharp  contest,  were  driven  into  a 
neighboring  stronghold,  enclosed  with  several  thickly 
|)lanted  rows  of  trees.  In  hot  pursuit  the  Spaniards 
followed,  and  forced  their  way  into  the  enclosure  side 
by  side  with  the  fugitives.  Fresh  bands  of  Indians 
soon  arrived  and,  turning  the  scale,  drove  out  tho 
invaders,  and  in  the  plain  beyond,  where  was  room  for 
the  use  of  artillery  and  cavalry,  even  here  pressed 
them  so  hard  that  they  held  their  ground  with  diffi- 
culty. During  the  fight  Heredia,  becoming  se])arated 
iVom  his  men,  was  surrounded,  and  would  surely  have 
been  killed  had  not  one  of  his  soldiers  forced  his  way 
through  the  enemy's  ranks,  and  thrusting  his  sword 
tlirough  the  botly  of  one,  and  cutting  the  bowstring 
of  another,  held  the  foe  in  check  till  others  could  come 

*0n  account  of  its  resemblance  to  the  harbor  of  Cartagena  in  Spain. 
Jlrrrcra,  dec.  v.  lib.  ii.  cap.  iii. 


48 


CASTILLA  DEL  ORO. 


■^ 


to  his  assistanpo.  Finally  tho  savages  were  driven 
back,  loavin<r  their  town  in  the  hamls  of  the  captors, 
who  found  there  })rovisioiis  and  a  little  j^old. 

Rcturniin'  to  Cartajjeiia,  Heredia  tell  in  with  a 
vessel  Dewly  arrived  from  Espahola  with  troops  on 
hoard  that  raised  his  command  to  one  hundred  foot 
and  as  many  horse.  Thus  i-ecinforced,  he  penetrated 
the  province  as  far  as  the  town  of  Ceni'i,  in  the  valley  of 
a  river  which  still  bears  that  name.  Here  was  found 
in  two  boxes  or  chests  gold  to  the  value  of  120,000 
])esos,  and  in  a  place  which  went  by  the  name  of  "  El 
bohio  del  diablo,"''  a  pit  with  three  compartments, 
tiach  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  length,  was 
a  hammock  su[)ported  by  four  human  ligures,  and 
containing  gokl  to  the  value  of  15,000  pesos,  amid 
which,  according  to  Indian  traditicm,  his  suble  majesty 
was  wont  to  repose.  In  a  sepulchre  near  by,  gold- 
dust  was  unearthed  to  tho  ai.  ount  of  10,000  pesos. 

Well  satisfied  with  the  results  of  his  expedition 
Heredia  returned  to  head-quarters,  and  was  soon  after- 
ward ji^ined  by  a  fresh  reenforcement  of  three  hun- 
dred men.  The  tidings  of  his  success  soon  attracted 
immbers  of  dissatisfied  colonists  from  Castilla  del  Oro, 
and  tf)ward  the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century  Carta- 
gena became  a  place  of  considerable  note,"  the  fleet 
that  supi)lied  the  New  World  with  the  merchandise 
of  Spain  touching  there  on  the  way  to  Portobello. 
The  latter  was  but  a  small  village,  tenanted  chiefly 
by  negroes,  and  j)ossessing,  next  to  Nombre  de  Dios, 
the  most  sickly  climate  of  all  the  settlements  in  Tierra 
Firme.  So  deadly  were  the  exhalations  from  its  rank 
and  steaming  soil  that  a  small  garrison  maintained 
there  to  guard  the  fleet  was  changed  four  times  a 
year.     Notwithstanding  its  vmwholesome  atmosphere 

^  Ifcrrera,  dec.  v.  lib.  ii.  cap.  iii.  This  is  the  Spanish  translation  for  the 
tihrase  applied  to  it  by  the  natives.  The  word  'bohio'  belongs  to  tho  dialect 
cf  the  country. 

^In  llerrcra,  dec.  v.  lib,  ii.  cap.  iv.,  it  is  stated  that  the  city  was  then  very 
populous,  had  a  considerable  coninicrco,  and  contained  two  castles  heavily 
mounted  with  artillery,  a  cathedral,  a  custom-house,  a  government-house,  and 
other  public  buildings. 


I 


.1  I 


SAN  si:dastiax. 


49 


i 


an  annual  fair  was  lickl  tlicro  lastin<:>'  forty  days,  dnrini^ 
wliicli  time  its  streets  were  crowtled  with  nicrcliants 
jVoni  ovoiy  quarter  of  the  Indies.  Xot  many  years 
alterward  the  ]*eruvian  lierder,  clinibinj^'  the  mountain 
sido  in  quest  of  his  stray  llama,  discovered  the  silver- 
mines  of  PotosiV  an<l  the  phiee  hccame,  for  a  few  weeks 
in  tlie  year,  the  most  reilundant  mart  of  conunerce  in 
tlie  v/orld.  A  ileet,  freiu'lited  witli  all  that  was  ri'- 
(juired  to  supi>]y  the  real  and  artilieial  wants  of  an 
opulent  conununity,  called  there  once  a  year,  and  ;is 


/ 


-<-^v 


/ 


linslian 


^  A  h  ^\ 


.i'^-- 


;■  /    /' 


.vS-' 


r> 


X. 


./     A 


Castilla  dki,  Oko. 

soon  as  it  appeared  in  sight  the  treasures  of  the  mines 
and  pearl-lisheries  were  conveyed  l>v  land  from  Panauiil 
to  ( 'ruces,  and  thence  down  the  IJio  Cha;^re  to  I'or- 
tohello. 

When  the  conquest  and  exploration  of  his  terri- 
torv  had  been  partiallv  eii'ected,  l^edro  de  llereilia 
despatched  his  brother  xVlonso  to  the  gulf  of  Urab;i 


'  This  iiiiiilont  oocunvd  in  tlio  ytar  1j45.  Acusla,  U'ld.  Kut.  //<'/.,  '_'0G-10. 
llisi.  Cent.  Am.,  Vol.  II.    i 


50 


CASTILLA  DEL  ORO. 


to  rebuild  there  t]io  tov.  n  of  San  Sebastian.^  The  site 
selected  was  some  Icasfues  south  jf  the  ruins  of  the 
settlement  "which  Ojcla  had  founded,  and  where  his 
lieutenant  Francisco  Pizarro  and  his  band  suffered 
from  hunger  and  pestilence  before  Vasco  Nuilez  led 
them  to  the  South  Sea.  On  a  spot  distant  about 
half  a  leaiTue  from  the  eastern  shore  of  the  gulf,  among 
some  hillocks  near  which  were  groves  of  tall  cocoa- 
nut  ])alms,"the  settlement  was  founded,  sorely  against 
the  will  of  Julian  Gutierrez,  who,  having  married 
the  sister  of  the  cacique  Uraba,  had  accumulated  a 
f(^rtune  by  bartering  for  gold  such  cheap  baul)les  as 
tlie  natives  most  preferred. ■^'^  Inciting  the  natives  to 
harass  lleredia's  party  at  every  opportunity,  (futierrcz 
])r()ceeded  to  bi'ild  a  fort  on  the  banks  of  the  Rio 
Caiman,  at  no  great  distance  from  San  Sebastian.  In 
this  enterprise  he  was  joined  by  a  number  of  male- 
contents  from  Castilla  del  Oro,  who  had  been  on  the 
point  of  embarking  for  Pei'U,  but  were  persuaded  to 
take  service  under  Gutierrez.  Cliief  among  them 
w;is  one  Francisco  Cesar,  who  soon  aftei'ward  ligures 
prominently  in  the  history  of  Cartagena. 

J  lei'edia  at  once  marched  with  all  his  forces  ni^ninst 
Gutierrez,  and  bid  him  withdi'aw  from  the  limits  of 
his  province.  The  latter  replied  that  he  was  nctinj 
11 


ndcr  instructio)is  from  the  ii'overnor  of  Castilla  c 


lex 


()!()  and  could  not  neglect  his  orders,  Heredia  pre- 
tended to  be  satisfied  with  this  answer  and  withdrew 
his  troops,  but  returning  after  nightfall  stormed  the 
enemy's  camp  and  put  most  of  the  garrison  to  tlie 
sword.     Gutierrez  and  his  Indian  wife  were  carried 


''  Arcorilinj:  to  Ifi rrcni,  dec.  v.  lil).  ii.  cap.  iv.,  the  now  town  was  ikihrmI 
Siin  Siiia^tiiiii  do  r.iK'Uii  \'ista. 

"  Ju  llvri'cru,  (It'c.  v.  lili.  ii.  cap.  i\.,  wc  liavo  tlie  somewhat  remarkable 
statement  that  the  luits  were  ef  siieli  8i;a!  that  two  (if  tiieiu  were;  oltm  a 
Killiifieiit  Imnleii  for  a  man.  He  jirnbiilily  adiieres  to  faet,  however,  when 
he  states  that  on  siieh  foe  th(>  S[iaidai(ls  sidisisted  many  <hiys.  at  the  tilHt 
disrowry  of  the  eoiuitry,  alhidiuLC  peiiiaps  to  J'i/arro's  liu^'  days'  sojourn  in 
that  lu'iuhhorhood  m  lien  waitin;^'  lor  the  return  of  Ojeda. 

'"  And  paved  the  Ma;  for  lar^e  hands  of  adventui-ers  who  afterward 
earried  on  a  lucrative  tralho  ^^ith  tlie  natives.  AcoMu,  i'viiqiciid.  JJial.  jNifci'it 
ilntiKitla,  Kii'j. 


THE  GOLDEX  TEMPLE  OF  DABAIBA. 


51 


captives  to  Cartagena.  Ct'sar  with  a  few  of  tlio  siir- 
vi vol's  escaped  to  the  woods  and  afterward  took  ser- 
\\rc  miller  llcredia.  Xews  of  the  disa^>ter  soon  reached 
]*anam;i,  whereiip»»ii  Baiiioimevo  imuiediately  crossed 
over  to  Nombi'ij  do  JJios,  took  sliip  for  Cartagena, 
procured  the  release  of  his  lieutc^iant,  and  eoueluded 
an  ri  ran<j'oinent  with  Pedi'o  de  lleredia  by  w  liich  tlic 
Atrato  was  made  the  soutberu  boundary  of  Castiilu 
i!l'1  Oro. 


li  del 

a  pre- 

.hdrew 

d  the 


to  tl 


10 


Icarriei 


I 


ns  iiiutioi 


I 


kablo 
often  a 


I'.innv 


\wy,  ^v 


lu'U 

the  livst 
Isojiiuvu  ill 

laftviAXiU'tl 
si.  jN'»t«t 


Tn  the  vicinity  of  a  temple  in  the  valley  of  the 
Ceiiu  liiver  the  colonists  of  .San  Sebastian  discovei'cd 
nmiierons  tombs,  some  of  them  of  such  ancient  date 
that  their  contents  betokened  the  lapse  of  centuries. 
J  [ere  the  natives  buried  their  caci([ues  in  a  sitting 
p;isture,  side  by  side  with  tlieir  iavorite  wives,  bi-st 
iiiisted  ser\ants,  and  dearest  I'rieiids;  and  in  th<i 
\;iults  which  contained  the  remains  were  placed  all 
1h(ir  gold,  gems,  and  armor.  '^I'his,  percliance,  may 
h;i\-e  been  the  golden  teini)le  of  iJabaiba,  the  quest  of 
w  hich  had  already  cost  the  lives  of  so  many  Spaniards, 
and  was  yet  to  cost  the  lives  of  liundred.s  nioi'e  as 
thty  pursued  this  glittering  [iliantom  far  south  toward 
ihe  verge  of  the  province.  South-east  of  the  gulf  of 
I  i"tl);i  lay  the  territory  of  the  (,'aci(pie  IJabaiba,  whose 
nauic  is  still  aj)]tlied  to  the  sierra  that  skirts  the  bank 


the  Atrato,  formin<jf  a  western  s 


11 


pur 


o 


f  tl 


le  cordi 


era. 


W;u 


])etween  the  gulf  and  the  town  of  the  <'aci((ue 
a  forest  ten  or  twelvi;  leagues  in  leiigtli,  dense 
v/ith  ])ahn-trees,  and  matted  with  tropical  nndergrowth, 
thi'ough  wlii<'h  llowed  to  the  sea  mountain  streams, 
(I.uiinicd  in  pliices  with  fallen  trees,  and  covei'ing  the 
in  igliboi'hood  with  vast  tracts  of  lagoon  and  marsh 
liiid.  Through  this  region  the  natives,  with  tluir 
I'ght  ])ortable  canoes,  made  their  way  with  lit  lie 
thiliculty,  but  to  Ww  Spaniaul  with  his  he;i\y  ai'iiior 
.•md  cumbersome  accouti't'inents  the  forest  was  almost 
iiiipi'i'vioiis.  Ijcyoiid  it  lay  a  rugged  .-ind  broken 
country  in  which  roads  were  unknown  and  where  the 


m 


l"l 


|:   i 


62 


CASTILLA  DEL  ORO. 


tortuous  bed  of  a  mountain  torrent  afforded  for  a 
bi'icf  space  during  the  dry  season  tlie  only  means  of 
access  to  the  reahns  of  the  Indian  chief  The  sierra 
of  Dabaiba  had  for  many  years  barred  the  progress 
of  S})anish  exploration  and  conquest,  but  there,  if 
I'l'port  were  true,  kiy  hidden  stores  of  gold  that  out- 
shone (;ven  the  riclies  of  an  Atuhual[)a  or  a  Monte- 
zuma. (Jloselv  o'uarded  indeed  must  be  the  treasure 
that  could  escape  the  keen  scent  of  the  Sj)aniard,  and 
great  the  obstacles  that  could  stay  his  path  when  in 
search  of  Ids  much  loved  wealth. 

Tlu>  first  to  attempt  the  con(piest  of  this  territory 
M  as  Francisco  Cesar,  now  a  captain  of  iniantiy,  and 
one  whose  slcill  and  gallantry  had  gained  for  him  the 
confidence  of  his  men.  Starting  from  San  Sebastian 
ill  153(1,  in  command  of  eighty  foot  and  twenty  horse, 
he  travelled  southward  through  a  pathless  wilderness. 
Ten  months  the  party  journeyed,  and  arriving  at 
lcn<>th  at  the  (Juaca"  A^alley  were  suddenlv  rdtacked 
by  an  army  of  tv^'enty  thousand  natives.  While  thus 
surrounded  and  cut  off  from  all  hope  of  retreat,  there 
a|»peared  above  them  in  the  heavens  the  image  of 
Spain's  patron  saint.  Three  hours  tliereafter  tin; 
enemy  was  routed,  and  the  Spaniards  proceeded  at 
once  to  look  ibr  gold.  After  much  tedious  search, 
a  crnmliling  sepulchre  was  discovert.^d,  wherein  was 
hidden  treasure  to  the  value  of  thirty  tliousand  cas- 
tellanos.  The  rcnmant  of  Cesar's  band  then  returned 
to  San  Sebastian,  accomplishing  their  homeward 
journey  in  seventeen  days. 


III! 


Less  fortunate  was  Petlro  de  Iferedia,  mIio  in  the 
•S'.une  y(  ar  organized  an  exjtedition  to  iuAade  i\\c. 
realms  ot'  the  cacique  Dabaiba  and  to  gain  possession  (;f 
his  treasuri  s.      ^\t  tb"  head  of  two  hundred  and  ten 


mai 


l-c!ad 


men, 


II 


ere( 


lia  set  out  Irom  San  Sebastian, 


and  directed  bis  course  alon-j"  the  banks  oC  the  Atratt). 


l\i.-ii  llin, 


"  'lis  licfia  (It'l  (iiu'ic!!  que  sc  (Icrraiua 
I'l^r  I'ici)  iiiiini;il  11  iMilii  liulo.' 


ibr  a 
ans  of 
sierra 

OOTCSS 
^        •(' 

ere,  ii 
it  out- 
Joiitc- 
•casuro 
rd,  au'.l 
rheu  in 

rritory 
ry,  and 
lini  tlu> 
ibastian 
y  horses 
Aerncss. 
vinu'  ;'t 
Lttaclu'd 
ilo  thus 
there 
ia<>'e  of 
ter   tlie 
cded  at 
seareli, 
in  ^vas 
ml  ea- 
cturned 
nieward 


in  tlio 
l\de  tlio 
,'ssien  of 
(and  ten 
I'.astian, 
1  Ati  ato. 


HEREDIA'S  EXPEDITIOX. 


63 


Tic  soon  arrived  at  the  verge  of  tlio  forest  tlii'oii'.>;]i 
■li  lie  nniSL  eut  his  way  as  best  he  eould,  with  fre- 


\\lii( 


(lueiit  and  vexatious  delays  for  the  felhnu"  of  trees 
1  the  eonstriu'tion  of  I'afts  to  Ijrid^-e  the  niarsliv 


an( 


oUI 


nd,  iniiiassablc  else  for  man  or  beast,      l^ain  I'ell 


in  tv.ionts;  ])oi,sonous  snalvos  and  swai'ms  ol  Vv^asps 
and  ni()S([uitoes  haunted  tlie  gloomy  solitudes,  Xo 
li!(>s  could  be  kindled,  and  famine  and  pestilence  soon 


l)ecanu! 


famil 


lar  iriiests  m 


the  Sj- 


lanish  cami> 


Sol 


ne 


natives  who  served  as  guides  wei'e  accused  of  having 
i)r,i']»oselv  led  them  astray.  They  answered:  "We  i>'() 
i'l'om  the  river  to  the  mountams  in  three  days,  whilo 
yon  and  your  horses  require  as  many  months." 

When   the  storm   cleared   away  a  detachment  of 
Spaiiiar<ls  was  sent  in  advance  to  I'econnoitre,  th(^  I'est 


lemanimg  m  cam} 


1  to  await  their  n 


(M>Ol 


■t.     Aft 


el' 


f>\v   days'  march   they  arrived  at  a  sjiot  wliere   tlie 


sitio 


he  of 


expirinLi'  emoers  an( 


d 


d  11 


le  sRins  Ol   aninia.Is 


iiidir-ated    a    recent  encampment  of  savages.     After 
(!iIi'.j;\Mit  S(n>rch  huts  were  discovered  built  amidst  tlu; 


houuhs  of  the  forest-trees,  the  natives  tli 


us  secunn!'' 


th 


;«b 


fi 


lemselves  irom  venomous  ri 


ptil 


es. 


After 


a  si 


ight 
i'diii 


resistance  two  of  the  nati\'i's  were  captured,  and  I 
their  information  the  party  brought  back  news  to  tlu'ii' 
comrades  th;;t  they  were  travelling  in  a  wi'ong  dirt'c- 
lion.  Jleredia  and  his  men,  too  much  dispiriteil  io 
make  any  further  eflbrt,  turned  their  i'aces  lionu>wai'd 
;  11(1  arrix'ed  at  San  Sebastian  ein])ty-liand('d  and  in 
Sony  plight,  the  return  journey  occujiyiiig  forty  {\r,y^, 
and  the  entire  ex])edition  about  three'  luonihs. 

The  survivors  of  the  two  Sjtanish  (^Mnpanic^s  s(m)ii 
hecaiiu^  clamorous  ibr  fresh  adxciiture,  and  in  Ifi.'lS 
IVaiK'isco  CVsar,  with  llerediab  p<i'inis  ;ioii,  e(|uip])ed 
a  loico  about  eijual  in  number  to  his  jiist  coiiiniaiid, 
1*  .(lived  this  time  to  ])eiietrate  at  all  hazard  the  fast- 
nesses of  the  mysterious  sierra.  Alter  lea\ing  San 
Sebastian,  (V>sar  marched  along  the  const  in  Ihe  direc- 
l:nii  (if  the  ]vio  Yerde,  thence  turning  eastward  toward 


54 


CASTILLA  DEL  ORO. 


"I 


'I 


i  i' 


'  f 


tho  cordillora.  Tlic  party  suffered  severely,  and  on 
arriving  at  the  Guaca  Valley  mustered  but  sixty-three 
men  capable  of  bearing  arms.  Nevertheless  Cesar  ad- 
vanced boldl}^  on  the  iirst  town  which  fell  in  his  way 
after  asccndinsf  the  sierra.  The  inhabitants,  assured 
by  interpreters  that  the  invaders  had  no  hostile  in- 
tent, brouglit  f)rth  an  abundant  sup}»ly  of  roots,  corn, 
i'ruit,  and  such  (jther  i)rovisions  as  they  possessed. 
The  horses  were  treated  with  special  care,  and  horn-, 
age  A\as  paid  to  them  as  to  superior  beings. 

While  the  8[)aniards  were  enjoying  here  a  few  days 
of  repose  the  chief  of  the  district,  Nutibara  l)y  name, 
(]uietly  assembled  an  army  of  two  thousand  men, 
thinking  to  crush  this  presumptuous  little  band,  i'or 
no  tidings  had  yet  reached  him  of  the  dread  prowess 
of  the  strangers.  A  stubborn  conflict  ensued,  termi- 
nated only  bj^  the  death  of  Quinunclu'i,  brother  of 
Nutibara,  who  fell  by  the  hand  of  Cesar.  Santiag'o 
on  his  white  horse  again  appeared  in  behalf  of  his 
f'lllovt'ers,  and  to  him  v/as  ascribed  tlie  glory  of  the 
carnage  tliat  Ibllowed.  The  conquerors  soon  ascci-- 
tained  that  the  country  for  many  leagues  around  was 
ri.-ing  in  arms  against  them,  and  having  now  secured 
treasnre  to  the  value  of  i'orty  thousand  (hi(;ats  thev 
retui'nc'd  by  foi'ccd  mareja's  to  San  Sebastian.^^ 

News  of  Ci'sar's  ex])edition  was  soon  carried  to 
Cartaii'ena,  Avhenee  in  J)ecendj)er  la;]7  tlie  licentiate 
Juan  de  Jiadillo  set  forth  to  ex[ilore  farther  the 
region  south  o{  the  gulf  of  ITraba.  A  ibrce  of  three 
hunth'od  and  iHtv  n)cn  was  coll(.>cted,  with  live;  liun- 
dred  and  twclxr  liorses,  a  nund:)er  of  Jndituis  and 
negr(jes,  and  ample  stores  of  provisions  and  numiticins 
of  war.  Francisco  Ct'sar  was  second  in  command,  and 
the  treasurer  Saavedra  one  of  tlie  ca])taiiis.  Starting 
irom  the  port  of  Santa  ^[ari'a  near  the  nioutli  of  Iho 
Atrato    they  an'ivc(b   with  no  aiKentuje  worthy  ol' 

'-'111  Arabia,  ('imipciid.  IH.<t,.  Kiicra  firaiicnht,  Ml!,  it  is  slatrd  lliiit  (liinii;^ 
thill  iX))cilitioii  {'(  sar  ivjkIuhI  11k'  tt)\vii  of  tlic  i.in.i(iUi.'  Dubaiba,  liut  no  incii- 
liuu  id  iiiuilc  of  liiii  limliiig  miy  gulil  Urtc. 


il 


FRANCISCO  CESAR'S  EXPEDITION. 


55 


lied    to 
itlato 

1"  Uiivo 

llUll- 

|\H   and 

id,  and 
ai'tiui;' 
|(,r  til.' 


.'S 

I 


^i 


^i 


note,  at  the  valK^y  of  Los  Pitos^^  wlicro  was  a  fort 
dL';bnded  ])y  a  lars^c  force  of  uativos,  Saavodra,  Icad- 
iii'_,''  ail  attaclc  on  tliis  stronghold  at  tlio  head  of  sixty 
men,  was  beaten  back,  and  Cesar,  coming  to  Ids  sup- 
])(!i't  about  nightfah,  posted  his  men  in  readiness  to 
renew  the  assault  at  daybreak.  The  defend('rs,  pi'r- 
ceiving  their  design,  determined  to  antici[)ate  them, 
and  I'ell  on  the  Spaniards  unawares,  but  after  some 
sluirp  hgliting  were  repulsed. 

]]adillo  tlien  continued  his  march  through  the  Cuaca 
A'idle}',  arriving  at  the  domains  of  the  chief  Quinaclii. 
It  was  here  that  Cesar,  on  his  lirst  ex})edition,  had 
unearthed  treasure  to  the  value  of  thirty  thousand 
ca;.tellanos,  an<l  hence  one  reason  for  selectino-  this 
route.  In  June  the  expedition  ai'rived  at  the  valley 
of  XoriV  with  ranks  somewhat  thinned  by  famine 
and  by  ceaseless  encounters  with  the  natives,  ^leet- 
iu;;'  with  a  friendly  cacique  they  questioned  him  as  to 
tlic  whereabouts  of  the  oTcat  treasure  of  lJaL>ai!)a. 
]Ie  replied:  "  Tliero  is  no  treasure,  ibr  Lhey  have  no 
nc.d  of  any;  but  when  they  want  gold  to  purchase 
i;;o(l   or  redeem  i 


a})ti 


-y  V 


U}) 


Wi 


ather  from  under  the  rocks  in  the  rivei--beds." 
lv;;'l(irlng  parties  wen.;  sent  in  all  directions,  but  witli 
IIlIIc  success.      They  could  not  scale  the  steep  sierra 


)i'  cross  the  treacherous  niai'sl 


les,  an(. 


It] 


lev  were  eon- 


st:nit;ly  harasse<l  by  I)ands  of  Indians.  Acosta  i'e]at«'S 
that  one  detachment  sent  out  toward  the  mountains 
in  ;i  vresterly  direction  passed  underneatli  a  Aill;!';(', 
built  amidst  the  overhanging  boughs  of  Ibrest-trees, 


\\ 


ni'e    the  natives  i)li(Ml  them  with  arrows,  i-ock 


h(»t  water,  and  liuhtt.'d  Ja'>'ot> 


'J" 


lie 


(\-ici(iue    o 


f   X 


on,   anxious 


to    1 


)(}  ri( 


.f  1 


tSjianiai'ils,  presented  IJadillo  with  n'old  to   lli<'  \ahie 
of  two  thousand  pesos,  and  oil'ered  to  coinluct  him  to 


n    aurnerous    reuion,   then    known    as  the   J:)Urilica 


]: 


'^  So  iinnuMl  on  iucouiit  of  tlio  sMiiiiiis  of  tioulilesomo  insects  in  its  nLiL'lili.jr- 
hiMid.   /,/..  •_'.V_'. 

"SpflK'.l  also  N\)iv.  Jd.,  -Jj-l. 


jj 


I 


1  ! 


\'4 


f        :i 


if!"  I 


i 


r.G  CASTILLA  DEL  ORO. 

Vnllov.  After  a  six  clays'  march  tlicy  came  to  a 
native  stronglioltl,  which  was  captured  after  a  sharp 
sti'Uggle,  the  chieftain,  with  his  3'oung  wife,  being 
talcen  captive.  The  latter  was  released  on  payment 
of  a  large  ranson],  accompanied  with  a  promise  from 
her  husband  to  act  as  guide  to  a  spot  where  rich 
mines  were  known  to  exist.  With  a  lieavy  iron  col- 
lar round  his  necJc,  and  fastened  by  chains  between 
lour  stalwart  soldiers,  tlie  cacique  led  the  way  till  lie 
came  to  tlie  verge  of  a  precipice,  wlience  he  threw 
himself  headlong,  dragging  witli  him  his  guards.  L^n- 
happily  the  fall  did  not  pro\e  i'atal,  and  the  Span- 
iards, though  sorely  hurt,  had  yet  life  enough  lel't;  to 
drag  their  bruised  victim  into  the  presence  of  Ijadillo, 
v.ho  at  once  ordered  his  slaves  to  burn  him  alive. 

Want,  sickness,  and  the  ceaseless  hostility  of  the 
riativcs  had  now  spread  havoc  in  the  Spanish  ranks. 
]\[any  who  liad  come  in  search  of  wealth  had  found 
a  grave;  and  the  survivoi's,  worn  with  hardship  and 
disgusted  with  the  meagre  results  of  their  long- 
pr(j*racted  toil,  threatenetl  to  abandon  the  expedition 
and  set  their  faces  homeward.  The  discontent  v/as 
greatly  increased  l)y  the  death  of  Francisco  Cesar,  a 
much  loved  and  well  trusted  otticer,  and  one  who,  had 
foi'tune  cast  his  lot  in  a  wider  or  nol)ler  sphere  of  ac- 
tion, might  have  become  one  of  the  foremost  captains 
of  his  au'e.      Nevertheless,  the  march  was  continued, 


and  on   C/hristm; 


is-eve,  alter    a   journey 


lasti 


ng   ono 


year  and  three  days,  the  expedition  arrived  at  the 
])rovince  of  Call,  in  the  valley  of  the  Cauca  Eiver. 
Jlere  the  soldiers  well  nigh  broke  out  into  open  niu- 
tinv.      ]:>adil!o   confronted   theni  with   drawn   swm'd. 


exeJamnnLi' 


Let  li 


ill!  return  v/lio  chooses;  I  will 


I  )■< ) 


ess 


forward  ah)ne  till  I'ortune  favors  me."    Neverthel 
tlu'  men  crowded  around  him  still  elamorinu'  to  be  led 


back  to  Uraba, 


\\  J I 


ipon  he  ordered  a  division  to  be 


made  of  the  spoil,  hoping  thus  to  j)ut  them  in  better 
heart.  To  c()ni[)lete  his  discomfiture  it  was  foun<l  that 
the  treasure-chest  had  disappeared.     This  last  was  a 


llKMl 

WiiS 

Juid 

■  Hf 

1'  ac- 
ini ns 

■  -vi 

UU':1, 

one 

3  tho 

ivor. 

'< 

inu- 

'.crd, 

ill  go 

Iciv'SS 

)o  k'll 

to  1)0 

)i>tt("r 

[  that 

\\i\s  a 


THE  AUDIEXCIA  OF  PAXAMA.  57 

]io;vvv  stroke,  f(jr  the  wortliy  licentiate  was  of  course 
MisjK'ctcd  of  the  theft.  Alone  and  brolcen-hearted  lie 
stole  av.ay  to  Popa3\an,  some  twenty-  leagues  t(3  the 
south  in  the  same  valley.  Thence  lie  made  his  way 
to  JAmaniii,  was  there  arrested,  and  after  being  sent 
a  prisoner  to  Cartagena,  the  city  from  which  he  had 
departed  in  pursuit  of  fame  and  riches,  ended  his  d;iys 
at  Se\ille,  before  his  trial  was  concluded,  friendless 
and  a  pauper. 

The  charge  of  peculation  agaiiist  Badillo  proved  to 
he  unfounded,  for  tlie  chest  containing  two  thousand 
six  hundred  castellanos  was  afterward  discovered. 

The  share  of  each  foot-soldier  was  ascertained  to 
ho  li\'e  castellanos,  from  which  it  would  a])pear  that 
tho  Spaniards  lost  about  half  their  number  belbre 
ai  ri\ing  at  Call.  The  remainderof  tho  btmd  followed 
iho  course  of  tlie  Cauca  liiver  northward  as  far  as  the 
Indian  province  of  Uml)ra,  where  most  of  them  took 
sorxice  under  one  Jorge  lLol)ledo,  v.'ho  made  further 
oxplorations  on  the  light  l)ank  of  the  Cauca  in  tlio 
raountainous  region  which  now  bears  the  name  of 
.\utio(|uia. 

In  ir);33^''  the  audiencia  real  y  chancilleria  of  the 
city  of  Panama  was  est;d)lisluHl,  tho  jjcisoinicl  of  which 
included  a  pnjsideiit,  four  oidores,  a  iiscal,  a  I'olatoi-, 
two  secretaries,  and  for  local  i.>-<'vernment  two  alcalles 
and  three  ministers  of  justice.  The  territoiy  nnoler 
tho  jurisdiction  of  the  audi(>ncia  originally  included 
Pom  with  the  exception  of  the  yiort  of  Puenaventura, 
hut  wasaftei'ward  bounded  by  ( 'osta  Pica,  Cartagena, 
and  the  two  oceans,  and  was  divided  into  the  three 
provinces  of  Castilla  did  ( )ro,  Darien,  and  Veragua.  all 
oi'v.ducdi  win-e  included  under  the  one  name  of  Tii  rra, 
I'diine.  During  the  administration  of  Pedrarias,  as 
V,  o  ha^■e  seen,  an  interdict  ^^as  passed  forbidding  law- 
vois  and  magistrates  to  reside   in   Castilla  del  Oro, 

'■'  111  inn.j,  ParhcrnsmiX  Cdrdc)ia.i,  Cut.  Doc,  viii.  '23,  eoiitiriin.'il  by  CkmriiU; 
T.  :i  :.■<  Chro>io!c}jira.s'2{)4. 


W 


l>i! 


I    I.I 


58 


CASTILLA  DEL  (JRO. 


and  tlio  millions  of  tlio  governor  tkcidcd  civil  eases 
always  in  favor  of  the  jnirty  who  j)aid  the  heaviest 
bribe.  ^Fliere  Mas  no  a[)peal  but  to  the  governor  him- 
self except  in  cases  where  the  amount  exceeded  iive 
hundred  pesos.  A  transcrlj)t  of  proceedings  might  in 
such  cases  be  sent  to  the  audiencia  of  Espanola,  Avhich 
at  that  time  held  jurisdiction  over  the  inferior  courts 
of  Castilla  del  Oro.  Some  few  vears  after  the  demise 
of  IV'drarias  the  prohi1)itioii  was  removed,  when 
there  lell  U[)on  the  fated  land  an  avalanche  of  lawyers. 
"A  magistrate,"  writes  Oviedo  to  the  emperor,  "is 
worse  than  a  pestilence,  for  if  the  latter  took  your 
life  it  at  least  left  your  estate  intact."  After  the 
establishment  of  the  audiencia  of  Panamil  certain 
changes  were  made,  but  they  were  of  little  benefit  to 
the  cnimumity,  for  ir  '507  we  find  the  alcalde  mayor 
hoh'iiig  the  threefold  office  of  })residing  judge  and 
attorney  bcjth  for  })laintiff  and  d(>fendant,  "jjassing 
•sentence,"  as  Oviedo  sa3\s,  "on  him  whom  he  least 
favored."^"  The  government  of  the  three  provinces 
was  in  fact  little  else  than  a  legalized  despotism.  Coni- 
jilaiiit  was  sometimes  made  t(.)  the  emperor,  but  tlie 
colonists  soon  found  that  the  complainant  was  only 
made  to  suffer  the  more  for  his  presum})tion.  "Only 
that  an  ocean  lay  between  Charles  and  his  dov/n- 
troddeii  subjects,"  exclaims  Vaz(|uez,  "nineteen  oiit 
of  twenty  would  have  thrown  themselves  at  his  feet 
to  I'ray  for  justice." 

The  corru])ti()n  extended  to  the  municipal  officers, 
and  the  })rovinces  became  rapidly  impoverished.  To 
mala!  matters  worse,  multitudes  of  vagrants,  the  scmii 
of  the  Spanish,  population,  had  for  years  been  swarm- 
ing into  the  New  AYorld  suttlements.  At  one  time 
the  hospitals  and  churches  of  Panama  were  insulii- 
ciciit  to  shelter  the  hordes  of  ])overty-strickeii  and 
houseless  vagabonds  that  crowded  the  cit^^  As  they 
would  not  work,  many  were  near  starving. 

Charles  knew  little  of  all  this,  if  indeed  he  caiud. 


'"CiuVa  id  E 


III  IK  I 


U'ior,  ill  Pdc/uco  and  CdnU 


C\.l.  Doc,  iii.  {;i-S2. 


BISHOP  BERLANOA'S  BOX. 


oO 


IS 


:l 


i 


As  ;!i!  instance  of*  lii.s  ignorance  as  to  tlio  true  condi- 
tion of  ali'aiis  in  "J'iori'a  Firnie,  it  may  be  nientioneil 
t]i;it  on  the  apjtointnient  of  Fi'ay  Vicente  tie  I'eraza 
as  tlie  second  )»i.shoj)  of  Castilla  del  Oro,  lie  Avas  en- 
joined \>y  tlie  nionarcli  to  render  aid  to  the  faitlilnl 
l\(h';;rias  ])iivila  in  securing"  tlic  conversion  and 
])i()j)cr  treatment  of  the  natives.  It  is  probable  that 
tlie  good  bishoj)  worked  a  little  too  conscientiou;dy  in 
the  cause  of  the  savage  to  suit  the  taste  of  Pi'drari.;s, 
f  )r  as  it  has  already  been  stated,  he  died  of  })oi;  on 
sn]i|)osed  to  have  been  administered  by  that  worthy 
ruier. 

Of  Fray  Tomds  do  Berlanga,  who  tilled  the  epis- 
copal chair  a  few  years  after  iV'raza's  decease,^'  ii  is 
stated  tliat  during  his  return  voyage  to  Sjiain,  in 
I  j:;7,  being  overtaken  by  a  heavy  storm,  he  arrayed 
liinist  11'  in  Ids  pontifical  robes,  and  kneeling  v.itli  the 
rest  of  the  company  chanted  a  litany  to  the  ^■irgin. 
Jn  I'esponse  tliere  ap}ieared  on  thi;  waves  what  secMucd 
at  tirst  a  small  boat,  but  proved  to  be  a  box  contain- 
iii'.^',  as  was  su[)posed,  mercliandisc.     The  gah;  mosK.'r- 

assentcd  to  the  bi 


'P 


iiy 


V 


(>•(; 


]U'oiu;sition  that  if  the  box  contained  a  saint's  ima 
oi'  other  sacred  thing,  it  should  become  the  })ro]>erty 
of  the  }>re]ate,  l)ut  if  it  held  anything  of  monetary 
\;\\[[v  it  should  be  claimed  by  the  former.  Soon  the 
sea  was  cahn;  the  box  was  opened,  and  thei\',  sure 
ciiougli,  was  the  image  of  Our  Lady  of  the  Innna.cii- 
late  C'once])tion.  On  his  arrival  in  Spain  I'erlanna 
])laced  the  image  in  the  convent  of  ^Medina  <ic  }l'\^)- 
seco,  where  he  atterward  foundetl  a  similar  instituti;)n, 


''III  llt'iTcrn,  doc.  iv.  lih.  x.  cap.  v.,  it  is  stated  tliat  Bcrlaiiya  siicocci'.i  il 
IVi'aza  oil  till!  death  of  the  latter  in  I.").')!,  i<v  earlier,  liiit  tliia  is  pi-obahiy  ;i 
mistake,  'i  here  is  luuch  cimllict  of  authorities  as  to  the  suece.'^sioii  of  hi-iu'j  i 
!il:i»ut  this  date,  lii  Alri</i\  iv.  ',V,'>,  Hinr.iiliz  Dunhi,  TdUro  h'r/(s.,  and  I'rr- 
■iKiiuhz,  lint.  L'clen.,  it  is  stat"d  that^'ieeuto  do  Valvcrde  w.is  elected  in  lo.'j;!, 
and  after  holding'  oliice  lor  a  few  montlus  Mas  iiroiiiotcMl  to  the  see  of  (,'iizco, 
Bei  !;iii,'iii  tidviiij.;  i-.is  place  at  I'aiiania  ill  ].").'!t  as  stated  hy  Fernandez,  w  ho  is 
l>ro)iidily  the  most  accurate  aiUhoiity  in  church  niatters,  ancl  accordin  .;  to 
/'('(//(CO  and  CurdoKis,  < 'oL  Due.,  x.  L'.'i",  oIliciatiiiL;  in  AiiLTUst  of  tlie  follou- 
iii,'  year,  as  'jiiez  coinis.nio  por  su  Majestad,'  at  aii  investiyutiuu  iiiLo  the 
conduct  of  Francisco  i'izarro  and  other  oliiccrs. 


:i 


fiO 


CASTILLA  DEL  ORO. 


diantiiij^  his  first  mass  there  on  the  19th  of  January 

'*  So  says  Gonzalez  Diivila,  Berlanga  died  August  8,  IDol.   Tmtro  L'rlis., 
ii.  ."7-8. 


I 


With  the  trio  of  travellers  and  observers,  Benzoni,  Acosta,  and  Tlievot, 
may  be  clixssed  Juan  do  Castellanos,  whose  Eleijins  do  I'linmc-i  Ihistn--  <le 
IiiilUxs  recount  not  only  the  glories  of  th'j  military,  ectlesia.stic,  and  civil 
eouciuerors  who  fir^'ured  in  the  earl^  annals  of  the  region  extending  over  th« 
Antilles,  the  Isthmus,  and  the  northern  part  of  South  America,  but  give 
ppecial  histories  of  the  A'ew  CIranada  2)rovinces.  Himself  one  of  the  horde 
M  ilich  came  over  from  Spain  for  glory  and  plunder,  lie  had  as  cavalry  soldier 
taken  active  part  in  a  number  of  the  expeditions  so  graphically  describe<l. 
\\'itli  tiie  acipiisition  of  a  fortune  came  a  sense  nf  the  injustice  exercised  in  its 
accumulation,  and  remorse  perhaps  for  ill-treatment  of  the  Indians,  mingled 
largely  with  discontent  at  the  poor  recognition  of  his  services,  caused  him  to 
ji)in  the  church.  He  received  the  appointment  of  caiKjiilijo  teyorcio  at  Carta- 
gena, but  resigned  it  after  a  brief  tenure  for  the  curacy  of  Tnnja,  erroneously 
assumed  by  some  writers  to  be  his  birthplace.  Here  he  foun<l  ample  time  to 
Bcelv  .solace  by  unlocking  the  gates  of  .1  natural  clo(j[uence,  and  letting  forth  tiio 
rcmcndjrances  of  glorious  deeds  and  events.  The  gown  is  forgotten,  and 
the  old  soldier  dons  again  in  fancy  die  rusty  armor,  though  he  modestly,  too 
modestly,  refrains  from  intruding  himself.  It  is  in  prose  that  he  lirst  relates 
his  story,  but  finding  this  too  quiet  for  his  theme  of  heroes  and  battles,  ho 
transposes  the  whole  into  verse,  a  work  of  ten  years. 

His  is  not  the  artificial  refinement  of  the  epic  writer,  whose  form  he  follows 
from  a  love  of  rhythm,  but  merely  versified  narrative,  with  a  generally  honest 
adiiercnce  to  fact,  though  form  and  metre  suiler: 

Ii\'  cim  p:\so3  iilio  prcsiirosos, 
.Sill  ipila  di'  po.  lii;<ts  citlti'llori 
Qui'  liact'ii  vciws  <!iilc('s,  (ionorosoa 
A  lip.s  ejui-fitiido.-j  C'li  luellcis; 
I'lic  i  c'l'Mi.)  ciuiti)  casd.s  (loliirosos, 
t'liali'-i  lu.s  i«uli'C.'iiTuii  iiuiclui.i  (li.llus, 
I'aitri'iiiv  ilri'ir  la  vi'iiliil  jiiira 
J>iii  usai-  tk-  liciuu  Hi  cuniiiuaUiru. 

The  case  and  variety  of  tlie  lines  indicate  the  natuial  poet,  howrver,  and 
even  Avhen  form  departs  the  sentences  retain  a  certain  elegance.  The  lirst 
jiart  Avas  published  as  Priniira  I'urtc  ilc  hts  Eloijiu.-<,  etc.,  Madrid,  l.">S'.t,  4', 
iiseil  by  De  15ry  in  his  eighth  part  on  America,  ami  given  in  the  fourth  volume 
of  B'Miotcca  (Ic  Aufoien  Espauolc-',  IStlO.  The  second  and  thiril  parts,  pro 
vided  \\ith  niiips  and  phins,  and  dedicated,  like  the  first,  to  King  I'liilip, 
liinained  in  manuscript  in  the  library  of  the  ^lanjiU'S  del  (  iU[ii(j — J'incio, 
Epiloiitc,  ii.  o'.IO — till  issued  by  Ariban,  together  with  the  lirst  I'art,  in 
ISoT,  as  a  special  volume  of  the  above  JJihUok'cu.  A  fourth  jNUt,  perliaps 
tiie  liest  and  most  impiu'tant,  as  it  must  have  recorded  tiie  latest  and  freshest 
reeoUcctions  of  Castellanos,  was  u.sed  by  IJishop  Piedrahita  for  his  history, 
and  has  since  disappeared.  He  found  the  oi'iginal  with  (  onsejero  I'rado, 
and  refers  to  "las  otras  tres  partes  impresi-jas. "  JJi-l.  Conq.  (i'/-«»(((/((,  preface. 


CASTELLAXOS,  SIMOX,  I'lEDRAIIITA. 


01 


-if 


cr,  nml                     | 

'he  lirst                     1 

oSi),  4',                     t 

\-olnnie 

ts,  pro                     ,f 

rhilip,                    it 

I'iiielo,                 ■[■} 

>;iit,   ill 

[lUllulpS                            '.', 

'ri'slu'st                  \"* 

'J. 

1  I'la.lo,                     ^ 

lircl'iicc. 

1 

Tlio  tlircc  puhlishcd  parts  arc  divided  into  ('Ic^'ics,  eulogies,  and  histories, 
ucenrdiu.L,'  to  the  theni'-,  tliougli  Castelhinos  evidently  stretches  a  point  to 
obtain  so  many  subjects  under  the  first  heading,  inscribing  thcin,  as  a  rule, 
'to  the  death'  of  sonic  noted  captain.  The  subdivision  forms  octave  stanxas 
of  the  Italian  form,  undccasyllabic  triple  measure,  in  feminine  rhyme,  of 
triple  alternating  lines,  with  a  llnishing  couplet.  Toward  the  end  a  ecjiuiiiii- 
ous  and  chielly  blank  verse  is  useil.  The  facility  for  versilicatiai  in  Spanish 
can  hardly  find  a  better  illustration  than  these  sustained  ti  ,  ids  of  iloulilo 
iliyiui',  which  rellect  no  .small  credit  on  Castellanos'  patience  and  power  (f 
cNjiic  sinn.  The  usual  faults  of  writers  of  his  ago  arc,  of  course,  to  bo 
fiiuiiil;  iiicicdulity,  pedantry,  and  contradiction,  chielly  due  to  the  readi;K;'S 
Willi  w liicli  he  accepted  statements  from  chroniclers  and  from  participants  in 
the  events  related.  His  own  versions  niay.  Munoz'  slurs  notwithstandliiLT, 
be  regarded  as  faitlifid  recitals,  i-o  far,  at  least,  as  nienioiy  and  military 
ardor  permitted,  while  everywhere  are  to  be  found  clear,  vivid  desciiplioiis 
of  Ijattles,  .scenes,  and  people. 

An  ambition  with  the  monks  and  missionaries  who  assisted  to  develop  tlio 
conquest  was  to  become  chroniclers  of  general  history,  of  expeditions,  or  of 
provinces,  and  as  brethren  of  the  hood  abounded  narratives  were  numerous 
enough  to  form  the  most  perfect  record  of  i; vents  that  could  be  desired;  but 
the  deplorable  fact  remains  that  so  few  have  been  preserved,  in  print  or  mauii- 
.sciipt.  Xew  Granada,  which  includes  the  southern  part  of  the  I.  ,  Iiinus,  was 
long  without  a  public  chronicle.  The  conijueror  Quesad.i  had  pri  pared  one, 
and  Miih.iiio  had  U'ft  a  history  just  begun,  which  Aguado  comiilcted  in 
two  vohiiiies,  but  neither  saw  the  light,  and  Castellanos'  poetical  rc^cid 
wai  pubii.jiKd  only  in  part.  Tluy  existed  in  manuscript,  however,  and  v.  ilii 
tlieiii  for  guide,  Tedio  Simon  was  encouraged  to  undertake  the  task  anew, 
li.jiii  at  La  I'arilla  in  l.'JT-l  he  had  early  joiiieil  the  Franciscan  order,  and  camo 
to  Xew  Granada  30  years  later  as  teacher  and  missionary,  rising  in  l(ii!:>  to 
the  oilico  of  provincial.  The  same  year  he  began  the  history  for  which  he  had 
during  several  years  been  gathering  material  and  experience.  Tlucc  stout  folio 
voLiiiies  were  speedily  completed,  each  divided  into  seven  historiales;  l)iit  of 
tlie.se  only  the /-'/v'/zi'jvt  Puiie  dchis  XnHr/'i.'^  fi'islorinks  do  Ids  <  'oiifiir.<i(:.-<  i/ii 
tirrni  Jirific,  Ciu.'uca,  lO'JT,  relating  to  \'enezuel:i,  came  to  be  published;  t!io 
other  two,  on  Santa  Marta,  and  on  the  region  adjoining  Uarien,  rom;iiiun_'  in 
luiiuiisciipt  at  IJngotii,  whence  Mufio/  olitained  a  cnpy  for  the  .Madrid  -V^a- 
deiiiy.  The  judMi.shcd  vuliime  opens  with  a  dissertation  (ni  geographic  l;iio\\l- 
eilu'e  r.moiig  the  ancients,  and  on  the  origin  of  the  Indians,  and  jiri^eecds  with 
the  discijvery  and  naming  of  America,  The  Istiimu;?  receives  ;:t  liist  coiisi.j- 
ei'.ible  attention,  as  one  of  the  earliest  explored  portions,  but  soon  the  narra- 
tive conccutraLes  upon  the  conquest  and  settlement  of  \'enezuela,  deviiting  a 
coiisiderable  spiiee  to  the  custom  and  coiuUiioii  of  the  natives,  but  entering 
Very  little  upon  religious  atiiiirs.  The  work  is  decidedly  the  m(j.';t  impurtant 
liLstory  of  till'  i>roviiicc  for  the  sixteenth  century,  and  the  failure  to  iu:Mi.-ii 
that  of  the  other  province's  is  lii,L:iily  to  be  I'egretled.  The  simple,  verbo.Hi 
style  i-i  that  common  to  the  convent  chroniclers  of  the  period,  autl  the  only 
serious  f.udt  is  in  giving  too  re;idy  credence  to  .statements. 

Simon's  non-success  w  itli  the  printer  gave  the  rank  of  leading  historian  of 


I 


•,11 

.;j' 


C2 


CASTILLA  DEL  ORO. 


the  province  to  Bishop  Lucas  FcrnanUci!  Picdraliita,  who  wrote  TiOycirs  latrr. 
A<;rci)lu  of  IJijgotii  by  birtli,  liis  whole  ciiroer  as  priest  and  prolate  is  Imuinl 
up  witli  ids  native  country.  \Vlnle  yjt  a  student  lie  gave  (iviilou'  e  of  a  lit- 
erary tasto"  by  writing  comedies,  of  winch  no  ti-aces  renmin  ho  ..ever,  ilia 
siliility  procured  rapid  advancement  in  the  cimrcli.  While  governor  of  tl>o 
archdiocese,  till  IGOl,  he  incurred  tlie  cnniity  of  a  vi.sitador  and  was  obliged 
to  appear  in  Spaiu  for  trial,  but  passed  the  onleal,  and  rcceiveil  in  eompen- 
Hatiou  llie  bislu)pricof  Santa  Marta.  It  was  while  waiting  t!ie  slow  progress 
of  the  trial  that  he  found  time  to  write  the  JJinloria  O'euind  dc  lai  C(jiini-'inl(is 
<I<1  Nvivo  lliyno  dc,  Granada,  1088.  In  1070  he  was  promoted  to  the  sec  of 
I'anaina,  where  he  died,  KiSS,  at  an  oge  of  over  70  yeais,  revered  for  his 
e.\trenie  l)cncvolence  and  sanctity.  In  the  preface  to  the  volume,  just  then 
passing  through  the  press,  Picdraliita  admits  that  it  is  merely  a  reproduction 
(li  Oifpsdda'n  f'nmpdiilio,  and  of  tiie  fourth  part  of  daKteUa/ion'  K/fji'if,  Imtli 
now  lost,  andthetext  hIkjws  indeed  l)ut  little  of  the  research,  speculation,  and 
variety  manifest  in  JSinion,  wliom  he  excels  however  in  beauty  and  clear- 
ness of  styhi.  lie  contiues  himself  more  to  the  special  history  of  Xcw 
(Iranada  than  .Simon,  and  instead  of  learned  dissertations  on  Anui'ica  in 
general,  ho  devotes  the  lirst  two  of  the  1"2  books  to  an  account  of  native  customs 
and  ancient  history.  Tie  then  takes  up  the  C(jn(j  lest  and  settlcnuuit  of  the 
j>ro\inc(js  in  tiucstion  and  carries  the  history  to  \M'.\.  The  lirst  title  is  bor- 
<lercd  \\  itli  cuts  of  Indian  biittlo  scones,  aiul  the  portraits  of  seven  leading 
kings  and  caci(jues,  while  that  of  the  first  libro  has  \2  minor  chiefs  in  me<lal- 
lions.  The  title-page  of  the  third  libro,  again,  which  begins  tlu;  con(|ncst, 
bears  the  likenesses  of  12  Spaiush  captains.  At  the  close  of  the  work  is 
prondsed  a  continuation,  liut  this  never  appeared. 

A  modern  publication  covering  the  .same  licld  and  period  as  the  preceding  is 
Joaquin  Acosta's  Coiiipendki  JI'iMrico  del  Descuhnmii'iUo  y  Coloinzticioii  dc  la 
JS'iicra  Orrinada  en  d  niijh  dcchno  nrxto.  Paris,  184.3.  Lacking  in  critirpic  it 
nevertheless  lills  the  want  of  a  popidar  chronologic  review,  and  exhibits  con- 
sidenible  lal)or.  Acosta  was  an  otlicor  of  engineers  in  tlie  Colombian  service 
who  had  taken  an  active  part  in  scieutilic  investigations,  and  written  several 
archujologic  essays. 


:    I 


CHAPTEE  III. 


:(ling  is 

Jll   lie  /'(. 

tiijiu'  it 
its  cou- 
stTvico 
several 


THIRD  ATTEMPTED  COLONIZATION  OF  VEIL\GUA. 
15:55-1.-j36. 

Tin:  DrKEs  of  Vekaoua— MakIa  di;  Toi.kdo  Claims  Tirr.  TriiuiTor.Y  rem, 
iiKK  So.v  Li  IS  CoLuN — Fklii'K  (Il'tieuiiez  ArroiN'rr.D  to  the  (Jo.m- 

Al AND  — LaNDINC!  on  THE  CoAST  OF  V^EIUCH'A — SlCKNESS  AM>  FAMINE — 

The  Cackji-e  DriirurA  Ensl.weu  — He  I'iiomises  to  Uneaktii  his 

BfEIEDTltEASCKES— ^MeSSENGEKsSeNI'  IN  SEAIlt'lI  (ifIt — TlIIIV  Hi;icuv 
EMi'TV-UANDr.D — BfT  WaKX  THE  ClIIEI-'s  FOLLOWEHS — lit.  CJllliES  TUB 

Si'amaejjs  tu  the  Spot — They  aki:  SrnuoirNDED  isY  Indians— 1;i;sci-k 
ov  the  Cachjie — Caxnidalism  a.moxu  the  Chuistia.ns — SuiTEiiiNua 
OF  iiiE  Few  Sduvivoks — The  Colony  Abanuoneu. 

Tiirs  far  in  Nortli  Anierica  wo  liavc  folldwcd  tlic 
Spiiiiiards  in  tlicir  pacilicatiDU  and  Hottlcnient  ol"  Cas- 
lilui  del  ()i'(j,  Nicaragua,  and  Honduras.  Lu'tv.ccn 
tlie'so  territoricis  is  situated  the  [)rovince  of  A^^era^iia, 
s;i!)sc(|Uontly  called  Xueva  Cartago.  TIioul^Ii  rich  in 
iiietals  and  near  to  Darien,  such  was  the  indouHlahlc 
iierccness  of  the  natives,  and  the  ru^'j^'edness  and  stei-- 
ilitv  of  the  country,  that  this,  the  s[)(;t  on  Tierra  Firino 
where  the  lirst  attempt  at  settlement  was  made,  was 
the  last  jirovince  of  Central  America  that  becaiuo 
suhject  to  European  domination.  The  New  \\'(ir]d 
Mas  informed  by  the  council  of  the  Indies,  in  If)  14, 
1  hat  permission  was  gi'antcd  hy  the  crown  to  ]>artoI<  ano 
(.,'i)lon  to  plant  a  settlement  ujion  tlie  coast  ol"  ACra- 
,!4Ua,  if  he  were  so  inclined.  But  this  recognition  of 
the  eminent  services  of  the  adelantado  in  that  rpiarter 
caiiie  too  late,  as  he  was  then  prostrated  hy  an  ilhiess 
li'om  which  he  never  recovered. 

In  152G  tlie  admiral  Diego  Colon  died  in  Spain, 

(03) 


i 


i''l 


1  \ 
i  • 


CA 


THIRD  ATTEMPTED  COLONIZATION  OF  VERAGUA. 


and  was  siicecedcd  by  liis  son  Luis  in  tliose  liurcditary 
rights  wliicli  had  been  granted  by  Ferdinand  and  ls;i- 
bella  to  the  first  admiral.  In  ITtOS,  bein"'  tlien  eiidit-'cn 
years  of  age,  Lnis  Colon  brought  suit  1)ef"ore  the 
tribunal  of  the  Indies  to  establish  his  ris-bt  to  his 
father's  titles  and  dignities  unjustly  witldield  by  the 
emperor.  Wearied  with  the  interminable  litigation 
received  as  an  inheritance  from  I  lis  father  and  grand- 
sire,  Luis  al)andoned,  in  1540,  all  claims  to  the  vico- 
I'ovalty  of  the  Indies,  receiving  therefor  the  title  of 
duke  of  Veragua  and  mar(|uis  of  Jamaica.^  Not 
lonti'  after  Don  Luis  died,  leaving-  two  dauLditcrs  and 
an  illegitimate  son.  From  this  time  the  lineal  de- 
scendants of  the  gre;it  admiral  were  denominated 
didvcs  of  Yeragua,  and  after  passing  throufih  sever;d 
genealogical  stages,  the  honors  and  emoluments  of 
CVdunjbus  fell  to  the  Portu'i'uese  house  of  Bra'jfan/a, 
a  braiK'h  of  whicli  was  establi.-.'hed  in  8[)ain.  The 
heirs  of  this  house  are  entitled  De  Portugallo,  Colon, 
duhe  de  Yeragua,  manpies  de  la  Jamaica,  y  alniir;mte 
de  las  Indias. 

^laria  de  Toledo,  vicc-qucen  of  the  Indies  and 
mother  of  the  J'oung  admiral  J^uis  Colon,  after  tlie> 
death  of  her  husband,  Diego  Colon,  demanded  from 
the  royal  audiencia  of  Espahola  a  license  to  colonize 
the  pi'ovince  of  A"(  ragua."  The  audiencia  I'elei'red 
the  application  to  tlie  I'mpcu'or  who  ordered  that  the 
matter  be  held  in  abeyance  until  after  the  arbitration 
of  the  claim  of  Jjuis  then  pending  before  the  crown. 
Dut  the  higli-sj)ii  ited  vice~(pieen  would  ik  '.  l>roo;c  thi; 
delay.  The  right  of  her  son  to  govei'n  ti  it  land  Vv'a^; 
bej'ond  question;  it  was  Jiis  by  inheritai  C(^  i'rom  liis 
grandfather,  (.'ontiiiiied  by  loyal  decree  t  >  liis  father. 

' '  Clii'ipstubal  Coloiii,  dcclai'o  .1  cstc  aliniriuitc,  ."ii  nlcto,  ]ior  (liirjuc  ili' 
Vcrai^'ua  y  niar(|iu's  ilo  la  lAii  de  Saiictia'/o.  alias  .Jmiuiyca,  v  aliiiirr.nU!  jxr- 
Im'iih)  (li'iitas  Jiidias,  o  Ic  liizo  niori't'd  du  In  iuki  y  do  Id  otro  i>or  titidu  di> 
jiiayora/"!),  v  con  illo  Ic  conccdii)  otras  nicr(, cduH. '  Orlulo,  ii.  108-9.  Sro 
iiltfo  '  hdrh'i'iti.e,  J/lsf.  S'tii  JIoid'hiijii,  i.  A\~. 

^iu  lliTicra,  die.  iv.  lili.  ii.  ca]).  vi.,  it  is  utalcd  that  the  vin  ina  ai-ht  d 
prniiist.i(iii  nf  the  Consi j(i  de  llidias  tii  arm  vessels  let'  the  )  ui'ltese  of  suliju 
>jalin;r  tl:(!  natives,  Iiiit  that  her  reijiiest  was  rel'u.ed  Leeause  t'le  iiseo  hail 
liut  IM  J  et  ilceided  the  nuesiivli  of  pnvileye. 


itl 


FKLiPE  gutii:rri:z. 


Go 


ai)(i 


<|nc  tlo 

ill'  piT- 

tulll    ll" 

;(.     Sro 

1  jirh.a 

\vo  luul 

l]ut  tliC'  L;k1v  Maria  lacked  fluids  for  the  o'lter- 
|ii'i-;r.  and  to  (>iilist  incii  and  c(jiii|)  an  aniiada  witliout 
the  iMval  sanction  and  witliout  money  was  iin|)ossil»]c. 
Tlic  mother,  however,  was  cnjual  to  the  emei;L;"ency. 
Amon^'  th(^  ecclesiastics  of  Santo  J)()min!;(»  who,  as 
they  avowed  for  the  glory  of  (U)d  and  the  jtromulga- 
lioii  (.f  the  true  iaith  had  left  the  cloisters  of  Spain 
;i!id  eml)ai'ke<l  in  a  mission  to  the  Ncjw  ^\ Orld,  was 
one -Juan  de  Sosa.  "I  knew  him,"  s.;ys  (.)\  ;L'do,  "sev- 
eial  years  ago,  when  he  was  a  j»oor  man  in  Tierra 
I'^ii'me."  Jhit  being  more  solicitous  for  gold  tlian  lor 
souls,  he  went  to  I'eru  and  alter  serving  under  I'i- 
/arro  came  in  i'oi'  a,  share;  at  the  distribution  of  the 
i^-old  at  ( 'axamalco,  receiving  as  his  ])ortion  the  then 
eiKH'inous  sum  of  ten  thousand  car.cellanos.  Thence 
the  worthy  priest  ri'turiuHl  to  Spain,  and  settled  in 
Seville,  where  Ik;  i-csoIvcmI  to  spend  the  ivMuainder  of 
his  lii'e  in  ease  and  luxurv.  But  alas  for  con,  "fnicv 
of  pui'pose  in  cavalier  or  clerigo  when  women  and 
cupidity  unite  to  undermine  his  resolve!  The  vice- 
(jueiiii  soon  gained  for  herself  the  syin[)athy  of  the 
wealthy  eccl(>siastic,  and  for  her  enter[)iise  his  money 
i,nd  cooperation,  lie  advanced  the  necessary  funds, 
and  though  prcn-entetl  by  the  character  of  his  calling 
iVom  taking  control  of  th-'  ox])e(lition,  he  sailed  v\ith 
the  ileet,  which  was   ])laeLd  under  the  command  of 


d    Fell 


a  wealtliy  and  Jioiiorable  young  man  namet 
( iutierrez,^  son  ot  the  treasurer  Alonso  (vu\ierrez. 
The  chief  captain  of  the  ex[)t:dition  under  (jiutieirez 
as    one    Pedro   de    J'jiicinasola  who  had   resided  in 


w 

Tierra  I'irme  for  about  two  years.  "And  whom,  says 
Oviedo,  "  I  also  knew,  for  he  had  grown  i-icli  by  keep- 
ing a,  publi<'  house  half  way  between  Xombi'e  de  I  )ios 
and    I'anama."     With   ci   tine  s([uadron^   manned   by 

■'  '  FvliiK'  (Jiiticri'oz  olitiivo  concpsion  on  l.',*},',  ytnm  conquiMt.u'  la  jnoviiicia 
'li'  \'i  r.r.'ua.'  C'lr/ri,  in  I'licl.a-n  and  ( 'imlinii.*.  Col.  J>i>i\,  iii.  V.MI1.  Ju  XahiK 
Jl  'Hiriiiii'is,  in  ('(irlii.-i  tie  Jnilins,  '/71,  it  is  statnl  that  aftcf  liriiiif  in  iliu  k'T- 
\iic  oi  Ciiarli's  \'.  lie  was  gi'anti-il  tlic  ri^bt  to  uiaiii'  the  (■()ni)n<'.st  of  a  trtict 
111  territory  I'xti'inliiiu'  tVoin  Caslilla  ilcl  Oi'o  to  Cajic  (Iraria.s  ii  l>ius, 

'Consistinj;  of  four  navios  iiml  oni'  gailiun. 
IllKT.  Ck.nt.  Am.,  Vol..  11.    0 


2.  .1*. 


i!': 


m 


111! 
M 


Ml 


66 


THIRD  ATTEMPTED  COLONIZATIOX  OF  VKRACUA. 


lour  Imiidi'c'd  well  armed  men,  Gutierrez  einl)arlvcd 
from  Santo  Domingo  in  September  If););)/  Tlio  })ilot, 
whose  name  was  Liano,  licKl  a  .southerly  (.'ourse,  and 
on  a])])roarliiug  Tierra  Firme  turned  to  the  westward 
and  passed  \)\  N'eragua  without  reeo^niziuL;'  the  coast. 
Continuing'  their  search  along  Honduras,  the  vessel;-; 
sailed  around  Cape  Cracias  a  Dios  and  proceeded 
westward  as  far  as  Punta  do  Caxinas. 

At  length  the  |)ilot  became  aware  that  he  was  ort 
of  his  course.  The  ships  wei't^  put  about,  but  soon 
encountered  a  heavy  gale,  during  which  they  became 
separati'd.  The  fleet,  once  more  united  oii*  the  island 
ol"  l']scudo,  cast  anchor  near  the  spot  where  Diego 
<le  Nicuesa  suffered  shipwreck.  (Gutierrez  sent  a 
boat's  crew  to  reconnoitre.  They  returned  in  eight 
days,  bringing  hannnocks,  earthen  pots,  and  other 
utensils.  1'he  e\ploi-ing  party  atHrmed  that  accord- 
ing to  their  belief  the  land  was  Veiagua,  but  llu; 
])ilot  Tiiano  insisted  that  they  had  not  yet  reaclud 
that  [)rovii:ce.  Another  party  went  in  boats  to  the 
Cerebaro  Islands,  where  meeting  an  Indian  tluy  in- 
quired by  signs  the  direction  toward  Veragua.  Tie 
pointed  toward  the  west,  thus  indicating  that  they  had 
again  sailed  past  the  ill-fated  coast.  The  ])ilot  treated 
the  assertion  of  the  J  ndian  with  contempt.  In  g-ood 
Castilian  he  swore  that  the  savage  was  a  liar,  aiul 
insisted  on  continuing  an  easterly  course.  Arriving 
off  Nombrc  de  Dios  he  confessed  his  error,  ai>d 
jicknov.ledged  that  th(\y  had  left  Veragua  I'ar  behind. 
Tinning  again  toward  the  west  they  at  iens.>th  discov- 
ei'ed  a  large  I'iver,  which  some  said  was  the  Belen; 
others  declared  it  to  be  a  stream  west  of  the  Bilen." 
At  the  mouth  of  this  i'iver  was  a  small  island  where 
Cutierrcz  disembarke<l  his  men,  built  some  huts,  and 

■''l'\'lii)o  ( luticfrcz  set  (lilt  ill  l')X),  tlKmj;li  kohic  .iiitlioritit  a  niiikc  it  l."");!. 
Tiio  ftiriiiir  (liitc  is  prolmlily  oorroct,  for  in  ii  IcttiT  jidilrcsi-n'il  ti)  llic  tiiipctdr 
in  ir);it  Aiiil;ii,'()y;i  stiiti.'s  tliiit  lie  liiis  bcrii  adviscil  nf  ]ii;\  Miijpsty'H  oriltTs  to 
tlic  t^'dViriKir  if  W'liij^'ii'i  to  recruit  iiK  n  iii  I'liiiiiiiia.  iiiid  licgii  liiiii  to  rocoii- 
KicKr  l;is  ('oiiimJiiKl.   AiiildHftfin,  ('artaid  Itii/,  Oct.  '22,  l.'i.'iL 

"'I'liis  utrciim  was  tlic  river  Coiicepcion,  nhoiit  two  leagues  west  of  the 
river  \"erugua  ami  four  leagues  west  of  the  Belen. 


COXCEPCION  FOUNDED. 


67 


l.iiidod  the  j.;Teatcr  portion  of  llio  car^'o.  On  the 
mainland  adjacent  a  fav(^i-nl>le  site  for  a  town  was 
si'lcfted  and  men  Vv'ere  sent  to  clear  away  the  (K  nse 
ioresi  ;ind  l»uild  houses.  A  lar!>'(^  and  conifortahle 
loijf  cahin  was  erecte<.l  for  the  p-overnoi',  and  thi.s  w 


SOO 


n  i'ollowetl  hv  .storehouses  and  dwellings   for  tl 


IS 

le 


men. 


A  series  of  disasters  followed  this  third  attmijit  io 
plant  a.  settlement  upon  the  coast  of  Wra^'ua,  similar 
to  those  which  had  attended  Columlnis  and  Xicuesa. 
The  u'oods  of  the  colonists  were  damau"  d  hv  hea\v 
storms,  the  sudilen  swell insji:  of  the  stieams   carried 


awav 


tl 


leU' 


louses. 


Irownujjj'  Sv;me  oi 


tl 


le  men 


an( 


lilt'  '-nltivation  of  the  soil  was  prevented  I))-  Ircfpuiit 
immdations.      Their  su[>ply  of  pi'ovisions  grew  daily 


the  men,  unaccustnmed  to  the  climat 


e,  siclienec 


aiiu  lied,  and  soon  the  four  hundred  wei-e  reduced  to 
two  hundred  and  eighty.  To  add  to  theii-  distresses 
the  f^[)aniards  drank  co[)iously  I'rom  a  ])ois()nous spring, 
liel'ore   hci-oniing   aware  of  the   deadly  nature   ol"  its 

f  which   their   lii)s  hecauio 


Maters-   ill   consetiueno 


o 


swolh 


■n,  their  gums  diseased,  and  the  effect  proved 
I'atnl  in  many  instances. 

The  colonists  i'elt  greatly  the  necessity  of  an   iu- 
l  (he  cleri'i'o  .Juan  de  Sosa  with  one  of 


tcrpreter 


an( 


the  vessels  coasteil  as  i'ar  as  Xond)re  de  Dios  in 


sear<-li 


oi'  one.  hut  returned   unsuccessful 


Frli 


U)e 


(Uit 


HM're 


named  the  town  which  he  had  huilt  ( 'once|)cion,  ''hut 
fi'oiii  the  sutferingsof  tlie  people,"  says  ( )viedo,  "het  ter 
to  li,i\(«  called  it  Allicion.'^  It  soon  hecame  evident 
that  to  remain  in  that  locality  was  death  to  all  con- 
ceriicvl,  and  (Jutierrez  determined  to  reniovt;  to  some 
more  fax'orahle  spot  farther  iVom  the  marshy  low- 
lau<ls  of  the  coast.  Foraging  expeditions  wen^  sent 
t    in   several    directions    fo;-    the   douhle    purpose    of 


ol 


si'cuiing  food  and  examining'  the  country. 


A  nmicllii  ]inliliul()ii  iiiaii(l('i  ll;i 


ilxln.!  .1.    Ill 


'/" 


t.'liull 


unar  I'l   ^'uliiTimilor 
I 


Frli 


fliitii 


1^1 


IK  II   IM.  iiiKlu  ra  lliiiiuir  ilc 


y  tuUiJ.s  Uuwu  trubaxo  c.\Uc'Uuiilo,'  Uviido,  ii.  l8.'i-4. 


IVK'U,    110li|llO 


t  m 


l!! 


m.'' 


C8 


TIIir.D  ATTEMPTED  COLOXIZATfOX  OF  VERACUA. 


In  one  of  these  excursions  the  Spaniards  encoun- 
tered a  <'aci(|Ue  named  J)ururua  wlio  receivc>d  them 
courteously,  and  entertained  tlieni,  alter  liis  rude 
tasliion,  with  l)ounteous  hospitahty.  liut  the;  i'ollow- 
crs  of  FeHj)e  Gutierrez  proved  no  exco[)tion  to  the 
rule  in  tlu'ir  treatment  of  the  natives,  (Jne  of  two 
evils  was  open  to  the  heathen,  either  to  suhinit  and 
sullei'  wroni^  and  robl)(,'rv,  or  to  resist  and  be  slain 
or  enslaved.  Dururua  ])lacod  at  the  disposal  of  the 
Spaniards  his  entire  wealth,  but  even  this  was  iiisuHi- 
eient  to  satisfy  their  cii[)idity.  After  his  resources 
Avere  exhausted  their  demands  did  not  ceas(>,  but  hi';'.))- 
jnii;'  u[)  the  measure  of  their  iniquity  they  invaded  tlie 
homes  of  the  natives,  compelk'd  them  to  search  lor 
l>()ld,  and  alter  infamously  burning  their  coi-nholdo 
I'eturned  t(;  the  settlement.  ()j)en  hostilities  hnviiiL^ 
broken  out,  the  u^overufjr  si>nt  aiyniust  Dururua  a  i'orce 
of  <tne  liundred  and  fifty  men  under  Aloiiso  de'  l^isa,*^ 
who  captured  the  ehief  with  many  of  his  I'ollowers. 
The  Spaniards  demanded  ^old.  J)ururua  answi-red 
that  if  they  would  give  him  liberty  he  would  bring 
them  four  l)askets  of  gold  each  containing  '2,000  pesos. 
The  caci(pie  however  was  held  a  prisoner,  while  an  Ind- 
ian was  sent  untler  his  direction  to  bring  in  tlu>  treas- 
lu^'.  At  the  expiration  of  four  days  the  messenger 
returned  empty-handed.  Others  weio  despatched  on 
ihe  same  errand,  but  all  returned  unsuccessful.  Tlio 
wily  Dururua  atf(!cted  great  indignation  against  bis 
folhnvers.  lie  called  them  traitors,  and  reciuested  that 
he  might  be  allowed  to  go  himself  upon  the  mission, 
bound  and  attended,  when  he  would  not  oidy  make 
good  liis  word  res[)ecting  the  gold,  but  secure  to  tlio 
Spaniards  the  Irienilshi])  and  servic(>  of  all  his  people. 

In  chains  and  guarded  by  a  band    of  thirty  men 


"  An  cxjii'dition  must  ho  littcd  out.  'riu'{:i)vi'rii()r  liciiif^  sii'k  (Ic!i';r;itfil  tlio 
roniniiiii(l  to  liis  li'Mitciuint  Aloiiso  dc  I'isii,  ulio  was  to  Ijc  a(coiii|iiiiii<'il  I'y 
till"  |iiicst  .liiiili  (1(!  SoHii.  'I'liis  lnttt'i-  Iviii'W  tli.it  I'isii  wiis  not  a  favoiiti'  \\  illi 
till'  men.  anil  tin;  cli'i'luo  «as  ainhitious  to  I'l'ini'suiit  tlio  olmrcli  militant  as 
goiicial  of  tlio  I  .\i)o(lition;  Imt  tJovonior  ( iiitiorioz  ioi)i(ivo(l  him  novoroly, 
Btatiuj,'  that  it  was  unsuonily  lor  ii  i)ricBt  to  carry  arms.     .Many  iirofuiic  words 


PISA'S  PARTY. 


Dururua  set  forth  to  reveal  the  Inding-place  of  tin 


treasure,  nnd  after  a  five  days'  iiiaroli  arrivci 


d  at  ail 

abandoned  vlllM^e,  wliei'e  he  tlirected  the  Sj)aniard.s  to 
(W'j;  ill  a  certain  spot.  The  directions  of  the  eliicf 
v.ere  i'ollowed,  but  oidy  about  half  an  ounce  of  i^'old 
\vas  Ibund.  ]']ncinasola,  who  had  the  matter  in  ehar^v, 
then  struck  the  cacique  in  the  face,  caUin_LC  him  do^jj", 
impostor,  and  other  vile  epithets.  Dururua  solemnly 
afiirmed  that  he  had  left  there  a  larj^c  store  and  tliat 
his  people  must  have  removed  it  on  their  de[)arture 
iVom  the  villau'e.  He  begged  for  one  more  trial,  a. id 
Encinasola,  blinded  by  cupidity,  gave  his  assent. 

All  this  vvhile  the  shrewd  cacique  had  not  been 
idle.  J']ach  messenger  had  been  despatclied  upon  a 
mission  to  a  certain  quarter  of  his  dominion  to  rally 
lerces  for  his  rescue,  and  an  attack,  which  had  been 
jilamied  ibr  the  very  night  when  the  last  attem[)t  to 
iiiid  the  gold  was  to  be  made,  was  carried  into  execu- 
tien.  The  S[)aniards  were  surrounded  by  a  force  of 
six  hundred  hostile  Indians,  their  camp  bui'iied,  t-iglit 
of  Iheir  nund)er  killed,  and  in  the  conl'usion  v.liich 
ioll', iwed  tlie  chief  was  rescued.  The  nati\es  then  dis- 
;i]ipeare'd  i'rom  tlie  vicinity,  removing  all  provisions 
and  leavimj;  be-hind  a  wasted  country. 

On  their  march  homeward  many  of  the  survivoys 
died  of  starvation.  Some  dropi)ed  by  the  way-side 
and  were  left  to  perish  ;  others,  notwithstanding  tlu; 


linrroi-   Vvith  MJiieh    the   act 


was    i-eo'an 


led    1 


»y   1  he'ir 


countrymen,    led    upon    the    bodies    of   tli(     Indians. 
One  J)iego  .Lopez  J);ivalos  in  a  tit  of  choK  r  (hew  liis 


vvoi'd  and  slevv^  a    natixe  sei-vant.      T 


wo 


S 


who    were 


f..ll 


o 


wmg    at    some    ( 


hstai 


nunai'ds 


ice    heliUK 


on 


fiinnnu' 


up  to  the  l)ody.  cut  olf  snnic  portions  whicli 


so 


thi'V  co()]<ed   for  tlieir  supju'i',   their  conipanii)iis  al 
Jiartaking  of  the  loathsome  i'e|)ast.      On  tbi'  day  fol- 


iiwinL;'  aiioth*'!'  native  was  killed  for 


lood 


am 


1   it 


IS 


v.ui'c  iiit<'n'liangwl,  tin-  SjmhhsIi  laiifjnncro  hciu','  icniitikiiMy  licli  in  sinli 
\  Halit.lary.  So.^a  ^'uiiv<l  lii^  | point,  an. 1  icccivtMl  tlio  .■i|)[M)in(nii'nt,  |)i(';.ii  (I(! 
I'i.^a,  bivjilicr  of  Aluut-ii,  uitiu^,'  as  his  licutLUuat.  Urkdu,  ii.  48-1-".). 


70 


THIRD  atte.mpti':d  cdloxization  of  veragua. 


■I?.      !. 


related  tliat  even  one  of  llioir  own  countrymen  was 
^laULrlitA'red  and  devoured." 

V\  hen  tlu!  survivors  arrived  at  Concepeion  and  pre- 
sented themselves  l)efbre  the  governor,  but  nine  ema- 
ciated ami  liau^ard  wrctelies  ef)uld  be  counted,  and 
these  must  ever  be  regarded  as  infamous  from  liaving 
so  jirescrvc'd  their  lives.  The  governor  on  being 
infornutd  of  their  conduct  placed  e\'ery  man  of  them 
except  the  informer  under  arrest,  and  tried  and  con- 
denmed  them  all.  Two  who  were  considered  most 
culjiable  were  burned.  The  others  were  l)randed 
v/ith  a  hot  iron  in  the  face  with  the  letter  C,  this 
being  the  initial  of  his  (Vusarean  majesty's  name,  and 
the  mark  used  in  bi-andiiig  criminals  doomed  to  p)er- 
petual  sl;iv<.'ry  in  his  serxice.  ' 

'i'hus  we  see  \\\  every  attempt  made  by  tli<;  S))an- 
i'D'ds  u[>on  the  coast  of  Vei'agua  (July  a  series  of 
lioi-rors,  each  ficsli  trial  ]»roving  more  calamitous 
if  ])ossible  than  the  one  preceding.  Yet  further  the 
conijiany  of  1^'elipe  (Jutierrez  chminished.  Oppressed 
by  famine,  I'ortv  at  length  reNoltccl  and  set  out  for 
Nomlti-e  de  Di  )•<,  the  greater  part  of  them  perishing 
by  the  way.  '!'hi'  governor  Hnding  it  necessary  to 
give  employiiieiil,  n  llioses  who  remained  or  else  to 
abandon  the  settlcujent,  sent  Pedro  de  Encinasola 
with  a  lew  men  eastward  in  seareli  of  food.  Fortu- 
nately they  found  several  fields  of  maize  whieli  had 
not  yet  been  destroyed,  and  hearing  of  a  great  (jiian- 
tity  of  gold  ill  tliat  vicinity,  started  iu  'j(/e;jt  of  it. 
As  soon  as  their  hunger  was  appeased  the^  ^ent  «i 
messenger  to  notify  the  governor  of  tlu^  piojcrsc^l 
exeiu'sion.  As  life  was  more  endurai)Ie  v  hile  pillag- 
ing the  .atives,  the  govc^rnor  and  the  reniiiindei'  of 
the  men  also  sallied  in  (pa^st  of  ;id\enture.  They 
jtassed  thi'ough  seNcial  xillnges,  but  tla^  inhabit;uif.4 
tied  at   their  ;ij»pr();ich.      l<\)lJovv"ing  an   Indian  gui<le, 

III  hill 


tliev  ai'ri\'ed  on  I  hi'  foiu 


th  d 


iV  at  II  cen.-ini  hi 


"  ■]liin()iilj,'iiiios(jii<'»n(il«roii  \i\  (liristaun  ciif'  iiiio,  y  si:  Ii;  coiiijcnin.'  //<  /•- 
rc/M,  d(i\  V.  lili,  ix.  lap.  ."ci. 


EARLY  SUFFERTXCS  REPEATED. 


71 


v>lu'i\'  tlioy  had  boon  tokl  were  situated  iiiiuos  of  sur- 
p.issiiiL;'  licliiK'ss.  Oil  rc^acliiug  tlio  spot  tliov  wore 
iniuiiued  that  hv  <hi''>'inL;'  in  a  certain  ithice  aji  ahmi- 
(laix-c  of  Lipoid  could  bo  gathered.  The  S]>aniards  did 
;is  dirocted,  but  Ibund  only  a  few  iiuggots,  and  tnin- 
iii"-  iicrculv  upon  the  iTfuid<\  aoeuscd  Idni  of  triiiiii"- 
with  them  or  of  treachery.  Tlie  ])ooi'  savage  totally 
,il  a  loss  whither  to  turn  for  relief,  at  length  sprang 
upon  a  rock  which  f)verhung  the  l)row  of  ;i  ])i'((ipice, 
threw  hinisolf  headh^ng  into  the  chasm,  and  thus  ter- 
minated his  miserable  existence. 

MeanwhiU;  the  famishing  soldiers  under  Encinasola, 
of  life    if  they    remained   Icjuu'er    in   that 


(lcsj)airii 


o 


f  tl 


loni  stra-ju'linL!" 


country,  In'oke  then-  ranks,  manj 
off  to  Xond)re  do  Dios.  'fJie  governor  determined 
to  niak'o  one  more  attem])t  to  i-eliovo  his  ])eople.  lie 
accordingly  despatched  b'ather  Juan  (k;  Sosa  and  the 
;ilcil(k'  Sanabria  with  six  soldioj's,  four  negroes,  and 
twit  naiivis  f(»r  Xond)re  de  JJios,  to  obtain  recruits  and 
plies.      Ill  tbree  days  this  party  reaclu'd  the  rivi'r 


■un 


i'.eleii.  and  then.  unal)lo  to  cross,  followed  it 


s  course 


southward,  cutting  their  way  through  thickets  r.nd 
-tniggling  through  morasses  until  after  ele\-en  days 
they  succei.'de'd  in  reaching  the  ojiposite  b;ink.  Con- 
(luulng  their  jouriun'  they  enci»untert'd  along  iheir 


p;itl 


iwav 


tl 


le  i.W'M\ 


hod 


les  of  their  lormer  companions 


\.li«t  had  perished  while  attem|)ting  to  reacli  Nombre 
*K'  J)ios,     A  little  stale  Ibod  which  had  been  washed 


(shore  from  >ome  wreck  ore 


listi 


'e'Sse'i 


I  si 


no  .save( 


It) 


lem 


fioiii  starvation.  At  length  they  came  upon  the  rem- 
nant of  those  wliot  had  deserte(|  from  Coiic'ejicidii,  now 
I'lhiced  to  twtuitv-five  n*«"ti,  and  these  «_)aimt,  ha'''jj['ard, 


ail. I  naked  aw  tttn^  natives.  Their  pr<tgress  was  barred 
by  liostiK,'  barwl-v.  and  themselves  riMhiced  i,e  ihi'  hist 
''xti'(,'mity.  Cnaible  to  proci'ctl  farther.  lh"\'  fortilieil 
1  heiiisehes  froUl  the'  attacks  of  the  )uiti\  'S  as  best 
t  hey  wen-  able,  and  awaited  the  developm<  lit  of  events. 
.Ml Miiw  Iiile     the     >iitfel'ings    of    the     !->paniards    at 


■ragiiw.  if  ]io>>il 


liclea^ec 


was  iufoiMind    by 


t  i 


72 


THIRD  ATTEMPTED  COLOXIZATIOX  OF  VERAGUA. 


Marros    dc    Sanabria,    one    of   the    sui-vivors,"   says 
Oviedo,  "that  the  mortality  at  Verai^na  Avas  at  oiu; 
tiiiK!  so  great  that  dead   l)odies  hiy  unhuried  withiu 
and  around  the  huts,  and  that  the  stench  arisiiiu^  iVoiu 
putrei'action    was    intolerable."     He    ivlates    of    one 
Dit'go  d('  ( Vnnpo,  a  native  of  Toledo,  who  seized  with 
illness   became    convinced   that   death  Avas   near  and 
that  soon  his  own  corpse  would  be   added  to  those; 
which  lay  strewn  beftjre  him  rottinj^  in  the;  sun,  that  he 
determined,  if  [)ossible,  to  escape  that  horror.     Wra])- 
))iiig  himself  in  a  cloak,  he  resoi'ted  to  a  spot  where  a 
grave  had  been  prepai-ed   for  another  of  those  who 
were  to  die,  and  stretching   himself   within    it   soon 
breathed  his  last.    Not  long  afterward  the  owner  of  the; 
i>-rav(\  hcint'-  obliged  himself  to  seek  his  last  resting- 
place,  found  there  another;  but  leaving  the  occu])ant 
undisturbed,  he  dii'ected  that  his  own  body  should  b<' 
placed  in  the  same  grave,  and  thus  the  two  found  burial. 
Failing  or*  relief  from  any  (puirter,  and  receiving  no 
tidings    from     b'atlier  do    Sosa  and    his  companions, 
(/Utierre/  was  at  last  obliged  to  abandon  the  coast 
of  Venigua.      This   of  all   others  appeared  the  most 
ditlicult  act  for  a  S[)aniard  of  those  days  to  })erform; 
he  could  (he  witli  less  regret  than  he  could  give  up 
a  favorite  enterprise.     Taking  ship  for  Xombre  de 
])ios,  he  tliere  obtained  some  intimation  of  the  whei'c- 
abouts   and    condition   of    J^'ather   de    S(>sa  and    the 
lenmant  of  tlu'  Veragua  colonists.     A.  vessel  was  im- 
nu^diately  sent  to  their  relief  with  a  sujiply  of  food 
and  other  necessaries  which  were  contributed  by  the 
j)eopli>  of  Xond)re  de  Dies.      Tne  survivt)rs,  twenty- 
seven  in  number,  wen^  thus  rescued,  imd  the  govern- 
ment of  l^'elipe  (lutierrez  in  the  pro\ince  of  A'eragua 
w.is  at  an  end.^"     He  crossed  over  +(j  j^inama,  iind 

'"  111  //(  rrrrc,  i\fc.  v.  lili.  i\.  ("i]i.  xi.,  tli<>re  is  a  scvon;  »i  4  fioiiu'wliat  uiijiu'i 
Htriftiirc  1)11  till'  coiuhuf.  of  (iiiticircz.  lU'  says  t!uit  wlicii  i!ic  .s'llibiiiiy,)  <  t' 
Uit!  iiiU'tv  lii'c:iiiu'  iuttiU'iabk',  tlii'ir  Icaiki'.  hciiii;  bxi  rowanlly  to  rhk  ii  liiial 
iuhI  (IcsjiiTatt^  I'li'ort.  il('serti'(l  liis  iiicii,  t!:us  I'ortcitiiig  lii;i  lonnor  goo.',  iiaiiic. 
)\\u\  (^iiliarki'il  soiiills  with  a  few  tri(.'iiil.-i  for  Xoiuhiv  ,1<^  Dins;  liiU  it  iloc;j  r.  it 
iilipcar  wliat  lie  w  oiild  liavo  ^'aiiicd  by  attciiipting  any  fui'tlii  r  (.'iiU'ipriso  vitli 
the  icianaiit  ol  his  .stai'\  iiiL'  Ijaml. 


f 


SOSA  GOES  TO  PERU. 


73 


shortly  nftenvard  embarked  for  Peru,  where  lie  wan 
nuuU^  ooveriior  by  (jronzalo  Pizarro,  but  subse([ueutly 
(|uari'(lliii!L;"  with  that  Irrocious  adveiitui'er,  he  was 
htlieaded.  The  W(»rthy  Father  .Juan  de  So.sa  iii  (h'ep 
(list'Ust  also  turned  his  lace  towards  Peru,  vowinLi' 
that  it'  ever  lie  ai,''ain  tell  heir  to  the  si)oils  of  an 
inca,  his  wealth  should  not  be  squandered  in  ambi- 
tious schemes  of  colonization. 


^1 


F     . 


CHAPTER  IV. 


THE  C.UvCniQUJ'J-S  ACJAIN  IN  REVOLT. 


]'.: 


-l.VJO. 


Alvarado  Sr.rs  Foiitii  to  HoxDrii.vs  to  .Tors- (^onTEs — MrxixY  amono  )ii3 
^Ii:n  (IdVZALO  UK  Alvaiiaiki  Ari'(iiNTKi)  l.ii;i  TENANT-oovKKNou— His 
Mkktim;  with  Mahix  axd  his  PAin'i  — The  SEroND  ]!ev(iet  of  the 

CvKl  IIKJIELS — (JONZAI.o  THE  CaFSE  OF  THE   iNSrUKECTKiN      .MassAC'UE 

o;-  THE  SrANiAiiDs— Alvahaix)  ];eti'kxsto  Guatejiala — He  Cvi'TrutM 
THE  I'enolufXai.i-atlaiila— He  Makiiies  ox  Patinamit— His  IIetuhx 
To  Mexico- -Hiri  Meetixu  with  Cuktes. 


It  ^vill  bo  r(Miiciii1)Ci(;(l  that  of  all  tlic  native*  ti'ibes 
of  (fuati'iiiala  tlio  C'akcliiinu'js  otli-n^d  the  stoutest  I'e- 
f;istaiico  to  the  lorecs  of  JAuho  dv.  Alvarado.  When 
tlic  S| laniards  took  possession  of  Patinamit  tiny  piv- 
i'ciicd  to  aljandon  their  capital  rather  than  submit  to 


tlie    domination   of  the 


oonq 


uer(  ir. 


8 


Hiaeam,   theu' 


cliief,  "vvas  still  uneaptured,  having  taken  icfuLife  in  the 


mountain 


fast 


n esses  o 


f  ( 


d 


oinalai)a,  aiu 


I' 


il  it 


may  salelv 


be  ettiieluded  that  lio  never  ceased  iVom  his  etfoits  to 
harass  the  Siiauiards.  The  unsettled  condition  of 
aif-iirs  at  this  ])ei'io(l  may  be  inferred  fi'om  tlie  fact 
that  there  is  no  record  of  an\'  scission  of  tlu;  cabildo 
i'rom  jMay  (>,  10125,  to  October  4th  of  the  same  year.' 
'^I'lie  numbers  of  the  colonists  were,  however,  beiniif 
continuall}'  reenforccd.  The  trouble  which  occurred 
in  Mexiro  duiiuL;'  the  absence  of  Coi'tes,  caused  many 
of  the  settlers  in  Anahuac  to  tiU'U  tlieir  iaces  toward 


'  //(V.  r,,it.  Am.,  i.  f.S,']  I't  Ki( 


til 


At  tlio  foniH'r  of  thf  !i1mi\  I'-niiiiiPil  session 


t. 


jiljii'i', 


1(1  it  is  vdi'tiiy  of  note  tliiit  Alviir;i<lo  lirst  liccninc  one  hi 


ilmciit  of  citizens 


nisi 


If 


(111 


tliat  (liito,  !iH  'clSr  ('!i]iitfin  (u'licTal'  licads  tlic  list  w  liicli  contains  morn 
tliaii  forty  nanus.  Rcincsal  cinjiicously  gives  August  "Ji!,  I.'.l'IJ,  as  the  date  of 
the  ciuohueut.  IJii^t.  Chi/aj.u,  S. 

(74) 


ua4ji 


AFFAIRS  IN  GUATE^^IALA. 


lo 


)ro- 
to 
H'ir 
tlu' 
V'lv 
s  to 
I    of 
tiict 
il.lo 

-ill;-;' 
nod 
aiiv 


Iti/eiis 

lilf  (111 

nil  no 


(luatrinnla,  while  those  newly  iirrivcd  from  Spain  or 
llu'West  Intlies  also  johicd  the  foUowei's  of  ^Vlva- 
r,!(l(),  who  now  ('on>i(l('i  iiiL;"  that  his  hold  n[)(;n  the 
country  was  secure,  infoi'nicd  the  niuniciiiality  of  San- 
tiaL;'o  that  he  intended  to  depart  at  once  for  Alexico. 

lieports  had  reached  (luatemala  of  the  death  of 
( 'oi'tes  in  llonchuas,  and  if  this  wi're  true  he  had  los'o 
a  jiowerful  jiatron  and  iVIend,  and  must  needs  hasten 
hack  to  i)rote('t  his  own  interests.  ]Iis  purpose  was 
lo  jiioeeed  afterward  to  Spain  and  report  his  services 
111  ]]is  sovereiL;-n  iVoin  whom  lie  hoped  to  obtain 
icci'n'nition  and  reward.'' 

]\i()rcover,  liis  brother  Jor^'e  and  many  other  Spau- 
iaids  of  tho  Cortes  parly  liad  S(M'retly  informed  liini 
of  the  usurpation  bv  the  factor  Salazar  of  the  <.>'o\'- 
1  iimrship  of  Mexico,  urging  him  not  to  al)scnt  him- 
self linger,  and  }»romising  to  estal)lish  him  as  governor 
ill  place  of  the  forniei',  until  ])ositivi!  information 
should  he  received  whethei'  Cortes  were  alive  or  d(>ad. 
Tlie  chance  that  the  mantle  of  his  ffrcat  master  mi'dit 
]H  r]ia])s  lall  upon  his  own  shoulders,  made  him  anx- 
ious not  to  miss  this  opportunity,  and  he  lost  no  time 
iu  beginning  the  iournev.  But  it  was  already  re- 
jiortetl  in  ]\lexico  that  he  would  arrive  there  before 
Iniig,  and  he  had  proceeded  but  a  short  distance  when 
he  received  an  intimation  from  the  factor  that  ho  had 
hotter  aj)])roach  no  Ihilher.  If,  however,  ho  preleri'ed 
to  revisit  the  capital,  Salazar  informed  him  that  he 
would  gladly  meet  hiia  on  the  way,  and  have  the 
satisfaction  of  putting  him  to  death.  He  soon  after- 
wai-d  'i:arni'd  that  this  was  no  idle  threat,  for  a  force 
of  fifty  horse  and  seventy  foot  had  already  be<  n  de- 
spatclied  against  him,  and  he  (niuld  not  for  a  moment 
expect  that  the  small  band  of  soldiers  -which  the  col- 
oni.sts  had  been  able  to  spare  him  as  an  escort  should 
li"  al)le  to  comjieti!  with  these  troo[)s.     Venturesome 

^lit'incsdl  makes  a  .sly  alhi'^ioii  to  lii.s  vnnity.  'Lo  parccio  al  ra]iit;iii 
I'tilvo  lie  Alnnrado  Ixiliu  r  a  lii  I'indail  dn  Mexico,  a  vcr,  y  (|iii!  Ic  \icss(ii,'  iiml 
;yi.!s  that  at  tliis  time,  tiioiiL'Ii  nut  so  (jiiicl;  anil  active  as  foiiiKrly,  he  luul  :i, 
line  appearance  and  a  handsome  couutcuancc.  JJi.^C.  t'/tyajia,  7. 


,i>!i 


m 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


m 


2.2 
2.0 


M 


' 

1.25      1.4       1 6 

-^ 6"     

► 

1 

p> 


^ 


"<d. 


^. 


/a 


cm  '* 


/A 


.-> 


0 


/ 


.^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


^ 


,»?'' 

,*i!^^ 
<#^> 
^ 


<^ 


^v'- 
<*,<■■ 

<*:<. 


o^ 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WHSTER,N.Y    MS80 

(716)  872-4503 


o 


i/j 


:\ 


\ 


TIIK  CAKCIIIQUELS  AG.UX  IN  RICVOLT. 


r,     i! 


I   I 


jis  lie  was.  Alv;iracl(»  was  ii(»(.  the  one  to  eiieonntor 
jiliMost  certain  death,  and  tlioiiLjli  sorely  luoitilic  il  ho 
was  coiiJiMlied  t<»  retiaec  his  steps. 

Ahout  the  close  of  ]  ;"»25  he  was  informed  of  the 
safetv  of  ( 'ortes,  and  i-eceived  from  him  despatrlns 
with  instructions  to  join  him  in  Jlonduias  witii  all 
his  availahle  juices.  At  thai  time,  it  will  he  I'vineni- 
hiied,  tjie  lattei"  |iro|»o.sed  to  leturn  to  Afixico  hy 
v.ay  of  (jiuatemala,  hut  afteiward  iisolved  to  mak«' 
tlie  iouniev  hv  sea,  landing  at  A'era  Cruz  in  Mav 
][)'Ht.*  .\lvaiado  at  once  iirepaicd  to  ohey  his  order.s, 
1  ut  his  |»uri»<»><!  was  resolutely  opposeil  hy  the  col- 
onists. Miuiieipal  ami  military  otHcers,  citi/ms  and 
conuuon  soldiers  all  alike  ohjeeti'd  to  his  enterimx 
rjKin  a  camiiaiLin  which  would  stiip  the  pi'o\inef  of 


liiost  of  !;>>  dcienders 


J-: 


ven    Ins  own 


hr.)tl 


lers   en- 


deavoicd  to  dissuad*'  him.  ]jut  remonstrance  was  of 
n<»  a\ail.  The  alcahles  and  i-ci^idores  he  addres^d 
in  ii  temperate  and  al)usi\(^  InmjuaLife,'''  while  to  his 
Lrolaers  he  hotlv  cxclainu'd:  *'()irer  mono  ad\iee;  ;dl 

th 


j  ixsvess  was  «rivon  uw 


1 


.1 

lim   wil 


hy  J  lernan  Corte 
1   dii'.""    ])iscontent  was.  howi 


with 


wi< 


l.h 


:  pread,  and  Alvarado's  ptisonal  .sdety  apjxai  -  to  h;iv<- 
been  in  damper,  for  the  cahildo  rt'(|Utste(l  him  to  tnioll 
ti  hody-nnai-d  lor  his  own  protection,  as  the  stahiiity 
of  tlie  (1  Ionics  would  hu  endangered  sliould  any  harm 
]ia|){M  n  to  liim.' 

With  L;rfat  (hfhculty  the  adelantad(»  levied  troops 
for  his  ixjiedition.  His  luiii  weri;  discontented,  and 
utterly    averse    to    engajjfe    in    an    eiiterprise    which 


«//(■;.  Criif.  Aw.,  i.  .Wl-'i.  tliis  scries. 

'•"  ill  liu'ili;ir''(  ■<  .'.iiliMiiiU'iilly  liniii.Lrlit  ;iL'.iinst  Alvaf!!<li>  it  vns  jiUc^jcil  tluit 

lie  liaci  tic]  (isrd  IJH'  ciliiccis  of  tin'  ciiliiMo  nli  iiriiiiillt  (it'  tin  ir  ii|pliiisi,li>|i.      '1  . 

lliif  lie  rciilitil  tliiit  111'  IiimI  jiiciijy  iiii|(iiiiti'il  a  luw  ^jiliiltlo  at  tln'  liiv'imiiii.' 
•  f  till'  vrar.  aii'nnliiiL;  lotlic  iisuiil  I'li.sloiii.    liaimiux,  I'  rud  m  coitl  nt  Alntnvl", 

*  /i'liiii' II ' ,  /'riiri /in  iiiiilfii  .\lriir<iili>,   \'2, 

''  Ar  riilii.  Ai-liin  Aumit.  ilmil..   Mi,   17.      I'clllc;  111    is  of  ii|iiiii<iii  tiiat  .\I\ 
rniloliiiiiM'lf  iM'titiniicii  lor  a  lM)ily-;;iianl  t(i  ;^'i>\vitli  liini  tn  Mi  \ii'ii;  liiil.in'' 

Iiii'K'iMr  i'\|ilaii.itioii  of  till' niattir  ix  that  tlir  |ioliti('i;l  ilistiirlian-'i's  in  Mixi    > 
111(1   t'Xtiiiilril   to  (iiiatciiiala,  iiiiil   that  sitliliiiiiH   iiioMiiiriits  urrc  on  f'~  ". 
C'liJiMilt  Jidiiiiriz,  i'rvcisu  loiilra  Alvtinulo,  63;  uiiil  /o  nunul,  Ul-(.  t  'hijuf.u,  ',. 


ALVARADO  I\  IIOXni'R AS. 


hill'  lii';riiiiiiii.' 


.ifl'ircd  no  j)i(»sj)c'ct  ni'  uniii.  Imt  was  certain  to  lu> 
;itt(ii(lt(l  witli  liaidsliip  and  risk  of  lile.  Wlu-n  lie 
was  on  <ht'  point  of  scttiiiLT  lortli.  filtv  oi"  sixty  ot" 
til.  HI  nintinicd,  and  scttin'^-  lirt'  t(»  the  city  I»y  ninlit" 
niadf  tlicir  escape  while  the  roniainder  (»t'tiie  soldiers 
Well'  en'^aj^ed   in   pi'eventinn'   the  <-oidla^ration  IVom 


nreadni!'' 


]t 


was  a   u'odle^s 


!1. 


an(i    rullian  hand,  that 


V.  hiih  isNUi'd  forth  from  Patinainit  iindi  r  the  veil  <»f 
iiiuht  am)  shrou<led  hy  the  smoke  of  tho  hnrnin^'  city, 
ilel'ore  their  depaiture  they  stli|)pe(!  the  cliapel  of 
.•di  it-i  oiiianicnts  and  ji-weliv,  and  foicihiy  (-((mpened 
th<'  piiest  to  acconijtany  Iheni 


Tak 


HI'' 


tl 


le  road  to 


It. 


nnu:-e(»  they  sacked  the  villa^i  s  which  lay  on  their 
unite,  and  on  their  arrival  in  that  province,  consider- 
ing lluniselves  sale  from  |)ursuit,  disjilayed  their 
hatred  of  Alvarado  hy  holding;"  a  mock  trial  and 
hanuin."^  in  efli^y  their  eonnnander  and  those  who 
had  remaineil  faitld'nl  1*.  him.      'JMu'ii  they  passed  on 


1..  M 


eXieo  1) 


hnid 


erui"''  an( 


1  dest 


i-ovm<''  on  their  wav 


Xutwithstandinj^^  this  defection, the  adelantado  soon 
al'tirward  set  forth  to  join  ( 'o|-tes,"  leaving' his  hrother 
( ioii/.'lit  to  take  command  durinin"  his  ahsi-nce.     ( )f  his 


jonrney.  wliicli  was  pr<d)altly  an  nne\tii 


itfnl 


one 


i-W 


incidents  are  narrated.  Il«'  passed  thronnh  the  pritv- 
in<es  tA'  ( 'u/catlan  and  ( Miaparristic,  and  entere<l 
(  hohiteca  in  Honduras,  where,  at  a  place  called 
(  holuttca  Malalaca,  as  narrated  hy  Heinal  Diaz,"*  he 


AK 


(III   tiills  tliis  <'ity  tlu<  'I'ily  of  S;inli:i;.'ci 


.1 


tlif  'litv  "f 


•  IiU'ti  iimla,'  .\ririilii,  Ailn.i  Aijiini.  <1  niiiriiKifn.  I(IJ,  \t\  \'.  Iiii'i  (Ajiit  i-sidiis  it 
must  lii'  uiiiU'i'Ktoixl  til  liiivf  lii'iii  I'ntiiu.init.      liii.sM'iir  <1<-  Ili'inlioiiiL',  on  IIm' 
lliurity  111   till'  ('ii!,rliii|iul  iiiiiiiii.sri  i|it.  .stiiti:.  (hat  Al\  nriiiln  iiuisUti'iI  liis 


tolrisiit   Xaiillll,  mill  tllllt   at   the    IlliHlirllt  lit    riilllll 


IIS  iiiiii'i'h  lihi-  ha 


If 


t  li 


n  iiiutiiiril  ami  llcil  tn  I'atiiiainit :  w  In 


Al 


vaiailii  niuMiii 


thru: 


ilnl    till'   t 


\Mi   jiailii'M  iii'aily  caiiic 


til  Ml 


It    till'  latti'i 


llr    fi 


laiaiis.  Iiiiwcvrr,  tn  [larify  llii'iii.  Imt  in  llir  ni^lit  lln'  iiiiitiiui'is  si't  liri'  tn  tl 
ii!\  and  c.-iraiifd,  till'  dalo  luiii;^  May  !l,  I.VJIi.    Hit.  \,il.  <"n\.  i\..  (Jsii. 


Nil  t\Mi  aiitlmritii'N  aj^Tci'  as  to  tli"  tiiiu'  uf  I  lis  ili|iaiti 


i/i|Urz  slatci 


that  III'  left  ill  till'  iiiiititli  iif  .laiiuary  J.'i'Jti,  ('hrniiirn  it,  ^;riif.,(>'J,  ainl  .luarnisi 
ill  Ki'l unary,  (innl.  (nl.  I^oiiilnli,  IS'J.'i),  i'M;  wliili"  llrassi'iir  ilc  r.iiiirlinnr'j 
Civfs  till'  MItli  iif   May  as  llii"  ilatr.     Jirliii'sal  allii,LMtli<  r  i^iiiincs  AUaraiiu's 


I  \|i<'ilitiiiii  til  lliinilmas,  ami  HtiitcM  that  lii>  ri'iiiaiiuil  in  SaiitiMu'ii  until  lii 
iiivnl  iit'WHiif  tli<>  arrival  iif  ( 'diti'siit  N'l'i'a  ( 'ni/,  w  lirii'U|iiiii  lirairain  ln'iniulit 
liifwaril  till'  i(iustii>n  ut  liis  own  ii('|iai  tiiii'  fnf  Mt'siin.    Hisl.  I'/ii/hjhi.  s 


'11,^1.   r. /•(/(/(/.,  -J'JO.     'II  If 


|Hisitiiiii  lit  this  town  may  Ikim'  lirrii  in  tlio 


III  iglibnilioud  iif  till'  iH'i'Kcut  'rcgiii'igiiliia.     'I'lii'ic  i.s  an  uillnciit  of  tlic  (.'liolu 


! 


m 


I"  '  i 


, 

l:|||    ' 

1'' 

'.      •'' 

■      1    ■    ' 

lit    :  i   t 

ill 

78 


THK  CAKCIIIQUELS  AGAIN  IN  IlEVOLT. 


heard  for  the  first  time  of  the  rcturn  of  Cortes  to 
Mexico. 

Tt  has  ah'eady  been  mentioned  that  in  1.12")  the 
settlement  of  Xatividad  de  Nuestra  Senora  was  aban- 
doned on  account  of  tlic  uidiealthiness  of  its  site  and 
the  iH'fnsal  of  the  natives  to  furnish  [)rovi;>i(>ns,  and 
that  Cortes  ij;Tante<l  peiinission  to  the  Spaniartls 
to  rcniovt'  to  Xa<N)."  Cai)tain  Luis  Marin  h'ft  in 
chalice  of  th(!  latter  colony,  alti-r  remaining  for  some 
time  in  doubt  as  to  tlic  fate  of  his  conunander,  (le- 
sj)atclied  thence  a  small  band  <»f  horsemen  to  Trujillo 
to  ascertain  whether  he  yet  survived,  and,  if  that 
were  so,  to  gather  inf(»nnation  as  to  his  intended 
movements.'"  l^ernal  Diaz,  who  was  one  of  the  trooj>, 
n-lati's  tliat  on  ivaching  the  Olancho  A^alle}'  they 
learned  that  Cortes  had  already  embarked  from  Tru- 
jillo, leaving  Saavedra  in  coujuiand.  ^Marin's  brief 
sojourn  in  Honduras  had  already  made  him  impatient 
to  retuin  to  AFexico,'"'  and  he  at  once  dtx'ided  to  re- 
turn to  that  province  by  way  of  (jiuatemala.  Thus 
it  chanced  that  at  Clioluteca  Malalaca,  his  party  met 
with  Alvarado,  wlio  expressed  unbounded  dilight  on 
hearin<>"  of  the  saietv  of  his  old  comrade  in  arms,  and 
felt  nuich  inward  satisfaction  that  now  his  superior 
coukl  m<t  interfere  with  his  own  schemes  of  conquest 
and  aggraniHzement. 

The  iieutenar.t-general  then  commenced  his  home- 
ward maich,  accompanied  by  jMaiin  and  about  eighty 
of  the  colonists  of  Naco.  lieturninur  through  the 
territory  at  present  known  as  the  j)rovince  of  San 
]\Iiguel,  they  arrived  at  the  Kio  Len»pa  at  a  season  of 
the  year  when  the  current  was  so  greatly  swollen  by 

ti'Cii  IJivor  wliicli  licars  the  imiiie  of  Malivhija,  niiil  the  simihirity  of  iianu'sleadH 
to  tlie  I'oiije.'ture  that  Alviiniiht  roiU'hed  the  iici^lihorhood  of  Tcj;iK'i;,'ali);i  as 
tite  Malahija  Hows  into  the  main  Mtrcain  just  abovu  that  town.  liruMseur  de 
Uonilionrg  calls  the  town  Malaeataii. 

"//;,■<.  <'<ul.  Am.,  i.  .'•71.  this  series. 

'^  IJoth  Srtinloval  and  ( 'ortt's  had  Mrittcn  to  Miirin,  but  neitljer  letter 
rciiehed  its  destir.atioii.    Hi  nial  JUitz,  Hist.    \'<  rdn)!.,  '2\\). 

'•'  'V  aeuerilonie  (jiie  tiranios  ]iiedras  ii  la  tierra  (jiie  doxaiiamos  ntrns,  y 
cou  t'l  uyudu  Jo  Dioa  ircmoa  u  Mexico.'  Ikiintl  JJiuz,  ilhl.  \'tntad.,  -lU. 


1 


3 


i 


ti  'I 


EVIL  REIGX  OF  GONZALO  DE  ALVAUADO. 


79 


the  mills  that  to  ford  it  was  impos.sil)!*'.  In  this 
iiiMiLjfciicv  they  f'ulKul  a  huoje  ooil)a-troo,  out  of  wliich, 
with  iiiiiiiitc  lal)or,  tljcy  fashioiiu'd  an  innncuHC  eanoo," 
;iii(l  alUr  toilini^  lor  five  days,  drenched  with  rain  antl 
r;!V(iioiis  with  liunger,  thus  made  good  tlieir  crossing. 
'I  hrv  had  now  entered  the  province  of  ( 'u/<-;'.tlan,''' 
where  A]vara(h)  found  that  during  his  delay  in  Clio- 
hiteea  the  whoh;  country  had  risen  in  reheili<»n. 
Several  hatth'S  were  fought,  all  resulting  favorahly  to 
the  Spaniai'ds,  and  on  the  Gth  of  August  l.VJC),  after 
;'  jinal  and  despi>rate  conflict,  the  Indians  were  routed 
with  teirilile  carnage  an<l  soon  afterward  teiidi'red 
thtii-  sul)nussion."*'  The  Spaniards  then  continued 
theii'  iournev  hv  forced  marches  and  reached  (jiuate- 
mala  without  further  adventure.  As  tlu  y  drew  near 
to  .lalpatiKjua*^  they  were  mt^t  with  the;  unwelcome 
tidings  of  the  revolt  of  the  Cakchi(|Uels  and  other 
uativo  nations.*^ 


Ifithcr  letter 


During  tlie  absence?  of  Pedro  dc  Alvanido  in  ITon- 
(hu'Ms,  his  hr<ither  Cionzalo,  left  in  charge  as  his  lieu- 
tv  nant,  had  nia<le  good  use  of  the  opportunity  to 
enrich  liiniself,  ini})osing  excessive  tribute  and  regard- 

"  '  E  era  il(!  till  ponlor,  (j  dt"!  po  liizo  vna  caiioii,  fine  eii  rstas  parti's  otni 
iiiayor  IK)  l.i  aiiiii  visto.'  11  runt  Ithr.,  Hist.  Vinlad., '12'<K  "i\\v  ciiljii  is  tin; 
«  ilil  I'l.tton-trct?  ami  p-owa  to  ait  t'lmnnotiH  si/.f. 

'■'  Uiriial  l>ia/'  iiiciiiory  lias  luTi;  failfil  liiiii.  lie  states  tliat  after  erossin;; 
the  L>iii|i;i  tiny  eiitcreil  llie  ('liajianistie — ealleil  liy  him  ( '!:aj:aii:'.stiques 
ir.MviiiiT,  anil  tliat  lure  tlie  Iniliaiis  killed  a  Spaiiiaril  iiaiiud  Xirmsa,  ;  ii'l 
v.duiiiiiil  tliri'i'  (itliiTS  of  liis  party  who  were  foraj.'iie;  for  provi.sioim.  'I'l  e 
Siiaiiiaidi  hail  pasnil  tliroii;.'li  the  Cliajian-istie  jin  viticf  w!it'ii  tiny  liail 
ri'.:iluil  Uif  Leiiipa,  iiiiil  tliercforc  it  M-as  eitiu  r  in  Cii/eatlali  that  Nieiu  sa  was 
Killi'tl,  or  the  I'iver  whieh  Alvarado's  men  erosseil  imi.st  have  liecn  tlie  (ioa..- 
eoraii. 

^'^  Fiii'tifpK  y  Guzmnn,  Prronlarinn  Fhvhln,  MS.,  'J2;  ./iitirnx,  flimt..  ii. 
Oil  7,  id.  i.  '1\\,  'J.V{,  Thi'  otlieial  gazette  of  Salvailor  err. in<  oii.,|y  j'ivi  m  .\i;;.'. 
(',  I.VJ.'i,  a.i  the  date  of  suliinission.  and  states  that  tiic  loiiinu'st  i.s  yt'aily  I'om- 
iiniiiorated.  .s'.i/c'o/or,  (r'ifc.  o/fff.,  4  ])ie.  IS77,  p.  Il'.'l!.  It  will  lir  iiiiiciiilicred 
that  Alvarado  in  his  lirst  eampi'.ign  in  Salvador  did  not  Kuecucil  in  rcdiiein;^ 
thr  province  of  t'li/eallan  to  alligianee.  lie,  however,  foniu  il  tlic  dcteri' i- 
nation  of  ictniiiin^'  to  complete  its  snlijngation.  'J'liere  is  evidenc"  that  tl'.is 
Mas  accoiiiplisiieil  jiri'vionsly  to  May  I.VJ,">.  Coiisidt  .!  r /m/o,  Aitnx  A;/i',if. 
(I'liiit.,  I'J,  ];{,  and  It'll  mi  n:,  /'rn-i/m  roii/rn  Afrnrmli),  10.")  (i. 

"  Alioiit  ten  miles  from  tlie  river  I'az  in  « Jiiatemala  territory. 

"/■'(.((/(<(/  (iir.itmii,  li'ifiirilmidn  /•'lurnhi,  MS.,  '2'2.  '  J..os  Espanoles,  iiiw 
< --'alian  <  n  01intcpec|iie  d"  (,>uetzaltenungi>  no  liiivian  teniilu  niudo  do  dar  uvioU 
ii  luo  de  Honduras.'    \'tizjiuz,  ''hronicu  ik  Onit.,  71. 


80 


TIIK  CAKCIIIQUELS  AGAIN  TX  REVOLT. 


\\]\f  iR'ltlicr  {>■'•('  nor  condition  in  liis  inoidiiiiiic  cnivini; 
I'oi'  wi'.ilili.     To  liini  nnist  iu^  .•ittrii)Uti'(l  the  p'l'utand 
'iicrjil  upri^inij^  of  tin;  imtivcs  wliidi  occuircd  ;i(  tlii.s 


tinu'.'"     His  crowninjjf  act  of  o|»|nv,ssioii  was  to  com- 
])fl  a  \:u->j;r  nunilK'i'  of  Indian  Koys  to  \V(»rK'  in  certain 


<  ;•( ) 


l(I-\\asliin,ns  near  Patinannt,""  i"0(|uirinL(  of  tlicni  t 
pi'ocnic  daily  a  certain  (juantity  <»f  the  |»re<ious  metal. '' 
l^'or  a  lew  ^veeks  the  ainonnt  was  punctually  furnished, 
l)Ut  on  accotnit  of  the  tender  at^'o  of  the  children,  who 
were  hut  I'roni  nine  to  twelve  years  old,  th<'  measure 
fell  .shoit,  whereu[«»n  (ionzalo  insisted  that  the  deli- 
ciency  should  he  made  up  l)y  contrihution,  and  thri>at- 
ened   the  natives  with  death,  exclaimini'  with  annry 


resticulation.* 


Think  not  that  1  liave  come  to  thi.- 


coast  to  dwell  anions;  a  pack  of  liounds  foi-  any  otlu'r 
]>ur[)ose  than  toiLjathei' jifoM  to  take  with  me  to  Spain." 
'I^liis  outrageous  demand  was  also  complied  with,  hut 
the  hitter  hate  of  their  opj»i'c's.sors,  which  had  \on*j; 
smouldered  in  the  liearts  of  the  natives,  was  now  about 
to  break  forth  into  a  flamo. 

^Vmono-  tlio  nations  of  (*entral  America  the  name  of 
the  supreme  bein*]^  was  repres(>nted  by  a  woi'd  that 
fiii^niiies  '  deceiver,'  or  in  the  (Jakchi(|uel  lanijuai>'e 
'  demon. '-^  In  time  of  need  or  peril  this  personaiLje 
aj)|)eared  to  them,  as  Oviedo  and  \  a/(jm'Z  would  have 
us  believe,  and  mitil  the  Christian  Sj)aniard  made  firm 
his  footing  in  the  hiud  was  consulted  and  obeyed  in  all 

"Fncnton  ptati'H  tliiit  it  was  rithor  Pi-dro  <lc  Alvanvli)  oi-  llic  ordinary 
alcaldi'M  to  ivlioiu  tiic  distiirliunoi'  was  to  Ix'  {ittrilnitcd.  /'in.rihfiuii  I'lurhhi, 
MS.,  'JO.  K.si':iiiiilla  is  of  opinion  that  tiu'  lifiitrnant,  .lon^c  ili'  AI\an!do, 
wan  tlu'  one  to  lilanu-,  Siirft-iun  Chrniioloijifd.,  VI,  wliiU.'  tiu'  fi>rni<r  author 
remarks  that  .lorTc  was  in  Mexico  at  tlie  time,  and  was  eoiilouiidcd  with  ( lon- 
wilo.  lie  also  states  that  tlie  latter  was  ordinary  aleaicle.  but  this  v«as  not 
the  ease,  for  as  may  In-  seen  in  Anrulo,  A<t(tx  Ai/iint.  (liiiti.,  l(i,  17,  the 
ttlealdes  were  IMe^^o  Heeerr.'i  and  Haltasar  de  Mendoza. 

'"' Vazipiez  says  4(K>  fjirls  and  us  many  boys.  ( '/innuni  df  (,'rii/.,  Ofl.  Fucn- 
tes  y  (iuzinan,  'J(M)  bovs.  Hicurthiciiiii  l-'loiidn,  MS..  "Jl.  'J  lie  goId-waaliin}.r.i 
Were  those  of  t'liahluil  ami  I'unakil,  the  former  word  meanin;.'.  ai'eordiug  to 
Vaz(|nez,  '  the  v.ashin'^'-plaee,'  an<l  the  latter,  '  j)hiteado  o  dorado.' 

■■'One  eastellnno  of  tequio  according  to  I'nentes.  '\\i  earmtillo  do  oro 
liivado  del  tamano  del  dedo  moniiiue,'  according  to  V'az<xue.;,  /(/. 

■•'-  In  the  nativu  dialect  '  Caxtok." 


GREAT  UPRISIXG. 


81 


iiiijiortaiit  inattiTs.  "  Wliy  wait  y<Hi?"  he  cxclaiiiKHl, 
as  iuj  now  bid  his  votaries  strike  once  more  for  I'ree- 
(It'in.  "Tonatiuh  has  gone  to  Castile,  and  the  strani,^(Ms 
are  iew.  What  fear  you?  I  am  tlie  thunderholt  and 
will  make  them  dust  and  ashes.  Both  theni  and  you 
will  I  destroy  if  you  prove  cowards.  Live  not  as 
slavi's,  nor  abandon  the  laws  of  your  forefathers;  eon- 
VI  »ke  the  nation  and  terminate  your  woes."  The  ap{>e;d 
was  not  in  vain.  From  Chaparrastic  to  Olintejtec, 
a  distance  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-nine  lea;^ues, 
llic  Indians  rose  in  revolt.*^  An  army  <tf  thirty  thou- 
sand wai'riois  was  (piickly  and  secretly  I'uisid,  ainl 
the  Spaniards  now  8("attered  among  the  diflerent  y^vi- 
ll<  incuts  were  taken  completely  by  surprise.  Tlic 
(•< II ill  derated  tribes  divided  their  forces  into  two 
divisions,  one  of  which  occupied  the  monntain  jiasscs 
mar  IVtapa  for  the  purpose  of  holding  Alvarado's 
band  in  check,  while  the  other  fell  on  the  unsusjxct- 
iiii^  colonists,  slaughtering  the  greater  portion  of  iheni 
t(;gether  with  a  number  of  their  Indian  allies.  Tlioso 
who  escaped  lied  to  Quczaltcnango  and.  Olintepec.'^* 


lutillo  <lo  oro 


"./((roro.i,  O'lint.,  ii.  280.  The  whole  land  from  Cuzcatliin  to  Olintrpcc — 
ailist.mcuiif  ovi'i-yOlcajines — revolted.  FwulC'^ji  O'azmaii,  Itri-orthtfhi.i  l^l'.r'iln, 
Ms.,  '21.  IJrassrur  de  Hourbnur;;,'  states  that  the  coiifcderatcd  Indians  inia- 
jiiisid  the  I'okonianis,  l'oconK'hi.><,  yniclii''H,  Cakcliiqiu'ls,  I'iiiili's,  and  Xiiic-iH, 
imt  entertains  euinc  douhtas  to  tlietJuioheH  takin:.;  iiart  in  the  league,  as  nn  li 
aeiioii  is  at  vaii;iiii<!  with  the  < 'akcliicniel  niannnript  and  with  \'a/iir,r.!. 
Ili<t.  Sdf.  Civ.,  iv.  (i!H).  At  a  eouneil  .siiniincmed  l>y  thi;  eliicfsof  tlie  icv -It- 
ill','  tiihcs  then' were  present  ainonji  otliern  the  eaeiqnes  of  Teejiaii  Aiitl;;n 
(the  iiHMleni  S()l()la),of  Ituyaalxot,  Sinaeain.aiid  the  Apimxahil.  of  Xilntei.  c, 
Zaciiteiiee,  ('hinialteiian;ro,  and  Zumi)an;.'o.  I'lienlis  HUpjioses  lliat  M;iari;i:i 
Wiisat  tliis  time  iit  I'atinaniit,  whereas  he  had  e.seaj'ed  to  th<!  niciiiiit.iiiis  i  f 
('''tiiala)ia,  oeoiipvin;,'  there  the  .stii>n;,'hold  (jf  Itiivaalxnt.  'i'liis  aiitlmr  <  \  i- 
ilditly  li,new  notliiiig  of  the  ('akehii|uel  iiiMirreetion  in  1.V_'4,  fur  he  .st,;t(  :i 
thiit  after  eoneealiiijj  for  two  year.s  hia  intention  to  revilt  the  eaeiiine  now 
took  adv:inta!,'e  of  Alvarado'.s  aiisenee. 

•'.luairiis  di.saLTees  with  the  account  ^'iven  hy  Vaziini^/  1)(  eause  it  h  ads  to 
the  eonelusion  tliat  Santiaf^o  was  abandoned,  and  arirnes  that  this  could  iK.t 
Iiave  lieen  the  case,  because  sessions  of  the  eabiUlo  Mere  hild  on  the  'J.'id  .Mid 
liiith  of  Aui,'iist.  (I'l'dt.,  i. ;{.")!-'_',  note  and  ii.  .'!(l(!.  Juairos  vas  ncitawaic  tliat 
tlie  .so-ealk-d  city  had  no  iierinauent  nite  till  1.V_'7.  The  iiooks  of  the  eai  ililo 
«(ip  hut  the  record  of  the  acts  of  a  iiiiniiei|)ality  that  was  eoiitiiiiially 
ihaiiu'ini;  its  ]iositioii.  Besides,  Alvarado  iiad  before  tlie  dates  above  iih  n- 
tioiied  rejiiineil  (lonzalo  at  t)linte|iee,  and  the  above  sessions  wen^  In  Id  at 
tli:it  ti^wn.  The  account  ;;iven  by  Kuentes  and  foUowecl  liy  .liiarros  dilii  i\i 
Iiiiilerially  from  that  of  \'a/rjue/,  which  has  bet  n  followed  in  the  text. 
I'lU'iitcs  states  that  at  this  unexpected  crisis  all  attempts  at  civil  yovcru- 
Uur.  Cum.  JiU.    Vol.  U.    0 


Il'f 


!i         I 


1    I 


iJi 


:,„.,       ,   .., 


I     1 


CO 


Till-:  CAKCniQUELS  AGAIN  IN  REVOLT. 


Tlio  Iiidi.nis  wore  now  in  possession  of  ilio  country 
IVoni  its  sonlliciii  boundary  to  tlu;  district  of  Quuz- 
.'dti'iiaiii^o,  l>iit  a  swift  and  tuiTible  ven^caiifo  was 
al)oiit  to  ovtitake  tiuni.  Alvarado  was  alivady  with- 
in tluir  ])()rders.  Having  cruslicd  tlic  rebellion  in 
Cuzeatlan  ho  swept  northward  with  the  fury  of  a 


-    ;      ,,  ,„f.  II I  /   I 


^^^^^h 


.,.  r.   it  If     n  /'   i/  o  n  tf  *i  $  a  s        CihA  Horclj 

'I'riijillo 


Alvakado's  March. 

tempest.  Scattering  like  sheep  the  bands  that  first 
olU'ied  him  resistance,  he  met  with  no  serious  oj)}K)si. 
tioii  till  1k'  arrived  at  the  peuol  of  Xalpatlahua,  sit- 
uated about  three  lea<''ues  from  the  present  viliaije  of 
Jal[tatagua. 

incut  vcrc  aliiimloncd,  and  cncr/:;otic  mcagurcs  adopted  for  a  visoroiia 
dcfciu'c;  that  tiimzalo  witli  (iO  Spanish  hoi>c  and  fcyot  and  4!).)  Mcxii'iiu  and 
'l'!a:  ■  .dan  allica  took  up  a  iiositiou  at  Olinti'iicc,  wliilo  U.-dtasiU' do  Mcudoza 
wilh  Uh'  rest  of  tlio  aiiny  icniaincil  fur  thi!  jiroti'dion  of  tlic  city  of  S;iiitia;;ii, 
(i(iiiz;do  ilo  ()\alU',  with  his  cnnijianions,  hcin;,'  ttationcd  in  t!u:  vailoy  of  J'an- 
i'li'  y  and  JlLinnndo  do  (haves  in  tliat  of  AUitcnanuo;  that  t!io  Inmp.s  v.iro 
(jiiarlorcd  in  tho  oiicn  jdains  tluiin;.'  the  months  (if  .Juno,  .July,  and  Auu'Ust, 
and  Kull'ci'L'd  much  from  the  Iicavv  rains;  and  that  tho  ,lelachmcnt  under 
(  liavos  hustaiiiid  four  attacks  from  th'j  foio(  s  of  .Sinaoam.  wliile  Ovall; 
(ni.'a,L;cd  twice  Mith  Si(|ni'ihul  vlio  liad  fortilictl  h'^  ean'p  will)  cii.rthworki 
and  ditcht's.  Jltronhti'ion  F/mhlii,  MS..  '2-;  ,liiun-i  ^,  \.!ii<il.,  ii.  'J!ll  1  camii't 
I'occpt  this  vcr.sion  of  Fuintcs.  Jjoi'nal  Jii.iz  mak_s  no  '.'.icntion  of  Alvarado's 
licin^  Joined  liy  any  Spaniards  in  thescriis  of  e.iL:a_i.;cni(  iits  that  took  jilaco 
dui'iuL;  his  march  throuj^h  to  Oiinti'in'e.  t)n  th.- contrary  he  Kays  'fuinios  ["'r 
iiucstras  jorna<las  lar},'as,  sin  parar  has-ladonde  i'l'drodo  Alvaradojiuia  diNado 
nil  extax'ito,  iH)ri|i.u  estaua  toiJo  do  guorra,  y  estaua  en  I'l  por  Capital!  vii 
liorniano  ipio  so  tic/.ialionzaloth!  Alvarado;  liamanaso  aiiuclhi  pohlacimi  domlo 
Ins  hallamos,  Olintepoipio.'  11  st.  Vtrilml.,  'J-JO.  I'roni  this  it  is  ivident  t!:at 
\'a/ijucz' account  is  correct  and  that  tho  .'^jianiurdslmdheen  completely  driven 
out  of  the  Cakelii(iuel  district. 


success  OF  THE  Sr.\NIAr!DS. 


83 


ountry 

CO  ^vas 
y  wlth- 
ilion   in 


of  a 


tluit  first 
us  opposi- 
ialiiia,  sit- 
I village  of 


Mi'xu'ii'.i  ami 
n-  iln  Mcinloz^ 
|v  cf  S;iiitiii:.;n, 
IvalU'.V  of  I'aii- 

|,  ami  Ani:u.a, 

Llinu  lit  uialri- 

wliilu  Ova'il; 

|oi)\  1  caiiii't 
(,f  Alvara.lii'.-i 
i;it  li'ok  ViUkO 
■s  'fuiiii>i;s  \i"r 
li.oaviiatli^^alo 
lir  CaiiUaii  Ml 
Ihlaeii'ii  il'iiulo 
[.,  iviiUnt  that 
kuulytliiv^" 


At  this  |>'>liit  a  liiic^o  rock,  suri-oniKied  \)\  a  dry 
iin  at,  ft'iini'd  ;iii  almost  iiiipji glial »lc  lortrcss,  ooni- 
iiiaiidiiiL;  not  only  t!ie  liiifli-i'oad,  Imt  also  the  j>ass 
tliroim'li  tlio  niouiilain  dclilos,  and  Iirro  llio  natives  had 
riillccU'd  in  loicc  l''t;r  thrci' days  the  S})anianls  were 
ditaincil  in  fmcinL,''  the  ajijiroachcs  and  reducini^^  the 
.stronL;hoId.  Two  i'nrious  assaults  directed  against  it 
hefore  davli'jht  in  hope  of  caiTving  it  hv  surprise 
were  rejiulsed,  and  it  was  only  hy  sti'atageni  that  on 
t!ie  third  day  Alvarado  sueeeeded  in  his  attcnijit. 
J)ivi(Iing  hi.'^  men  into  two  })arties,  he  assailed  the 
jieilol  at  two  dillerent  points  at  the  same  moment.  Iii 
th(.'  heat  f>f  the  contest  the  adelantado,  feigning  retreat, 
suddenly  withdrew  the  corps  under  his  command;  the 
(ilhers  were  ordered  meanwhile  to  jin-ss  the  a-sault 
more  eloselv.  The  ruse  was  successful.  "^I'lu;  dr- 
lenders  all  collected  at  the  point  assailed,  and  Alva- 
rado, I'apidly  wlieeling  round  his  column,  ci'ossed  tho 
ditch  and  gained  the  height."^  The  Indians,  attacked 
iii  I'car,  wei'e  thrown  into  disordei-,  driven  d(twi'  t!ie 
heights,  and  closely  jtursued  by  the  Spaniards.  Only 
v.lun  night  closed  upon  their  thing  colunms  did  pur- 


hUl 


t  and 
Tl 


carnage  cease 


2<l 


10  a 


■my 


now  continued  its  niarc'li  unmolested  until 


it  arrived  at  the  ])laiiis  of  Canales.  ]  [ere  another 
olistinate  and  hl(»odv  battle  was  fou'dit  with  a  Iai"^e 
liody  of  natives  collected  from  the  surroundiii!''  dis- 
tricts.  The  contest  was  long  maintained  wit'i  doubt- 
ful result,  but  was  at  last  decided  by  the  arrival  of 
the  friendly  ca.cique  Ca/hualan,  who,  although  a  ]>or- 
tioii  of  his  tribe  had  forsaken  their  alleuianct!,'-'  I'ell 

''Mcaiiwliilc  the  otluT  colunin  had  PufTinMl  pcvi  rely.  'I'licn-  is- a  list  of 
tlii'-^o  kill<Ml  ill  J  /•<  relit.  Aclii':  A<iinit.  diuit.,  'A.  It  is  ii'fi'csiiiiiL,'  t'>  i;iio\\  t!i:it 
till  i"s]iii-ltiial  w  ll'arc  was  cart'ii  for.  the  (.ihiUlo  on  tho  Kith  of  Sipt.  I.',"_M 
!i  iuiIiil;  to  Ihi'iii  tiioirlots  ainl  lamls  ami  onluiin;,'  the  same  to  iio  sold  I'oi'  tho 


.f  till 


lis.     ]J 


ll  ]) 


la/  was  aiiioii','  the  wuuii 


dcd:   'alii  ino  hiri 


til'  vii  )lc'clia/ii,  mas  no  fuo  nvda  la  luiida.'  Ili.-il.   \'i  nlaiL,  'I'H). 


'I'M 


'I'mnhs  11  Oir.nidii,  Itiro-diicion  J'/oridit,  MS.,  li.'l— 1;  Jii 


(I'lKif.,  il. 


The  name  of  tho  chic  f  is  spelled  liy  I'ueiitesCa/nalan  andra.fnnlan.  .Iiiar- 
iiK  states  that  the  word  means  ''J'he  faillifid  will  eonu',' and  adds,  'noiid.i'o, 
4iie  iiiircco  pi'ofelico,  [.lies  en  tienipo  de  csto  Cacique  viniorou  los  llules  I.  liris- 


I 


i: 


?l      ! 


II'   II 


84 


TIIK  CAKCIIIQL'KLS  AGAIN  IN  RHVOLT. 


oil  his  roiiiitrvinon  with  such  forces  as  ho  couM  col- 
Ifct  and  causcnl  th  jir  overthmw. 

Alvarado  now  advanced  rapidly  toward  Patlnanilt. 
Figlitin^  his  way  tliroiigli  numerous  bodies  (»(*  the 
enemy  who  souj^ht  to  o|»j>ose  l»is  passage,  he  arrived 
in  a  lew  days  at  the  plain  in  front  of  the  city.  ][ero 
th»!  comhined  forces  of  the  coid'e<leruted  kiii'LJ^s  and 
chiefs,  niusterin*'  in  all  about  thirtv  t'lousand  war- 
liors,  were  di'awn  up  to  «;ive  him  battle  ami  strike  one 
mole  blow  in  defence  of  their  native  soil.  In  vain 
their  effort.  These  Spanish  veterans  were  invincible, 
and  the  Indian  hosts  were  almost  annihilated  in 
sitji'lit  of  their  capital.-^  The  Spaniards  following  up 
their  victory  at  once  forced  their  way  along  the  narrow 
causeway  that  formed  the  only  moans  of  approach  to 
l*atinamit,  and  j)utting  to  the  sword  the  lew  defend- 
ers lel't,  took  up  their  <juarters  there  for  the  night.-* 

On  the  following  morning,  however,  they  evacuated 
the  city  and  occupied  a  position  on  the  i)lain,  v*  here 
building  for  themselves  a  number  of  huts,"**  they  re- 

tiiinuH  A  prcdicarcl  Santo  Kvaiigclio. '  Gnat.,  ii.  21)2.  Cazhualan  had  hpcnono 
of  tlu'  lirst  to  ;:ivi!  in  liia  allcj,'iuuco.  an  act  wiiicli  oft'ondol  thu  f^Toater  part  nf 
liis  subjects,  wlio  V(!Voltcd  ayainst  liini,  wliuirtipon  ho  resorted  to  arms.  A 
iici.c  conllict  cnsiu'd,  which  I'ndcd  in  the  (h'fcat  of  tlio  insurgents,  v.h'jlUd 
to  tlio  uoimIs.  Tiie  reliels  refusing  to  rettu'n  to  their  alh'^'iance,  (,'a/hu;;!:::i 
visited  Alvarado,  whn  ])roniised  him  assistance.  Thenceforward  ho  reniaincd 
a  faitliful  ally  of  the  Sjniiiards.  i'lunti  n  y  Guzman,  UtconUuuon  Fii.riilii,  .MS., 
lit,  'JO.  .According'  to  I'lientea  and  .luarros  Alvarado  siioi'tly  afterward  ix'iit  a 
force  to  his  aid,  and  I'ctuna  was  soon  redueeil  to  olu^diencc  and  made  sid)- 
missive  to  its  eacic|UO.  r'uentes  stjites  that  the  (iu/inaiis  of  IVtapa  ar^^ 
dcscciulcd  from  Ciuhuahui.  Jt'icunlacion  Ftorida,  M.S..  'Jl-o;  Junrr^s,  Gual., 
ii.  -JiMS. 

•^  Tills  great  Lattle  is  simply  l)ut  graphically  made  mention  of  hy  Bernid 
Piaz  in  the  few  words,  '  Y  le.s  lii/.imos  yr  con  la  mala  Ventura.'  Fucntes,  t<  1- 
luwod  by  Juarrf>8,  locates  the  scene  of  this  battle  elsewhci'e.  He;  fitates  tlii.t 
on  reaching  the  valley  where  (lUatcmulu  stands  Alvarado  attacked  and  carried 
tile  intrenched  camp  of  Scquecliul,  nnd  that  on  the  same  ni^;ht  tiu^  nriny 
nn'ived  in  (iuatenialii.  lirrorihtrhm  F/oriiln,  '24.  Va/rjuez  correctly  writta: 
'Mn  lii  vltiiiiii  de  las  (juales  (batiUas)  entraron  la  Ciudad  do  I'atinaniit,  I'S 
I'^spafioles,  que . . .  fue  liazana  niuy  memorable  e.«-.ta  victoria. '  Chronica  lie  Gviil. , 
7.'{.     This  view  corresponds  with  the  account  of  licrnal  Diaz. 

-'This  capital  had  already  been  repaired,  and  the  buildings  elicit  an  ex- 
pression of  admiration  from  IJernal  Diaz,  who  .lays:  '  Y  estaiian  los  ajiosent"* 
y  las  easas  con  tan  bueiios  edilicios,  y  ricos,  en  tin  coino  de  (."acitpies  (pie  man- 
dauan  todas  las  Provincias  eoinarraiias.'  //('.••.'.   Vcr'tail.,  'JJO". 

^'' Bra.s.seur  de  ]>ourbourg  siiL'gests  that  the  erection  of  tliese  dvvelliii"^ 
pave  rise  to  the  present  city  of  Tec)(an-(!uateiiiala,  which  is  to-day  iiiliabilnl 
by  the  descendants  of  the  citizens  of  ratiuumit.  IJ'tnt.  Xut.  Viv.,  iv,  (j'M. 


lii! 


ALVAHAPO  f;Oi:S  TO  MKXICO. 


So 


iltl  col- 

inamit. 
of  the 
jirrivc'd 

irrs     all>l 

rike  uiio 
In  vain 
vinciV)l<', 
latL-tl    i»» 
>\vinj^  up 
c  naiVDW 
noacb  t<) 
t-  (Irt'cnd- 

li-ht.^' 
jvacuatcu 
in,  whui'u 
'  they  vc- 

i-oiitcr  vart  "i 
to  arms.     A 
;uts.  who  il  >1 
.,  Cazliiul;  -i 
ho  n'liuiiiH  >l 
.'/,,)•(■'/",  M''^-' 
•vwiuil  !;ciit  il 
|i,l  uiaile  Kuli- 
I'ctaiia   aic. 
L,T..s,  (»'»((<., 

|„{  l,y  Ceni:'.l 

1  I'ucutcs,  1>  1- 
l[>-  Ktatca  thi't 
l.l  and  carvn  'I 
J;lit  the  nn;iy 
t-iclly  vvili-- 
I'aUnaniit,  I'S 
l;(<Va  det!i-<il  , 

Is  elicit  an  t  x- 
I  los  aiiOHt'nt"* 
huc8  quu  >»"''" 

,,se  awcUiii"^ 
4,l;,v  iiiliahiti^il 
l.iv.  G'J3. 


Tiia 


iiicd  r<»r  scvi'ral  (lavs,  (lurin!.'  wliidi  Alvarado  valiilv 


ihI(  avort'd  to  nidiicr  llie  icvo 


)lt.>d 


•  •aci(Hics  t(»  rclinii 


i.>  (licir  a 


I!.- 


laiicc 


'1 


Wicc  lie  St 


nt  1)1 


|,n.| 


M  tsa 


Is  of 


u'ac«' 


liiit  no  reply  lii-iiin"  vouflisaird,  lie  liaslcncil  onward  to 


(  >illltc|i('<',  w 


]( 


lici-f  he  arrived  toward  (lie  end  ol"  Anijust 
e  was  now  at  lil)c'rtv  to  jt^turn  to  Mexico. 


Altlion^h  lie  liail  not  surcecded  in  either  killiiij^"  oi* 
ciijitnrin^'  Sinacani  and  S(.'(|nc('lail,  he  eonsidi-rcd  that 
llie  late  tcrriMe  jmnishinents  ensnred  salety. 

Ollicial  business  was  promptly  despatched.  New 
iilcaldes  and  I'ei^idorcs  were  elected,  two  of  the  foi-nu  '•, 
named  I  lernan  Carilloand  Pedro  Puertocarren*,  heiin; 


ii'i. 


iiiated  asAlvarado'slieuteiiantsdurinLT  hisahsen 


ce 


A  |iri>curador,one  J)ieL;o  liecerra,  wasappointed  Ity  the 
c.ihiltlii  to  i-e|ires(!nt  the  interests  of  the  city  in  Mexico; 
and,  his  arran;^(Mnents  heinu^  C()nij)leted,  h(3  set  forth 
o'l  his  jonrney  acconi))anie(l  hy  Afarin,  his  hrother 
( ioii/alo,'*'  and  more  than  eighty  soldiei': 


J[. 


)a> 


d 


llirou'^h  Soconusco  and  'i\'lmante])ec,  trav(  llinLf  with 
sr.ch  hreathless  speed  that  two  of  his  men,  enleel-led 
hy  the  hardships  of  tin-  recent  campaign,  died  on  tln^ 
march.  As  he  drew  near  to  the  capital  he  was  met 
hy  ('ortts,  whose  friendshi[»  was  soon  to  l)e  cast  aside, 

•'"  iNlacz  consjilors  tliiit  tliis  timo  wnsoccupifil  in  rrninviii','  tUi-  inliabitiiiits 
iiMi!  di  -^truyini;  llu'  city.  M<m.  (luttl.,  i.  I!).  I'.iit  ISniiiil  l)i:;/:  iii:;iii'.s  nu  nuii- 
tii.ii  of  M>  .striUiiiL,'  ail  event. 

■'-'!"«(»  of  tlio  Idijtliers  of  IVilro  de  Alvaiudo  now  )i:vs  from  the  nceiie  a.s 
I'lcimiiient  actor.-,  in  (iliattniala.  ( !on:'.u!o  eanit?  over  t  >  Mexieo  \\  jth  < 'orti  s, 
ml  tool;  part  in  the  i()n(|iiest.  On  lii<  return  to  Ihe  e.:|iital  if  fiiat  eoimtry 
it  ;ijiiieal'.s  trotii  tile  !lOok.^  of  the  ealiildo  that  he  wa.t  re-idoi'  in  l.'i'iT  and  l.'.'JS, 
and  in  tlie  latter  \e:ir  reeeived  a  (.jrant  of  i.md  for  a  fruiioreliard,  on  whiili 
"I  a.-ion  tlie  eahihlo  f.'raeio!i.sly  nienti(jii.s  that  ie-  Iiail  r(iiiitted  the  |i.i\iii(iit 
if  MM  jieso.i  ])r(vii;ii.dy  loaned  to  the  eity.  I'lernal  I  »iax  m.ke.s  niiiiti^'ii  of 
liii.i  as  Lavini,'  written  an  iieeount  of  the  eoni|nest  of  ( liiateniala.  At  a  l.i'.er 
iliKi'  he  .setlleil  in  lloudillas  and  hecaine  alealde  of  one  of  the  town.-^  founihd 
th' ;e  hy  his  brother,  lie  also  re.settleil  the  eity  of  (Iraria.s  a  l)ios.  Tho 
s  I' )nd  hrotiier  alluded  to — DontJonioz — also  eanii'  to  Mt:;ieo  with  Corti'^. 
V\'hat  time  Ik;  leit  (iuateniala  i.s  not  evident;  iiis  name,  howeNcr,  appeals  on 
t'  ■  hook. I  of  tiic  cahililo  on  Jaiiiiai'y  8,  l.VJ.">.  He  wa.s  in  .Mexieo  in  l."/J7. 
\V lull  Alvarailo  went  on  lii.s  expedition  to  I'eru,  tlii.s  hrother  aeeoiiipanied 
Iniii.  joined  the  Alnia^ro  faetion,  was  made  jirisoner  at  tln!  liattlo  <if  Saliiia.'<, 
I'lii  waM  relta.seil  hy  I'i/arro.  Later  he  was  so  dis'^usted  at  the  assahsinalion 
o!  that  leailer  that  he  joineil  tlie  .standard  of  the  viceroy  V;iea  de  Castro  and 
V  ,1  ;  in-esent  at  the  hattle  of  Chupas.  He  died  of  .siekness  a  few  days  after- 
u.inl  in  l.')4-_'.  Lihro  ilf  ('(tliilitu,  MS., '-M.VHi. -iJl;  Arn-.ilo,  Act. is  A'/mit. 
(■"(/.,  IJ;  />'<>•«<(/  /j'.fc,  //<V.,  17(i,  '240;  JJicc.  Ciilv.  Ilhi.  i.'toij.  Aj'.,  i.  liiT. 


MM 


16  TIIK  CAKCIIIQUKLS  AGAIX  IN  ni'VOLT. 

and  wliosf  lol'ty  piidc  was  en;  loiij^  to  !»»•  liiiiuMtMl  l.y 
llif  v<  rv  iMiiii  wIioiM  that  ^ivat  c'(>ii(|U('i(>i-  now  W(  I- 
('(»nu'(!  with  (»|»on  aims  and  ciitcitainL'd  with  }nin((  !y 
]ios|»itali(y  at  his  palace  in  Mcxic 


.Vnd  Iicrc,  lor  ;i  time 


wo 


ninst  leave  him  to  till  of 


ns  <ifiea 


t  acl 


licvements;  to  uamhle  with  old  comradt 


to  cheat  them  and  lie  to  th«!m,just  as  he  had   done 
hefore.     Then    he    will    hid    I'ai-ewell    to 


thr 


ee    years 


to  S 


)iles  lorc'Vci',  as  it  will  |H'ove,  and  ,l;o  on  his  voya 


l-< 


h 


lam,  where  we  s 


hall 


lii'ur  of  Ins  reapiniL^  honor 


and  distinction.  We  shall  hear  of  him  also,  under 
the  consciousness  oi'  broken  laith  and  dishonorahli; 
conduct,  shrinkiii'i;'  from  and  ^lad  to  avoid  a  meetin;^ 
h   his  old  comrade  to  wh(tm  he  owed  all  that  ho 


wu 


iXKSsessed  on  eai'tn 


til 


34 


-"rurtes 


8oI 


ciu'  roiiii 
«•  'llio  A'. 


la.'  /;, 


a  .«iiia  I'al.-icios,  iidniKlc  iios  tenia  nparc  jaila  vn.a  iimy 


dJi 


//Isl.  \..rii'iil.,  -JJO. 


riih'ctii  ill  1 1  lll<!iir(i  ill'  iliifilriiiiiln  liv  I'cii  I'raiic' 


Ant'iiiii  <Ii'  l''iiriitt.s  y  <ui/iiiaii  is  ;i  niamii-ciiiit  work  in  tlini'  vnhiiiu's,  tv   >  i  f 


(  :.i.-^t  ill  till-  aiil.ivih  < 


if  U 


\\\\\r\ 

comiii  isi' SfViiiic  t  II  liiMiks,  the  (ir.-t  nf  vliiili  \\\; 


le  iiiiiiihiiialit\    iif  <  iii;it(liia!a  citv. 


'11 


lli-r 


to  til 


iistorv  < 


raciti,  the  suli-^taiiiT  nf  wliicli  is  laki  ii  aliiinst  ciitinlv  iiiiiii 


if  th. 


niaila.     Till'  six  lullnu  iiii;  I ks  t;rat  cmisi  lutixily  of  liu;  cohmui  si  iluw  ii  to 

till'  liliKMif  (lirSpaiiiaiilsiiitiiiii;.r  ( iiiati  iiiaki:  (if  ils  iiiilriM  iidiiu  (;  \\  i;h  ii  sjn  t 
tt)  Mi'siro;  (rf  tlic  lit  .^tiiU'tioii  (if  (lid  Saiiiiai;i)  and  Al\Miai'  >';<  life  a  lid  (■:ir(  (  r;  cf 
till'  fDiiiidiii','  i.f  till'  sci'und  city  of  .Santiai,'i>;  if  niir.u'uli  i  iMa'Zi's  ixi-tiii.;  i:i 
(iuatiiiial;i;  niiil  of  tlic  jirivilcjris  and  oriliiiani'i's  of  its  ca^.ital  lity.  The  \v  xt 
nine  contain  ilr-iii|ilioiis  of  as  iii.iiiy  piincipal  valleys  of  tlii^  inoviiii'i',  iilimi;;^ 


vliu'li  iiiav  lie  iiK'iitiiiiu'd  tliosc  of  I.as  N'ai 


.Mi 


Zacalcpc 


dXili 


]n  tliiso  dcsi'iijilioiis  tilt'  iiutlior  deals  with  all  matters  of  intiTi  st  cmiiu'.  i.  d 

n  piiiics.     'J'iii!  scvciiti'cntli  liook  is  (Ii'ViKi  (1 


with  tin;  valleys,  iiielii'  iii! 


to  the  liistoiii 
writers  time. 


qil.y 


if  tl 


Hi  s|iiii 


to  \\ 


tiial  administration  e 
.1 


f  tl 


e.sc  vallevs  in  X\m 


ristain  the  tiist\olinne  was  sent  to  Spain  to 


lie  ]irinted,  hut  notiiiii,!,'  nunc  is  known  of  it.     I'lienti  s  y  ( lii/iiian  wa.-*  li 
Antigua  (Juatcniala,  his  family  IniiiL;  di'-iceiided  frmii  I'einai  IHaz.     .Iiiarns 
Btatei  tliat  he  wntte  i;i  1(1'.).").   (.'ual.  (-.iX.  Jjoiidon,  lSj;i),  ;{()!>.     He  hud  at  his 


coiiiniani 


1  all 


ir''i- iiiiiiiliei' of  rare  doeuiiifiils,  Imt  did  not  niiikc  siieli 


t!ui 


II  as  an  unlna^s "d  i  liriinieler  won 


lid 


liavi!  iloiie, 


li 


coianicror.'s  was  too  irfcat  to  ;,diiiit  of  his  laakiiiLC  mention  of  the  eniellie.i 


is  adiiiiration 
f  th 


use  it 
of  t!>u 


whieli  I  111  h  d'lciinii  Ills  must  liav 


e  exposei 


indiih 
that 


(1.     T 


e  in  iiiveetivea;;aiiistLas{'a.'-as.    Such 


lie  same  IreliiiL,'  nr.t;ed  liiiii  to 


[IS  re.' 


in 


1st 


le  eoii(|iiest,  he  coil 


d  nut  hi 


weie  his  lirejuil lees  111  tills  res])' 


deled  ii  relialile  histoiiiii 


wci'v'  tin  re  no  other  evideiiec  of  his   inaeeiiraeii  s;  but  when   [   liiidtli.it  iii 
mu'iy  instances  his  narrative  is  at  variance  with  that  ;.'iven  in  Alvarado'.'ioM  u 


letters,  the  ne,'es-,itv 


if 


iviii','  his  stati  iiients  with  additional  caiili 


ipparent.     Drassenide  I'ourlxiur),'  is,  ]ierlia|is,  extreme  in  sayi 


1 


,e  liieli- 


8()iu;e  ([Ui  re^iie  eontiniielli  iiient  i 
iv.  (i.ld;  hut'  this  latter  anlln 


lea  ri  tits  de   I'lieiitcs.'  Ili'l.  Xnl.  (' 


ir  was  as  ready  to  accept  Indian  ver- ions  if 
«'\ents,  as  the  other  was  dis]iosed  to  iitiiore  them.  The  style  of  l''uciiti's, 
tli"!i,"!i  not  v.antiii"  in  elegance  iuul  descriptive  power,  often  becomes  ilowery 
anil  somctinicj  iulli^ted. 


,    i 


CHAPTER    V. 

SUTJUOATIOX  OF  ZACATKPEC.   AND  CAPTUnE  OF  SINACAM'S 

STllOXGIIOLD. 

1527-lo28. 

PrEiiTorAnuEKo  is-  CiiAur.E  op  Affaiiss— ]{evoi.t  at  Zacatepf.c— rscAi-K 
OF  Tin:  Si'\M<ri  (Iakiuson  The  1'i.aci;  Kecaitiiiki)— Kxicirios  of 
Tiir.  llii;ii  I'lai.sT  I'an..  .  .  ;  i— SiNACiM's  Sti;(im:iioi.ii-  Its  Sn;(.E  am> 
CArTn;E— .I(ii;i;i;  he  Aevaiiado  Aitoimeu  (iuvEUNoii— The  Ciiy  ok 
Santia<;(»  Till.  I)  i.N  THE  Almolonga  Valley — Puospekitv  of  the 
New  .Setileme.nt. 


Or  tlH3  two  liouteimnt-^j^ovcrnors  nppointrd  I)y 
Alvanulo  oil  liis  <l<partur«^'  tVoiii  Oliutcprc,  l^iicilo- 
caric.To  was  the  one  in  wljoiii  lio  luul  most  icliaiic*'. 
The  al'illty  wliit'li  lie  liad  displayed  as  a  soldier  ai:d 
a  iiin-^istrato  fully  justified  this  conlideiiee.  A  ixar 
relative  to  Alvarado,  he  was  second  only  to  that  nji cat 
('a])taiii  in  vahtr  and  military  skill;  and  the  most  im- 
])(ii  taut  posts  in  the  field  were  usually  assigned  to  him, 
whili'  the  fact  that  he  was  elected  a  re_i>-idort»rtlie  fir;  t 
caltildo,  and  Idled  that  office  by  re-a)»j)ointment  till 
his  promotion  to  the  rank  of  alcalde  and  lieutenant- 
j^overiior,  is  evidence  of  his  capacity  for  u'ovcnnuciit. 
]n  character  he  was  in  one  respect  too  like  his  cnm- 
niauder,  heini^  severe  and  ruthless  in  his  treatment,  of 
tliu  natives/  His  hi/4'h  breediiiL;'  was  displayed  by  a 
line  de])ortment  and  courteous  mien,  while  as  a  coni- 
}iaiii()n  he  could  be  either  most  charminL,^  or  c\i'ev,(lini^ 

'  III  a  memorial  of  Mexicans  and  Tliiscaltcoa  prtitioiiitiL^  the  kiiiix  of  S|iaiu 
fur  •!  ilit's.i  <.f  ju'i'icviuiccs,  tiny  s:ii(l,   'A'ciiiiiuis  a  foiKHiistar  «?.|.i  jirDV"-  l>iij.» 
tl  yii'^o   i>fs,a(|<j  (1(1  Ad"-  Alviir.'iild,   i   l)u-  r*'-   l'ii('rt(;c;;iicr<i; '  and    a/niii: 
i  iii,di».s  tiat<^''(lo  los  Ks])H-  (|e-  idinic;  ihui  i  iiiutarou  ii;*-  dc  iios^- '  Manorial, 


15  Mar/o  l.'i47;  Sqtuir'tt  MSiS.,  .wii.  tl 


(67) 


S3 


SURIUGATION  OF  ZACATHrEC. 


<lisaijfrocal)lo;  li is  flashes  of  wit  and  humor  were  as 
iinicli  cnjoyodas  the  lash  of  liis  sarcasm  was  dreaded. 

With  the  assistance  of  his  colleague  Hernan  Cai'iillo, 
he  l)e<r;in  viijforously  to  establish  order  throuq-hout  the 
j>r(>vince.  J  lis  first  care  was  to  carry  out  the  instruc- 
titms  (»f  Alvarado  relative  to  the  suppression  of  a 
ri-V(»lt  in  the  town  of  Zacateitec,  news  of  which  had 
ani  ved  hef  )re  the  captain  jL»'ener;d's  dej)arture.  Though 
ji  portion  of  the  natives  of  the  Zacatepcc  province  had 
ji lined  in  liio  general  insurrection,  the  garrison  sta- 
ti(;ned  in  the  town  itself  had  hitherto  been  able  to 
ovt  rawe  the  inhabitants;  but  toward  the  end  of  August 
IfylC),  incited  by  their  high  priest,  named  Panaguali, 
one  inspired  by  the  presiding  genius  of  the  nation, 
they  suddenly  rose  upon  the  Spaniards.  Threats  of 
the  dis}»leasurc  of  their  god  Camanelon  outweighed 
with  them  even  the  dread  of  their  conquerors;  and  the 
chl(>f  priest,  taking  advantage  of  a  violent  earthquake 
which  occurred  a  short  time  before,  so  wrought  upon 
the  IVars  of  his  countrymen  that  he  prevailed  on  them 
to  r.ttenipt  the  extermination  of  the  foreigners.  Tho 
gnrrison  barely  escapetl  a  general  massacre,  being  coni- 
jK'lied  to  make  their  escape  from  the  town  by  cutting 
their  way  through  a  dense  crowd  of  assailants,  v.lio 
jillacked  thenj  one  evening  about  sunset.  In  the 
struggle  one  of  their  number,  together  with  three  of 
the  Tlascaltecs,  were  captured  and  sacrificed.  Xe\t 
d;»y  the  fugitives  were  joined  by  one  hundred  frientlly 
Ziicntc^pecs,  and  by  rapid  marches  reached  Olintepi^c 
the  .'5 1st  of  August.- 

At  dayltrep.k  on  the  following  morning  Puertocar- 
rero  marched  against  the  insurgents.  His  force  con- 
sisted of  sixty  horse,  eighty  arquebusiers,  five  hundred 
and  fifty  'J'lascaltecs  and  JNEexicans,  and  one  hundi'ed 
Zacatepecs.     He   had  also   two  pieces   of   artillery. 

•  FiK'iitcs  snys  tluy  roaclicd  Siiiitifiuo  on  tliis  <lay.  ITc  nlao  states  tluit 
l)ii'L.'(>  lie  Alviiiaili>  WiiH  cfiiitiiiii  iif  till'  f^ai'iiMiii;  Imt  1  think  that  some  othir 
dlhi'ii'  was  tlii'ii  in  cdniniaiid,  as  a  l)it'j;(Mlo  Alvaiailo  was  ivyiilor  of  Santiago 
tliia  same  yiar.     Sec  Anrti/a,  Aclitu,  Aijuiil.  (itint.,  10-18. 


kl.     I 


BEFORE  THE  STRONGHOLD. 


Olf' 


Oil  firriving  witliin  siglit  of  the  town  the  .irmy  on- 
r;iin|)i(l  ill  a  small  valley  two  lengues  iVom  the  village 
ot"  I^Mihil,^  to  rest  and  reconnoitre.  Ilernanclo  do 
Chaves  being  sent  forward  with  the  cavalry  captured 
two  natives,  who  gave  information  that  Ucubil  was 
)K'a('i>al)ly  deposed  and  that  in  Zacatepec  a  ]K)i'tion  of 
tlu'  inhabitants  had  declared  for  the  Spaniards,  and 
1  laving  made  their  escape,  were  scattered  among  the 
lit  igliboi'ing  corn  lands.  Puertocarrero  now  moved 
to  Ucubil,  and  thence  sent  messages  of  encournge- 
iiKiit  to  the  friendiv  natives,  eight  hundred  of  whom 
^lioi'tly  afterward  joined  him.  The  Spanish  army 
now  mustered  iifteen  hundred  and  ninety  men,  and 
vvith  this  ibrce  the  commnnder  was  quite  ready  to 
iiK  (t  tlie  opposing  eight  thousand,  lie  advanced, 
tlicrrtbre,  toward  the  town,  and  when  about  half  a 
1 'ague  distant  sent  messengers  to  offer  jieace  (Mi  condi- 
tion oi'  surrender.  They  were  received  with  disdain, 
and  wlien  others  were  despatched  on  a  similar  errand, 
tluy  were  on  the  point  of  being  seized  and  sacriiiced, 
a:i(l  (^nly  made  their  escape  by  trusting  to  the  speed 
ol'  liicir  horses. 

The  Spaniards  now  took  up  their  position  on 
rising  ground  a  quarter  of  a  league  from  Za-^atepec. 
Tlicro  tluy  were  almost  immediately  assaili'd  by  a 
body  of  two  thousand  natives  who,  issuing  from  a 
iKighl)()ring  wood,  attacked  them  briskly,  but  after 
a  brief  struggle  were  forced  to  retire.  JOarly  next 
ii!(>niing  three  thousand  warriors,  advancing  from  the 
i!ii' '(lion  of  the  town,  came  down  upon  them,  taking 
good  aim  with  poisoned  arrows,  wliil(!  the  lire  of  the 
artUK'ljUsii'i's  was  for  some  time  I'cnderi'd  almost  harm- 
I'ss  by  a  strong  brc>eze,  which  (lro\'e  tlie  sinoki;  into 
tluir  eyes,  l^atcr  their  weapons  were  used  with 
1!!  :re  elfect,  and  the  Indians  began  to  retire  with 
1  .-s.  wlureupon  tlie  S|>aiiiards  incautiously  advanced, 
1  lie!  eby  suifering  defeat;  for  when  the  Spanish  Ibrces 


' '  (i>ue  lioy  uo  so  cncitcntra  cl  iiicnor  vusti^'io  ilc il.'  Juanos,  Gii"t.,  ii.  'JOT. 


!i 


■'ii.  \ 


SO 


SUlilUGATlON  01'  ZACATr,ri:c. 


were  in  tlie  center  of  the  plain,  llio  dctaclnnent  fr<>m 
the  town,  siuldonlv  \vhoL'lin<''  round,  attac];c(l  Ihciu 
in  IVont,  wliilo  tliose  who  remained  uiulcr  eovcr  of 
the  woods  as.sailed  their  rear.  Pucrtf.'earrero  was 
(•onii)Llled  to  wilhih'aw  from  tlic  field  with  all  pos.sihic 
liaste;  but  this  could  only  be  done  by  traversing-  l';o 
greater  poi'lion  of  the  plain,  and  was  attcndtd  wilh 
j4'reat  loss,  tlie  troops  becoming  entangled  during  tlio 
hottest  i)art  of  the  engagement,  in.  eanebiala's  and 
cree[)ers.  At  length  the  retreating  army  reached  a 
.secure  position  between  two  converging  eminences, 
and  here  the  conllict  ceased  for  the  ninht. 


i)n  the   follov.ing   day   the    Spanish    connna.n 


I  .I'i 


drawing  up  liis  infantry  in  a  hollow  square  witli  tlie 
artilleiy  in  front  and  the  cavalry  on  tlie  v.ings,  gave 
the  enemy  battle  on  the  })lain.  His  lines  v. ere  too 
strong  to  be  broken  by  the  Zacatepec  warriors  v.ho 
rushed  in  a  dense  mass  to  the  attack,  l)ut  were  driven 
bade  bv  a  well  directed  fire  of  artillery  and  sn;;  11 
arms.  Forming  into  two  columns,  they  next  assailed 
both  wings  simultaneouslv,  but  with  no  Ijetter  su<c«  .-s. 
A''ain  massing  themselves  in  a  sin<>le  i)halaiix,  th'-v 
made^  a  furious  attack  on   tlie  right  of  the   S[>:uii.  h 


arnr 
A^oli( 


Jii' 


;tru<>-!>'l 
^Ih 


e   was    ionu' 


1< 


l)Ut 


not     doll 


bu'td. 


(y  ain'r  v<;lley  mowed  down  their  ranks  lu  ire.t, 
while  tJK'  h(<rsemen  charged  rej)eate(lly  on  cilli^r 
Hank.  At  length  they  took  to  ilight  and  v.ere  prr- 
Kued  to  the  entrance  of  the  town,  where  Panagiia'.i 
and  two  other  juiests  with  eight  of  the  idiiuijal 
caci([ue8  were  made  prisoners. 

The  camisaign  was  now  at  an  end.  ruertocancio, 
aware.'  that  the  loss  ol'  their  [)i'i(>sts  and  tht'ir  ehi  f- 
taiiis  would  assure  llie  submission  of  the  rebels, 
retired  to  UeuMl, whence  one  of  the  captive's  was  seut 
to  the  town  with  a  iinal  summons  to  allegiance,  and 
with  strie't  injunctie)ns  to  return  as  soon  as  ])e)ssil;le. 
A  submissive  rej)ly  was  returned,  and  on  the  i'ouiih 
day  after  the  battle  the  Spaniards  e'litered  the  tovsii 


wi 


thall 


necessary  precautie>ns  against  attac 


lb 


iVIliiT 


EXECUTION  OF  TAX  AG  U  ALL 


01 


(xcupicd  the  iLjuard-liousc  and  ])ul)lic'  square,  rucito- 
(  ain.'ii)  onlcrcd  the  caciques  and  other  lending  men  to 
;qi]H'ar  belore  liini,  to  witness  the  closing  t.^eene  of  tlio 
rcvi  It.  The  Spaniards  were  marshalled  in  the  j>la::a, 
and  J*anngnali  was  placed  on  trial  in  the  presence  of 
jiis  (!i]ii(K'd  ijcople,  as  being  tlie  promoter  of  the 
iu^inrection.  All  that  tlie  poor  wretch  could  nr;:;('  in 
Jiis  defence  was  that  lie  had  acted  in  obedience  to  llie 
orders  of  his  god;  but  Camanelon  had  now  no  jiov.cr 


'■'t*'  1 


c 


cJ 


(JrATl'..MAIA. 

to  save.  As  a  matter  of  com^se  tlie  higli  ])l•ie^;t  v.as 
condemned  todeat!i,and  innnedi;it.'ly  exeeuted  in.  f;i!l 
N  !;'W  of  the  awe-stricken  niUives  \\ho  but  now  had  ci^n- 
ii<!(iitly  ]ioj)cd  t<j  ca})ture  the  S[)aniards  Inr  sacriiicc.* 

W^<>y,,'(.^  //  (,'ir.ii:(iii,  Hn'Oiihuinn.  I'/oii'ltt,  MS.,  4-1'J;  Jifarron,  dun'.,  ii. 
'2fi7-;:(lO.  Mniiy  fiiniilu-i  nre  tli'sccinlc  d  from  .'■'iiaiiiiinls  wlio  <listin;^ui;-lir:l 
l!iriii<(  IvoM  ia  this  riiiiiii;ii'.:ii.  lliirti  Inn.i'  I'ctcir.i,  i<\w  of  llu'  i;iiil;i:ii;-,  li  f b 
iif.i.ii  runs  (ksi'i'i'.claiit.i  lirsidcM  (Iiono  lii.'iriiiL;  liis  fjiiiiily  iiiiiiif.  His  tliiii' htir 
'|ll■l^:l  iiijiviicd  Di'i'iiiil  lliaz,  fioiii  \\liiiiil  iii'o  iksixiniiil  the  (';i;tiiUn,  tlio 
fjii.iiy  of  i'uLUtos  y  (.lU/Jiiaii,  uinl  otlii'is,    CJuj^iiur  du  1'  )luucu,  uiiutJiur  ollicrr 


92 


SUEJUGATION  OF  ZACATEPEC. 


The  suppression  of  the  Zacatepcc  rcbcllioiri  bciii^ 
completed  Alvarado's  lieutenant^  next  turned  his 
attention  to  the  stronjxhold  of  Sinacam.  This  fortress, 
hunt  of  stone  and  lime,  was  situated  in  an  almost  in- 
accessible position  in  the  Comalapa  mountains,"  In 
the  fastnesses  of  this  range,  seamed  with  gloomy 
canons,  numbers  of  the  Cakchiquels  had  taken  rel'uge. 
Far  down  in  the  sierra  is  a  precipitous  ravine  thiough 
Vvhich  flows  the  Hio  Nimaya."  The  stream  when  it 
reaches  the  valley  below  is  of  great  depth,  abounds 
in  fish,  and  is  fringed  in  places  with  beautiful  glades 
and  stretches  of  fertile  land,  which  can  be  ap[)roached 
only  by  difficult  and  dangerous  paths.'*  Here  Sina- 
cam's  followers  planted  and  gathered  their  maize  in 
safety,  while  river  and  forest  supplied  them  with  ad- 
ditional food.  No  better  place  for  a  stronghold  could 
have  been  selected  than  that  to  which  the  chief  of  tho 
Cakchiquels  had  withdrawn  the  renmant  of  his  onco 
jjowerful  nation.® 

At  the  head  of  a  numerous  and  well  appointed 

vlio  later  took  (i  prominent  part  in  the  conquest  of  Cnpan,  is  represented  in 
tlic  female  line  l>y  tlie  family  (>f  tlic  Villaoicees  Cuelja  y  (Suznian.  I'loni 
iSaiK'lio  do  I'afaolia,  who  lilled  tho  otiiccs  of  procurator,  syndic,  Jiiid  (irdiiiary 
ahalile,  arc  discended  the  Baraona  de  Loaisa.  The  cavalry  oliiccv  llcniaudo 
do  C'liaves  Avaa  ever  placed  in  eoniniand  when  dangerous  enterprises  were  to 
lie  inidcrtaUen.  His  daughter  Dona  Catarina  ile  Chaves  y  Van.'as  r.iarrieil 
Itodrigo  do  Fuentcs  y  Guzman,  and  a  second  one  was  wedded  to  I'edro  do 
Aguilar.  Jiiarro,<,  Giitif.,  i.  lU!)-.")!. 

^Vazquez  connnits  a  twof(dd  error  in  stating  that  Alvarndo  not  oidy 
conducted  the  campai^'n  aliout  to  l)e  narrated,  hut  on  his  arrival  at  Olin- 
tiqiec  united  his  forces  with  those  stationed  tlure,  and  marched  a^'ainst 
ratiuainit,  which  lie  took  afterasciicsof  cngagenu  nts,  ami  then  went  in  pur- 
suit of  the  caciques  who  h;;d  escaped.  Chroiiicn  drtira/.,  7--.5.  This  is  utterly 
at  variance  witli  the  account  given  by  liernal  Diaz,  who  tiMik  part  in  tiie  eai.i- 
]  ai;rn.  Nor  did  Alvarado  after  his  arrival  at  Olintepee  undc^rtake  any  furtiu  r 
<)))erations  before  his  departure  for  Mexico,  according  to  tlii.s  latter  authority, 
v.Jio  says:  "y  estuvinios  descansando  ciertos  dias'  (that  is  at  Olintepee),  'y 
luetro  fnimos  a  Soeonuseo.'  J/inf.  Vir<la<(.,  "J'JO. 

••(Called  by  ^'az(JUez  tho  Xinianche,  a.  word  meaning  'great  tree.' and 
deiived  fi'oni  the  enormous  cedars  which  grew  in  tho  ravines.  The  ran;,'o  is 
situated  about  light  leagues  from  Comalaiia  nml  ten  to  the  east  of  Tecpan 
Guatemala,  near  the  site  of  lluyaalxot.  i'hrovtca  dc  (,'rtil.,  70-71. 

''I'assa  el  rio  grande,  q  so  dize  Ximnija,  por  sus  muchas  aguas.'  ftl. 

•"For  an  account  of  a  priests  descent  into  this;  ravine  see  \'az(|Uoz.   f<>. 

T-rasiieur  de  llourbourg  states  that  this  furtilication  had  been  previously 
built,  'dans  la  i)ri''vision  d'une  guerre  nvec  lesQuiclies.'and  adds  thataceord- 
ing  to  ])ublie  rumor  subterranean  pss.sages  connected  it  with  ralinamit.  J/irl. 
Nat.  Civ,,  iv.  (J'.Kt-4.     Vazquez,  on  the  contrary,  says  that  the  (JuielK's  aided 


SrcCE  OF  THE  STRONGHOLD. 


81 


force'"  Pucrtocarrcro  took  up  a  suitable  position  be- 
j'oio  it,"  and  lor  two  months  prosecuted  the  siei^e  in 
vain.  Duriu'i^  this  time  ho  made  lVe<juent  overtures 
of  peace,  which  were  answered  only  with  conteni})t," 
vliile  his  men,  smarting  under  the  taunts  of  the  foe, 
who  felt  secure  in  his  position  and  had  no  fear  of 
hnnn'or,  were  repulsed  at  every  attack,  rocks  and 
trunks  of  trees  being  hurled  down  on  them  from  the 
overhanging  heights.  Meanwhile  they  were  harassed 
1)V  rei)eatcd  sorties  from  the  natives,  who,  whenever 
tluy  perceived  any  want  of  vigilance  in  the  camp  of 
the  S])aniards,  swept  down  from  the  mountains  with 
inconceivable  rapidity,  fell  upon  the  weakest  point  of 
their  lines,  and  as  quickly  regained  the  shelter  of  their 
strongh<;l(l.''^ 

But  failure  only  roused  the  Spaniards  to  more  de- 
termined effort.  There  were  anKmtir  them  many  v.ho 
had  taken  part  in  the  storming  of  Mexico,  and  had 
fiught  under  Alvarado  at  Patinamit.  The  mettle 
v['  the  adelantado's  veterans  had  been  tested  on  many 
a  doubtful  tield,  and  they  were  now  about  to  give  fresh 
evidence  of  their  valor.  It  may  be  that  a  traitor  re- 
vealed t(^  the  besiegers  some  secret  path,"  or  even 
seived  as   guide;  but  the  storming   of  the    fortrt-ss 

ill  its  cri'L'tioii  in  order  to  provide  a  safe  retreat  in  ease  of  lieiiir;  defeated  liy 
tlic  Spuiiianls.    Ita  ruins  vero  still  to  be  sceu  in  the  lime  of  Juurrus.  (•intl., 


'"  Aceoi'ding  to  luicntrs  it  consisted  of  CIT)  Spanish  ur'uiebufivrs  and  croM- 
Ijiiwiiicn,  lOSliorenien,  l_'0'.'"'  isralUf-a,  and  'JIJi)  Mexicans,  wilh  four  piecca  of 
arlillciy,  under  Dietro  do  17:  Ihcordin'iim  r/oii/fi,  ii.  5S(j.     liia  seur('o 

]!«jurliinirg  .sny;j  llie  .inny  was  c  >;npu.sed  of  '2(10  Sianish  veleriUis  juul  iiuniir- 
oii  1  Mrxiian,  'i  hiseidUe,  ZuUi.i.'il,  and  (,>uiclii''  auxiliaries.  \'a;'i|iie/.  I'iim(iv.(  d 
liy  K.se.nnilla  asserts  tlint  tile  nundicr  o;  Spaniards  seareely  anmunied  to  "JOO 
men.  ('hroiiirinlr  Crat..",-!. 

"  .\t  a  p!aee  ealkd  Cliixot  neeordinc;  to  the  CaUehiquel  manuscvijit.  I'ran- 
M  iM  de  lii.urhour;,'  lias  a  n'jte  to  the  eflbet  that  thi.-i  must  lie  the  Kaiiio  as  the 
l!i'.\a;i'xi)t  of  A'azipiez,  as  the  etyniulojry  of  this  latter  name  eoiirsionra 
vitli  liw't  of  the  Mexican  word  ('(iinalapa,  wliieli  he  lielieves  to  lia\e  litii 
attei'ward  founded  on  the  spot.  Va/(piez  s.'iys  the  Spaniard.-i  took  up  tlu  ir 
•  martoiM  so  eloae  to  tiie  mountain  that  they  \vero  hardly  safe  Ironi  the  roeka 
rulKd  down  upon  them.   Chroiiiratic  (I'fi/.,  73. 

'-MiKUTos  .states  that  the  emissarie.^  were  put  to  death.  Gxnf.,  i.  '2.")3. 

'•'  'I'.llos  ecnio  moiios  se  deseol,C'ah;in  lia.stadunde  (pieriaii,  subian,  eoiiiopor 
viia  ese:iKra  liien  ordenada.  iior  anu<  llos  ri.scos. .  .v  datido  bustautes  euydadoH 


d  e\i  ivito  jv-paiicl.'    \'<r.'jii(:,  ( 'hfonh'tt  i/i-  <.'ra^,'73. 
"lirasseiir  de  Dourbourg  i.s  ol  tiiis  opiniou. 


i  '   l| 


04 


SUBJUGATION  OF  ZACATEPEC. 


^vas  none  the  less  a  tlcsperatc  undertaking.  Its  fate 
was  sealed  however.  Puertocarrero  divided  his  forces 
into  four  bodies  and  stationed  them  at  the  most  favor- 
able points;  but  before  orderinfj  the  assault  sent  in  his 
last  Hunnnons  to  surrender.  The  niesscn,c,^ers  wIkj  bore 
the  letter  to  Sinacain  narrowly  escaped  death.  On 
receiving  it  the  chieftain  tore  the  paper  to  shreds,  and 
throwing  the  pieces  on  the  ground  with  many  expres- 
sions of  scorn  and  contempt  ordered  the  envoys  to  be 
put  to  death.  At  this  moment,  however,  the  attack 
Avas  made.  Puertocarrei-o  who  had  observed  all  that 
was  transpiring  suddenly  advanced  his  men.  The 
ramparts  were  scaled,  and  a  foothold  won  witliin  the 
fortilications.  No  hope  now  for  tJic  garrison;  the 
struggle  which  followed  was  severe  but  hnvW  The 
discolored  ground  was  soon  heaped  with  the  dead  and 
dying,  on  whose  prostrate  forms  the  triumphant  S[)an- 
iards  trampled  as  they  pressed  on  in  pursuit  of  the 
panic-stricken  natives.  Sinacam  and  Sequechul,  to- 
gether with  a  lari^er  number  of  their  followers,  were 
captured,  and  few  of  those  who  survived  the  massacre 
uiade  good  their  escape  to  the  mountains.^^ 

'^  Braspcur  dc  Bonrboiirg  states  tlmt  Sinacam  escaped  by  one  of  tlic  stihtcr- 
rniicaii  iias.-a'rcs  Ixforo  iiiciiLioned,  and  alter  liviiii,'  a  wretched  life  for  several 
yearn,  waiideriiif,'  about  the  iiiountnins,  surrendered  to  Alvarado  in  b")!iO. 
JJif^t.  K<il.  dr.,  ()!)."- 70'2.  Vaz(inez  has  copied  an  act  of  the  eabildo  dated 
May  10,  l."10,  in  whieli  Alvando  is  re(iuestcd  cither  to  take  Sinacam  and 
Seijricehul  \\  illi  him  en  his  ]M'opo:;ed  voya[;e  to  the  Spiee  Islands  on  account 
cf  tiieir  rebellious  proelivitiers,  or  to  execute  them.  Alvarailo  repli(>d  that 
ho  \V(  uld  do  what  was  most  cfiuvcnient.  As  a  matter  of  fact  Sinacam  died 
in  .Jalisco  before  the  sailin,'  of  the  licit.  Vazrjucz  is  of  opinion  that  as  they 
weio  not  jiut  to  death  in  the  heat  of  the  moment,  Alvarado  would  not  be 
likely  to  e.N(  cute  thiui  at  the  insti^-ation  of  the  eabildo.  Chroiiicn  iledrnt., 
">0-'2.  Tlu'  autlior  of  the  ls:igoge  ylatcs  that  they  lingered  in  ])rison  for  \\ 
years,  that  they  were  i)ut  on  board  tiie  ileet,  and  probably  perished  durinj^ 
the  voyc'.e,  as  nothin,'^'  more  is  known  of  them.  I'daiz,  Mvin.  lluul.,  i.  77. 
Brassi  ur  de  ]>i  urbouri^'s  account  of  the  fate  of  these  jirinecs  is  that  Sinacam 
dieil  in  l,";',;!,  v.hile  Scijiieehul  was  jjut  on  board  the  Ileet  and  peiislu d  miser- 
ably oil'  tlie  eoai  t  of  .lalisco.  //i.-V.  Sat.  Cir.,  iv.  700,  800-1.  Fucntes  gives 
Ro  dili'en  111  an  .■'.(■c(;unt  to  that  of  \'ai'que/  relative  to  the  capture  of  the  stron;,'- 
l!"ld,  tliat,  a.s.luarros  remarks,  every  one  would  sup]iose  it  to  be  the  narra- 
tion of  an  entirely  distinct  (  vent,  dual.,  ii.  ."O'J-.").  The  capture  of  Sinacam 
v,;;s  yearly  cehbnited  by  'the  festival  of  the  volcano,'  at  which  a  mimic 
represcnlation  of  the  event  ^\aH  perfoinicd.  In  the  ^'reat  pla/a  of  (luabniala 
an  artillrial  namnd  was  thrown  up  and  covered  v.ii..  branches  of  trees  and 
roek  •.  in  imitalioii  of  a  mc^untain,  and  on  the  top  a  miniature  castle  was  bailt. 
liere  the  governor  of  Jocutcnanyo  stationed  himself  w  ith  the  principal  men 


1 


'■j 


A 


JORGE  DE  ALVARADO. 


95 


s  fato 
loi'cus 
favor- 
in  his 
Kj  bore 
I.     Oil 
hi,  and 
3\pres- 
s  to  bo 
attack 
ill  that 
.     The 
lin  the 
in;    the 
•      The 
•ad  and 
t  Span- 
of  the 
hill,  to- 
•s,  ^vcl•c 
lassacro 


Tlio  storming  of  tlic  Cakchiquol  stroni^diold  oc- 
rmrt'd  on  8aint  Cecilia's  day,  the  'J'Jd  of  Xovoniber 
]j2C},  and  loni^  afterward  the  event  was  yearly  cole- 
lualcd  by  an  imposing  procession.  On  the  annivcr- 
saiv  of  the  saint  and  on  the  eve  })roceding,  the 
standard-bearer  dis[>layed  the  royal  colors  in  the 
presence  of  the  pn.-sident,  the  ro^'al  andiencia,  the 
i:iiiiii(i]iality,  and  nobles,  while  the  j\[cxicans  and 
Tl  '■^'•ahecs,  who  had  contributed  to  the  victory  in  no 
small  di'gree,  joined  in  the  procession,  decked  in 
bright  colors  and  aruicd  with  the  weapons  of  their 
ancestors. 

Tn  tlie  month  of  March  1527,  a  new  governor  arrived 
ill  (Guatemala  in  the  person  of  Jorge  de  Alvarado,'" 
brother  of  the  great  concpieror,  and  a  man  gifted  v.ith 
abilities  of  no  conmion  order.  ][»'  had  already  won 
repute  in  the  conquest  of  JMexico,  and  had  taken  a 
])ioniinent  ]iart  in  the  political  dissensions  which 
(iccurred  in  the  capital  during  the  absence  of  Cortes 
ill  Honduras.  During  the  military  operations  in 
(liiatemala,  more  es[)ecially  in  the  iirst  canijtaign  in 
S.ilvador,  he  had  proved  himself  possessed  of  true 
sdldierly  qualities.  The  ])re{'erment  was  bestowed  on 
liini  by  the  governor  of  JMexico,  and  that  he  should 
have  been  [)ei-mitted  to  supersede  Puertocarrero  was 
jddbably  due  to  his  brother's  favor  and  to  the  friend- 
s'li})  of  Cortes.  Nevertheless  he  was  a  man  eminently 
lilted  to  rule.  His  appointment  was  at  once  recog- 
nized by  the  cabildo,  and  he  was  requested  iuunedi;itoly 
to  take  the  oath  of  ollice. 


of  liis  vill.iL'c.  lie  roprcFontcd  Siniicam,  nud  in  so  lii'ih  estocm  wna  this 
]iri\ilc"c  lii'Iil,  tli:it  ill  lOSt)  the  nilur  of  It/iipa  oll'i'ivil  .")()()  pr-os  tor  tlio 
li.'Iit  of  lu'isonaliii','  tlu!  eliar.icter,  l)Ut  v.as  i'ciiis(<l.  Whm  the  governor 
li;iil  plarcd  hiiiiself  at  his  post,  two  eoinpaiiiea  of  'I'lasealtei's  eoniliiciieoil  tlie 
iiiiiiiii;  i-ie;';e,  and  after  a  hm.i^.  disiihiy  c)f  prowess  on  i)uth  siiles,  the  asi-ailants 
storiui il  the  hciu'Iit  ami  eaptiire<l  Sinacani,  who  was  KeeurcJ  with  a  chain  and 
(li  liv'ivd  prisoner  to  the  presicU-nt.   77.,  liill-:!,  note. 

'■  Ihniesal  infers  that  lie  was  in  (inateniahi  on  the  'J(!th  of  Ansjtist  l.VJd, 
//('-/.  C/iii'ijiii,  8;  tliou,!,'h  we  know  that  lie  was  at  that  dati'  a,  re;;idor  of  tho 
lity  of  Mixico,  Consult  Libro  de  Cabildo,  MS.,  lo-;  and  laabukda,  Cut, 
JM:,  ii.  o47. 


! 


r 


III 


n 


5 


'f    ! 


Pri 


06  SUIUUGATIOX  OF  ZACATEPEC. 

Soon  after  liis  arrival  tlic  rabiklo  mot  to  discuss  a 
matter  of  general  interest,  wliicli  had  loni^  engaged 
the  attention  of  the  colonists.  This  was  the  selection 
of  a  permanent  site  for  their  hitherto  unstable  city. 
Tlie  choice  lay  between  the  valley's  of  Almolonga  and 
Tianguecillo,*'  and  after  a  long  and  wordy  discussion 
the  question  was  decided  in  favor  of  the  former  locality. 
A  spot  was  chosen  wdiich  had  the  advantages  of  a 
cool  and  healthful  climate,  a  plentiful  supply  of  wood, 
water,  and  jiasture,  and  where  the  slope  of  the  ground 
would  allow  the  streets  to  be  cleansed  by  the  periodi- 
cal rains.  The  governor  then  presented  to  the  nnuii- 
cipality  a  document,  signed  by  hiis  own  hand,  conveying 
his  instructions  as  to  the  laying-out  of  the  future 
city.  The  streets  were  to  intersect  at  right  angles, 
th(nr  direction  corresponding  with  the  cardinal  }»oints 
of  the  comi)ass;  space  was  to  be  reserved  for  a  plaza; 
and  ground  adjoiiiing  the  public  square  was  set  a})art 
for  the  erection  (jf  a  church  to  be  dedicated  to  Santiag-o, 
who  was  chosen  as  the  patron  saint  of  the  city  whicli 
was  henceforth  to  bear  his  name,  and  whose  heart  was 
to  be  gladdened  in  after  years,  when  the  day  of  his 
anniversary  recurred,  by  religious  ceremonies  and 
festivities,  by  tilting,  and  by  bull-fights  whenever  a 
sup[)ly  of  bulls  could  be  procured. ^^     Locations  were 

"  The  session  was  hold  in  the  vnllry  of  Almolonga,  nnd  it  ia  sifrnificant 
that  this  is  the  Ih'st  mectiii;,'  mentioned  in  the  hooka  of  the  ".'iibiklo  as  beini; 
hehl  tiicre.  Of  tiie  instalility  of  this  so-calletl  city  there  is  isuiiieient  proof. 
Sancho  do  Baraliona,  in  argnin;,'  against  the  payment  of  tithes,  says:  '  Lo  otro 
dij^i),  qne  par.'i  yo  pau'ai"  los  diohos  diczmos. .  .hahia  do  liaher  ))n(l)lo  funthido, 
<h)niIo  lo.'jespai'ioli's  tiivii'stn  pohhieion  i^entatla.'  An-v  do,  AcUu  Aiituif.  Html., 
127.  Tlio  valley  of  Tian,i,'necillo  or  Tiunguez  was  the  same  as  the  present  L'hi- 
nialtenango.  Jtturros,  1,'iial.,  ii.  ;i04. 

''■^Jlemesal  states  that  in  iluly  loIiO  the  cahildo  ordered  one  Imll  to  lio 
bonght  for  '-!.")  p(-si)s  dc  oro,  a  priee  which  indicates  the  scarcity  of  cattle  at 
that  date.  In  \i'>4'.\  six  were  ])iirchased.  Hist.  Cliii<ipo,  "JT.  This  author  is  of 
opiiuon  that  Santiago  was  dioscn  as  the  ))atron  .saint  only  because  of  lire 
devotion  of  the  Spaniards  to  that  a)iostle.  Id.,  4.  Fnentes  gives  as  the  reason 
that  the  Spanish  army  entered  the  Cakchiiinel  capital  on  his  anniversary  day, 
and  states  that  he  personally  took  their  city  under  his  protection,  by  ap]icar- 
ing  on  horseback  with  sword  in  hand  at  the  heatl  of  the  army,  while  niaich- 
ing  along  the  valley  of  Tanchoy.  Jtmrnin,  Climt.,  ii.  '2''^.  For  further 
opinions  and  infoiniation  on  this  subject  consult  VajjHiz,  Chroiika  dc  Grctl., 
74-,");  llemeoil.  Hist,  ('/ii/uim,  '20-\;  Jaarros,  tliidl.,  ii.  'J7>")-7;  Escainilta, 
2^'oticiuti  t'liriosaa  dc  Guitl,,  1-;  and  I'clacz,  Mem.  Uuat,  ii.  U-3-7. 


SANTIAGO  FOUNDED. 


w 


cuss  a 
igajjjod 
icctiou 
c  city. 
<^ii  aiul 
mission 
)callty. 
}s  of  a 
f  wood, 

QTOUlld 

jeriodi- 
e  nuuii- 
ivoying 
!  future 
aiiti'los, 
l1  points^ 
a  i)la/-a; 
ct  apart 
autiaf^-o, 
V  Nvliic-li 
cart  was 
y  of  his 
ios   and 
t'licvcr  a 
lis  were 


sijinificant 
ll(»  as  bcin.i; 
: it'll t  proof, 
k:  '  Lo  otio 
lilo  fuiiilatlo, 
L/l(/l^  (''""'•. 
l)reaoiit  Clii- 

hull  to  lio 

jf  c'iittlc  at 

lauvhor  i:i  "f 

liiuao  of  till' 

, tho  ifason 

[•oraary  <l»y. 

liy  aiUKar- 

Ihile  iiiarili- 

V'ov   fuvllur 

[a  ilc  Oral., 

Escaintlla, 


((I  1)1'  assigned  for  a  hospital,  a  chapel  and  shrine,"  and 
a  fortress;  appropriations  adjoining  the  plaza  were  to 
1)0  marked  out  for  the  municipal  and  civic  buildings 
and  for  a  prison;  and  tho  remainder  of  the  site  was 
iluii  to  be  divided  among  present  or  future  citizens 
according  to  the  customs  prevailing  in  New  Spain. 

After  this  document  had  been  publicly  read  and 
entered  by  the  notary  in  the  books  of  the  cabiklo,  all 
i'oiiiialities  were  completed  except  that  of  taking  pos- 
session of  the  future  city  as  though  it  already  existed. 
According  to  the  usual  formality  a  post  was  erected, 
and  the  governor,  placing  his  hand  ujion  it,  ])roclaimed 
with  great  solemnity,  ■'!  take  and  hold  possession,  iu 
ilie  name  of  his  Majesty,  of  the  city  and  province,  and 
o['  all  other  a<ljaccnt  territory." -° 

l''our  days  after  the  completion  of  this  ceremony 
twciity-ibur  persons  enrolled  themselves  as  citizens; 
and  so  prospei'ous,  at  ih'st,  were  the  affairs  of  the  now 
scttknnent  that  within  six  months  one  hundred  and 
fiitv  additional  householders  joined  the  communitv.^' 
During  the  remainder  of  the  year  1527  and  for  many 
iiioiitlis  afterward  the  Spaniards  were  occupied  with 
inuHiei[)al  affairs,  or  busied  themselves  with  the  eree- 

"Tlic  former  roLcivcil  the  name  of  tlio  'hospital  ile  niisorieordia, '  aiul 
t!i''   'hiijic'l  ami   shrine   were  to   bo   dcilicateil   to   Xuostra   Scfior;!   ile   loa 

JirllK'ihoM. 

-'fu  Api-il  l.""28  Santiago  was  made  the  eapital  of  the  province,  Picja, 
Cifhilari".  '2';  and  in  ir)3'2  was  granted  armorial  hearings,  Aviiich  are  thus 
(Icsi  idud  liy  Jtiarros:  'A  shield  cliarged  with  thr-e  mountains  on  a  lielil 
(li;l(:;,  the  eentre  one  vomiting  fire,  and  surmounted  by  tlie  Aj^ostle  St  .lames 
"Ml  liorsebacl;,  armed,  and  brandishing  a  swoi'd;  an  Orle  ^\ilh  eight  siiells; 
Or,  on  ft  liehl,  A;;ure;  erest  a  crown.'  HiKit.  (cd.  Londcm,  IS-_':!|,  lO.'t.  l'"or 
otiicr  descriptinns  see  \'(r./]iif:  Cltroiiicn  ilc  (.1ml..,  .'i7;  and -I /•'(•»//(),  t'ul.  /Joe., 
yiiif'i'j.,  ,">-().  A  lithograph  of  tho  shield  faces  page  live  of  this  last  authority, 
and  a  wood-ent  of  it,  somewliat  difl'crciit,  is  to  be  seen  in  Goir.u/iz  JJurila, 
T<  <t.  A',7(.,-.,  i.  between  pp.  llWaml  1."?!). 

'-'  It  lias  already  been  observed  that  the  names  of  the  same  persons  often 
.•i|ipi'ar  in  iiioie  than  one  list  of  enrolled  citizens.  This  was  done  in  order  to 
(il)tain  new  grants  without  iirejndiec  to  previous  ones.  Citi/ens  were  enrolled 
ill  \'i}~.  'sill  pi'i-juieio  do  las  otras  vecindadcs  antes  rccibidas  en  esta  dielia 
tihil:.i|.'  Arhu  A;iinit.  diiat.,  3l>.  And  again  in  l.o'JS,  'sin  perjuieio  de  las 
vieindades  ipie  sc  iian  licclio  en  esta  eibilad,  despues  de  la,  <iue  so  luiuhi  ea 
<sl;i  ]ir(nineia  en  ticmpo  do  IVdro  do  Alvarado. '  Iil.  4'J.  Keme.sal  says: 
'  Nbi.  hiis  estan  eseritos  dos  vezcs,  porque  no  tuuiernn  jior  suiieientc  para 
a>li|iinir  deiereeho  a  esta  scgunda  vezindad,estaralistado8cu  laprimora.'  Hist. 
Chijaiiii,  ;$!}. 

UisT.  Cent.  Am.    Vol.  II.    7 


!-  ^^ 


!||l|f 


J  I  } 


08 


SUBJUGATION  OF  ZACATEPEC. 


tioM  of  dwellings  and  with  dividing  an<l  putting  under 
cultivation  the  rich  lands  of  the  adjoining  valley. 

In  March  lo28  Jorge  de  Alvarado,  in  virtue  of  the 
authority  granted  to  him  by  the  governor  of  Mexico, 
'•lainied  the  right  to  appoint  new  members  of  the 
municipality.  As  no  valid  objection  could  bo  offeivd 
by  the  cabildo,  the  nominations  Mere  imniediately 
made,  and  eight  regidorcs  were  elected  in  place  of 
four.  Tlic  most  important  measure  adopted  by  the 
new  corporation  during  the  year  was  the  redivision  of 
lands  and  the  adjustment  of  q  .ostions  that  would 
necessarily  arise  from  such  a  change.  The  grants 
were  so  unfairly  distributed  that,  while  many  citizens 
had  far  more  than  their  share,  others  had  none  at  all. 
The  discontent  of  the  latter  made  it  imperative  lor 
the  municipality  to  take  action.  On  the  18th  of 
April  all  previous  regulations  were  revoked  and  all 
divisions  of  land  cancelled.  An  order  was  then  issued 
fi)r  the  redivision  of  the  valley  into  caballerias  and 
peonias,"  and  a  committee  appointed  to  redistribute 
the  grants. 

A  measure  of  this  kind  could  not  fail  to  meet  with 
much  opi)osition,  and  as  will  be  seen  later  the  division 
of  lands  and  the  system  of  repartimientos  caused  mucli 
dissension  among  the  colonists;  yet  in  the  present 
instance  the  cabildo  acted  with  all  j)ossible  discretion 
and  fairness  in  the  matter.  Those  grants  of  land 
which  were  less  fertile,  were  of  greater  extent  than 
the  more  barren  portions;  mun  distinguished  for 
their  services  received  larger  shares  to  correspond 
with  the  degree  of  their  merit;  growing  crops  wero 
the  pro])crty  of  those  in  possession  at  the  time  of 
the   redistribution;   and   if  any  occupant  had  made 

''-The  caballeria  was  the  amount  of  land  granted  to  a  cavalryman,  and  tlie 
peonia  that  bestowed  on  a  foot-soldier,  who  was  termed  'peon.'  The  fortm  r 
received  000  by  1,400  pasns,  or  about  174  acres,  and  the  latter  half  tluit 
quantity.  Ari'valo,  Actus  Ayiiiit.  Gnat.,  48.  llenicsal  states  that  the  calui- 
llcria  was  GOO  by  300  feet,  antl  otherwise  gives  an  account  that  is  not  in  accoi  il 
ance  witii  the  book  of  the  cabildo.  Hist.  C/ii/apa,  ',Vi.  Kvon  the  more  accuratu 
Juarros  is  in  error  in  stating  that  the  graut  to  a  cavuhymau  was  1,000  by 
GOO  pasos.  Oual,,  ii.  341. 


ALMOLONGA  VAIXKY. 


DO 


itnprovorncnts  and  was  removed  to  anotljer  <^rani,  his 
•uccc'ssor  was  rc(iuired  to  make  <jthei*s  of  e<|ual  valiu; 
oil  the  new  land  assiirnod  tt)  him.  ( 'oiiipK-te  tith-- 
(Iceds  were  j)romi.sed  hy  the  ('al)ildo  in  tlie  name  of 
liis  Majesty;'"^  the  eitizens  were  ordered  to  enelosu 
;iiid  keej)  in  good  condition  the  portion  of  the  .street 
»•  piK  sjjonchng  with  their  aHotments;  tlie  exoihitant 
(•li;iiL,'<s  of  artisans  were  regulated;  and  siK'h  was  the 
llnift  of  the  iidiahitants  that  within  little  more  than 
a  year  after  its  foundation  the  town  was  surround('d 
with  eornlields  and  orchards,  and  the  valley  of  Al- 
iiK'loiiga  soon  became  one  (»f  the  most  Hourishing  col- 
onics throughout  the  breadth  of  Central  America. 

"'  As  tln-ac  ffrants  were  considered  as  rewards  for  RorviM-s  rondcrod  to  the 
liini,'  for  ji  pirrioil  «if  live  ycare,  tlie  deeds  vere  eoiiliriiied  iit  a  luter  dute  upou 
till'  holder  provuig  that  he  liad  served  for  that  length  of  time. 


I'l 

• 

ill!:    : 

■  i 

1 

CHAPTER  VI. 

INDIAN  REVOLTS  AND  CIVIL  FACTIONS  IN  GUATEMALA. 

15:21)- 1530. 

Alvarabo  Rktcun's  t(»  Stain — He  is  AunAir.NEn  hkfi.kf.  the  CorNciL 
OF  Tin:  Imuks  -His  Afi^riTTAL-  His  MAiiUiA<;F.— Hi;  liFrriiss  to 
Mkxk'u  His  Tkiai,  hkkoue  the  Acuifncia — FitANCisco  de  OudiSa 
Ai!i;ivF.s  AT  Santiaih) — Anh  Takes  the  Residencia  ofJokoe  de  Ai.- 

VAUAIK)  'I'lIE  ('(tSFKDEUATED  Na'IIONS  IN  ReviUT-  JiaN  1'EKE/  DaU- 
KOS'S  Kxi'i;i)lTlO.\  Til  THE  VaLLEY  (IF  Xl.MAY — 'J'lIE  SPAMAIIDS  AtT\<K 
THE   STIl(tNi;HllI,b   OF    I'SFANTAN — 'I'lIEIK   ItEI'lLSE   AM)   ReTKEA T  — TlIE 

Place    Aitiuwakii   Cai'tiued  iiv  Fuamisco  he  Castf.i.i.asos — The 

ClUirs   OF  CoPAN    UeSIECED  by  HeUNANHO  de  (^IIWES — fiAI.LANT  CoN- 

1)1  (T  i>F  A  Cavalry  Soi.dier-Alvaradds  Retlrn  to  Santiaco — 
Demouauzei)  Condition  of  the  Province. 

Soon  iiftcr  liis  nieotinsx  with  (\n'tt's  in  ^Mexico  Pedro 
(Ic!  Alvariulo  luiuriK'd  to  Spain.  Airiviiiir  eaily  in 
l;VJ7,  lie  soon  leanuid,  as  we  may  well  imagine, 
that  oharij^es  of  a  .serious  nature  were  heini,^  prel'eiiod 
anjfainst  him.  (ionzalo  ^leji'a,  the  colonial  ]»rocurator, 
had  atriised  him  bt^l'on.'  the  India  Council  of  ohtainini; 
wealth  l)v  eml)ez/.lin<jf  the  royal  dues,  and  hv  unfair 
ap|>ro[)riation  of  the  s[)oi  <  of  war.  The  amount  thus 
secured  was  estimated  at  >ne  hundr(^d  thousand  ^lese^. 
^lany  acts  of  injustice  \  re  also  laid  to  his  chai'^c, 
all  of  which  Mejia  attirmt  could  bo  substantiated  by 
docununts  which  he  laid  b.  ore  the  council.  The  resull 
was  that  an  order  was  issi  jd  directing  a  formal  inves- 
tigation to  be  made  both  ni  Madrid  and  New  Spain. 
and  <lirecting  that  his  gold  which  amounted  to  fifteen 
tlntusand  ducats  l)e  seized  as  security  for  anv  tine  in 
which  he  might  be  mulcted.  He  was  required  moii  - 
over  to  appear  at  court,  in  person,  without  delay. 

(100) 


ALVARADO  IN  SPAIN. 


101 


•  COCNCIL 

rruNs  TO 

K  OUI>l  NA 
<iK  1>K  Ai.- 
KUK/.  PAIi- 

IS  Ati'a<k 

iKAf— TUK 
V  SOS— Til  K 
I.ANT  Cos- 
iANTlAlit) — 


)  Podro 
'ally  ill 
liiia|j;inc. 
•cliTrtMl 
Ic-vinitoi', 
)taliun'.!,- 
untaii' 
lint  thus 

(I   jU'SO?-. 

chariL;*', 


Alvanulo  had  now  no  easy  task  Ix-foro  him,  i)ut 
ili(  11'  was  much  in  liis  favor.  His  «x''*^'-'it  renown,  his 
hiiiidsomL'  jtr<'S('nc(','  and  remarkahlo  «onvorsutionai 
|i(iurrs  won  lor  liim  many  t'rionds,  ainonjr  others  tlie 
kiiio-s  secretary,  Franciscoch'  los('ohos,who  jii'rsonally 
interested  liimselt'  in  his  <lefence,  ami  with  such  .sue- 
irss  that  the  coiHjueTor  of  (Juatemala  was  ac()uitt«'(l, 
liis  <fo]d  restored,  and  lie  soon  had  an  -"jiortunitv  to 
jilead  his  own  case  lu'lore  the  emperor. 

Once  in  th(j  I'oyal  presence  the  cavalier  does  not 
lirsitate  to  iiilorm  his  Afaiestv  of  his  manv  doughty 
(Ireds  durinjj^  the  con(|uest  ot "Mexico,  an<l  to  mention 
that  the  sul»ju<j:ati(»n  of  Guateniala  was  achieved  at 
lii<  own  exjiense.-  Till!  kin;L(  listens  with  marked  at- 
1<  iitiitii,  particularly  wIm'Ii  lie  advances  schemes  for 
>liip-l»uildin!jf  on  the  southern  shore  of  Guatemala  for 
ilic  discovery  of  the  coveted  Spice  Islands,  and  for 
t  he  developnient  of  South  Sea  commerce.^  The  royal 
liiNor  is  won,  and  honors  and  ajipointments  follow. 
'i'lic  cross  of  Santiairo  is  bestowed  upon  him,  and  he 


M'l 


torn 


ted 


a  come 


ndad 


or. 


II 


pon 
e  IS  also  ni 


ladc 


iiov 


riiioi-  and  captain  general,  as  Arevalo  tells  us,  of 
(iiiateniala,  of  Chiapas,  Cinacantan,  Tequepampo, 
Oniatan,  Acalan,  and  all  other  territories  adjoining 

'  Oarcilnso  de  la  Vega  asserts  that  Charles  in  his  royal  gardens  at  Aran- 
jiic/  rliaiu'fil  to  sec  Alvarado  pass  by,  and  stniek  with  liis  apj)caranco  asked 
wild  lie  was.  On  beinj;  tolil  that  it  was  Alvarado  lie  siiid,  '  No  tione  este 
Imrjiliii'  tallc  dc  aver  hccho  lo  que  de  61  me  han  diclio,'  and  ordered  the 
rh.iri^cs  against  him  to  be  dismissed.  J/ist.  Pint,  ii.  58. 

-'  Alvarado  |K'titioiied  the  king  for  the  govfrnment  of  Guatemala  and  other 
liiii\iin'fs,  which  he  represented  tohaveneen  conquered  and  pacified  at  liis 
(iwn  cost.  Tlic  adelantado  Montejo  declaied  before  the  king  on  the  1.1th  of 
April  I.VJl),  that  in  no  portion  of  his  stiitcment  did  Alvarado  speak  the  truth, 
wliicli  as.sertion  he  saicl  would  be  corrolwrated  in  the  report  of  the  president 
and  (lidorcs.  MonUjo,  Carta,  in  PachecoMvX  CurilciiaK,  Col.  hoc.,  xiii.  89.  A 
>iiiiilar  statement  was  made  at  a  session  of  the  c.ibiKlo  of  Mexico  held  Jan. 
'J!(,  I.VJO,  and  Vazquez  de  Tapia  and  the  chief  procurator  were  empowered 
to  take  steps  in  the  matter  to  counteract  Alvarado"s  false  statements.  Libra 
dvCal.ildo,  MS.,  248. 

" '  Y  que  por  el  poeo  camino  que  auia  hasta  la  mar  del  Norte,  seria  facil  el 
conicrcio.'  Ilerrera,  dec.  iv.  lib.  ii.  cap.  iii. 

'Kemesal  says  that  he  had  before  been  ironically  dubbed  eomondador  by 
tlic  soldiers,  because  he  had  been  in  the  habit  of  wearing  at  feast  (lays  tiie 
cldak  of  an  uncle  who  held  that  title.  l]i$t.  Clnjapa,  10.  See  also  Hist.  Mex., 
i.  74,  this  series. 


i 


i^  ^ 


ii 


u  « 


!    1 


i' 


, 

1 

i 

li 

i:r  ;[■ 

ii ' 

1  ■  ' 

i'i 

^ 

102 


CIVIL  FACTIONS  IN  GUATEMALA. 


and  belonging  to  that  province.  In  return  he  enters 
into  an  engagement  with  his  ro^al  master  to  send 
forth  expeditions  of  discovery  and  thoroughly  to  ex- 
plore the  waters  of  the  South  Sea.^ 

The  favors  which  lie  tlms  received  from  the  emperor 
were  due  in  part  to  his  marriage  with  a  ward  of  the 
secretarv  Cobos.  It  is  true  that  he  was  alreadv 
betrothed  to  Cecilia^  Vazquez,  a  cousin  of  Cortes,  but 
a  mere  vow  could  not  be  allowed  to  stand  between 
him  and  hiijh  connection.  Cortes  had  been  a  true 
friend;  but  Alvarado  could  now  win  stronger  support 
tlian  ever  the  conqueror  of  jSIexico  could  bestow  on 
liim,  and  what  mattered  friendship  when  help*'  was 
no  lonofer  needed?  A  few  months  after  his  ariival  in 
Spn.in,  he  had  offered  himself  as  a  suitor  for  the  hand 
of  tlie  accomplished  Dona  Franeisca  de  la  Cu  n'a, 
daughter  of  the  conde  do  Bcdmar,  and  niece  of  the 
duke  of  Alburquerque.  Secretary  Cobos  received 
his  offer  approvingly,  arranged  the  marriage,  and  at 
the  ceremonv  gave  the  bride  awav.^ 

Alvarado  was  now  pre[)ared  to  return  to  the  west- 
ern world,  and  on  the  2Gth  of  ]\Iay  1528,^  entered  his 
appointments  and  despatches  at  the  India  House  in 
Seville  accordinof  to  form.  While  he  was  there  wait- 
ing  to  embark  Cortc's  arrived  aL  Palos.  But  the  new 
adelantado  was  no  longer  so  anxious  to  meet  his  for- 

^  Cortes  was  iiiiich  displeased  with  this  agreement,  as  ho  considered  the 
searcli  for  the  Spioc  Islands  and  the  navigation  of  the  South  Sea  to  be  his 
exclusive  right.  Uamlnz,  Procnso  contra  Almntdo,  p.  xvi. 

*  '  Cortes  le  embiaha  sicnipre  Espauoles,  Caballoa,  Ilicrro,  y  Kopa,  y  cosas 
do  Roseate,  y  Ic  favorecia  nnicho,  poique  le  avia  pronietido  do  <  asai-.so  cr;;i 
vna  8U  Prima- Hennana,  yasi  le  hifo  su  Teniente,  eu  aquellai'rovincia.'  Tor- 
qnenwda,  i.  ',i'2'2. 

'  Dona  Franeisca  lived  but  a  short  time  after  the  marriage.  Remcsal  says 
that  her  death  occurred  a  few  days  after  marriage;  Zamacois,  fli-t.  Mi  J.,  iv. 
4!'5,  and  Ranurez  tiiat  she  died  on  her  arrival  at  Vera  ('ru2.  lierrera  only 
mentions  tliat  Alvarado  became  her  suitor.  Ho  afterward  married  her  sist\  r 
Beatriz,  and  the  tirst  named  author,  pages  4'J,  4'J,  imagines  that  tliia  rocoihI 
marriage  took  place  shortly  after  ihe  iirsit,  whereas  it  was  at  least  ten  yeais 
later.  Consult  vl<v'r«/o,  J>oc.  Aiitlij,,  IT'.',  and  Parhn'o  and  Cdrilniun,  (V./. 
J>or.,  ii.  *24."),  "i-Vi.  Brasseur  do  Bourbourg  makes  the  same  mistake.  1/i-^f. 
It  at.  ('(■('.,  iv.  701. 

'Remesal  correctly  poii  Is  out  a  mistake  in  the  books  of  the  eabildo,  tli'' 
year  I'VJ?  being  carelessly  copied  for  1528.  JJist.  Chi/aia,  'M;  Arcvulo,  Ait"i 
Aijunt.  Guat.,  83. 


TRIAL  OF  ALVARADO. 


103 


iiior  nommaiKlcr  as  lio  had  been  when  he  marched  to 
his  aid  througli  the  wilds  of  HoiKkiras.  He  knew 
how  deeply  he  had  wounded  his  pride  in  the  two  most 
sensitive  points,  and  he  received  with  a  feelinij^  of 
lelief  the  news  that  Cortes  had  gone  direct  to  Madrid. 

In  October  15:28,  the  governor  of  Guatemala, 
accompanied  by  a  number  of  noble  gentlemen,  friends, 
and  relatives,  again  arrived  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  hast- 
ening on  to  Mexico  hoped  soon  to  reach  the  capital 
(if  his  own  province.  But  the  ofHcers  of  the  i-oyal 
treasury  informed  him  that  he  need  be  in  no  haste  to 
leave;  for  now  the  investigations  were  not  to  be  lightly 
treated.  It  was  a  serious  matter,  that  of  accounts,  very 
serious  the  (juestion  how  much  he  owed  his  ^[ajesty. 
And  near  at  hand  were  those  immaculate  men,  tlio 
oidores  of  Mexico's  first  audiencia,  who  were  jealous 
i'or  the  rights  of  the  king,  and  nutre  jealous  that  any 
other  subjects  should  be  permitted  to  fuitsteal  them. 
Upon  the  heels  of  Alvarado  they  entered  Mexico,  bear- 
ing a  document  in  which  was  a  clause  which  read 
thus:  "You  will  also  inform  yourselves  whether  it  is 
true  that,  when  Pedro  de  Alvarado  was  in  (uiate- 
niala,  there  was  not  proper  care  in  the  collection  of 
the  fifths,  and  that  he  did  not  pi'cscnt  himself  to  tho 
treasurer  with  the  portion  pertaining  thereto."'*  Tho 
(ruatemalan  ("governor  was  at  once  inlbrmed  that  ho 
might  answer  to  the  charges  on  record  against  him. 

The  celebrated  trial  which  followed  was  [)rotracted 
as  long  as  party  faction,  envy,  and  personal  enmity 
could  make  it  last.  The  more  important  accusations 
were  ihree — embezzk'Uient  of  roycl  fifths  and  soldiers' 
booty,  cruelty,  and  illegal  warfare;  but  any  act  of 
Alvarado's  previous  life  that  could  l)e  used  agaiiiNl 
liiin  was  pertinent.  The  total  numl)er  of  charges 
preferred  was  thirty-four,  and  there  w«'re  ten  wit- 
nesses for  the  prosecution.  On  April  (5,  15'21),  the 
examination  connnenced;  on  the  4th  of  June  Alva- 
rado presented  his  reply;  and  on  the  10th  began  tho 

^  Ili'ineml,  IlUt.  Chyupa,  42. 


104 


CIVIL  FACTIONS  IX  GUATEM.VLA, 


examination  of  his  witnesses  who  numbered  thirty- 
two,  the  chaplain  Juan  Diaz  being  one.  Ei^;;hty-four 
questions  were  submitted,  and  in  addition  to  verbil 
evidence  twelve  documents  were  liled  for  the  defence.'" 
On  the  5th  of  July  the  defence  was  closed  and  the  case 
submitted,  but  all  efforts  to  obtain  a  speedy  decision 
were  unavailing.  The  oidores  would  have  the  gov- 
ernor of  Guatemala  feel  their  power  yet  a  little  longer. 


!  i  1 


Soon  after  Alvarado's  arrival  in  Mexico,  his  brother 
Jorge,  who  had  been  left  in  charge  of  the  province  of 
Guatemala,  received  from  him  a  copy  of  the  former's 
ajjpointment  as  governor  and  captain  general."  At 
the  same  tinie  the  adelantado,  being  so  empowered. 


'"'Only  two  of  those  rcmtiiu  to  ouv  knowledge.  For  the  discovery  and 
preserviition  of  the /^'occso  de  Itfuidencia  coiitrn  I'ciJro  dc  Alvorudo,  we  are 
iiiilel)ti(l  tr  the  licentiate  Ignacio  Rayon,  'oliuial  mayor' in  tlie  Mtxii.'an 
archives.  The  confusion  nf  tiic  immense  pile  of  documents  in  tliat  otlice  liud 
become  so  great  that  in  1840  tlio  govcrnnKMit  decided  to  reduce  tiicin  to 
some  order,  and  entrusted  tiie  work  of  so  dt)inij;  to  the  din.'ctor  Mi;.'iicl  M.iria 
Arri(jja,  whose  eo-l.iborer  was  ]\ayon.  In  n.  bundle  of  old  j)a])crs,  markcil 
'uselci^s.'  was  the  I'roccKO  contra  Alvurado,  the  historical  value  of  whicii  was 
at  oi'ce  recognized.  The  lirst  intention  of  tlie  tinder  was  merely  to  copy  and 
add  it  to  his  collection  of  manuscripts.  His  friends,  however,  advised  hini 
otherwise;  and  tlirough  tlieir  assistance — Ignacio  Trigueros  generously  ofier- 
ing  to  pay  expenses,  and  Jose  Fernando  J^amirez  having  obtained  permisjiiun 
from  tlic  goveniment — he  piddished  it  in  Mexico  in  1 H47.  The  J'roty-fO  is  the 
ollicial  investigation  into  Alvarado'a  conduct  in  .Mexico  and  (luatemala,  and 
consists  of  the  several  ciiarges,  mainly  bearing  on  his  cruel  treatiiunt  of  tl:r 
iiativis,  his  extortu)n8,  and  embezzlement  of  royal  dues,  an<l  the  testimony  if 
tlie  witnesses  on  botli  sides.  1'iiougli  there  is  mucii  conllicting  evidence,  it  is 
of  great  value  in  establishing  numerous  historical  points  narrate<l  by  tlio  early 
chroniclers.  This  vobime  contains,  besides  the  J'rorrto,  a  biographic:;! 
uketcli  of  Alvarado's  career  by  Ramirez;  fragments  of  the  I'l  if  em  <ouU'i 
Anno  de  (luzinun,  preceded  l)y  au  account  of  his  life  by  the  same  author;  anil 
notes  explanatory  of  four  copies  of  Aztec  paintings,  one  of  which  rei)resent.'. 
the  death  of  Alvarado.  The  account  given  by  Itainirez  of  -Mvarado's  esiie<h- 
tion  to  Pern  is  tiie  same  as  that  of  Ilerrera  ami  incorrect,  as  are  idso  the  rea 
sons  he  assigns  for  the  Hontluras  campaign.  It  is  well  known  that  Ramirez 
was  minister  of  state  during  the  empire  under  Maximilian. 

"There  is  a  copy  of  tliis  document  in  the  Arta.'i  Ai/iinf.  C7naf.,  SO-t. 
Alvarado,  lii.s  otiicorsand  lieutenants  were  to  be  subject  to  the  ainliencia  an^l 
e'lancillcria  real  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  appeal  in  civil  and  criminal  cau.scs  t- 
lie  from  Alvarado  and  his  oHicers  to  the  president  and  oidores  of  Mexic. 
witli  some  exceptions  in  civil  eases.  He  had  power  to  appoint  and  reniitv. 
»)lheer8  of  administration  at  will,  and  to  ti'y  and  decide  all  causes,  ci\  il  ani 
criminal,  to  make  general  laws,  and  jjarticular  ones  for  each  pueblo;  toestal' 
li.-ih  penalties,  an(l  enforce  them;  to  order  ))ersons  whom  he  might  wish  t' 
send  away  from  his  province  to  appear  before  their  Majesties,  and  in  ca.se  !■; 
their  refusal,  to  visit  tiiem  with  penalties  which  their  Majesties  in  auttcii:; 
tion  eoufinned.     His  animal  salary  was  to  be  50'2,oOU  maravedis. 


GOVERNMENT  OF  THE  PROVINCE. 


lO-l 


liii.li  was 
)j)y  aiid 

ily  olier- 

;rmi3--ii"ii 

,0  is  the 

:il;i.  all.l 

,t  ..f  tl-." 

iinuiiy  <  I 
iK-e,  it  ii 
lie  early 

■o)tiri 
lior;  aii'l 
j)rL'sciit.i 

the  PLii 
llaliiircz 


8I)-1. 

iicia  aii'l 

auscA  t'  • 

Xlexic'), 

rcni'>v>' 

livil  aii'i 

Itocstal' 

wish  t' ' 

\  case  I-' 

ntiLii" 


•onstitntofl  Jori^c  liis  lieutenant.  The  documents, 
Itcinn'  read  before  the  cabildo,  were  duly  recognized 
liv  that  body;  whereupon  Jorge  declared  that  ho 
ciased  to  exercise  the  powers  he  bad  liitherto  bold 
lioin  the  governor  of  Mexico,^"  took  the  oath  in  the 
Usual  manlier,  and  assiuned  the  duties  laid  upon  him 
Lv  his  new  appointment. 

The  audiencia  of  Mexico  v»'as  quickly  notified  of 
these  proceedings,  and  in  July  1521)  it  was  known  in 
Santiago  that  a  judge  and  captain  general  bad  been 
.■)]ij)ointed  to  take  the  lieutenant-govci-nor's  residencia. 
A  hold  though  unsuccessful  attempt  was  made  to 
avoid  the  threatened  investio-ation.  JorLje  compelled 
the  j)ro('uratvtr,  syndic,  and  notary  public  to  draw  up 
u  fdi'inal  re{)rescntation,  urging,  in  the  iiamc  of  the 
cabildo,  that  JVdro  de  Alvarado  and  no  other  person 
should  be  obeyed  as  captain  general  and  governor. 
This  action  had,  however,  no  effect  in  averting  bis 
speedy  fall  from  power.  On  the  1  4tb  of  August  Fran- 
(•is((j  (\q  Orduha,  the  official  appointed  by  the  oidores, 
arrived  at  Santiago,  and  presenting  bis  credentials 
t(jok  the  customary  oatb  the  same  day.'' 

The  audiencia  could  not  have  selected  a  man  more 
lUifitted  for  this  im})ortant  office,  or  one  less  likely  to 
pini.iote  the  interests  of  the  colony.  He  came  at  ii 
time  when  of  all  others  prudence  and  dispassionate 
action  were  needed.  The  redistribution  of  lands  and 
the  assigmnent  of  encomiendas  in  sj)ite  of  all  efforts 
to  the  contrary  bad  caused  discontent;  the  new-comers 
Vk  re  j(,>alously  regarded  by  the  con(jUeroi"s  and  th(^ 
settleis  were  already  divided  into  factions.    Torecon- 

'^And  somewhat  contemptuously  added:  'I'^qur  no  quiurc  usar  dellos,  si 
lie  dcrwlio  lo  jiucdi?  e  dcbc  liiion. '  /</, ,  84, 

'■*  i'niiicist'o  de  Ordunii  wiis  Cortes'  seeretary  in  l.V2n,  ami  was  sent  l>y  iiim 
tl'  iicuutiate  witli  (luniy.  Jlrrrcra,  dee.  iii.  lilt.  v.  ciip.  vi.  In  1,VJ4  he  wn:» 
ili'itid  sceretaiy  of  the  cabildo  of  Mexioo,  and  shortly  afterward  returned  to 
S]i;iin.  We  next  find  him  ])rocurador  of  Mexieo  in  l.")'2(>.  Ocnrni,  Carta,  in 
L"z',iil,-t'Oi,  i.  ii'M),  ii'i'2,  and  the  governor  Alonso  de  Estrada  made  him  rejiidor 
ia  l.")'_'S.  From  tliia  time  iiis  friendly  relations  with  Cortes  seem  to  have  been 
iiiti  rnipted,  as  his  evidence  taken  in  February  I.VJft.  in  the  residencia  iniiti- 
tiitid  aijiiinst  tiiat  eonqneror,  is  far  from  favorable,  lu  tho  same  testimwuy  ho 
alsi)  disphiya  antipathy  to  Alvarado, 


106 


CIVIL  FACTIONS  IX  GUATEMALA. 


cile  differences  was  not  Ortluna's  object.  His  policy 
was  to  be  guided  by  .selt'-interest,  and  by  enmity  to 
Alvarado  and  his  party.  A  man  of  coarse  nature, 
irascible  and  unscrupulous,  he  was  often  guilty  of  gross 
indecency  in  speech  and  of  unseendy  ])ersonal  violence; 
after  acts  of  gross  mjustice  he  insulted  all  who  claimed 
rctlress. 

One  of  his  first  measures  was  to  call  in  question 
the  leufalitv  of  Jorge's  administration.  The  alcalde 
(lonzalo  Dovalle,  a  creature  of  Orduna's,  brought  the 
matter  before  the  cabildo,  claiming  that  all  reparti- 
mientos  which  he  had  assigned,  and  all  suits  which  ho 
had  decided,  from  the  time  that  he  had  received  from 
his  bi'other  the  appointment  of  lieutenant-governor, 
were  annulled.  The  question  was  a  delicate  one,  inas- 
much as  the  cabildo  had  recognized  the  authority  of 
Jorge,  and  their  own  powers  and  rights  were  thus 
ondaniivred.  Nevertheless  thev  did  not  venture  to 
op[)osc;  the  jurisdiction  of  the  audiencia,  and  within 
three  months  after  Orduna's  arrival  he  found  himself 
in  control  of  the  ayuntamiento. 

The  natives  were  not  slow  to  take  advantao-e  of 
the  discord  among  the  Spaniards,  and  during  the  lat- 
ter portion  of  If) "21)  it  became  necessary  to  send  out 
numerous  ex[)editions  to  suppress  revolt  or  repil 
encroachments.^^    Several  of  the  confederated  nations 


h-' 


"In  the  minutes  of  the  caljihlo  d.'itod  l,jth  vSeptcmbcr,  it  is  stated  'al  pre* 
srutc  estau  los  mas  ilu  los  cspafiolea  do  gucrra  st)l)rf  el  pueblo  del  Tuerto,  (i 
soljrc  el  puc^hld  de  \umaytepe(pio  ;i  dondo  liaii  inuerto  eiertos  espannles,  y 
cstamos  al  presente  de  camiiio  para  la  prdviiioia  ile  I'xpaiitlan,  6  Tesnlutliin, 
e  TequepaniK)  y  Umatlan,  (|uc  estan  todaa  e  otras  muclias  de  guerra. '  A  nril'i, 
AcUts  Ai/itiit.  (I'lia/.,  1'2S.  'i'lic  Lihro  ih'  Aii((,s  ilf  Ai/iiiili(tiiie)ilo  dc  laCiiidwl  'h' 
iSaiiliaiio  de  dindcunda  comprises  the  minutes  of  the  cabildo  of  Santiago  during' 
the  lirst  .six  ye;irs  of  its  existence,  copied  literally,  by  Kafael  tic  Arevalo,  m  > 
retary  of  the  municipality,  from  tiie  original  records  in  tiie  archives  of  ilio 
city.  The  work  was  publisiicd  in  Guatemala  in  IS.5().  Tiierc  can  be  no  doulit 
that  the  records  of  many  of  the  sessions  are  wanting  in  this  work,  owiiii.'  ti) 
their  loss  or  il]egil)ility.  Tt  is  to  bo  regretted  tiiat  tiic  transcriber  did  nut 
indicate  in  his  publication  where  he  considered  the  originals  were  defectnr, 
or  remark  upon  the  obliteration  of  diderent  portions,  tlie  only  instanii'  nf 
liis  lioing  so  licing  on  page  7.  llemesal  states  that  nntil  the  year  l.'i.SO  lliu 
eal)ildo  had  no  bound  boolc  of  I'ecords.  but  simply  loose  siieets,  many  of  wliii  li 
must  have  bceu  lost,  llist.  Chi/ajia,  3.'];  and  Juarros  refers  to  minutes  which 


TITE  XUMAY  WAR. 


107 


olicy 
ty  to 
ture, 
iiross 
cucc ; 
liined 

cstion 
Icalilo 
lit  tlio 
.'parti- 
ich  lio 
d  t'roui 
pernor, 
c,  inas- 
)rity  of 
CO  thus 
ture  to 
witliiu 
liimseU 


itage  of 
itlic  lat- 
Icncl  out 

nations 


ted  'al  P''^' 
k  Tncvto,  li 

iTi'sulutliin. 
1  >  yi  ,•,(•"'", 

I  iago  during 
Ire  villi).  ~" ' 
fiives  of  tlii^ 
L)c  ni)  il""''* 
I,  oNviiii:  t" 
ll)cr  lUil  ii"' 
Ic  aefootivi', 
liiistaiu'i'  "' 
|ar  \y-W  '.'"^ 
luy  of  wlii'l' 
liutoa  vlii^'l' 


■wliich  IkuI  sustained  defeat  at  the  hands  of  Alvarado 
on  his  return  iVoni  H(»n<hn"a,s''''  hegan  to  make  inroads 
(111  jtortloiis  of  th(;  [irovinoc  which  hitherto  had  always 
litcii  licld  in  suhjection.  The  vaUey  and  town  of 
Xiiiiiav  was  the  principal  seat  of  the  outhreak,  and 
jinaiiist  this  point  a  foi'ce  of  ei^htv  foot,  thirty  horse, 
;iii(l  one  thousand  native  auxiliai'ics  was  despatched 
iiiidt'r  connnand  of  .luan  l*erez  JJartlon.^** 

The  inarch  of  the  ti-oops  was  unintcrru|)ted  until 
tliey  r(.'ached  the  river  Coaxiniquilapan."  llere  they 
luuiid  their  j)assage  disputed  hy  a  large  force  posted 
on  the  op])osite  hank.  Xot  deeniinj^  it  prudent  to 
;itt('ni|>t  the  crossint^  in  the  face  of  the  enemy,  Dardon 
uithihvw  his  troops,  and  makinj.^  a  rapid  detour  under 
covt  )•  of  a  ran,i!,e  of  hills,  arrived  unperceivod  at  a 
jioiut  uhove  on  the  stream.  By  the  aid  of  a  wooden 
luiil^c  which  ho  hastily  threw  across  it  he  |iassed  his 
iiiiiiy  over,  and  marched  into  the  valley  of  Xumay. 
1  Icie  he  encountered  a  strong  body  of  the  enemy, 
wild,  after  a  spirited  opposition,  suddenly  retreated  to 
ii  .steep  eminence,^"'  hotly  pursued  l>y  the  Spaniards. 
The  latter  failed  more  than  once  in  their  attempts  to 

ilo  nut  iii)jH'ar  in  Aroviilo's  edition.  I  cannot,  therefore,  ai,'ree  with  I'rasseiir 
dc  lloiirlidur;.'.  \\  Iio  asserts  tliat  it  'comprend  tons  les  actes  (hi  conseil  coin- 
iimiial.  .  .(hirant  k-<  six  jireniieres  ann('es.'  Jlili,  Mir.  <li(nl.,  1.").  Though 
iii:iiiy  iif  the  ordiiianet's  are  of  minor  interest,  the  work  is  of  vahie,  inasimuh 
(IS  a  jHii  tiou  of  tiieiii  lelleet  to  a  j,'reat  extent  the  condition  and  soeial  state  of 
the  (■"lonists,  while  fi'oni  others  an  ideii  is(h>rivedof  the  emitimial  state  of 
warfare  inwhieh  the  Sjiaiiiards  lived.  A  considerable  inuidiiratrord  iufornia- 
tiuu  relative  to  the  lioldiiii;  of  and  sueeessioii  to  property,  to  restriction 
ii';.'arilin,L,'  the  sale  of  it,  and  the  nmount  of  land  to  he  jiossessed  l>y  a  sinu'Ie 
owner.  These  and  other  regulations  for  the  internal  govci'ninent  of  the  coni- 
iiiuiiity  atl'ord  iiuich  information  with  rej^anl  to  its  .system.  The  hook  is 
iulditionidly  valuahle  a.s  eonelusive  in  assigning  correct  dates  in  many  inipor- 
t:iMt  instances.  It  also  throws  much  light  on  many  historical  events,  and  is 
)i:nticiilarly  serviceal)le  in  supplying  a  vivid  eoiucptiou  of  the  arbitrary  ]iro- 
ccidiiigs  and  violent  cluiractei'  of  Francisco  de  Orduua. 

'■  Till'  natives  of  Xumay,  .\alpatlaliua,  (Jinacant.in,  and  I'etapa.  lirasseur 
(Ic  I'xiurlidurg  states  that  the  two  fonner  were  identical  with  tlic  Chortis. 
lli-t.  Silt,  dr.,  iv.  Oils. 

''■  Uardon  had  accompanied  Alvarado  from  Mexico,  and  was  appointed  by 
liuu  a  rei;i(lor  of  the  city  of  Santiago,  founded  in  l.")-Jt.  This  otlice  or  thiit 
of  alcalde  he  held  for  many  years.  He  served  with  distinction  asii  subaltein 
ill  in.iiiy  campaigns.  Jitarros,  (iiKtt.,  i.  ;i48-!(. 

'■'  Tlie  present  town  of  Cnajiniijuilapa  is  situated  a  few  miles  from  the 
ri'.'lit  liaiik  of  this  river. 

'~  Ihasseur  ilu  Boutbuurg  assumes  that  it  woa  sumiuuntcd  by  a  fortress. 


11 


U  i 

, 

Wt  '^ 

i'i  ^ 

pi' ' 

p'{  • 

P 

!f> 

108 


CIVIL  FACTIONS  IX  GUATEMALA . 


carry  this  position,  but  tlic  nativos  iaIliiiL?  short  of 
provisions  and  beconiinj^  enfcel)UMl  through  hiuii^'er 
Avcro  at  Icngtli  dishxlgod  with  great  slauglitcr. 

The  town  of  Xuniay  now  lay  at  tin;  nierey  of  the 
Spaniards;  and  the  cliief  of  the  confederated  tribes/' 
finthng  liiiiiself  unal)lo  to  cope  with  the  enemy,  deter- 
niided  on  stratagem;  but  his  astuteness  could  suggest 
nothing  better  than  the  oft-tried  ruse  of  making 
treacherous  overtures  of  peace.  Dardon  was  not  in 
be  ini])osed  u[)on  by  so  trite  an  artilice,  and  apprised 
liim  that  he  Mas  thoroughly  aware  of  his  design, 
whereupon  the  cacique  threw  off  the  mask',  and  re- 
solving to  make  one  last  effort,  attacked  the  Spaniards 
with  all  tiie  forces  he  could  collect,  but  was  routed 
with  heavy  loss.  On  entering  the  town  Dar<k)n  found 
the  place  abai  doncd,  and  in  vain  sent  a  number  of  his 
prisoners  with  promises  of  pardon  to  their  country- 
men on  concUtion  of  their  return.  They  had  even 
less  confidence  in  the  word  of  the  Spanish  connnandii' 
than  he  himself  had  shown  in  the  good  faith  of  their 
chieftain.  It  was  therefore  ordtjred  that  the  place 
should  be  burned,  and  parties  were  sent  to  hunt  do\>ii 
the  scattered  fugitives,  many  of  whom  were  captunul, 
and  among  them  a  number  of  caciques.  All  were 
iiKliscriminately  branded  as  slaves,  and  hence  a  village 
afterward  built  near  the  spot,  as  well  as  the  iiio 
Coaxini(juilapan  received  the  name  of  Los  Esclavos.''" 

While  the  confederated  tribes  were  thus  ao-nin 
being  brought  under  subjection,  an  expedition  directid 
against  the  sti'onuhold  of  Uspantan'"^  met  with  siji'mil 
failure.     Shortly  after  Orduna's  arrival  the  reduction 

'*  Toniiltetl  by  name. 

'■"  Jntirro.i,  (.'»«/.,  ii.  88-90.  This  author  makes  the  rather  doiihtfiil  asscr- 
ti'  !i  that  the  ])litce  was  called  Los  Ksclavos  from  the  fact  that  those  vero  tlio 
;■  -t  loUels  wiioin  the  S|)aiiiar(ls  l)randcd.  lirasseur  de  ]>ourl)our,!^  lU'iie 
nu^oHaMy  assigns  the  arigin  of  tiie  name  to  the  great  niimher  l)rande(I. 

■' Hias.-our  de  IJourbourg  says:  'The  town  of  thi.s  name  situated  betwnn 
the  kitty  mountains  of  Bihibitz  and  Mcawan  preserved  more  than  other  j)hi.  i'3 
the  ancient  rites  of  Hunahpu  and  KxljalantmL',  and  tiie  temple  of  these  gi'ls 
annually  received  a  certain  number  of  human  victims.  JJid.  A'ul.  Civ.,  'v. 
CU9, 


DISCOMFITURE  13EF0RE  USPANTAN. 


109 


ir 


t  of 


unj^cr 


;)f  tli«^ 

(Ictor- 

laUin.ii' 
not  to 
^prised 
:U'si_!4'n, 
nul  re- 
in in  rt  Is 
lovitcd 
n  found 
r  of  his 
Duntrv- 
L(l  even 
niandrr 
0f  tlioii' 

pUlCI! 

it  dov  n 
)tiin'<K 
I  wen; 

villa  u' 
l\o  lil" 
lavos.^" 

ao-aiii 
liroc'tcil      i 

1   siuiMKll 

ilucti'iii     ; 


Ltful  ftSSrV- 

Is  weiv  t'.ii' 

Jmi'j,'  HI'  le 

Ii.UmI. 

1.1  l)ct\\ ' '  i> 

Jtlier  plii  '  a 

|tla'seK"'s 

It.  Civ.,   v. 


■  I  this  jdacc  was  decided  on  by  the  cabildo;  and  a 
joicc  (if  sixty  foot  and  three  hundred  exporiencinl 
Indian  auxiliaries^^  was  despatched  for  that  purpose 
imdcr  conunand  of  the  alcalde  Gaspar  Arias.-^  The 
nmuntaiiKtus  district  in  which  this  fortress  was  situated 
];iv  on  the  borders  of  the  |)resent  departments  of  Vera 
I 'a/,  and  Totonica})an,  and  was  inhabited  l)y  fierci^ 
xiiiniing  tribes  tiiat  wt;re  continually  urginj^  the  con- 
i[ii(tvd  (Quiches  to  revolt.  Surrounded  with  decj) 
laviiies,  and  (»ccupying  one  of  those  naturally  fortified 
positions  that  were  ever  selected  by  the  natives  as  a 
)  (f'lige  against  the  Spaniards,  Uspantan  was  deemed 
almost  as  ini|)regnable  as  Patinamit  and  the  moun- 
tain stronghold  of  Sinacam. 

\<i  sooner  had  Arias  taken  u[)  his  position  in  front 
nl'  iliis  jbi-tress,  after  capturing  several  towns  that 
lay  nil  the  line  of  his  march,  than  he  received  news 
1  hat  ( )rduha  had  deposed  him  from  office  and  aj)]K)inted 
another  alcalde  in  his  place.-*  Indignant  at  this  pro- 
iccihiiL;',  he  resolved  to  return  at  once  to  Santiaijo  -^ 
dil'gating  his  conunand  to  Pedro  do  Olmos,  a  man 
ill  whom  he  had  confideace,  but  who,  as  the  result 
priived,  was  unfitted  for  the  post.  Heeding  not  the 
instructions  le'ft  him,  or  the  advice  of  his  fellow-sol- 
(heis,  he  determined  to  carry  the  place  by  storm,  hoping 

--  llnissom'  do  Fiourbourf;  f.'ivc.s  the  number  of  Iiulian  allies  aa  three  thoii- 
Siiiid.    l/i-t.  Xu/.  <'ii'.,  iv.  TOO. 

-'^('alli'il  liy  .Juiuriis,  (Jiispar  Arias  li.ivi'.a.  li'iiat.,  i.  ^IV^.  This  oflicor  in;' y 
he  identieMl  with  a  icrtaiii  <  iaspir  .Vriu.i  ile  Avihi  ur  Ii.lvila,  whuiii  Alvaiaih) 
m1.;1o  ill  Ildiiiluias  :.eiit  to  ooiilVr  witli  I'eclraiias  at  raiiailiii.  Thi.'  iiaiiKs  i.f 
•  iasfiar  Arias  a]i[iear.-i  in  tile  luiiiute.s  »i  tiie  taljildo  of  Ort.  1.  \'y2.'>,  aii<l  not 
Jijiaill  till  March  KS,  l.vJS,  wlieii  lie  was  iiniiiiuatcd  tor  tin' otiirc  nf  uirahlc. 
1  lie  iiiin-siun  of  hisuaiiuf  for  so  long  a  period  may  lie  explained  l)y  his  aiisenco 
in  I'aiiaiiia. 

'  Aeciirdin;;  to  !5ernal  Diaz,  Oaspar  Arias  was  a  firm  supporter  of  Alva- 
railii  .iiid  his  jiarty.     Ilenec,  jiniiialily,  liis  dismissal  fri>m  otiice. 

■'  1  lie  rece]ili(in  wliieh  Arias  met  \\ith  at  Santiaj.'(j  is  iij'ood  illustration  of 
Oiihiiia's  eliaractcr.  On  appearing  het'ore  tiie  caliihh)  ami  ))ctitiiining  that 
tlic  wand  of  otliet;  lie  restored  to  him,  Oi'dufia,  passionately  ealii'd  him  a  c^.is- 
tuiheriit'  the  |ieaee,  laid  Aiolent  han<ls  on  him,  and,  wliih;  ordering  him  to  he 
laiiinl  (ill  to  prison,  struek  him  in  the  faee.  'l^elante  <le  todo  el  cahildn,  y 
1 1!  gran  ineiKispreeio  y  desaeatamiento  do  su  magestad  y  do  su  eahihlo.'  In 
•I.UHiaiy  i.'iliO  Arias  again  jietitioniMl  for  redress,  hut  though  the  voting  was 
!>"iii'  «iiat  in  his  favnr,  he  does  not  seem  to  have  obtained  it,  a.s  hia  namo 
ai'l'.irs  no  mure  as  alcahle.  Anvulo,  Actus AyuiU.  Ottut.,  13U-42. 


no 


crV^IL  FACTIONS  IN  GUATEMALA. 


■!>':  '  i 


thus  to  ^vin  for  himself  a  reputation.  The  result  was 
most  disastrous.  While  the  assault  was  ho\\i>j;  ma<ltj 
at  the  single  point  where  an  entrance  cctuld  be  etfectcul, 
his  rear  was  assailed  by  two  thousand  of  the  enemy 
})laced  in  ambush  in  anticipation  of  the  attack.  TIk.' 
surprise  was  comi)lete.  In  the  brief  conflict  which 
ensued  a  lar^e  portion  of  the  S|)uniards  were  wounded, 
Olmos  himself  anions?  the  number,  while  the  slauLjhter 
of  the  auxiliaries  was  fearful.  To  complete  their  dis- 
comliture  a  number  of  prisoners  captured  by  the  enemy 
were  innnediatel/  stretched  upon  the  altar  in  sacri- 
fice.-'"'  Then  the  allies  fled  and  made  thoir  way  back 
to  8antiaL(o. 

Nothins?  now  remained  but  retreat;  and  sullenly 
the  small  remnant  of  Olmos'  command,  ill-provided 
with  i'ood  and  overladen  with  baggage,  turned  their 
backs  upon  the  stronghold  of  Uspantan  to  fight  their 
way  houKnvard.  Day  by  day  they  pressed  onward, 
constantly  assailed  by  the  enemy  posted  in  ambus- 
cade aloni;  the  route.  The  final  struggle  occurred  on 
approaching  the  district  of  Chichicastenango.  Heii; 
thi'ee  thousand  of  the  enemy  had  collected  to  dispute; 
witli  tliem  a  mountain  pass  through  which  lay  their 
only  line  of  retreat.  No  hope  for  the  Spaniards  now, 
unless  they  could  cut  their  way  through  this  dense 
thron<jf  of  warriors.  Provisions  and  baii'ijao-e  weiv 
cast  aside  and  each  soldier,  grasping  his  weapons, 
pre[)ared  for  the  conllict  which  was  to  determine  his 
<lestiny.  The  fight  was  obstinate  and  bloody,  but 
sword  and  arquebusc  prevailed  as  usual  against  t])o 
rude  arms  of  the  natives,  and  at  length  the  Spaniards 
rested  unopjiosed  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  rangi'. 
the  survivors  linally  reaching  Utatlan,  haggard  and 
gaunt  with  famine. 

Orduna,  recognizing  that  his  indiscretion  had  beiii 
the  cause;  of  this  disaster,  hastened  to  re[)air  his  niis- 

-'' '  I'lusieurs  Ksjiagnols  ct  surtout  heiui(;oup  (Vallii'S,  ayant  vU'i  pris  vi\  .'iius. 
so  \  ii'cnt  ciiiiiR'iR's  (laiis  la  place  ct  sacritii'.s  sok'nui'lloiiit'iit  a  la  tliviiiitc  1'  n- 
liarc'  /IrK.sseiir  <le  liourbuunj,  Ilial.  Nut.  Civ.,  iv.  701).  Tlio  iiuiuu  of  the  i'K'l 
va8  ExbaluiKjue. 


V 


kM 


WAR  AT  CHICHICASTENAXGO. 


Ill 


lit  was 
f  made 
luctiicl, 
enemy 
.     The 
wliu'li 
)Uii(le(l, 
lugliter 
icir  di;^- 
)  enemy 
u  saci'i- 
ay  back 

sullenly 
)rovido(l 
cd  their 
;ht  their 
onward, 
ambus- 
urred  oii 
Hen; 
dispute 
ay  their 
cis  now, 
IS  densr 
ge  were 
veapvHis. 
nine  his 
nly,  but 
inst  the 
naniartls 
e  range, 
[■ard  and 

liad  be'it 
his  nii>- 

kiris.  viMiiU;^. 
lUviintiJ  I'll- 
lu  of  the  I'li'l 


take.  He  met  with  mueli  difficulty  in  raising  a  suffi- 
tient  force,  as  ho  liad  already  made  himself  unpopular 
A\ith  most  of  the  colonists,  but  at  the  beginning  of 
December  he  left  the  city  accomj)anied  by  forty  ibot- 
.s(il<Uei-s,  tliirty-two  horse,  and  four  lumdred  ]\Iexican 
and  Thiscaltec  allies,"  the  latter  commanded  by  Sj^an- 
i>h  officers.  As  Orduha  had  little  faith  in  his  own 
ahilities  as  a  leader,  and  his  soldiers  had  none,  the 
eoinmand  of  this  ft)rcc  was  intrusted  to  the  treasurer 
l''raneisco  de  Castellanos,  a  man  of  sj)irit  and  ability. 
On  arriving  in  C'hichicastenango  Orduna  sent  envoys 
to  I'spantan  with  a  summons  to  surrender."'^  The 
ivply  was  of  a  [)ractical  nature:  the  emissaries  were 
iiuiiie(hately  ]uit  to  death. 

The  natives  must  now  be  brought  under  subjection 
liy  idi'ce  of  arms,  and  Orduna  sent  forward  Castella- 
nos with  the  greater  jiortion  of  the  troops  to  under- 
take tlie  fighting,  wliile  he  himself  remained  in  sate 
([iiarters  at  Chichicastenango.-'^  The  latter  first  di- 
rected his  march  against  the  important  stronghold  of 
Xehah.  On  ai-riving  at  the  river  Sacapulas  he  found 
for  some  time  an  impassable  obstacle,  on  account  of 
the  precipitous  nature  of  tlie  lavine  down  wliich  it 
ll(»\vcd.     By  moving  up  stream,  ho  discovered  at  last 

-'  Acrording  to  Ilerrpni  the  miinbcr  of  SpaniiirJs  consisti.il  of  .'Jl  liorse  aud 
31)  foot.  doc.  iv.  lib.  vii.  c;ip.  v. 

"Ill  //(/)•'/•((,  <ko.  i.  lili.  vii.  cap.  xiv.,  i.s  a  copy  of  the  rcqncrimiciito 
oiihicil  l)y  the  king  to  be  (U^livereil  to  tiie  iiativea  when  fiuiuinone(l  to  alle- 
t:i:iii(c'  us  noticed  el^cwiiure.  A  .similar  form  existed  iu  the  archives  of  Onate- 
iiiiila  in  lieniesal's  time.  This  formal  summons  \vas  freijiicntly  omitted,  or 
evaded.  A  priest,  who  at  tiie  beginning  of  tlio  coimmst  of  (Jiiatemala  liad 
t:iUen  part  in  the  war  while  a  layman,  thiis  descril)es  tlie  foi'm  aiid  mode  of 
]iiocccding.  At  night  one  of  the  soldiers  with  sonnd  of  diiini,  saiil:  'You 
liidi:ins  of  tiiis  tf>wn  !  we  inform  you  that  there  is  one  (iod,  .'ind  one  pope,  and 
one  ki.ig  of  Castile,  to  whom  thi,s  pope  has  given  you  as  slaves;  w  lierefore  wo 
ri'inirc  you  to  come  and  tender  your  oliedience  to  him  and  to  us  in  hia  name, 
iiMiier  the  penalty  that  we  wage  war  against  you  with  lire  and  sword  !'  'I'ho 
yvust  tlien  brielly  describes  the  seijucl :  'At  the  morning  watcii  tliey  fell  upon 
tlicni,  capturing  all  whom  tiu'y  couhl,  under  pretence  that  they  were  rebel.s, 
y  Ins  denias  los  q\ienuiuan,  o  passauan  a  cuchilio,  robauilles  la  huzieuda,  y 
pnnian  fiu'go  al  lugar.'  Ji'cmiml,  llUt.  ('hi/(i/ja,  4]',i  \i. 

'".Inarros  states  that  Ordufia  shortly  afterward  returneil  to  Santiago  on 
account  of  sickness;  but  I  find  that  Castellanos  arrived  there  before  him. 
Consult  Actus  Aijunl.  Gnat.,  l.'JS,  142-;J,  from  whicli  it  apjiears  tliat  tiie 
tnvisuri'r  was  in  Sautiago  on  the  19th  of  January  lo30,  aud  Orduna  on  tho 
1-ili  of  February. 


j,    i  ij 


:tm 


CIVIL  FACTIONS  IN  GUATEMALA. 


a,  sj)()t  wliore  ho  could  dosocnd, and  throwini,'  a  biidoo 
ovtT  tile;  rivor  made  jjfood  his  crossinijf.  Asceiidin*' 
the  opposite  slope,  he  encountered  on  the  summit  a 
hody  »»t'  live  thousand  warriors  gathered  there  from 
Nebah  antl  neighhoi-ing  towns.  They  retii'ed  on  his 
ajiproach,  and  took  up  a  position  at  a  narrow  moun- 
tain pass,  whence  they  were  driven  only  after  a 
sharp  and  protracted  struggle. 

Castellaiios  then  advanced  without  further  opposi- 
tion to  Xebah,  which  like  many  other  Indian  towns 
he  f  )und  to  be  a  natural  stnjiighold.  Such  reliance 
did  the  natives  ])lace  on  the  protection  of  the  preci- 
pices which  surrounded  it,  that  tliey  did  not  think  it 
necessary  to  jiost  sentinels,  and  all  collected  to  defend 
its  only  entrance.  This  over-conlidence  wroiiglit 
their  destruction.  While  the  assaidt  was  beint>"  made, 
a  few  Tlascaltecs  and  Mexicans  succeeded,  by  cling- 
ing to  tendrils  and  creepers,  in  scaling  the  height  in 
the  rear  of  the  town.  Then  approaching  unobserved 
they  set  fire  to  some  houses.  The  contlaiifration 
s[)r(?ad;  the  defence  was  soon  abandoned ;  and  the  Sj)an- 
iards  rushino'  through  the  narrow  entrance  were  soon 
masters  of  the  town.  On  the  following  day  all  tlu; 
inhabitants  were  branded;  anil  such  was  the  effect  (»f 
the  fall  of  this  fortress,  that  the  neigliboring  villag(S 
as  well  as  the  large  town  of  Chahul  surrendered  with- 
out opposition. 

Tlio  Spaniards  then  marched  on  Uspantan,  where 
ten  thousand  warriors  belonging  to  tliat  district,  aided 
by  an  e([ual  number  of  allies,  disdained  submission. 
This  place  was  also  practically  impregnable,  and  again 
but  for  excess  of  confidence  the  gari-ison  might  ha\i' 
remained  in  security.  But  when  they  saw  the  little 
army  under  Castellanos  impudently  sitting  down  befoi v 
their  door,  tlie  nu'U  of  Uspantan  resolved  to  go  forth 
and  sweep  them  from  the  earth.  The  S|)aniards  took 
up  their  position,  the  infantry  being  divided  into  two 
e(|ual  bodies,  and  stationed  on  the  wings,  while  tlic 
horsemen  occupied  the  centre  somewhat  in  advanci'. 


BRANDING  OF  PATRIOTS. 


113 


)pposl- 

towns 
clianco 

prcci- 
biuk  it 
(k-tcn<l 
rouglit 

J  cliu.n- 
iglit  ill 

t^Tutiou 
ic  Span- 
ro  soon 
all  til.' 
ttect  «it' 
villa|4*  -; 
d  Nvitli- 

t,  aieUil 
nissiou. 
d  again 
"it  lia\ (i 
le  litll'' 
libeCoi'' 
p  toriU 
Ids  tool'i^ 
]ito  iw'» 
jiilo  the 
Idvaiu^'. 


I 


As  soon  as  the  onset  was  made  and  the  assailants 
More  engaged  with  the  cavalry,  the  foot,  rapidly 
deploying  to  right  and  left,  fell  iij)on  the  enemy's 
jlanks  simultaneously  and  overthrew  them  with  great 
slaughter.  So  many  prisoners  of  high  position  were 
taken  that  the  submission  of  Uspantan  and  the  allied 
towns  was  secured,  and  Castellanos,  having  branded 
and  reduced  to  slavery  a  large  number  of  his  captives, 
rL'turned  to  Santiago  about  the  beginning  of  looO. 

During  the  same  year  the  confusion  caused  by 
Orduna's  maleadministration  held  out  a  hope  to  the 
stubborn  Cuzcatecans  of  even  yet  winning  back  their 
iiide[)endcnce,  and  once  more  they  rose  in  revolt. 
Diego  de  Rojas  was  sent  by  the  captain  general  with 
a  small  force  to  aid  the  Spanish  settlers  in  that  part 
of  the  province  in  suppressing  the  insurrection.  His 
efforts  were  successful;  but  when  about  to  accept  the 
surrender  of  a  fortress  that  lay  beyond  the  river  Lempa 
lie  heard  the  unwelcome  news  that  a  party  of  Spaniards 
A\  ere  approaching  from  the  south.  Rojas  determined 
ti»  reconnoitre  in  person,  and  his  curiosity  was  soon 
gratified,  for  while  doing  so  he  was  made  prisonc^r  with 
a  number  of  his  followers.  The  intruders  proved  to 
be  a  party  of  two  hundred  men  despatched  by  Pedra- 
rias  Davila,  under  Martin  Estetc,  for  the  purpose  of 
taking  possession  of  Salvador  and  making  that  prov- 
ince an  appendage  to  Nicaragua.  If  a  man  of  ability 
liad  been  in  charge  of  this  ex|X)dition  it  is  not  improb- 
able that  its  purpose  might  have  been  accomplished; 
but  Estete,  though  by  name  a  soldier,  had  neither 
courage  nor  military  skill.  In  the  hour  of  trial  he 
deserted  liis  men;  and  it  has  already  been  related  that 
about  half  of  his  force  joined  the  colonists  of  Gua- 
temala. 

At  the  foot  of  a  precipitous  mountain  range  near 
^Jracias  d  Dies  is  the  circus  of  Copan,  where  lie  the 
ruins  of  an  ancient  town  which  are  yet  an  object  of 

Hist.  Cent.  Ax.    Vol.  II.    8 


114 


CIVIL  FACTIONS  IN  GUATEMALA. 


11 


n;; 


interest  to  travellers.  Fuentes,  writing  about  the 
close  of  tlie  seventeenth  century,  describes  it  as  a  space 
surrounded  by  pyramids  of  stone,  eii^htcen  I'eet  in 
height,  at  the  base  of  which  were  sculptured  figures 
attired  in  Castilian  costume.  The  place  was  garrisoned 
by  thirty  thousand  troops  well  supplied  with  provisions, 
and  was  guarded,  at  the  only  point  where  approach 
was  possible,  by  a  deep  fosse  and  a  barricade  of  earth, 
pierced  with  loop-holes.  To  this  stronghold  Hernando 
do  Chaves,  who  had  been  ordered  to  quell  an  uprising 
in  the  adjoining  province  of  Chiquimula,  now  resolved 
to  lay  siege.  Drawing  up  his  forces  in  front  of  it  he 
approached  within  bow-shot  of  the  town  at  the  head 
of  a  small  band  of  horse  and  demanded  its  surrender. 
He  was  answered  with  flights  of  arrows  directed 
with  such  good  aim  that  he  was  glad  to  make  his 
escape. 

On  the  following  morning  an  assault  was  made 
upon  the  intrenchment,  but  without  success;  and 
though  the  attack  was  renewed  again  and  awiin  dur- 

^  O  OCT 

ing  the  day,  and  the  arquebuses  and  cross-bows  of 
the  Spaniards  spread  havoc  among  the  defenders,  at 
nightfall  no  impression  had  been  made,  and  Chaves 
was  compelled  to  draw  off*  his  forces  sorely  discom- 
fited. He  had  exceeded  his  orders  and  was  acting 
on  his  own  responsibility  in  attempting  the  subjuga- 
tion of  Copan.  He  was  compelled  to  admit  his  rash- 
ness; but  tlie  question  was  now  wh;!c»\  way  should  he 
turn  in  liis  present  dilemma?  To  capture  the  strong- 
hold with  his  slender  force  wa^;^  ell  but  impossible, 
while  failure  and  retreat  would  bring  disgrace  upon 
the  Spanish  arms  and  dishonor  on  himself  Wlieii 
brooding  over  the  difficulties  of  his  position  the  wel- 
come news  was  brought  that  a  spot  had  been  dis- 
covered where  the  depth  and  width  of  the  fosse  were 
comparatively  small,  and  on  the  following  day  he  again 
led  his  men  to  the  attack.  The  struggle  was  loiii,' 
and  doubtful.  The  Spaniards  obstinately  refused  t<» 
withdraw,  though  time  after  time,  as  they  attempted 


REDUCTION  OF  COPAN. 


11.5 


to  scale  ilie  rampart,  they  wore  repelled  by  lancc- 
llinists,  or  crushed  under  fallin<(  rocks. 

The  day  was  at  last  decided  by  the  desperate  cour- 
af,'e  of  a  cavalry  soldier,  one  Juan  A'azquez  de  Osuna, 
who,  cnrnLi^ed  at  the  re})ulse  of  his  comrades,  plunjijed 
tlic  spurs  into  his  horse  and  rode  him  straight  ut  tho 
ditch.     The  steed  cleared  tho  fos.se,  .striking  the  barri- 
cadi'  with  his  barbed  chest.     Tho  works  could  not 
withstand  the  shock:  pali.sades  and  earth  gave  way; 
the  rrightened  horse,  urged  on  by  his  impetuous  rider, 
stiuggled  through  the  debris  and  plunged  amidst  .tho 
muss  of  warriors,  .scattering  them  in  every  direction. 
( )thcr  horsemen  came  to  Osuna's  support.     The  v,  hole 
Si)anish  force  followed,  swarming  through  the  broach, 
and   I'ormed  in   line   inside  tho  defences.      The   con- 
test which  ensued  was  no  exception  to  the  usual  issue 
of  Sjianish  warfare  in  America.     The  horsemen  spread 
ti'iTor  and  denth  through  tho  ranks  of  tho  natives, 
while  the  foot-soldiers  followed  up  tho  work  of  carnage. 
The  cacique  rallied  his  scattered  troops  upon  a  strong 
l»(i(ly  of  reserves  posted  in  a  favorable  position,  and 
attempted  to  retrieve  tho  day,  but  tho  resistance  wa.s 
brief;  their  ranks  were  soon  broken,  and  Copan  was 
in  the  hands  of  the  victors.     Not  even  yet,  however, 
dill  the  chieftain  abandon  hope.     Leaving  his  capital 
t(i  the  foe,  he  retreated  to  Sitald  on  tho  confines  of  his 
domain.     Hero  ho  rallied  all  tho  men  he  could  muster, 
and  soon  at  tho  head  of  a  formidable  army  ho  made  a 
desperate  effort  to  win  back  Copan.     Twice  he  assailed 
the  Spaniards  with  desperate  courage,  and  twice  was 
driven  back,  his  best  warriors  being  left  dead  on  the 
field.     At  length,  convinced  of  the  uscle.ssnoss  of  fur- 
tlier  resistance,  he  tendered  bis  submission,  and  from 
his  mountain  retreat  sent  tho  tributary  offering  of  gold 
and  plumage.     His  .surrender  was  graciously  accepted 
hy  Chaves,  who  received  him  with  the  condescension 
and  courtesy  becoming  a  conqueror.^" 

'Vworros,  Chiat.  (ed.  London,  1823),  300-7.    JUst.  Nat.  Civ.,  iy.  703-4., 


f  1 


f .' 


IIG 


CIVIL  r\CTIONS  IX  GUATE5IALA. 


About  the  middle  of  15,30,  Pedro  do  Alvarado 
returned  to  Guatemala,  having  at  length  extricated 
himself  from  the  net  spread  by  his  adversaries.  Com- 
plaints that  the  audicncia  was  misinterpreting  the 
king's  instructions  remained  unheeded;  representa- 
tions that  he  was  being  unjustly  deprived  of  oppor- 
tunities to  prosecute  new  conquests,  and  to  reap  some 
benefit  from  the  great  outlay  he  had  incurred,  had 
brought  to  his  enemies  a  secret  satisfaction.  But 
later  the  political  aspect  of  affairs  had  favored  him. 
The  audiencia  and  a  strong  party  of  their  supporters 
were  hostile  to  Cortes  and  spared  no  effort  to  prevent 
his  return  to  Mexico. 

None  of  the  enemies  were  more  active  than  the 
king's  factor,  Gonzalo  de  Salazar,  who  seized  and  im- 
prisoned a  number  of  the  leading  men  of  the  opix>sito 
faction,  and  among  them  the  brothers  of  Alvarado. 
Indignant  at  this  proceeding  the  latter  challenged 
Salazar  to  mortal  combat,'"'^  and  insurrectionary  move- 
ments in  the  city  excited  the  alarm  of  the  oidores  and 
their  partisans.  At  this  juncture  information  was  re- 
ceived that  Cortes  was  already  on  his  way  to  Mexico. 
A  compromise  was  agreed  upon,  and  Alvarado  was 

^'  nemesid,  Ifist.  Chi/npa,  48.  Cavo  makes  this  remark  upon  Remcsal'H 
account:  'It  seems  to  me  more  probaLI^  tl  ."t  the  disagreement  was  betwem 
an  oidor  and  that  conqueror,  since  it  is  certain  that  three  years  previously 
the  emperor  ordered  tlie  factor  to  leave  Mexico.'  Tri's  Sinlon,  i.  104-5.  A 
letter  of  IJishop  Zunulrraga  to  the  king  dated  August  '27,  \')2d,  disproves 
Cavo 'a  inference  that  the  factor  was  not  in  Mexico  at  the  time.  The  bishop 
also  gives  a  dillerent  version  of  the  challenge,  lie  states  that  the  president 
Guitnian,  Salazur,  Alvarado,  and  otliers  wliile  out  riding  discussed  the  ncu.s 
lately  received  that  Cortes  had  Ixsuu  highly  favored  by  the  king  and  was  en 
his  way  back  to  Mexico.  Gu/man  remarked  that  lie  believed  ho  would  soon 
return,  whereupon  the  factor  passionately  exclaimed,  'Kl  rey  que  A  tal  traiilur 
como  A,  Cortes  embia  es  hereje  y  no  eristiano.'  For  i^  few  days  nothing  was 
done  to  call  the  factor  to  account  for  such  treasonable  language,  but  on  l!io 
18th  of  the  month  Alvarado  appeai'cd  before  the  audiencia  and  recpiestcd  pci- 
mission  to  send  him  a  formal  challenge.  That  body,  however,  defended  >*iil- 
aair,  and  on  the  following  day  their  president  Guzman  made  reply  to  tliis 
cfl'eet:  'Pedro  de  Alvarado  mientc  como  muy  ruin  cabalhu'o,  si  lo  es,  que  1 1 
Factor  no  dijo  tal,  porque  es  scrvidor  do  Vuestra  Majestad  y  no  habia  do 
deeir  tal  palabra.'and  Alvarado  was  ironed  and  thrown  into  prison,  'llie 
bishop  adds,  'y  no  S(5  quo  haran  del,'  and  that  ho  has  three  witnesses  woitliy 
of  all  trust  and  of  the  order  of  Santiago,  who  heard  the  factor  use  the  lan- 
guage. Zumdrraija,  L'arla,  in  Pacheco  and  Cdrdcnan,  xiii.  17t)-7.  Zamaioii 
gives  almost  the  same  account  as  the  above.  fJiat.  Mij.,  iv.  485-0, 


il 


RETURN  OF  ALVARADO. 


117 


at  last  permitted  to  continue  liis  long-delayed  journey- 
to  Santiago.^^ 

Such  is  the  version  given  by  Remesal  of  Alvarado's 
escape  from  the  investigation,  but  it  is  probable  that 
lie  was  compelled  to  disgorge  much  of  his  ill-gotten 
trains  in  making  so-called  presents  to  oidores  and 
influential  personago:j,  and  that  he  angrily  shook  the 
(lust  from  his  feet  when  he  left  Mexico,  stripped  of 
his  wealth.  Alas  Tonatiuh !  lie  was  indeed  a  much 
injured  highwayman  Avho  had  fallen  among  thieves.^* 

On  the  11th  of  April  1530  the  adclantado  arrived 
at  the  capital  and  was  heartily  welcomed;  for  to  his 
absence  were  attributed  all  the  evils  wrought  by 
Orduna.  On  the  same  day  he  presented  to  the  cabildo 
his  original  appointment  under  the  royal  signature. 
The  document  was  acknowlcdsfed  with  becomiuGf 
Liravity.  It  was  passed  round,  kissed  and  otherwise 
luiHored,  and  finally  enthroned  in  turn  on  the  head  of 
eacl;  member,  all  promising  to  obey  it  as  a  royal 
coniuiand.  Then  [)lacing  his  right  hand  on  the  cross 
(if  the  order  granted  to  him  by  the  emperor,  Alvarado 
sjioko  the  customary  oath  and  took  his  seat  ap  presi- 
dent of  the  cabildo. 

Or(hn"ia's  administration  was  now  at  an  end,  and  on 
liis  return  to  Santiago  no  time  was  lost  in  instituting 
jii'dccediiigs  against  him.  He  was  ordered  to  give 
liitnds  in  the  sum  of  thirty  thousand  jiesos  dc  oro,;!iid 
tli(,iX'after  his  name  appears  no  more  in  the  clironicles 

'-  Tliis  release  must  only  be  considered  as  conditional,  and  not  as  a  rejection 
of  tliL'  charges  brought  against  Alvarado.  Wc  learn,  however,  tVoni  Ucniesal 
iluit  ill  I't'M  the  second  nu<licnci:i  ac<juittiil  him.   //ist.  <  'lii/((pii,  4'2. 

"'  iUsliop  Zumiirraga  states  that  the  president  and  oidores  robbcil  Alva- 
radu  of  all  the  valuables  which  he  had  brought  fidiii  Spain,  '<[Uo  fue  tanto 
!i]iaiato  y  cusas  ricas  conio  un  conde  principal  d(!so8  rcinns  jiudiera  tiaer;'  al' 
lis  silverware,  tajK'stry,  horses,  and  nudes,  '  de  tndo  no  lo  iiaii  dejado  un  ]ian 
i|U('  comer.'  lie  also  furnishes  a  list  "f  -irticles  given  as  presents  i)y  Alvarado 
t'l  llic  president  and  the  oidores.  >;  moreover,  nudics  the  nsstertiuii  tiiat 
'  i'lsta  nianera  han  pcrseguido  il  (piautos  han  siilo  do  eontrariii  oj.inion  del 
1  actor.  .  .y  lo  (pie  peor  es,  que  en  apellando  o  sabieiulo  (,uo  (juoriau  apidhir, 
IS  aprisionavan.'    /'ac/uro  and  Cdfli'iias,  Col.  J)or.,  x'ii.  i;{(i-40.     Hener;i, 


1( 

Kill  al 

M('\ii'i 

lie  a  pic,  y  do  a  eauuUo. '  dee.  iv.  lib.  vii.  cup.  v 


it  to  be  concluded  that  Alvarado  left  Mexico  at  his  pleasure;   '  H 

Adclantado  don  I'edm  do  Alvarado,  qiu)  cntendidos  estos  rumores  cti 

una  ydo  para  defender  su  gonernacion,  y  Ucuauu  ocUenta  soldadoa 


;;!;■ 


H 


e   i;     ! 


'in 


118 


CIVIL  FACTIONS  IN  GUATEMALA. 


of  his  age.  But  wc  may  conclude  that  one  whc  had 
shown  such  animosity  toward  the  Alvarado  party, 
and  had  been  so  successful  in  winning  the  hatred  of  a 
community,  would  not  escape  unharmed  from  the  fire 
which  he  had  built  around  him.  Either  tliis,  or  he 
had  been  doing  that  which  best  pleased  those  in 
power,  in  which  case  his  punishment  can  scarcely  be 
severe. 

To.  wring  redress  from  Orduna  was,  however,  an 
easier  matter  than  to  correct  the  disorder  which  he 
had  produced.  The  colonists  were  divided  into  nu- 
merous cliques,  entertaining  bitter  animosities  toward 
each  other.  The  unfair  distribution  of  repartimientos 
had  developed  feuds  which  threatened  bloodshed  at 
any  moment;  and  those  who  had  taken  part  in  the 
eonf|uest  of  the  country  saw  with  anger  new-comers 
preferred  before  them  in  election  to  public  office. 

The  independent  spirit  of  the  artisan  and  operative 
placed  them  in  direct  antagonism  to  the  more  arist(j- 
cratic  orders,  who  hated  them  for  the  extortions  they 
practised  and  the  disrespectful  indifference  they  dis- 
played. Numbers  of  mechanics,  having  acquired  re- 
partimientos and  wealth,  charged  what  they  pleased, 
m  defiance  of  law,  and  worked  only  when  they  felt 
inclined.^*  But  even  this  class  was  divided  again>t 
itself,  and  year  by  year  the  religious  processions  were 
attended    with    disgraceful  tunmlts  caused  by  tho- 


>!' 


cncfajxed  in  rival  trades  beinjTf  thus  brought  toi:»'ethcr. 
The  community  was  even  threatened  with  dissolution. 
Many  h  id  left  the  province  in  disgust  to  settle  in 
Mexico  or  Nicaragua,  or  to  engage  in  mining  ventures 
and  others  were  preparing  to  depart.  Tlie  siti  s 
allotted  for  residences  were  unoccupied  by  their  own- 
ers; the  streets  were  almost  impassable,  and  horM  s 

'*  The  cabildo  frequently  issued  regulations  with  the  object  of  con-ccti:':; 
these  alniscs.  Tho  incoiivcnionce  cauxed  by  artisans  closing  their  wrnkshcj  i 
was  so  serious  that,  on  June  4,  l.VJO,  the  cabildo  passed  an  act  ordcrinj;  tlniii 
to  exercise  thoir  callings  under  penalty  of  having  tlie  service  of  their  Indiaui 
suspended.  In  1534  a  similar  decree  was  passed,  and  again  in  April  lo'M. 
Actan  Ayunt.  Quat.,  88,  poasim;  licmesal,  JJist,  t'hyaiKi,  171. 


1 


SOCIAL  CONDITION. 


m 


If  had 
party, 
L'cl  of  a 
he  fire 
,  or  ho 
lose  ill 
cely  bo 

^cr,  an 
lich  ho 
nto  un- 
toward 
iiicntos 
fcihed  at 
in  the 
-eomer.s 

CO. 

icrativo 
I  aristo- 
>ns  thoy 
icy  dis- 
ircd  re- 
leased, 
icy  i'elt 
against 
Ins  Were 
y   tliosi.' 

)rrcther. 

lohition. 
;ttlc  in 
}nturc> 
lie  sitts 
[ir  owii- 
hop-t  s 

Icon-ccti:  o; 
Rvorksli";  * 
lnn.;tl..  i 
I'ir  Iiuh.i;-* 
Vpril  \oM. 


and  liogs  roamed  at  large,  causing  destruction  of 
(  rops,  while  blood-hounds  were  let  loose  and  permitted 
to  hunt  down  the  unfortunate  natives  almost  within 
sight  of  Santiago. 

Such  was  the  condition  of  affairs  when  Alvarado 
returned,  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  his  timely  ar- 
rival saved  the  colony  from  destruction.^"*  He  recog- 
nized at  once  that  the  occasion  required  prompt 
and  vitjorous  action,  and  struck  at  the  root  of  the 
evil  by  prohibiting,  under  pain  of  death  and  con- 
iiscation,  all  serious  quarrelling,  whether  by  word  or 


writing.  Ui' c"  measures  for  the  correction  of  abuses 
and  the  e  'rj^n:.  ,::ation  of  the  affairs  of  the  province 
quickly  iuli/>w3ci.  A  new  distribution  of  repartimien- 
tos  was  ordered,  and  the  conditions  of  military  ser- 
vice M'cre  regulated.  Whoever  had  two  thousand 
Indians  assigned  to  him  must  always  be  provided 
with  a  double  set  of  weapons  and  two  horses,  and  be 
ready  to  take  the  field  at  an  hour's  notice.  He  who 
liad  one  thousand  must  possess  a  single  set  of  arms 
and  one  horse.  The  encomendero  of  five  hundred 
natives  must  be  provided  with  a  cross-bow  or  arque- 
buse,  and  with  sword  and  dainrer,  and  must  furnish  a 


horse  if  he  could. 


"oo 


The  laws  existinr^f  in  0;;atemala  as  to  the  acquisi- 
tion, tenure,  and  e.  n\  yjiioe  of  land  would,  under  a 
j)i'oj)er  administration,  aid  in  a  territory  rich  as  was 
that  province  in  natural  rc;s,iuices,  have  assured  ])ro8- 
perity  to  all  but  the  unthrifty  and  improvident.  Gold- 
mining  mot  with  fair  return,  and  notwithstanding  the 
lavages  of  wild  beasts,  the  industries  of  stock-raising 
and  agriculture  were  successfully  conducted. 


■M 


''  'I'ucron  los  ntrnsaos  pr  nlca,  lOs  ilisgustoa  continuos,  y  las  disscnaionoa, 
ill'  iiiuoiiiis  coiisequeeias:  ii  '  '  no  aplicar  ollica/cs,  y  ojwrtmiDS  rtMiiodioa  ol 
Ailclantado. .  .  pudicra  sci ,  ;•  .^'■  Uuviuradcspobladi*  laticrra.'  I'uzquez,  t'hro- 
iii'ii  (!■  drat.,  150. 

""Vazinioz  statoH  that  in  )"■''  liors^s  liad  so  niultipliod  tliat  the  cabildo 
nssi'/iii'd  the  plains  bi'tween  Ks''uinthi  and  Ma/aquii  an  lands  for  ln-(x)d-nmres 
mid  I'l/als  lleniiisal  iidatea  that  the  iiR'iva.se  of  tlie  herds  \\a.-i  nmch  retarded 
liy  tile   av.yea  of  wild  beasts,  which  destroyed  the  young  auimuls,  and  not 


f^ 


|: 

1 

1 

120 


CIVIL  FACTIONS  IN  GUATEMALA. 


Tliougli  the  settlers  were  few  in  niimbcr,^^  they 
were  sufficient,  when  acting  in  concert,  to  hold  the 
natives  in  subjection.  The  citizens  were  for  the  most 
part  required  to  do  duty  as  soldiers  in  time  of  need. 
None  but  citizens  could  obtain  a  title  to  land;  nor  was 
that  title  confirmed  until  after  a  long  term  of  service ; 
nor  could  any  acquire,  even  by  purchase,  more  than 
his  due  share  of  the  public  domain.^^  But  such  was 
the  mischief  wrought  by  the  maleadministration  of 
Orduna  that  most  of  the  I:-  'v.niards  were  on  the  verofo 
of  destitution. 

On  the  25th  of  September  /29  we  find  what  the 
payment  of  debts  was  suspended  for  four  months  by 
order  of  the  cabildo,  on  the  ground  that  the  horses 
and  arms  of  the  colonists  would  else  bo  sold  to  others 
and  the  services  of  their  owners  lost  to  the  province. 
Moreover  the  high  price  of  all  imported  commodities 
added  greatly  to  tlie  distress  of  the  more  impoverished 
settlers.  A  dozen  horseshoes  sold  i"or  fifteen  pesos,  a 
common  saddle  for  fifty,  and  a  cloth  coat  could  not  be 
had  for  less  than  seventy  pesos.  The  distance  from 
the  confines  of  Guatemala  to  Mexico,  whence  all  such 
articles  were  obtained,  was  two  hundred  and  seventy 
leagues.  Two  portions  of  the  road,  one  of  forty-five 
and  the  other  of  sixty  leagues,  led  through  a  wilder- 

iinfrcqucntly  cows  and  marcs.  In  February  1532  great  destruction  was 
caused  by  an  enormous  lion,  whoso  haunt  was  the  densely  wooded  slopes  of 
the  Volcan  de  Agua.  The  loss  of  cattlo  was  so  great  that  the  city  otlered  a 
bounty  of  125  pi;so3  de  oro  or  100  bushels  of  corn  to  any  one  wlio  killed  tlie 
monster.  In  March  a  largo  party  headed  by  Alvarado  went  forth  to  hunt 
U>v  it,  but  their  cllbrts  were  unsuccessful.  He  was  finally  killed  by  the  herdir 
of  the  mares.  Urmiml,  Jfi.tt.  Chijapa,  173;  AUnitn  M<x.,i\~.  Notwithstaml- 
ing  the  depredations  of  wild  animals,  live-stock  increased  oo  rapidly  that  in 
1540  beef  sold  for  tiireo  cents  a  pound  and  mutton  for  four  and  live  cents. 
Pdnez,  ,]frm.  Oiinf.,  i.  188.  Tiierc  are  two  competitors  for  the  distinction  cf 
having  first  introducc(l  horned  cattle  into  Ciuatemala.  According  to  \tr/- 
que/,  the  auditor  I'lancisco  de  Zorilla  imported  stock  at  his  own  expense.  aii'I 
had  a  feeding-ground  fur  his  herds  assigned  to  him  in  15.'t0.  .luarros  ascribi  i 
to  Hector  dis  ISarreda  the  honor  of  being  the  (irst  importer,  and  to  him  wai 
a.ssigned  in  the  distribution  of  lands  a  feeding-grountl  in  the  present  Vallo  ilc 
las  Vacas,  which  received  its  name  from  the  fact  that  ho  there  established  a 
stock-farm.   Chronica  di'  Ovat.,  Ui'J;  Jtwrron,  Gnat.,  ii.  354. 

•'•In  1520  the  population  of  Santiago  numbered  only  150  according  to  tlii' 
records  of  the  cabildo,  liemesal,  //(■••/.  Cln/apa,  '22;  but  in  the  ueighborhoml 
were  many  settlers  who  had  not  been  enrolled  as  citizens. 

'•'^  None  wore  allowed  to  hold  more  than  two  caballeriaa. 


1 

Win 


SAX  JORGE  DE  OLAXCHO  FOUXDED. 


121 


iiess   impassable   during  the  rainy  reason,  except  to 
Indians,  on  account  of  the  swollen  rivers  and  marshes. 

During  the  remainder  of  the  year  1500  few  inci- 
dents worthy  of  note  occurred  in  the  province.  The 
natives  were  frequently  in  revolt;  but  to  describe  each 
])etty  insurrection  would  be  but  tiresome  repetition. 
One  Luis  Moscoso  was  despatched  with  a  hundred 
and  twenty  men  to  the  district  beyond  the  Lcnipa, 
and  after  pacifying  the  natives  fouix'led  there  a  settle- 
ment which  Juarros  declares  to  have  ')cen  the  town 
of  San  ^Miguel."''  Diego  de  Alvarado,  at  the  head  of 
a  liundred  and  seventy  men,  conducted  an  expedition 
to  Honduras  and  founded  in  th^  northern  part  of  that 
tc'rritt)ry  the  town  of  San  Jorge  de  Olancho,*"  but 
owing  to  fiimine  and  misfortune  in  April  of  the  follow- 
ing year  he  was  obliged  to  return  with  the  shattered 
r(  innant  of  his  command  in  such  sorry  plight  that  he 
was  forced  to  ask  the  cabildo  to  receive  and  provide 
lor  them. 


"'JiKUTOS  entertains  no  doubt  of  this:  in  the  first  place  because  its  loca- 
timi  exactly  cori'cspontls  with  that  wliero  Moscoso  J)uilt  Ilia  town;  and  sec- 
ondly, liui'iuiso  there  is  no  evidence  that  any  Spanish  town  existed  on  tlio 
utiicr  fiiilL- of  the  Jjcnipa  previous  to  1530,  while  tlic  villa  de  .San  Mi;^iicl  is 
])I(iV(mI  liy  tlie  books  of  the  cabildo  of  the  city  of  (Juateinala,  to  have  been  in 
cxistciu'c  in  Jiiiiu  IJIJI.  Giiat.,  ii.  10,">.  In  May  ir).'15  it  is  ineutioncd  by 
Alvjiiiiilo  ill  a  li'ttcr  to  Charles  V.  Cartas,  Sqider'n  MiSS.,  xix.  7. 

'"Called  by  Juarros  ban  Jorge  de  Olauchito. 


I 


'<     I 


1! 


H 


CHAPTER  VII. 

ALVARADO'S  EXPEDITION  TO  PERU. 

1531-1536. 

SniP-Buii.DiNG  IN  Guatemala — Alvarado  Prepares  an  Expedition  to  the 
SricE  Islands — But  Tue^s  his  Attention  toward  Perp — Opposition 
OF  the  Treasury  Officials — The  Pilot  Fernandez  Brincs  News  of 
Ataiualpa's  Kansom  — Strength  of  Alvarado's  Armament— He 
Lands  at  Puerto  Viej(;  — Failfiie  of  his  Expedition— His  Hetukn 
to  Guatemala — Native  Revolts  during  his  Absence — The  Visitadok 
;Maldi>xado  Arrives  at  Santiago — He  Finds  No  Fault  in  the  Ade- 
1.ANTAD0— But  :s  Afterwards  Ordered  to  Take  his  Residenclv- 
Alvarado  in  Honduras. 

One  of  the  first  matters  which  eng-ajjcd  Alvarado's 
attention  on  his  return  to  Santiago  was  the  discovcrv 
of  a  site  adapted  to  ship-'uuilding,  for  he  was  now 
resolved  to  carry  out  his  intended  voyage  in  search  of 
the  Spice  Islands.  In  accordance  with  the  emperor's 
instructi(  s,  he  sent  parties  to  explore  the  seaboard 
for  that  ^  arpose.  At  a  distance  of  fifteen  leagues 
from  the  city,  near  the  modern  port  of  Istapa,  a  suit- 
able spot  was  found,  in  the  vicinity  of  which  was  an 
.abundant  supply  of  excellent  timber,  and  the  work 
was  at  once  be<j:un. 

According  to  the  terms  of  his  commission  from  the 
crown,  his  discoveries  and  conquests  were  limited  to 
the  islands  and  mainland  of  that  j)ortion  of  the  south 
sea  bordering  on  New  Spain,  and  thence  in  a  westoi  Iv 
direction,  and  he  was  forbidden  to  form  any  setth>- 
mcnt  on  a  territory  already  assigned  to  others.^     He 

'  '  Voa  ilamos  liecncia.  .  .para  que  per  nos.  .  .poilais  dosculnir,  cnn- 
«|uistiir  0  pol)lar,  cu;ili'sf|uicr  Ishis  <|uc  hay  cii  la  mar  del  Sur  do  la  \ii(  vn 
Kapaflu,  (jiiost;in  on  sii  parage;  (?  todas  las  que  hallarvdus  hauia  ol  Ponimte 


THE  ARMAMENT, 


123 


lea<jfurs 
a  suit- 
>vas  an 

work 

loin  the 
litcd  to 

south 

Icsterly 

sctllt'- 

.1     lie 

llnir,  <"»• 
la  Xu'vn 
rimiiiit" 


was  appointed  governor  and  alguacil  mayor  for  life, 
and  until  otherwise  ordered  was  to  be  intrusted  with 
lull  civil,  military,  and  judicial  powers  over  all  new 
lands  which  he  might  find.  During  the  royal  pleas- 
ure he  was  also  to  receive  a  twelfth  of  all  profits 
which  might  in  the  future  result  from  his  explorations. 
Whether  the  expedition  was  to  be  fitted  out  entirely 
or  only  in  part  at  the  adelantado's  expense  is  a  matter 
not  easily  determined  f  but  in  a  letter  to  Charles  V. 
sent  in  1532,  wherein  he  states  his  intention  to  build 
and  equip  a  fleet  of  twelve  vessels  and  raise  a  force  of 
four  hundred  men,  he  declares  that  the  cost  of  his 
armament  will  exceed  forty  thousaiid  castellanos,  and 
tliat  this  outlay  will  exhaust  his  private  means.  He 
claims  of  course  that  he  is  thus  exjicnding  all  his 
nsources  solely  with  his  usual  desire  of  serving  the 
emperor,  and  avers  that  he  has  information  of  rich 
islands  near  the  coast  from  the  discovery  of  which 
his  ]\[ajesty  must  derive  great  benefit. 

While  the  construction  of  his  fleet  was  yet  in 
progress,  rumors  of  Pizarro's  conquest  and  of  the  fab- 
nlous  wealth  which  had  fallen  to  his  lot  were  noised 
tliroughout  the  province.  Alvarado  was  not  over- 
.'-cruj)ulous  as  to  ways  and  means,  as  we  well  know. 
Already  he  had  proved  false  to  him  through  whose 
I'ricndship  and  favor  he  had  been  raised  to  his  high 
station;  could  he  not  now  replenish  his  de[)leted  purse, 
and  also  win  glory  in  the  land  of  the  incas?     Was  it 

<li'll;i,  no  sicndo  en  cl  parage  do  laa  ticrraa  en  que  hoy  hay  provcyda  gobenia- 
(luri's;  ('■  asi  iiiisnio.  .  .podais  desciibiir  cnalquicr  parte  dc  tionvi  lirine,  <iuo 
li;ill,iix(l(.'s,  por  la  diclia  oosta  del  Siir,  hacia  el  I'onicnte,  (juc  no  se  Imya 
hasta  a;;ora  dcscuhierto,  ni  entre  en  los  liniites  e  para^'c  Xorto-Siir,  de  la 
tiirra  i|U('.st;l  dada  en  gobeniacion  i'l  otras  personas. '  Capituhuiui),  in  I'achcco 
and  Ci-ilniax,  Col.  JJnc,  xiv.  o.'JS-!). 

'  Hirreia,  dec.  iv.  lib.  x.  cap.  xv.,andlkemesal,//M/.  Cliyapn,  1 12,  state  that 
ill  tlicsc  pivparations  Alvarado  was  pi'oviiled  by  the  enijiei-or  with  a  eon:'id- 
I  ralilc  amoiint  (jf  funds;  but  ttie  adelantndo  in  his  oflieial  letters  to  the  court, 
ill  ( 'ric.'tM,  Si/incr'n  MSS.,  xix.  1-4,  l.'{-'27,  while  dwelling  on  the  labor  and 
I'xiiciise  these  preparations  involved,  makes  no  allusion  to  outside  aid.  It  is 
i">t  I'liiliablc,  however,  that  a  nuin  of  Alvarado's  character  woulil  have  litted 
iiiit  tills  ex])edition  purely  from  loyal  motives  or  having  in  view  only  the 
I'  iiiotc  contingency  of  the  compensation  to  be  derived  from  his  twelith  of 
tlic  prulits. 


^ 


124 


ALVARADO'S  EXPEDITION  TO  PERU. 


^">] 


not  better  thus  to  employ  his  armament  than  go  on  a 
wild-goose  chase  for  islands  no  one  had  ever  yet  seen? 
And  surely  with  a  few  ship-loads  of  Peruvian  gold, 
which  it  would  not  take  him  long  to  gather,  he  could 
serve  his  sovereign  as  well  as  with  never  a  maravedi 
in  his  treasury.  It  was  fortunate,  it  was  indeed  prov- 
idential, that  now,  when  the  fleet  was  almost  ready, 
and  the  men  equipped  and  prepared  to  embark,  this 
princely  quarry  should  have  been  started  to  the  south 
of  him. 

On  the  return  of  a  vessel  despatched  for  supplies  to 
Panama  the  reports  of  the  immense  treasures  discov- 
ered in  Peru  were  confirmed,  and  the  enthusiasm 
know  no  bounds.  "Come,"  said  Alvarado  to  the  colo- 
nists, "come  with  me  and  I  will  make  you  so  rich  that 
you  may  walk  on  bars  of  gold." 

Among  Alvarado's  numerous  enemies  the  most 
powerful  and  active  were  the  treasury  officials  of 
Guatemala,  who,  though  frequently  divided  among 
themselves,  were  constant  in  their  opposition  to  tliu 
governor.  Already  they  had  reported  him  to  the 
home  government,  charging  him  with  neglect  of  dutv, 
with  levvini":  forced  contributions,  and  with  disobcdi- 
ence  to  the  royal  ordinances.  They  now  addressed  a 
letter  to  the  emperor,  informing  him  of  Alvarado's 
designs,  representing  the  evil  consequences  that  must 
ensue  from  an  invasion  of  Pizarro's  territory,  the  dan- 
Q'cr  of  withdrawinix  from  Guatemala  so  larcie  a  force 
of  Spaniards,  and  requesting  that  there  be  sent  out  to 
the  province  some  trustworthy  person  with  power  to 
prevent  the  departure  of  all  who  held  repartimientos 
and  to  act  as  governor  during  the  adelantado's  ab- 
sence. They  also  informed  the  audiencia  of  Mfexico 
of  his  pur[)Ose,  and  of  the  strength  of  his  armament. 
Thougli  fully  aware  of  these  proceedings,  Alvarado 
gave  no  heed  to  them.  He  calmly  continued  his 
j)reparations,  informing  the  royal  officials  that  Guate- 
mala was  too  limited  an  area  for  his  ambition,  and  that 


fi 


w 

ni 


:j    i 


A 
'-'*> 


■ « 


FLATTERING  TROSrECTS. 


m 


vm 


lie  must  now  seek  elsewhere  a  wider  field  of  action. 
[Meanwhile  he  would  insure  the  safety  of  the  province 
hv  })utting  on  board  his  fleet  all  the  principal  caciques, 
whom  he  had  already  secured  for  that  purpose. 

At  this  juncture  came  a  mandate  which  even  Al- 
vanuh)  did  not  dare  to  disregard.  It  was  an  order 
from  the  audiencia  of  Mexico  forbidding  him  to  sail 
until  he  had  received  his  final  instructions  from  the 
iinjicror.^  Though  sorely  vexed  at  this  interference, 
wliich  he  attributed  to  the  machinations  of  Cortes,  ho 
must  nevertheless  submit  to  further  delay.  He  again 
:ul(hvsscd  a  letter  to  Charles,  asking  permission  to  go 
to  tlie  assistance  of  Pizarro,  assuring  him  that,  from 
\\hat  he  had  learned  of  the  difficulties  encountered 
hy  that  conqueror,  he  was  convinced  of  his  inability 
to  conipleto  unaided  the  conquest  of  Peru.  In  a  pre- 
vious despatch,  wherein  he  had  asked  for  his  final 
instructions,  he  prayed  that  they  be  granted  as  speedily 
as  possible.  "For,"  he  says,  "after  exhaucsting  my 
jirivate  means,  I  have  contracted  iieavy  debts  in  order 
to  save  your  Majesty  all  expense."  The  fleet,  he  in- 
I'oims  him,  is  well  provided  with  stores  and  provisions, 
the  Ibrce  of  men  almost  complete,  and,  the  better  to 
insure  the  success  of  the  expedition,  he  declares  that 
he  will  take  command  of  it  in  person,  leaving  a  suffi- 
cient number  of  Spaniards  in  the  province  to  guard 
aii'ainst  any  possible  uprising  of  the  natives.  He  con- 
siders, however,  that  there  is  little  danger  of  an  out- 
Incuk,  "for,"  as  he  remarks  M'ith  refreshing  assurance, 
"  1  have  ever  obeyed  3'our  Majesty's  orders  regarding 
the  kind  treatment  of  the  Indians."* 


1 


]\teunwhile  Alvarado  had  found  it  necessary  to 
remove  his  fleet  for  shelter  to  the  bay  of  Fonseca, 
whence  he  desjKitchcd  Garcia  Holguin  with  two  ships 
to  P(  ,  ■!  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  actual 


'Ilcrrera,  dec.  iv.  lib.  x.  cap.  xv.,  nnrl  Rcmcsjil,  Ilisf.  Chyapa,  11.*?,  atato 
that  tlic  ■■iiuliencia  ordered  the  fitting-out  of  his  expedition  to  be  stopped. 
*llirrcra,  dec.  iv.  lib.  x.  cap.  xv.;  Ucmesal,  Hid.  (Jhyapa,  113. 


11  i 


T 


18$ 


ALVARADO'S  EXPEDITIOX  TO  PERU. 


state  of  affairs  and  the  nature  of  the  country.^  The 
adclantado  soon  learned  to  his  cost  that  the  bay  of 
Fonseca  was  no  secure  haven,  and  after  losing  two 
of  his  vessels  there  during  a  heavy  gale,  sailed  with 
the  remainder  for  Puerto  de  la  Posesion  in  Nicaragua, 
the  modern  Realejo,*'  While  here  awaiting  the  return 
of  Holguin,  he  fell  in  with  the  pilot  Juan  Fernandez, 
one  who  had  long  been  engaged  in  fitting  out  vessels 
for  the  trade  between  Nicaragua  and  Castilla  del  Oro. 
While  transacting  business  in  Panamd,  Fernandez 
had  listened  to  the  marvellous  stories  of  Pizarro's 
conquest,  and  journeying  thence  to  Peru  had  there 
conversed  with  men  who  had  been  present  at  the  ca[)- 
ture  and  ransom  of  Atahualpa.  No  wonder  that  the 
tidings  which  the  pilot  now  brought  from  the  land  of 
the  iucas  fired  the  imagination  of  these  gold-loving 
adventurers.  More  than  1,300,000  castellanos!  Not 
even  the  treasures  of  Montezuma  had  yielded  such  a 
harvest.  If  Pizarro,  with  his  diminutive  force,  had 
secured  such  booty,  what  might  not  Alvarado  now 
hope  for  with  his  powerful  fleet  and  veteran  army? 

Neither  king  nor  audiencia  should  now  thwart  his 
purpose;  nevertheless  he  must  have  ready  some  pro- 
text  for  entering  Pizarro's  territory,  if  indeed  he  could 
not  obtain  permission.  This  was  soon  furnished  by 
Fernandez,  who  informed  him  that  the  province  of 
Quito,  believed  to  be  the  principal  depository  of  the 
treasures  of  the  incas,  had  never  yet  been  visited  by 
Spaniards.  It  was  no  difficult  matter  for  Alvarado 
to  persuade  himself  that  this  region  lay  without  tlio 
domain  granted  to  Pizarro,  and  the  self-interest  of 
Fernandez,  now  appointed  pilot  of  the  expedition, 
prompted  him  to  encourage  such  a  delusion. 

^Alvarculo,  Cartas,  in  S'/tiier's  MSS.,xix.  13-27;  Jlerrera,  dec.  v.  lib.  vi. 
cap.  i.     llcrrera  mentions  but  one  ship. 

*  Tliorc  is  no  information,  or  none  of  value,  as  to  the  first  settlement  of 
Realcjo  by  tlie  Spaniimls.  Hcrrera,  dec.  v.  lib.  vi.  cap.  i.,  states  that  Alv:i- 
rado  was  conipcllcd,  tlirongh  lack  of  ships,  to  leave  200  men  there.  This  may 
have  been  the  origin  of  the  colony.  I'urchas,  1G25,  siiells  the  word  Uenljo; 
Ogilby,  1071,  h'ealcjo;  Dampier,  IG90,  liialrja;  Jeflferys,  1770,  i^cafeyo,  as  buy 
and  city.  Cartog.  Pac,  Coast,  MS.,  ii.  204,  a. 


f 


THE  PARTICIPANTS, 


1-27 


Soon  after  the  arrival  of  the  fleet  in  Nicaracfua, 
IIol<::uin  rejoined  the  adclantado  at  Puerto  de  la 
PosLsion  and  confirmed  the  statements  of  tlie  pilot. 
A  year  had  almost  elapsed  since  Alvarado  despatched 
a  letter  to  the  emperor  requesting  his  final  orders, 
but  still  no  answer  came,  and  his  i)atienee  was  well- 
nigh  exhausted.  He  had  long  since  been  compelleil 
to  mortgage  his  private  estate  in  order  to  meet  the 
expense  of  maintaining  his  large  force,  and  the  cost 
of  his  armament  had  been  vastly  increased  during  all 
tliese  weary  months  of  waiting,  the  total  outlay  reach- 
ing the  sum  of  130,000  pesos  de  oro.^  Provisions  were 
becoming  scarce;  the  vessels  were  threatened  with 
destruction  from  the  teredo;  and  his  followers,  begin- 
ning to  lose  faith  in  the  enterprise,  were  on  the  point 
of  desertion.  At  last  a  messengjer  arrived  brinsjin<j: 
the  long  looked  for  despatches.  The  instructions  made 
no  change  in  the  original  capitulation  exccjpt  in  regard 
to  r(Uite.  He  was  now  authorized  to  ex[)lore  the  land 
lying  to  the  south  of  Pizarro's  territory,  between  the 
thirteenth  and  twentieth  decrees  of  latitude.^ 

The  fleet  now  numbered  twelve  sail,  eight  being 
vessels  of  one  hundred  tons  or  more.''  Three  had  been 
built  on  the  shore  of  Guatemala;  several  had  been 
purchased  from  the  estate  of  Pedrarias  Davila;  and 
the  remainder  were  procured  from  the  colonists  of 


'  Iviutil  ill  purchasing  power  to  more  than  a  million  and  a  lialf  of  dollars 
at  the  luesont  time. 

*  Alviiriulo,  ('aria,  in  Sr/uier'a MSS.,  xix.  1-4,  writing  to  the  emperor  from 
riicitii  (Ic  la  I'dsesion,  January  18,  1534,  says:  '  Jli  dorrota  sunt  CDnfonnc  A  la 
iiRTicd  (le  V.  M.  y  dcnde  los  13  hasta  los  20  grados  do  la  otra  parte  de  la 
lima  (Usoulii-irc;  todos  los  socretos  dc  csta  Mar  y  las  Yslas,  y  Ticrra  lirnu',  y 
iliiiulo  mas  convenga  conf[iustan%  y  poblare.'  In  view  of  this  it  is  singidar 
tliut  Zariito,  in  liurria,  iii.,  an  1  those  who  copy  him,  are  the  only  authorities 
who  rdiicedu  that  Alvarado  had  any  right  to  sail  in  a  southerly  direction. 
Hijitvia,  dec.  v.  lib.  vi.  cap.  i.,  Prescott,  Conq.  Peru,  ii.  II,  and  others  allinn 
that  his  capitulation  required  him  to  sail  toward  the  west,  and  it  is  evident 
tliat  tiny  (lid  not  see  the  letter  mentioned  in  Siiuiar'.i  MSS. 

'•'The  number  of  vessels  is  variously  stated.  Herrera  mentions  11;  Re- 
nipsal,  10;  .Juarros,  8,  Oviedo,  11,  and  Prescott,  12.  The  number  and  ton- 
nage f:i\  en  above  are  taken  from  the  letter  in  Squier'n  MSS.,  mentioned  in  note 
If^.  This  was  written  from  Puerto  dc  la  Posesion  on  the  eve  of  departure. 
One  galluon  was  of  .300  tons,  another  of  IGO,  a  third  of  ISO,  and  a  fourth, 
bailt  by  order  of  Pedrarias  Diivila  in  the  gulf  of  Chira,  was  of  100  tons. 


128 


ALV.UIADO'S  EXPEDITION  TO  PERU. 


Nicaragua.'"  His  troops  consisted  cliiofly  of  well 
tried  soldiers.  Many  of  them,  weary  of  an  inactive; 
life,  or  of  the  now  tame  and  bootless  wari'are  of  the 
conquered  provinces,  were  enthusiastic  over  the  pros- 
pect of  renewing  their  deeds  of  conquest  in  a  new 
land  of  promise. 

Among  the  many  distinguished  persons  who  took 
part  in  the  expedition  were  Gomez  and  Diego  do 
Alvarado,  brothers  of  the  adclantado,  and  Captain 
Garcilaso  de  la  Vega,  father  of  the  future  historian 
of  Peru.  The  total  number  was  little  short  of  three 
thousand.  Of  these  two  hundred  and  seventy  were 
infantry,  and  two  hundred  and  thirty  cavalry,  all  wi'll 
equipped.  The  ships  were  manned  by  one  hundred 
and  Ibrty  sailors,  and  on  board  the  Heet  were  two 
hundred  negro  slaves,"  and  two  thousand  natives, 
male  and  female.  Experienced  pilots  were  engaged, 
the  services  of  a  bachiller  were  secured,  and  several 
friars  were  added  to  the  expedition,  "in  order,"  says 
Alvarado,  "that  through  the  influence  of  these  holy 
men  our  consciences  may  be  cleared  of  guilt."  Final 
preparations  were  then  made  for  departure. 

During  the  absence  of  Alvarado  his  brother  Jori^o 
was  again  to  be  placed  in  charge  of  the  province  of 


"  Alvixrado  is  charged  with  the  seizure  in  Nicaragua  of  two  /cssels  in 
which  a  force  of  200  men  was  about  to  be  sent  to  the  aid  of  Pizarro.  Tliis, 
however,  was  most  likely  in  the  form  of  an  appropriation  witli  tlie  consent  of 
the  owners  of  the  vessels.  The  adelantado  in  Carta,  in  Stjuk'r'.-i  MSS.,  xix. 
13-27,  denies  tliis  charge  and  forwards  vouchers  to  prove,  as  lie  says,  tluit 
they  were  bought  at  the  request  of  the  owners  and  paid  for  to  their  entire 
satisfaction,  lie  adds  however  the  saving  clause,  that,  'even  had  they  Ihtii 
seized,  such  an  act  was  justified  by  the  importance  of  the  undertaking.'  Tliia 
letter  also  appears  to  have  escaped  Hcrrera's  notice. 

"  In  the  estimate  of  the  total  Spanish  force  authors  mainly  agree,  but  tlio 
number  of  cavalry  is  variously  stated,  and  even  the  official  letters  of  Alvarado 
are  contradictory  on  this  point.  Herrcra,  dec.  v.  lil).  vi.  cap.  i.,  gives  .jOO  m 
the  total,  of  whom  227  were  cavalry.  Oviedo,  iv.  240,  mentions  GOO,  with 
240  cavalry.  According  to  a  legal  investigation  made  in  Guatemala  in  I'l.'iO 
his  whole  force  was  500  and  Iiis  cavalry  230,  Informacion  e.rha  en  Santiwjo 
Set,.  ]'),  l."),30;  and  this  is  the  estimate  here  adopted.  Alvarado,  Cnrfa, 
Si/iiicr'ti  MSJS.,  .\ix.  1-4,  writii'g  to  tlie  emperor  a  few  days  before  his  de- 
parture from  Puerto  de  la  Posesion,  states  that  he  had  450  men  including,'  -HO 
horse,  and,  a  few  weeks  later,  writing  from  Puerto  Viejo  to  the  governor  of 
Panamd,  says  that  he  set  sail  from  Nicaragua  with  500  men  of  whom  2:i0 
were  cavalry. 


KMBAIIKATIOX. 


m 


well 
ctivi! 
f  the 

ncw 

took 

rO    do 

iptaiu 
torian 
three 
r  were 
11  well 
indred 
■e  two 
atives, 
gaged, 
several 
•,"  says 
PC  holv 
Final 

•  Jorij^o 
iiice  of 


vessels!  in 
ro.  Tlii^. 
consent  I  if 
l/,S.S'.,  xix. 
Isays,  that 
\cir  entire 
[they  U'rn 
Ing.'   'I'liia 

|c,  Init  the 

Alvavu«lo 
Ives  "j'lO  a% 
ICOO,  with 
la  in  I'l'iH 
m.  Saiili'i'J'^ 
lo,   C'lria, 
re  his  lie- 
[u<lini,'  -iiJO 
jvcrnor  of 
kvhoni  -2^0 


(Guatemala,  and  the  cabildo  of  Santiago  was  enjoini'd 
t(i  [ireservi!  liai'Miony,  and  to  rentier  duo  resjjoct  and 
(ilii  (Hence  to  the  licutentint-goveiiior.  In  a  final  letter 
•u>  llii-  emperor  the  adelantado,  while  re})eating  his 
jissiuMiKxs  uf  devotion  to  the  crown,  dwi'dls  on  the 
iiioinious  expense  of  the  exj)edition;  but  assures  his 
^hijesty  that  it  has  been  willingly  incurred  in  view  of 
the  vast  importance  of  the  unchirtaking,  the  success 
ot"  which  he  promises  shall  eclipse  all  [)revious  achieve- 
iiiriits.  "  God  willing,"  he  writes,  "  I  set  sail  this  very 
dav,  nnil  niv  course  shall  be  in  accordance  with  vour 
.Majesty's  wishes." 

On  the  2^d  of  January  lo'j-l:  the  largest  and  most 
linweiiid  armament  that  had  hitherto  been  e(jui[)ped 
ciii  the  shores  of  the  South  Sea  set  sail  fr«tni  Puerto 
lie  la  ]^)sesion,  and  the  following  month  entered  the 
hay  ol'Carnques,  proceeding  thence  ten  leagues  i'arther 

ailh  to  I'lierto  A'iejo.  The  adelantado  afterward 
(  xriised  himself  to  the  emperor  for  thus  tresjjassingon 
J'i/airo's  teri'itory  by  statinu*  that  contrarv  winds  and 
(•iiiTeiits})revented  his  sailing  further  towartl  the  south, 
that  the  safetv  of  his  lleet  was  ondanu'ered,  thid  his 
;  iipply  of  water  was  almost  exhausted,  and  that  ninety 
if  his  horses  had  perished  at  sea.'-  IIjs  march  acioss 
the  sierra,  during  which  he  lost  a  large  portion  of  his 
lacii.  the  transfer  of  a  [)art  of  his  ships  and  his  entire 
fiiic  to  Almagro  and  Benalc;lzar,  the  associate's  of 
rizaiTo  have  ;di'(!adv  been  mentioned  in  these  i)a<j:es.'^ 
He  liad  boasted  that  he  would  lead  his  armv  through 
ihr  ])rovince  of  Peru  and  drive  Pizarro  from  the  city 
ft"  ( 'u/.co.'^  He  was  now  glad  to  return  to  (jJuatemaki 
lisposing  of  his  armament  for  a  sum  that  bai'ely 
•ed  the  c(!st  of  the  lleet.  To  add  to  his  mortili- 
ioii  he  found  on  ai-rivinu"  at  Santiai^o,  at  the  beLiin- 


aii I'l  ( 
(•;:\c 


("H 


o     ' 


tl/ll 


MSS!.,  xix.  7-14,  is  a  full  iiecdunt  of  Alvai-aJo's  report  to  llio 


<iii)Miwi-.  (hited  May  I'i,  \')'i'>,  after  liis return  from  I'eru 


'('h:i]i.  i..  tliia  Volume. 
'  /,'i'iinii'trif,)i  roiilfii  Air 


do,  in  y'<((7;(Coan(l  Ci/nh'ini.^.  Pol.  Dor.,  x.  l.-'J- 


-.'>ii.  <  ii/.eo  lies  .slif,'htly  to  tlie  south  of  the  thirtecntli  parallel,  ami  was  tlien'- 
1  'ii  PI  tiie  territory  assigned  to  the  adelantado;  but  it  is  not  probuhlo  that  ho 
wcu-"  aware  of  this  fait. 

UisT.  CtST.  Am.    Vol.  II.    9 


I 


130 


ALVARADO'S  EXrEF/ITIOX  TO  PERU. 


liiii*,'  of  ]\rarcli  1535,  tliat  the  silver  bars  given  liini  in 
payiueiit  were  one  half  copper. 

No  sooner  had  Alvarado  sailed  for  Peru  than  tiiO 
natives  in  many  portions  of  the  j)rovince  rose  o.ico 
more  in  revolt.  Bands  of  Cakchiquels,  thirsting-  l"(;i' 
tlie  blood  of  their  oppressors,  roamed  over  the  centml 
siuira;  in  the  districts  of  Sacaj)ulas  and  Uspantan 
seven  Spaniards  and  numbers  of  their  slaves  and  s;  r- 
vants  were  nnivdered;  the  Indians  on  the  soutliLiii 
seaboard  both  of  Guatemala  and  Salvador  wei-e  In 
o[)c'n  rel)elli(^n;  and  war  ai.d  war's  turmoil  again  pre- 
vaiicd  throughout  the  land.  The  struggle  was  bri.f 
but  dL's[)t  rate.  Crushed  though  they  liavl  oftoii  been, 
the  druadl'ul  sufterings  of  tliese  unfortunate  pcopK' 
drove  them  to  inadness,  and  they  fought  with  sulliu 
indifference  to  life,  but  with  the  usual  result,  lii 
January  IfjlJa  Gonzaio  lionquillo  was  sent  with  ;i 
suliicii'ut  ibrce  to  (juell  the  uprising  in  Salvador:  in 
Guatemala  the  insurgents  in  district  alter  distriit 
were  again  comjx'lled  to  taste  the  bitterness  of  ho[)e- 
less  bondage;  and  by  the  time  t»f  the  adelantatlos 
return  resistance  was  well-nigh  ended. 

Xotwithstanding  the  ignoinmious  failure  of  liis  ex- 
})edition  to  Peru,  the  adelantado  at  once  began  prejia- 
rations  for  further  schemes  of  con(juest  and  discovery. 
In  a  despatch  to  the  India  Council,  dated  Novenil"!' 
1535,''  he  states  that  he  Iins  three  ve^^sels  ivady  fr 
sea  and  lour  others  on  the  stocks,  and  that  he  ln's 
suili'-ient  men  both  for  his  shij»s  and  for  huui  ser\  lie. 
"So  many  S[)aniards,"  he  says,  "  liavc^  i-e+^urned  fi'Mu 
Peru  in  rechiced  circumstances  that,  if  the  expe(hli  n 
were  only  intended  to  fuinisli  them  with  employment, 
it  would  be  iloiny-  his  ^laiestv  a  servi(!e." 

Meanwhih'  the  reprt'sentat ions  made  to  tlie  cnii")- 
or  by  tlie  tn-asury  otiieials  liatl  not  been  without  ellect. 
On   the  *J()th   of  Pel)ruary   1534  a  royal  cedula  \\;is 

^'' Almru Jo,  ('(trtii,  mSqukruMSS.,  xix.  21. 


MALDOXADO  AT  SANTIACO. 


131 


111  111 


I  tliG 

(..ICC 

iji"  lur 
nit  ml 
:\iitau 
(I  svr- 

tlu'l'll 
2VV    ill 

II  \)rL- 

>  been, 
pc(  >l  iK; 
sulh'u 
t.  lu 
iivitli  a 
lor:  ill 
lisU'ict 

f  ll<)|U'- 


is  1!  ■(!  ordering;"  that  a  visitador  be  at  once  clespateliod 
In  Guatemala  to  examine  into  the  condition  of  the 
iviv.il  treasury  and  the  aflairs  of  tlio  govcrnnu-ut  and 


iiiu'cli,  aiK 


Itol 


lear  comi) 


)laint> 


s  and  recti! vtliem  when 


rccessary.  Hi.s  authority  fell  short  of  tliat  of  a  judti'e 
ci'  icsideneia.  He  could  not  interfere  with  the  ordi- 
i,aiy  juiisdiction  of  the  i^'overnor  or  his  lieutenant, 
!!ni'  was  even  the  aiidieiicia  of  Mexico  a.llowed  to  de- 
cide in  matters  of  _L;raver  import,  but  must  ai)ply  for 
ihsri'uctions  to  the  India  Council. 

Tlitis  it  was  that   about  the  niidille  of  tlie   year 
1  .');;.■)   the  oidor,  Alonso    de  Maldonado,  arrived  at 
intiai^^o,  and  [)ublicly  [H'oclaiming  in  due   foi-m   the 
Meet  of  his  vi.sit,  assi^'Ued  iiftv  davs  as  the  limit  of 


s 


llie  investi^L>'ation.  No  conqflaints,  liowerer,  eitlier  of 
a  (IN  il  or  criminal  nature,  were  preferred  a'4'ainst  the 
adelantado;  and  the  visitador  having'  reported  to  the 
inyal  council  to  that  etlect,  returned  to  ]\lo.\ico,  the 
loniKa'  I'emarkiuL;'  with  much  iinvard  satisfaction,  not 
unseasoned  \\ith  a  little  venom,  that  tlu.'  oidor  had  ac- 
ruinj)lished  nothin<i^  by  his  visit. ^"^  But  the  em})eror's 
ministers  v.ere  n(jt  satished  that  justice  hc.d  been 
dniic;  and  Maldonado,  bein<''  ordered  in  the  following" 


his  e\- 


jirep: 

- 

joVeVN 

'• 

k-i-nil" 

■r 

idv  t 

'1' 

he   li: 

\s 

,er\  11 

I'. 

d  fi" 

Ill 

edit  I 

111 

SMIIC! 

it. 

emp 

•V- 

,  cii; 

ct. 

la  N 

a> 

n 


Y  iisi  ('■!  se  vulvii'i  A  la  oilxtjid  ile  ^r,'xii'o  .liii  liiiftT  oosa  niii^'niiiv.'  Al- 
•I.  ('(irtUy  in  Stj:.li-r\i  MSS.,  >i\\.  i  7.     'I'lun  iiiM.sti.'.'ation  Wii.s  jittriuitnl 


With  scmu;  liivmnstiiiutL'.s  «liliitult  of  cxpliuiMti 


Mal.li 


I'.s  (illiciiil  pi'i 


iiijis  were  iininiialous,  iiml  wvw   .strictly  mitlu  r  those  of  ii  vi.sitailor  iiof 


a  imy.  ilo  I'utink'inia. 


Til. 


lu   kiliu';;  (liX'fC'O  llieiitioiu'il    ill    tli('   text 


cnioliM 


<l 


.si'c'i'c'cy  as  to  the  motives  of  liis  visit;  yet  lio  canst'd  tlic  ohjcit  of  liis  aiiival 
ti)  1)1'  iniliiifly  died.     'J'iie  (lili'iTciioi'  bitwucii  a  visit.i  and  ii'sidoiu'ia  is  as  fol- 


'1- 


le  Vlsitil    cot 


lid 


at  any  tiiiK^ 


KMlJll    COlnllllSSlOll    o 


f  til 


lilt  without  siisjiciidiiii;,  in  the  exercise  of  iiis  oliicial  duties,  the  jur- 


III  whose  I'ondiiet  \\;is  to  Ix 


iuvcstii'a 


ted. 


lie  iiii|iiiry  was  s 


tiietly 


■ret. 


a'lil  {iic  visitador  h;id  no  ])o\\er  to  ]iass  sentence.      J  lis  duty  was  to  remit  the 
iiri,':iiid  dejiiiisitions  to  the  Jiidia  Cuuiieil,  hy  which  tiilninal  jiid,i.'ment  was 


'J- 


le  resideucia,  on  the  other 


hand, 


HIS  teriii  of  oil 


ice 


th 


was  t.ikeii  a 
il.l 


t  th 


11.    pp.    X\\  Ml.-  XXX. 


I" 

tilliity  fur  defence.    Irirjni/ci/ii,  ('<,l.  /) 

viliusses  iiiid  noii-inteifereiice  with   the  authority  of  the  j 

ilil'l  W  IS  investi'i.-itecl  «-e|-i 
111; 


ic  exii.iatioii  ot 


11!  examination  was  puldie.  and  aH'oideil  every  oppi 


T 


le  secrecv  ot 


lerson  wliose  con- 


it  always  inaintaiiied,  however,  in  the  visit 


t  to  whiili  \'iceroy  Meiidoza  was  siilijected,  in  l."i47.  his  authority  was  iit 


liist  ilisrc,'ardcil  and  the  names  of  witnesses  disclosed.    Suliirr.tt 


/„./;. 


J'u/li 


lil 


1.  v.  cai).  X. 


It 


may  l>ii 


MiiaiUed  that  the  eiironiclers  seem   ti 


lecii  (|uito  unaware  of  this  lirst  visit  of  Mah 


'V  I  his  arrival  iiH  iiiatemala  as  juez  de  I'esi.leiieiii  in  l.").'{;i 


do  ill  l.");{.">,  and  oiiiv 


full;  sahstaiitiated  liy  .Mvarado's  letter  aliovc 


It 


IS,  however. 


.'f  tl.  I  t 


e  (ploted 


I' 


full 


ei'ii  'residepxia,'  .see  J  lis/.  Ci)it.  Am.,  i.  "J.'iO  I,  this  scriei; 


ex  plana 


film 


fi  nn 


I ; 


132 


ALVARADO'S  EXrEDITIOX  TO  PERU. 


Octt.hor  to  take  Alvurado's  resicloncla  in  strift  fonii, 
lutunicd  to  Santiago,  and  on  the  lOtli  of  May  la:J(» 
presented  his  credentials  to  the  cabildo  and  took 
chai'LTO  of  the  <jov'ernnient. 

At  the  time  of  the  oidor's  arrival  the  adelantad<» 
was  absent  on  an  expedition  to  Honduras.  The  con- 
ditioii  of  affairs  in  this  province  had  now  hrooine  so 
distressfid  that,  as  Mill  hereafter  be  iclated,  the  set- 
tlers were  C()ni[)elled  to  aj)ply  to  him  i'or  aid.  Xor 
was  the  appeal  disregarded.  He  had  for  some  linn- 
been  in  correspondence,  as  to  an  exchange  of  tcriitt>rv, 
with  Francisco  de  Montejo,  who,  though  already 
ajtpointed  govei-nor  of  ITonduras,  was  still  iv^^i  -ing  in 
Mexico.  Could  he  but  gain  a  foothold  there,  hi> 
schemes  for  transcontinental  connnerco  with  the  Spire 
islands  might  yet  l)e  realized.  Nothing  definite  had 
yet  been  determined;  l)ut  now  that  he  had  an  opjxn- 
tunity  of  rendering  a  service,  which  would  give  hiia 
almost  a  claim  to  the  king's  consent  to  such  an 
arrangement,  he  did  Jiot  hesitate  to  go  to  the  rclici' 
of  the  troubled  province.  There  wo  shall  hear  of  hiia 
again,  founding  new  settlements  and  infusinn' Ire^h  lift* 
into  a  connuunity  that  was  on  tlic  very  verge  of  di>- 


so 


kit 


ion. 


u  1 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

THE  ECCLESIASTICS  IX  GUATEMALA. 

L")-2!)-l.-)41. 

rr.ANcisco  MAHROQriN  AintivKs  at  vSantiacio — Hk  is  An-oiNTED  liisiinr — 
(Idin.r.ssNKss  OF  Tiiic  Colonists — The  Puelate  Invites  Las  Casas  to 

.loIN    lIlM — MaIUIOQI'IN's  CONSECRATION    IN    MEXICO — TlIE  CllClUIl   AT 

Santiai:o  Elevated  to  Catiiei)I!al  Uank — Diifktlty  in  Collecting 
Tiii;Cinnrii  Tithes — The  Merced  Oedek  in  Gcatemala — Miuacclocs 
1m ACE  of  Oi  u  Lady  of  Merced — BiBLio(iii.vi'iiicAL. 


WiiKX  Podro  (lu   Alvarado  was  lavinix  waste  tli 


o 


)r(niiico    ot 


f  (:iuat('iiiala   with    fire    and 


swoix 


I 


(liiriiig-  tlu!  eai'ly  years  of  the  conquest,  he  paid  Httle 
liicd  ti)  the  presence  oC  the  jn'iestly  order.  One  of 
the  IViiirs,  named  Pontaz,  oi'  whom  mention  has  be- 
lieen  made,  "ook  \\\)  his  al)ode  at  (^iiezaltenan^'o, 
iiid  tliere  lived  in  security,  instillini;'  taitii  and   hope 


.lit 


111 


Iti  rlic  native  lieart,*  wliile  another,  J 


uan  ( 


\c  T 


orres. 


li'i  ;i  time  at  least,  labored  in  the  vineyard  under 
Ir  s  easy  circumstances  at  Patinamit.  The  spiritual 
Wiiiits  of  the  S})aniai'ds  thi-mscKes  were  ministered 
t  •  liy  llic  army  chaplains  and  parish  priest.  Put  the 
•  It  1  ii;i!  statf  was  not  large  enough  to  att(nid  to  the  I'e- 
liui'Mis  well'are  oxen  of  the  colonists.  On  the  ath  of 
Xn\iiul)er  l.')ii'.),  the  cahildo  ol'  (Juatemala  represented 
In  the  I'oyal  ottlcc^rs  that  half  the  colonists,  being 
iiMi.illy  engaged  in  war,  re(pii  ed  the  service's  of  the 
'lirgv  (lining  tliiMr  campaigns,  while  the  population 
"1"  the  city  at  that  time  was  such  that  two  I'riars  at 
lt;ist  ought  to  residi'  there.      They  requested,  there- 


' . '  %l 


'  Si'i'  Jlinf,  Criit.  Am.,  i.  (ii!S,  this  sinies. 


(133) 


13t 


THE  ECCLESIASTICS  IN  GUATEMALA. 


Wnv,  tliat  a  suitable  nuuibor  of  ecclesiastics  and  a 
jsacristan  be  apjminted  with  fixed  salaries,  and  that  tluj 
necessary  chui-ch  liirnitiire  and  ornaments  be  sni)i)li(;!. 
This  demand  was  made  Avith  some  nrLTcncv,  and  tli  > 
treasurer  and  auditor  were  yivi^.n  to  understand  that, 
if  it  were  not  comjtlied  with,  the  tithes  would  \h' 
r('taine<l  and  devoted  to  that  purfxjse;  whereujjon  his 
^lajesty's  officers  declared  that  they  were  willing-  to 
,i,n-ant  the  tithes  for  the  year  then  current,  but  that 
future  necessities  must  be  prvtvided  for  in  accordance 
wit! I  the  orders  of  the  kin<''. 

The  spiritual  needs  of  the  community  were  partially 
relieved  by  the  arrival,  in  looO,  of  tin;  licentiate 
Francisco  JNTarroquin,  who  accompanied  Alvarado  ou 
his  I'ctuiii  to  (uuitemala  durin<>'  that  vear.  A  ilw 
months  later  he  was  appointed  to  the  benefice  of 
Santiao'o,  and  after  he  had  taken  the  customary  oatlis 
the  cal)ildo  assi^-ned  to  him  an  annual  salarv  of  one 
hundred  and  fifty  pesos  do  oro  per  annum. 

Of  jiatrician  birth,  and  possessing'  talents  of  U) 
conuuon  order,  the  licentiate  u^ave  promise  chning  liis 
early  maidiood  of  a  useful  and  honorable  career,  and 
not  until  in  after  years  he  had  dwelt  lonuf  amoii''- 
conununities  where  lust  of  power  and  ^reed  foi'  wealiii 
j)ermeated  all  classes  of  society,  did  tiic  darker  ])1 


uist' 


of  liis  character  a[»[)ear. 


Aft 


er  receivniL>'  an  ednci- 


tion  iK'tittinn'  his  rank  and  ability,  he  ^rachiated  ;is 
jirofessor  of  theolou^y  in  the  university  of  ( )sma,  iunl 
was  ordtiined  a  ))riest.  ^Meeting  V\ith  Alvarado  at  tlic 
court  of  Spain,  he  was  so  imj)ri.'ssed  with  his  n'lowinj; 
descriptions  of  the;  marvels  of  tlu'  New  Woild  that  hi' 
re(|ueste(l  permission  to  accom[)any  him  on  his  ivtuni 
to  (luatemala.  ( )n  arriving  at  Santiago  he  at  (Hh'' 
assiduously  applied  himself  t<»  the  study  of  the  nati\i' 
languages,  and  soon  became  «'s[)ecially  ])rolicient  in  I'u' 
(Quiche  tongue.^    ^[arro(juin's  ap[iointment  was  ceu- 


''  M.'iiTO(|uin  was  a  frciod  Latin  si'lidlaraiid  was  tin'  tirst,  t<)a]i])ly  the  sy  !  1 1 
of  .st\i<lyiii,u'  tliat  l:iiij_'iiaL;c  to  tlii'  Iiuliaii  tlial'jcts.  lli'  trausUitcd  tlioC'ali '  ii ' 
cattcliisiii  into  (JiiiolR'.    ]'uiqitiz,  ('hruulva  ilc  Vn:!.,  loO. 


MARROQUIX. 


1C5 


{;nno(l  1)V  tliu  bislitip  f)f  !Nroxico,  by  whom  lio  Wiis  also 
iiKulo  pi'ovisor  and  vicar  general  of  the  provinct!,  and 
Midi  was  tlu!  zeal  and  oa[)acity  with  M'hich  lie  tended 
the  spiritual  and  material  needs  of  his  iiock  that  in 
Ij:!:;  he  was  appointed  by  the  emperor  to  the  see  of 
(hiateinala.  In  December  of  the  following-  year  lii.^ 
iijipointment  was  coniirmed  by  his  holiness  Paul  1 1 1.'' 
The  chief  anxiety  of  the  newly  apj)ointed  pTelato 
v,;is  to  pi-ovidc  a  sufficient  number  of  ecclesiastics  for 
tlir  ]T([uirements  of  his  extensive  diocese.  The  secu- 
lar priests  residing  in  Guatemala  at  this  period  as  wo 
ha\  ('  seen  were  inadecpuite  to  the  great  work  of  con- 
vii'siiin  wliich  he  contemplated,  and  he  I'elt  the  neces- 
isitv  'if  aid  from  those  of  the  established  orders. 
r>(si(hjs  those  who  tii-st  came,  a  few  iriars  had,  indeed, 
visited  the  [irovince,  but  found  there  no  abiding-place.* 
In  l.r29,  or  possibly  at  an  earlier  date,  a  conv(  nt  was 
liitinded  near  Santiago  by  the  Dominican  friar,  Do- 
mingo de  ]>etanzos,''  who  travelled  on  foot  I'roin  Mexico 


'  Clinr.'tlr.  Ddvil'i,  Teri/ro  L'rle.-i.,  i.  l-t'2.  Tonjiu.'nj;i(l;i  inontioiis  tliat 
IViincisoii  .liiiKJiiez,  iiiiiM)f  llio  I'J  I'rjiui'isfiiiiM  mIio  lirst  ;ii'rivt'(l  in  Now  Spiiin, 
^\::s  niipciiiiti'il  tlic  liist  bi.iliop  lit'  ( luiitciiiiilii,  Imt  decliiicd  tlic  i)iisitii;:i  '  \i<;v 
i|iii  ihii' cu  <1  osti.clo  liuiuiMu.  .  .ill'  Fiiiile  Mi'iior,' iii.  44.").     Viiz(|iU'Z,  ijiiuiiii'; 


il  ct-tlulii  iliiti'd  May  ;24,  l."i;!l,  proves  that  a  Li.sliup  liail  Ikcu   a 


'ly 


;ili|ininti'il  at  that  date.  ('/iron.  (I'm/.,  'M-7.  Aecdriliiii;  to  Jleniesal,  tho 
ihij'.  rm-  a])|ioiiitC(l  lloiaiufio  de  Jletanzos  the  lirst  lii.'^hop,  and  as  lie  eoiild  ik  t 
lie  iiidiu  'd  to  aeeept  the  lioiiui',  tlie  mitre  \\as  ^'ivcu  to  Marroipiin  at  iho 
r.  i|iust  fif  Alvai'ado,  Jlisl.  C/ii/djiri,  oS-'.t.  Jii  yinra  J-.'^jkii'iii,  l!f<  re  /,'/,<., 
Ms,,  ii.  ,'!.'il -7<>,  i:<  a  eojiy  of  the  bull  eonlirniing  the  bishop's  appointnu  ;it, 
printed  in  Spanish  and  Latin. 

'  N'azipiez  relates  that  Fray  Tor'bio  Motolinia,  mentioned  ))y  Toniuomada 
iis  tliesixtii  ot'  thi^  liist  I'i  Fran' Isean  missionaries,  re'sided  in  (inateniala  dur- 
iiiL;  jiurtions  of  l.'rJSaiid  ]ii'2{);  b\it  this  is  extremely  doubtful.  .Aeeoiilin;^  to 
the  former  ehronieler  he  preaelied  and  bai)tized  at  (Juetzaltenaiiiro  and  I'aii- 
iiiuuit  in  both  years.  C/iiiii.  drat.,  'J()-l;  but  there  is  eonelusiv(^  eviiUiiee 
lliat  ho  was  in  Me.xieo  some  time  durinj;  lo'JS  eu^'aged  in  violent  ojiposition 
to  the  nudieneia.  Sfintii  M(iri(t,  Litlri',  in  Trniiiii.r-i'niii/iiuix,  \'i\ii.,  serie  ii. 
t'liii.  V.  !I'J  et  se(|.,  and  was  also  there  on  tlic  l.'tth  of  April  l.")'J!l  iKeu|ii(  d  in 
tl.i  same  eontention.  I'rar/.'i.vi rhnl,  in  /(/.,  104  et  sei|  It  is  not  veiy  ])robali!o 
that,  during  the  interval,  he  should  have  made  a  journey  tot  iua  tenia  la  and  as 
Nii/i|m'z  el.iims  even  to  Xiearagua.  (Consult  idso  ]vamirez,  in  IrccJidln In, 
''■'/.  I'm-.,  i.  ]ip,  xlv.-eliii.  Aeeording  to  Tor(|nemaila, 'J'oribio  was  sent  vo 
tiiiatenialii  in  l.');).'}  to  found  monasteries,  iii.  4SII. 

'in  l,"iJ7.  aeeording  to  (Jonzalez  I);ivila.  wlio  stutes  that  a  lu)s]iital  wj's 
I  MUicled  at  the  same  time.  Taitro,  Kcli».,  i.  140.  Jiemesal,  who  is  more  to 
I'l'ulied  on  in  this  matter,  gives  l.VJ!»  as  the  date  of  lietanzos' arrival  in 
Saiitiaj,'o,  .ancl  says  that  heeanu'at  the  reipiest  of  AlviiruUo  oa  hid  return  from 
i'l'idn.  U'(Kt.  C/iyaiHt,  1."),  4:2-5. 


-■  'SI 


~m 


130 


THE  ECCLESIASTICS  IX  GUATEMALA. 


Avitli  a  single  companion.  At  tlie  bcginninj^  of  the  fol- 
lo\viii^»'  year  liowcvcr  ho  was  rocallcJ,  and  ns  tlioio 
^va.s  no  one  of  liis  order  qualiiied  l)y  ranlc  to  take  liis 

I  (lace   he  locked  iij)  the  l)uilding-  and  intrusting  the 
ieys  to  tlie  })adre.Juan  (jiodinez  retraced  his  steps. 

Thus  Marroquin  was  left  to  contend  almost  alone 
with  the  idolatry  of  the  natives  and  the  godlessncss 
of  the  colonist;:.  The  work  was  difficult  and  progress 
fslow.  The  settlers  were  too  absorbed  in  other  matters, 
in  house-building,  gambling,  and  drinking,  to  give 
much  heed  to  religion.  The  church  was  unattended, 
the  chureh  rates  were  unpaid,  and  the  neglect  became 
so  general  that  eventually  laws  were  passed  to  enforce 
due  obs(.'rvance  of  religious  rites.  In  Mav  lo.'JO  it 
was  iiubliclv  cried  in  tlie  streets  of  Santiago  that,  bv 
order  of  the  governor  and  the  cabildo,  all  the  artisans 
of  the  city  nuist,  on  the  day  of  Cor[)US  Christi,  walk 
in  juocession  before  the  holy  sa<,'ranient,  as  v.as  cus- 
t<^niary  in  Spain.  The  penalty  i'or  non-compliance  was 
lixed  at  thirty  pesos,  one  half  of  the  amount  being 
assigned  to  the  church  and  the  remainder  to  tlic  city. 
In  February  1533  a  law  was  passed  making  attendano' 
at  <h\ine  service  compuls<ny,  every  citizen  being  rc- 
(]uired  to  attend  mass  on  Sunday,  under  ])enalty  el' 
three  days'  imprisonment  or  the  payment  of  three  pesos 
do  oro.  This  measure  of  course  served  but  to  widen 
the  breach  between  the  bishop  and  his  Hock,  and  in 
June  of  the  same  year  we  learn  that  the  regidei' 
Antonio  de  Salazar  stated  to  the  cabildo,  that  there 
Were  no  means  of  |>aying  jNIarnxjuin  the  stipend  allol- 
ted  to  hini.  Notwithstanding  all  discouragements, 
however,  he  resolved  that  the  settlers  should  not  lad; 


00 


for  spiritual  guidance. 

At  the  beuinniiio'  of  the  year  1530  Bartolome 
Las  Casas  was  r(>siding  at  Leon,  there  engaged  m 
controversy  with  Ilochigo  de  Contreras,  the  govcnicir 
of  Nicaragua, 


the  storv  of  which  will  hereafter  h 


(  u 


related.     In  1531  he  had  i)asscd  through  Santiago 
his  way  to  the  South  Sea,  and  jMarroquin  had  thea 


LAS  CASAS. 


137 


all  f^pportiinity  of  making  the  acquaintance  of  the 
<_nv;;t  apostle  of  tlic  Indies.  In  comnion  with  the 
liidic  cnliLihtened  of  the  coh^nists  he  would  fain  have 
h;,(l  liini  take  up  his  abode  in  their  midst.  But  Las 
( ',i>;is  was  bound  on  one  of  his  many  missions  of 
iiiricy,  though  his  efforts  were  destined  to  prove  iutile. 
Jli'  was  journeying  toward  Peru,  armed  with  a  royal 
cL'diila  forbidding  the  conquerors  in  that  land,  and  all 
their  followers,  to  deprive  the  n.atives  of  their  liberty 
hihKt  any  pretext  whatever.  Xo  entreaties  could 
induce  him  to  abandon  liis  undertaking,  and  end)ark- 
iiig  at  Reah^jo  he  reached  his  destination  at  the  end 
1)1'  the  yeai'.  There,  what  man  could  do,  ho  did;  but 
siitli  were  the  political  disturbances  then  prevailing 
lliat  his  (librts  W(n-e  lost.  Urged  by  members  of  his 
nun  ()rd(>r,  he  reluctantly  abandoned  the  field  and 
vi'turned  to  Nicaragua. 

T(i  liim  tlie  pn'late  now  appli(Ml  for  aid,  representing 
ilh'  sore  need  oi'  a  lar<>er  force  of  ecclesiastics,  and  be<2:- 
i^iiig  him  to  come  to  Santiago  and  reopen  the  deserted 
(onvriit.  '^riie  invitation  was  accepted,  and  Las  Casas 
v.itli  his  fellow  Dominicans  established  their  order 
jii  rniaiiently  in  (Guatemala. 

1  )Ut  ^laii-o(]uiu  was  not  yet  satisfied.  At  this  early 
jHiiod  in  his  career  he  was  an  enthusiast  in  the  mis- 
-iniiary  cause,  and  he  now  resolved  to  go  to  Spain 
and  Ix'g  assistance  of  the  em[)eror.  But  first  he  must 
piwricd  to  consecraticju,  and  on  the  12th  of  Januaiy 
l.")"17  he  set  forth  for  Mexico,  where,  about  tw(^ 
i:ii;iiliis  later,  the  ceremony,  the  first  of  the  kind  that 
liii  lined  in  the  Indies,  was  conducted  with  duo  solem- 
iiit\  and  splendor." 

Tile  bisho[>'s  labors  were  now  directed  to  tlu^  eleva- 
tion ol"  the  p.arish  church  of  Santiago  tf)  catl)(^'h'al 
lank.  He  thei'efore  proceeded  to  frame  the  constitu- 
tion and  complete  the  establishment  of  his  diocese  in 


I 


Hi 


iih 


" '  ( 'clcbroso  su  cnnsagrncion  con  ostcntissimo  .ipnrnto,  assi  poi*  scr  la 
iriiiM  ra  <"(  on  Yndias  so  liazia,  conio  por  la  niagniticcncia  del  S.  Principe,  que 
,c  eoii.sugi'6.'   Vaz'jiKz,  Citron.  Gvat.,  ol). 


181 


THE  ECCLESIASTICS  IN  GUATEMALA. 


accordance  witli  the  commission  o-rantcd  to  him  by 
I\iul  111.  Ho  prescribcfl  that  the  <ht>nitni'ios  of  tho 
church  sliould  inchido  a  dean,  an  arch(K'acon,  a  ]>r('- 
centoi",  a  cliancollor,  and  a  treasurer.  He  cstahlislicd 
ton  canomies  and  six  jirehendjiries.  Ho  (leiined  the 
churcli  revenues;  ordained  tliat  ])referment  to  niiiuir 
benefices  should  be  open  to  those  born  in  tlie  covmtry, 
vvhether  of  Spanisli  or  native  race,  and  tliat  tlic 
appointments  to  them  shouhl  ]icrtain  to  tlie  bishop. 
l)ivine  services  were  to  be  celebrated  in  tlie  manner 
observed  in  the  cathedral  of  Seville.  Prebendaries 
were  to  have  a  vote  in  the  cha])tcrs,  and  these  weiv 
to  be  held  on  Tuesdays  and  Fridays.  On  Tuesdays 
general  clmi-ch  matters  were  to  be  discussed,  and  on 
Fridays  internal  discipline  was  to  be  considered.'' 

When  on  the  point  of  depai'tinj^;'  for  Sjmin,  tin; 
bishop  was  advised  by  his  fricnids  that  the  jouriuy 
would  be  attcn<led  with  great  risk;  for  already  th" 
North    Sea  was   infested   with   jiirates,  and   a  largo 

sh  vessels    had  been 


Sp 


l])tui 


French  corsairs.      jNTorcover  the  exi^enses  he  had  ii 
curred  in  ^Mexico  had  drawn  heavily  on  his  slend 


pur 


■^e,  and  he  did   not  wish  to  I'eturn  to  liis  nat 


el' 
IVO 


country  wliolly  destitute  of  means.  liesolving  theiv- 
forc  to  abandon  his  voyage,  he  forwarded  his  pownn' 
of  attorney  to  duan  (iralvarro,  the  procurador  of  San- 


tiago at  the  cour 
Guatc 


•t  of  S] 


)ain,  instructinir  him  to  send  to 


emala  a  number  or  ecelesiastics  and  to  pay  thi  iv 
passage  and  outfit.  Ht;  also  addressed  a  letter  to  tho 
emperor,**  informing  him  of  the  great  need  of  n 
sionaries,  and  statinu*  that  he  had  asked  aid  both  fi 


lis- 
(ini 


'  Rcnii'snl  y'lvvn  a  copy  of  this  constitution,  which  was  signed,  'Episeojivs 
Gvat  tenia  k'lisis.' 

^  A  rtrti/t>.  Col.  Dor.  An//;/  ,  IS'2-.");  .)f)trrofiyiii  ril  Einprr'ii.'or,  in  Cini".-' '!'' 
Iii(l!(i<,  4l;^-li.  'J'lie  liialiop's  sijinaturo,  in  his  lottors  aililrcsscd  to  the  <  in- 
jicror  from  l.'iIlT  to  l."i47,  is  (lilll'i-ciit  in  alnio.st  cvciy  letter.  On  ^lay  I".  I'-'". 
lie  sif,'ns  iiiniself 'Kiiisoopus  Saiicti  .lacobi  Huatoniiilciini.s;'  on  Aufrust  l"i, 
l.".'!!),  '  I'',|)i.scoi)ns  ('iialivt(Mnalensis;'  on  Aufiust  10  and  Novcui  I  ler '_'.">.  I'il, 
'Kpiycopus  ("nacvtoinoloni-is;'  and  on  June  4,  1  Mo,  and  Se])tendjcr  I'O,  I'lIT, 
'Episcopus  Cuachntemallensis.'  Cartas  de  Indias,  425,  4'28,  4^)1,  433,  44;!, 
430. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  DIOCRSE, 


189 


Mi-vico  and  Snnto  Doniininfo,  but  had  received  none, 
altliouoli  it  had  heen  [)ronii.sed. 

1/Uiinj^'  the  early  part  of  tlie  year  Cliailes  luul  al- 
ii .idy  appointed  the  cathedral  prebendaries.  Marro- 
(luin  remarks  thathi.s  ^rajestv  was  somewhat  hastv  in 
tlif  mattt'i',  and  not  sufficiently  considerate  toward 
those  who  had  so  lon<^  shared  with  hiniselt'  the  labor 
(iC  supporting"  the  church  at  Santiago,  These,  he  de- 
clines, it  would  be  unreasonable  for  him  to  dismiss, 
though  lie  is  at  a  loss  to  conjecture  whence  the  means 
to  su]>j>ort  his  diocese  would  be  deiived.  lie  well 
knew  llu;  ])erversc  tem[)er  of  the  colonists  and  their 
antagonism  to  the  cause  of  the  church.  Nevertheless 
h  ■  i'orwardcd  to  the  cabildo  a  [)rovision  lianded  to  liim 
Iv  tlie  viceroy  !^[en(loza  orderini>'  the  church  tithes 
wliiih  were  usually  paid  in  kind  to  bo  delivered  by  the 
natives  direct  to  the  bishop  at  places  where  theii-  value 
would  be  real  and  available.^  His  mind  was  full  of 
(inubt  as  to  the  manner  in  which  this  regulation  woidd 
\)r  received  by  the  encomenderos.  The  tone  of  his 
letter  indicates  misgiving,  united  with  a  rare  spirit  of 
self-negation,  arid  lie  appears  rather  as  a  pleader  than 
as  a  claimant  for  his  lights.-"'  "You  will  pay,"  he 
says,  "what  is  due  in  a  proper  manner;  if  not,  I  com- 
mand that  no  scandal  be  raised  about  it." 

Xor  were  his  ap|)rehensions  unfoiuided.  The  set- 
tlers in  (Juatemala  wei-e  a  stift'-necked  peop-le.  They 
weuld  not  go  to  church,  and  they  did  not  inti-nd  that 
tlie  delivery  of  the  tithes  should  cost  tlieni  anvthinii" 
if  they  could  avoid  it.  Tiiey  could  not  spare  thi'ir 
Indians  to  carry  the  tithes  a  distance  of  many  Icaijues 
In  the  jMaces  appointed.  The  bishop  must  send  for' 
tlieui.  'fhi'y  and  not  the  ecclesiastics  had  coiKpiered 
the  province,  and  they  did  not  see  that  either  (Jod     r 

'•'The  titlios,  whoi)  paid  in  kiml,  were  of  little  v.iluc  unless  (U'livcivd  iit 
convenient  places.  The  UinK,  tlierofore,  issued  a  ei'dnla  orderinj;  tiiat  tliey 
lie  taken  liy  the  natives  tij  tlio  mines,  ov  sumo  other  suitalile  place,  within  a. 
nulius  of  'JO  leagues  around  each  town.  Mniilo'.n,  Curia,  in  J'urliero  antl 
CirJiiKis.  ('„/.  nor.,  ii.  20!);  Fior/du,  Col.  Ih,,-.,  i:}8. 

'"  Speaking  of  the  provision,  he  says:  '  Heciben''  mcrced  la  I'ocibau  cou 
to'loaniury  voluntad. '  Arvvulo,  Col.  lioc.  Anli(j.,  1.S4. 


140 


TlIK  KCCLESIASTICS  IN  GUATEMALA. 


the  cmporor  liad  any  claim  upon  it.  The  oabildo 
iniin(>(liat('ly  appealed  to  the  viceroy,  and  nieetinjj^ 
v.itli  no  sympathy  in  that  quarter  addressed  them- 
selves directly  to  the  emperor."  Their  representa- 
tions gained  for  tlu^ni  some  concessions,  whereupon 
they  pressed  the  matter  further  and  protested  against 
paying  tithes  at  all.  Thougli  the  hishop  was  now  at 
a  loss  whither  to  turn  to  ohtain  the  means  for  cnrry- 
ing  out  his  various  plans,  ho  none  the  loss  labored 
with  unceasing  perseverance/'-  and  on  his  i-cturn  lo 
Guatemala,  at  the  end  of  15.^7,  brought  with  him  two 
friars  of  the  order  of  Merced,  Juan  Zambrano  and 
]Vla]-cos  Perez  Dardon." 

Al'ter  the  conquest  of  Mexico,  certnin  members  of 
this  order  obtained  the  royal  j)eruiission  to  proceed  to 
the  newly  discovered  countries  for  certain  charita])!(' 
]iurposes.  When  the  subjugation  was  completed  many 
of  them  settled  in  towns  built  by  the  Spaniards,  but 
no  convent  of  their  ord(,'r  existed  in  New  Spain  at 
a  very  early  date.  To  Bishop  Marroquin  they  aic 
indebted  for  the  establishment  of  their  tij-st  monastery 
in  North  America.  This  was  founded  in  15o7"  at 
Ciudad  Real  in  Chiapas,  and  in  the  following  year 
frailes  Zambrano  and  Dardon  organized  a  similar 
institution  in  Santiago. 

When,  as  will  be  hereafter  told,  the  city  of  Saii- 
tiaii'o  was  almost  destroyed  by  inundation  in  1541. 
the  friars  of  La  Merced,  then  six  in  number,  wcn; 


^^  Ar('vah>,  Col.  Doc.  Ant'nj.,  14. 

'-The  bishop's  liuniility  ami  pardonable  boastfiilncs.s  am  sometimes  a  Hi  I 
.striking.  Speakinj^  of  thu  provision  for  thi;  delivery  i if  tlic  tithes,  hcs:iy 
'Sino  se  pierde  por  mis  deini''ritos,  que  creo  no  picrde,  piu's  trai)ajo  mas  i|i 
los  demas  jn'rlados,  que  en  estas  iiidias  al  presente  residen.'  Iil.,  lisi. 

'■'  Dui'iii;  tiie  earlier  period  of  tiie  Spanish  eoncpiests  in  America  tliis  nrd 
took  no  aevive  part.    A  few  individuals,  however,  found  tiieir  way  to  tlie  n  ■ 
woi'ld.  among  whom  was  13artoloni(5  dc  Olmedo,  who  accompanied  Cortes 
Mexico.   li\'iii('f!itl,  Ilhl.  Clii/uiKi.,  148. 

"On  March  17,  ir)3S,  according  to  Ooir.afrz,-  Duv'ila,  Tiatro  Eflc-i.,  i. 
Uemesal  states  that  tlie  convent  was  not  formally  organized  until  a  ye,,, 
two  later,  and  quotestin  entry  in  tlie  hooka  of  the  eabildo  dated  tlie  I'JtIi 
August  l.">38,  from  which  it  ajipears  that  certain  citizens  wished  to  as.sist 
the  building  and  furnishing  of  a  convent  and  church  for  the  use  of  the  or^! 
JUsl.  Chi/ajxi,  148.     There  is  some  doubt  as  to  the  exact  date. 


.  IM. 


THE  FRIARS  OF  LA  MERCFD. 


Ult 


{v>ni]H"H.(l  for  a  timo  to  rouiaiu  .•iiiiid  tlio  ruins  of  tlu; 
<I.  scitcd  city,  for  .such  was  the  indifl'ercnco  of  tin;  set- 
tlciN  that  no  land  \v;i.s  assigned  to  thcni  in  the  sitt' 
;,t'i(;\v;ird  chosen.  Finally,  throu<;h  tho  clfortsof  iho 
hisiioj),  an  allotment  was  j^rantcd,  and  in  the  erection 
(if  tht  ii'  mw  convent  they  wert3  iL^natlv  assisted  \>y 
llir  Diiniiiiicaiis,  Avho  subsequently  transferred  t(» 
1h-iii  several  oi'  the  Indian  towns  under  their  char^-c. 
I'lniii  this  time  thoy  increased  in  number,  gradually 
(Ki  ■iided  the  Held  of  their  labors  in  Guatemala,  and 
]ia\ing  disti'iets  assigned  them  by  the  bishop  were 
enabled  in  after  years  to  found  convents  in  variou.i 
parts  of  the  country.'^ 

In  the  church  of  their  order  at  Santiau'o  was  u\i 
iiii:i'4('  <>t"  Our  Lady  of  [..a  ^ferced,  for  which  mii-acn- 
loiis  jH()j)erties  were  claimed.  Tin-  story  as  related 
in   dncun)ents  in  the   archiv 


es 


o 


f  the  C(jnvent  is   a. 


t'ullous:  Ah  a  westNAai'd-bound  vessel  was  about  to  sail 

•|        from   the   port  of   Santa    Mai'i'a   in   S[)ain,   a   person 

(h'essed    ill   the  garb  of  a   traveller  a}»proached   the 


c.-ili 


tain,  and  ))lacing  in  his  hands  a  elosetl  box  charged 
I'iiii  to  di.'liver  it  uno[)ened  to  the  superior  of  the  con- 


\rnf  m  (Juatemala. 


Tl 


10  a 


spcct 


d  h 


and  DoarmL;'  o 


f  111 


an   inijiressed  th.'  seaman,   and    ho    i'aithfuUy   dis 


cliaru'ed 


tl 


le  comnnssion. 


On  r 


eceivmsi" 


th 


e  cas 


ket. 


tlie  sujtcrior  carried  it  to  the  church,  accompanied  by 
till  friars,  and  having  oi)ened  it  in  their  jiresence,  llui 
sacied  effigy  was  disclosed.  Great  was  their  rejoic- 
ing at  this  unexpected  boon;  but  their  ha|)piness  was 
(■i)ni|)lete  when  they  marked  the  ilivine  serenity  of 
the  countenance,  ami  perceivetl  that  an  ex(juisite  I'ra- 
'jraneu  was  exhaled  fi'om  tho  holy  image'.  I'hv  long  one 
et' their  number  noticed  that  from  a  W(.)und  in  tin.;  j'ight 
side  a  strange  fluid  oozed.  Divim;  manifestation  \\as 
recognized,  and  many  of  the  afflicted  were  cured  of 
their  diseases  by  the  application  of  the  ichor 

'■  AV///(.w/,  I/ist.  C/iijapa,  MT-O;  Gonzakz  JJdvUn,  Tcufro  Efh".,  i.  144-S; 
E.«-niniHii,  Xoll.'iux  Curiu^dK,  M8.,  1'2;  Jjleisais  1/  Convritlufi  ilc  Mcx.,  '2S'S. 
'Jiiarroti,  Uitat.,  i.  3S0. 


10 


143 


THE  ECCLESIASTICS  IX  GUATEMALA. 


r 


1 1 


m  i 


l)(>min':co  Jiiarro;'  iiuiy  1)0  considered  tlie  li'iidiiig  (limteniuhin  historian  if 
liioileni  times,  lie  was  Imrn  in  the  old  city  of  I  Jiiuti  iiiiila  in  IT-"-,  and  dinl 
in  1)S"J().  Ih-  wiutc  vt'iy  tnlly  on  tlio  sid>jn;.;;ition  of  his  counti'y  hy  tliu  enn- 
(jneroi's.  Altlioiigli  liis  vcrli  is  I'allcd  the  history  of  (Iiiiiteinahi  <'ity.  it  ^.'ivi  - 
i:i  reidity  the  history  of  all  Centi'id  America,  and  provicles  lists  of  all  jironii- 
iicnt  offlciiils,  civil  ;ui<l  ecclesiastical,  and  hioyraphical  notices  of  leadinj^'  men. 
vhether  soldiers,  priests,  or  ruh:r.s.  Thi'  lir^t  volume  treats  of  f;eograiili\ . 
settlements,  churcii  matters,  and  the  history  of  (Suatemala  city.  The  secDinl 
i.i  dtnotud  to  the  ancient  records  of  the  country,  its  oomjuest  and  settlement. 
Tiie  author  vv;i3  a  .secular  preahyter  and  synodal  examiner,  and  (juite  an 
able  and  intelli^'ent  man.  Jlis  connection  with  the  clergy  and  his  rank  jj;ave 
him  ttcces.s  to  both  ecclesiastical  documents  and  government  records,  lli.i 
work  is  full  ami  clear,  ami  displays  considerable  research,  but  unfortunately 
he  folhjws  I'uentcs  too  closely,  and  this  latter  author's  partiality  to  the  con- 
querors renders  him  too  biassed  to  be  faithful  as  an  historian.  ^  ct  Juarrns 
fi'crpiently  displays  compassion  for  the  Indians,  is  always  ready  to  retract  au 
evro!'  when  Ik;  detects  himself  making  one.  and  is  ever  cautious  against  dn;;- 
iiiatic  assertion.  He  draws  largely  from  Kemesal  and  V'aapiez,  and  tpiotcs 
Hoveral  other  of  the  earlier  authorities;  l)Ui  strangely  enough,  while  mention- 
ing the  manuscripts  of  (lonzalo  de  Alvarado  and  Bernal  Diaz,  and  of  wriieis 
in  the  Quiche,  Cukchiipiel,  and  I'lfiil  tongues,  he  does  not!x.lU(lc  to  Alvarado's 
letters  to  Cortes.  This  omission,  and  his  numerous  direct  disagreements  witli 
Alxaratlo's  ow-n  statements,  lead  to  the  inference  that  i.  ;ither  Juarros  nor 
J'uciites  consulted  these  ilespatches.  Juarros'  work  is  remarkably  free  fmni 
e!r,;!ch  Ijias.  Though  a  priest  he  censures  undue  zeal  or  carelessness  uii  iln 
ja:  t  of  friars,  ^liracles  receive  attention,  however,  and  so  do  stories  ef 
j-:;;iiits  and  (ither  marvels.  His  arrangement  with  regard  to  the  order  ef 
events  is  bad,  and  the  want  of  logical  sequence  gives  the  work  au  apjtear- 
t.iiee  of  incompleteness.  The  first  edition  was  2iid>lished  in  ( iiuiti'ni.ii  i  by 
Don  Ignacio  JJetcla,  and  the  two  volumes  aiipeared  respectively  in  ISOS  imd 
lolS.  A  later  issue  was  published  in  the  same  city  in  IS.")".  .1.  I'aily  ti'.ni-- 
latcd  the  first  publication  into  English,  in  a  slightly  abrid.g'ii  form,  v;i;i  h 
vras  issued  in  Lomlon  by  John  Heaiiie  in  IS'JS.  In  this  edition  omissions  anil 
inaccm-acies  may  be  noticed. 

Francisco  Vazquez,  the  author  of  the  Chronica  ih-  hr  Proviiicia  del  Saiiil- 
siiiio  Xoliir  ihi  Jcai-H  lie  Uvdlenuil'i,  was  a  friar  of  tlie  Franciscan  order,  retired 
lectuiir,  ealillcador  del  Santo  Oficio,  and  synodal  examiner  in  the  dioc(  se  <\i 
ttuatemala.  His  work  was  published  in  the  city  of  Guatemala  in  1714.  .in.l 
according  to  the  ti^le-page  and  preface  there  was,  or  Mas  to  have  been,  a  seeenil 
volume,  consisting  of  two  books,  the  existing  one  containing  three.  This 
work,  which  is  rare,  although  mainly  devoted  to  chronicling  petty  detiulsof  the 
laboi's  of  obscure  friars,  thi'ows  much  light  upon  the  early  history  of  Cuate- 
mahi  during  the  compiest  and  subseipicntly  down  to  the  end  of  the  sixteentli 
century.  The  author,  having  had  access  to  the  city  archives  at  the  e;uly 
date  at  which  he  wrote,  was  able  to  avail  himself  of  documents  which  liave 
iiiiiee  disappeared.  Fortunately  he  ipiotes  such  evidence  frequently,  tluis 
enabling  the  historian  to  establish  historical  facts  which  otlienvise,  in  the  face 
of  conflicting  assertions  of  chroniclers  unsupported  by  evidence,  he  would  he 


FRANCISCO  VAZQUEZ. 


H.J 


iiiiililr  tn  ilo.  Vazruioz  lijis  undouLteilly  l>oiT(i\vc'il  imicli  rnatcriiil  fmin  lio 
I'i'  ^itl,  jriviiij,'  liiiii  little  <>v  no  credit,  while  lie  nicrcilcssly  exposes  his  real  ni- 
(:;!j  piiscil  errors.  The  j<:ilipii.sy  which  existed  lietween  tiie  Franciscan  and 
]>ii:iiiiiican  orders  was  the  cause  of  this  unfairness.  In  h\.  o;)eiiiiiL,'  decla- 
l.ivatiun  tlie  author  protests  that,  when  he  n]>iilies  terms  of  i)raise  to  any  wh.> 
li  .'lire  in  his  idstory,  lie  is  hut  ^dvini  the  connnon  and  jrein'ml  estimation.  This 
v.ill  haiilly  apply  to  his  adulation  of  Alvarado  and  other  conciuerors,  and 
lii>  C.I irr  defence  of  theiractions.  It  is  not  easy  to  find  in  the  old  chroniclers, 
ill  rieal  or  sectdar,  an  iinconiiironiisiii;,'  clmnii»ion  of  tiieir  conduct,  in  face  of 
tlie  rclialilt!  and  varied  evidence  of  tim  cruelties  practiseil  hy  tlieni.  In  defence 
lit'  the  ciin<|nerors  he  asserts  that  the  vices  and  cruelties  ■.«f  n  few  were  attrib- 
uted to  iii;  .'ind  witlnjut  one  symj)toni  of  feeling  for  th(!  natives,  maintains 
that  th'  ir  lefusal  to  receive  the  faitli  was  the  cau.se  of  the  incessant  warfare. 
Ou  t'iis  subject  he  writes:  "  It  can.  "s  me  nnicli  pain,  dis;,'ust,  and  allliction  to 
reail  .sonic  hooks  which  attempt,  with  artiliiial  piety,  to  jiersuade  us  that  tho 
Iiiiliiins  were  innocent  and  inoll'ensive  lanihs,  and  that  the  Christians  wiro 
cniel  furies,  it  lieiu;,' certain  that  these  races  while  in  a  condition  of  paL;ani^nl 
vie  f;rcatei'  butchers  than  bloocl-thirsty  wolves,  more  cnnd  than  liiini;e,  har- 
]'iis,  r.nil  infernal  furies,  and,  were  it  not  for  subjection  and  fear,  they  would 
i.citiii'r  hiivt^  become  (.'hristians  nor  now  reni.iin  so."  '2{V-,'iJ.  The  mutter  con- 
tuimd  iu  his  work  is  badly  arranged;  the  sentences  drawn  out  to  a  puzzling 
length,  .1  f.'ii  t  which,  in  addition  to  a  lack  of  proper  punctuation,  renders  the 
rccii  1  of  f;'  s  frequently  confusing.  Information  of  the  neighboring  provinces 
cin,  in  u  less  degree,  be  obtained  from  this  volume. 


CHxVPTEIl  IX. 


I  ) 


i  I 


AFFAIRS    IX   HONDURAS. 

1527-153G. 

DiEOO  MrNBKZ  DK  HlNOSTRO.SA  Al'l'UINTKD  LuXTKNANT-GOVERNOn— SaLCKDO 
ReTI  J!NH  TO  TUCJILLO — lIlS  OFFICE  UsiKPEU  ]'.Y  \aSCO  DE  IlEIiliEUA    - 

Death  of  Salcedo — Tiiki.e  Rival  (  'eaimants  for  the Goveunoksuu'  - 
KxrEDiTioxs  TO  the  Xaco  and  Jiticat.i'a  Valleys— Diixio  ilENi'L/. 

CoXSl'IRKS  AfiAlN.sT  TlEKIiEltA — ASSASSINATION"  (IF  THE  LaTTEU  — A  ];i:!i.'. 
OF  TeKUOH— AuitEST  AND  KXECUTION  OF  THE  CoNSl'IUATOR — AlUilVAr.  OF 

GovE)txoji  Albitez  at  TuijHLo — His  Death — Andres  de  Cereckha 
AT  'iiu:  Head  of  Affaius — Distress  of  the  Sfaniaihjs— Exodis  ..f 
8ettli:i;s  fro.m  Trujii.lo— Thev  Kstaclish  a  Colony  in  the  1'uo\  lm  ■; 

OF  ZtTLA — CeUECEDA  APPEALS  FOB  AlU   To  I'eDRO  UE  AlVAI!A1iO  — H  i;  1  ; 

]loi  uuLV  Used  dy  his  own  Followers — Alvarauo  Arrives  in  Hun- 
DURAs  -He  Founds  New  Settlements — His  Departure  for  Si'ain. 

When  Salcedo  srt  out  for  tLo  Fresliwatcr  Sen, 
lioping  to  gain  ])(>,sscsHi()u  of  tlio  ])i'ovincc  of  Nii-r- 
rngua — an  oxpctlitioii  wliicli,  it  A\'ill  be  vemeiiiberecl, 
resulted  itnlyiu  liis  liniuiliatiou  aud  iuiprisouicut^  ^  lii.-i 
licjutenant,  Francisco  do  Cisneros,  lei't  in  cliai'ii'i;  of  tlic 
g'ovennneut  Avitli  a  force  (entirely  iusuliicicut  to  upholl 
Jiis  authority,  was  overpowered  by  his  eneniios,  and 
for  ii  time  anarchy  prevailed  throughout  I[ondur;i>. 
Ca])tain  Diego  ^VTerdez  de  Rinostrosa,  despatcluMJ  !y 
►Salcedo  I'roni  Lt'on  to  (piell  the  rebellion,  succeeded  in 
I'estoring  order,  but  only  for  a  time  J  before  nianv 
inontlis  had  elapsed  Diego  ]Mend''2  was  placed  uinl'i' 
ari'est  and  (lie  ivgidor  A'asco  de  llerrcra  appointed  in 
his  stead.  The  new  rvder,  of  whom  it  is  related  tliat, 
bu'iugguilty  of  sedition,  he  had  lied  iVom  Sj)ain  toa\ 
])Unishnient,  soon  gave  the    ettlers  cause  to  repent 


old 
oi 


'  St'c  Jligf.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  GOO,  this  eovieSt 


(IM) 


RIVAL  CL.ILMANTS. 


143 


tlit'ii'  choice.  His  first  undcrtakin<x  was  to  orsjanizo 
a  laid  to  the  Olancho  Valley,  where  without  cause  or 
piutoxt  he  made  war  on  the  caciques,  kidnapped  and 
1  Handed  their  subjects,  and  returned  with  three  ship- 
loads of  slaves, 

Ju  February  1529  Salcerlo  returned  to  Trujillo, 
Bcibi'c  his  departure  from  >iicaragua  he  had  sent  his 
iu'l>lunv  to  Spain,  to  justify  before  the  emperor  his  con- 
duct in  the  dispute  with  Pedrarias,  but  was  answered 
only  by  a  severe  reprimand  for  his  cruel  treatment 
of  tlie  natives.^  Shattered  in  health  and  broken  in 
spirit,  he  did  not  venture  to  dej)oso  the  usurper  iVoiu 
oiiice,  and  contented  himself  with  merelv  orderino-  (hj 
release  of  Dieijfo  ]\Iendez,  who  at  once  lodu'ed  a  crimi- 
nal  complaint  against  Herrera  and  his  accoinjdices. 
Salcedo  endeavoring  to  please  both  parties  pronounced 
t!i<!  arrest  of  the  former  illegal,  but  inflicted  no  [)un- 
islinicnt  on  the  wrong-doers.  Herrera  tliereu[)on 
a[)[)oalod  to  the  audiencia  of  Panamd,  and  Diego  I^.lon- 
dcz  awaited  an  opportunity  for  revenge,  declaring 
hiiiivMir  meanwhile  to  bo  hugely  disgusted  with  the 
governors  liysillanimity. 

To  appease  the  popular  discontent  the  governor 
promised  to  conduct  the  S(3ttlers  to  the  Naco  A''alloy, 
wlicre  rich  ofold-mines  were  believed  to  exist,  'i'lie 
oxpo(Htion  was  vlolayed  as  long  as  possible,  for  he  had 
iinthing  to  gain  bs"  such  an  undertaking;  but  at  length 
moved  by  the  clamor  of  the  colonists  and  the  warning 
of  his  spies,  who  informed  him  that  the  ]KM)ple  were 
a!4ain  rij)o  for  revolt,  he  ordered  pi'ej)ai'ations  to  be 
made.  One  hundred  and  twenty  foot  and  sixty  horse 
with  a  number  of  natives  sufficient  for  working  the 
mines  were  soon  in  readiness  to  embark,  with  instruc- 
tions to  sail  for  Puerto  de  Caballos,  and  thence  ])r<)ce(Ml 
mland  a  di.stance  of  twenty  leagues  to  their  destina- 
tion The  journey  was  to  be  accomjdished  as  iar  as 
I'essible  by  sea  in  order  that  the  natives  might  be 

-' Siilordn  broiiclit  witli  him  to  Trujilli)  i?Of)  sliivos  ;  of  tlicsc   Hl'J  -woro 
IjiHiiili  il  in  tin.  t'jKc.   'J'isiiii.i  iiio.  I'(i(/,<c(j  uiid  CunkiuiK,  Col.  iJui  ,  xiv.  70-7. 
11x81.  CiiKj..  Am.     Vol.  II.    lu 


■"' 

m 

? 

^H 1^ 

Btoh^ 

Wm 

W'h 


k 


1 1 


I 


i-ii 


14G 


AFFAIRS  IX  HONDURAS. 


spared  tlio  fatigue  of  a  long  overland  march,  and, 
to  create  the  inij)ression  that  they  were  no  longer  t(j 
be  n.nltreated,  orders  were  given  that  the  l)randiiig- 
irons  be  destroyed.  But  before  Salcedo  had  thne  to 
give  furtlier  proof  of  his  humane  intenti(tns,  his  death 
occurred  at  Trujillo  on  the  3d  of  January  looO,^  and 
the  proposed  expedition  was  deferred. 

There  were  now  three  rival  claimants  for  the  gov- 
ernorship— the  treasurer  Andres  de  Cei'eceda,  vrlio 
a  i'ew  nu)nths  before  the  governor's  decease  had  Ixtn 
nominated  as  his  successor,  and  also  appointed  guarihaii 
to  his  infant  son;  Herrera,  who,  though  he  held  no 
vahd  claim  to  the  office,*  had  the  support  of  the  regi- 
(lores;  and  finally  Diego  Mendez,  who  urged  that  the 
authority  conferred  on  him  l)y  Salcedo  at  Leon  had 
never  yet  been  legally  revoked.  Cereceda,  knowing 
that  lie  had  the  good  wishes  of  all  jicaceably  dispo>c,l 
colonists,  demanded  his  recognition  from  the  cabillo, 
but  was  strenuously  opposed  by  Herrera  and  liis 
I'action.  After  much  wrangling  it  was  finally  agrird 
to  submit  the  matter  to  arbitration;  and  it  was  deciilud 
that  the  two  should  rule  conjointly,  with  the  condilidi 
tliat  the  latter  should  hold  tlie  kevs  of  the  roval 
treasuiy.  AnTangemcnts  were  also  made  for  a  parti- 
tion of  the  late  governor's  jiroperty;  and  each  IjouikI 
himself  by  oath  not  to  lay  his  cause  bcibre  the  author- 
ities in  Spain.  Meanwhile  Diego  ]\rendez  was  sIlencLd 
with  threats  of  death  and  confiscation  of  property.^ 

Thus  for  a  time  a  truce  was  declared  between  the 
rival  factions;  but  Cereceda  had  neither  the  fii-niiicss 
nor   the  capacity  to  oppose  his   collengue,  and  >"on 

'•'It  is  stated  tliat  Snloodo's  dcatli  wjia  Ciiusnl  hy  a  si.iv  on  oiio  «{  his  Kl'?, 
niid  l)y  tlic  iiin;_'li  trcatiiu'iit  ivccivi  il  -wliilc  jiii]iri.s<ii;('(l  at  lit'fiii;  Imt  liis  I'li'  iicls 
»'is]i('<ti'(I  that  he  had  lii'iii  ]ioisoiu'd.   J/c  rri'irt,  dec.  iv.  IM).  vii.  cap.  iii. 

■■'i'hi'  only  ihiciinuiit  \xlii(Ii  llcncva  <r)idd  ihdiUiou  in  support  of  lii-i  c  l:iim 
M-ns  a  mcinoiaiidiini  without  date,  si^'iiatiiic,  or  witinss.  'J'ho  appoint;;!' t 
(if  Cireccda,  on  tiio  other  liaii.l,  vas  signed  hy  Sah'odo  and  attv.stcil  Iv  I'.' 
witni'ssc's,   ( V  n:<<lti,  ('win,  u\  y<fiii<  y'.s  il/>iS'. .  xx.  'A-').   Sro  also  Ori'ilo.  iii.  I'.t'. 

■' I)io;;o  Mcndiz  had  nhuady  lioen  waylaid  dui'inf,'  the  niirht  ancl  s>',.  idy 
wounded  at  tin  i'idia!H'(>  of  hi.s  JioiiKo.  He  would  haveh'tn  killid  h.i-!  i^'t 
'oiiie  of  his  fi  i(  nds  eonie  to  his  as.si,siai!(je.  Cinzula,  Cuiia,  in  .V'/i.iic's  .'.'>•>'.. 
XX.  4,  5;  OvkJo,  iii.  IlK!. 


EXCARXACION  FOUNDED. 


147 


pui)niitte(l  i.i  all  things  to  his  wilh  Even  in  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  skives  which  belonged  of  right  to 
SmK'cJo's  scii,*^  Ilerrera  demanded  for  himself  the 
li( Ill's  shaie.  and  compelled  the  child's  guardian  not 
only  to  consent,  but  to  take  oath  that  he  would  not 
ni)oit  the  matter  to  the  emperor."  Each,  however, 
fr;uv(l  that  the  oth^r  might  secretly  despatch  letters 
to  Spain.  A  ship  then  happened  to  be  lying  at  Tru- 
jillo  ready  ibr  sea,  and  Cereceda,  suspecting  that  his 
rival  would  send  despatches,  ordered  all  her  canvas 
to  bo  Vvithdrawn.  lie  was  outwitted,  lunvever,  by 
liis  more  astute  colleague,  for  a  caravel  which  ari'ived 
ill  port  during  the  same  niglit  Avas  seized  by  unknown 
jxrsons,  and  her  sails  transferred  to  the  other  vessel, 
vvliicli  inunediately  set  sail  for  Spain.  Cer'^'ceda, 
openly  charged  the  triv.k  upon  Herrera,  who  of  course 
indignantly  denied  it.  The  event  proved  that  the 
sliij)  carried  letters  from  the  cabildo,  recommending 
lIoir(4"a's  appointment  as  sole  ruler,  tt)gether  with  a 
missive  from  Ilerrera  himself,  in  which  he  claimed 
that  he  liad  rendered  good  service  to  the  crown  and 
liad  onlv  admitted  a  colleaGfue  in  rjiiiW^-ts  i>iuvcnt  dis- 
cord  and  riot.  j\l<-)reover  he  rejursented  the  affairs 
ol'llie  province  in  a  most  favorable  light,  stating  that 
the  mines  were  exceedingly  rich  and  asking  lor  ships 
and  supplies  with  which  to  com[)lete  the  exj)loration 
of  the  territory  and  more  fully  develop  its  resources. 

The  proposed  expedition  had  meonwhile  been  de- 
^j.-iuhed  to  the  Naco  Valley,  and  a  settlement  founded 
tluie  named  Nuostra  Sehora  de  la  Encarnacion.  A 
I'ai'ty  of  .sixty  men,  under  the  conunand  of  Captain 

'■  It  was  cliiinu'd  tliat  a  jinrtion  (if  the  ropiirtiniiontos  liclonfjinj;  to  the  l.ito 
piviiiHtr  liail  lii'cii  unlawfully  appniiiriatcd,  ami  wa.s  liRrcioro  lialilo  tu  nm 
li-<'ati(iii.     S(»iuafti'rwanl  llic  lioy  ilinl.  a  nil  his  until  (.•  iiihoiitanio  wiisdividod 
aitiuiii;  (vrtaiii  (if  tlic  otiicial.s.   < I'rUdo,  iii.  ID.'t. 

Ciiccrda  at'lcrwanl  cxiiiscd  liinisclf  liy  sayint,'  tliat  lie  liad  jnvcii  liis('nii- 
i'l  nt  in  nriK'c  to  jirc'^crvo  ]m  aci'  in  the  iirovinci'.  '  ('oiisciiti  ijuu  sc  If.-i  iliisc  lo 
ijUi' lid  K.s  diuia  si  fucra  solo  iiatii'udo  lo  i|iKM'ra  razoii;  lii(_'(.lo  ;-,olo  por  wosr- 
^'.il.iis  i  (IMC  no  altciasdi  I'l  aiiiotoiiasin  la  ticna,'  in  order  to  j^nin  tiuio  until 
til'  kill;,' should  di'llnitclv  dctu'iniiiKj  upon  a  new  ^ovi  rn(jr.  k^i-chIu,  Car.'n, 
111  S'lii'i.r'n  JLSS.,  XX.  5,  (J. 


,4l « 


■]t 


1/  V, 


fi 


148 


AFFAIRS  IX  HONDURAS. 


■;-t 


I 


1!  'ii 


Aloiiso  Orciz,  had  also  taken  possession  of  the  vall(\y 
of  Jutigalpa,some  twelve  leagues  distant  from  Trujillo, 
a  region  of  which  the  Gfovernor  remarks  in  his  letUr 
that  "  tliere  is  no  liver  or  ravine  where  gold  does  n(;t 
ahonnd."**  The  natives  of  the  latter  district  trathcred 
their  crops,  and  removing  all  their  provisions  lied  to 
the  mountains,  there  to  await  the  effect  of  starva- 
tion on  the  Spaniards.  Ortiz,  however,  sent  messen- 
gers assuring  them  that  ho  came  not  to  make  war  hut 
to  settle  peaceably  in  their  midst,  and  by  kind  treat- 
ment induced  them  to  return  to  their  habitations,  thus 


^pK  Cari.eron 


HoNDrKAS. 

affordino:  one  of  those  rare  instances  where  the  coin- 
mander  of  a  military  expedition  forbore  to  enslave  or 
phmder  the  natives  who  fell  into  his  j)ower. 

Although  Herrera  and  his  partisans  now  lidil 
almost  undisputed  control  at  Trujillo,  they  \\ere  i'ai' 
I'rom  l)eing  satistied  with  the  situation.  They  wril 
knew  that  their  old  enemy,  Diego  JMendez,  was  await- 
ing revenge;  while  Ceroceda,  though  quietl)'  watch iiii;' 
the  course  of  events,  was  ready  for  action  when  tlu' 
proper  moment  should  arrive.  Their  greed  tor  weali  li 
and  lust  of  power  had  brought  them  into  disri'[ii!tc 

^llcrrt.ra,  duo.  iv.  lib.  vii.  o;ii).  iii. 


T~ 


BLOODY   FACTIONS. 


149 


nnioiiLif  all  the  colonists,  except  those  of  tlicir  own 
faction,  and  even  certain  members  of  the  cabildo  were 
iiuinhered  nnioni^  their  enemies.  Fearinsjf  that  the 
sctllcis  wt)nld  break  out  into  open  revolt,  llc;rrera 
iiv  i])<)se(l  to  a',iandon  Trujillo  and  establish  elsewhere  in 
the  [)rovince  a  new  and  independent  colony.  Cereccda, 
knowing  that  such  a  measure  would  be  fatal  to  the 
prosjiei'ity  of  the  settlement,  strove  to  prevent  it  by 
I'licoura'j^int^  interniarriaLje  between  the  i'aniilies  of  the 
ri\al  cliques  and  dividinj^  amonii^  tliem  a  portion  of 
the  slaves  which  had  lallen  to  his  share  at  the  divi- 
sion of  Salcedo's  property.'' 

A  revolt  which  occurred  about  a  year  afterward, 
aiiioiiL;"  the  tribe  of  the  cacique  Peyzacura,  afforded 
llcirera  an  opportunity  to  carry  out  his  intention. 
The  Indians  of  thisdistilv.t  were  employed  in  workinj^ 
certain  mines  not  far  distant  from  Trujillo,  and  had 
loii^'  endured  their  bondaj^e  without  murnuu',  but  the 
rii;or  of  their  taskmasters,  who,  "with  one  loot  in  the 
slirrup,"  as  Oviedo  tells  us,  "I'eady  to  abandon  the 
piiivincc,"  cared  only  to  enrich  themselves  as  speedily 
as  possible,  at  length  drove  them  to  rebellion.  Se\'- 
crai  Sjianiards  were  murdered,  and  as  the  insuri'ec- 
tioii  soon  s[)i-cad  through  the  adjoining  territory,  it 
Id'caine  necessary  to  despatch  a  strou'j'  armed  fi)rce  to 
restore  order.      An  ex]iedition  vias  jirepared  of  which 


II 


■I'lTra  insisted  on  takiii'jr  cliai'iie,  inviting'  his  asso- 


I'iatcs,  and  all  othc;rs  who   were   inclined  to  join  him, 
to  enroll  themselves  under  his  command.     A  feelini-- 


ll^C( 


)n(t.'nt  and   unrest    i)erva<Ied   tlie  connnunity, 
an!  iiiaiiv  of  the  leadiiiijf  colonists  ^^ithering  tou'ether 


lliin-  cilccts  cast  in  their  lot  with  tl 


lo  L''()\'ernor, 


r.ut 


instead  of  marchiuo-  airainst  the  hostile  natives  he  led 


his  followers  to  the  territory  of  a  friendly  chieftain 


'  riiiMiioi-.'ility  of  the  colonists  appears  to  Iinvo  Ikmh  soiucwliiit  iiioie  l.ix 
liiii'iilidut  tliMii  iisniil.  Ill  foini.'untiiig  on  tlic  conihu't  (if  Ihriviii  find  other 
(illii'ols  (Vrt'crdii  s;iys:  'Tctiian  (Hiir,'ulas(iu:itro  casas  dc  lasados  dcste  piirhlo 
1  '|lu'  cdu  inCaiuia  judilica  i  pi-sar  ion  iiuiridos  los  coinportavan.  sin  yo  ser  jiarto 
a  I'l  ii  nu'diar  inn  palalnas  i  ani'Mia/as,  pormie  lo  di'nias  por  cl  mayor  diiiio  Be 
tai'Msava.'  Cui.i,  in  Siinicr's  JliSS.,  xx.  7. 


lih 


:i'   :  I 


till '  i 

l|  j!    ;  ,  .      J 

1  ill 

1  w 

IliiiiJ 

150 


AFFAIRS  IX  HONDURAS. 


and  there  for  several  months  they  wasted  their  tir.io 
and    sub.stan(x>    in   revclrv  and  ostentatious    disi)la\, 

v'  It/' 

leaving  Trujillo  unprotected  and  the  rebels  unpun- 
ished. 

Meanwliile  Diego  jNIendez  had  not  been  idle.  Soon 
after  Herrcra's  departure  it  chanced  that  Cercceda 
was  called  away  from  Trujillo,  and  taking  advantage 
of  the  absence  of  both  governors  he  presented  himscU' 
beiore  the  cabildo,  and  demanded  that  some  means  he 
devised  for  protecting  the  |)rovince  against  the  evil 
otr'ect  of  their  divided  authority.  Both  rulers  were 
not i lied  of  this  measure  on  their  return  to  the  settle- 
ment. Cereccda  gave  no  heed  to  the  matter,  hnov,'iii'>' 
that  it  was  not  intended  to  alfect  himself,  Ijut  Hen'cra 
at  once  accused  his  old  adversary  of  plottinij;'  au'ainst 
liim,  and  induced  the  cabildo  to  forbid  him,  under  [)aiii 
of  death,  to  make  a  second  appeal,  lint  Diego  Men- 
dez  had  already  won  over  many  of  the  most  powerlul 
adlxMvnts  of  his  opponent,  and  I'esolvod  on  yet  mdie 
decisive  action.  Having  regained  the  certitlcate  as 
lieutenant-iTovernor,  which  had  been  c^ivcn  to  him  1  y 
Salccdo,  and  taken  from  him  upon  his  arrest  at  Tru- 
jillo,^"  he  boldly  appeared  a  second  time  before  i!io 
cabildo,  and  claimed  recomiition  of  his  ollice.  Ilcr- 
reia  now  caused  sentence  of  death  to  be  pronoun( cd 
against  his  rival,  Adio  thereupon  took  rcd'ugc  in  the 
church.  After  some  attem[)t  at  negotiation,  wliiili 
t(>rminated  only  in  mutual  abuse,  the  governor  thre;!l- 
cned  to  disregard  the  right  of  sanctuary,  and  ejiit 
him  by  force. 

Dut  the  administration  of  Vasco  do  Hcrrcra  \\as 
drawing  to  a  close.  Dy  promise  of  reward  to  those  wlm 
should  join  his  cause,  Diego  jSIendez  had  s(M'ured  the 
alliance  of  at  least  fortv  of  the  citizens  of  Truiilln. 
while  the  former  could  nmstei'  but  twenty  or  thiily 
men,  most  of  his  followers  being  engaged  in  (jnellini;' 

'"  Tlio  certificate  was  oriuinally  liikcii  from  ^Iciidez  by  the  cabild",  .iii'l 
depisit('<l  witli  tlu;  ISotary  C'arrasei),  who,  being  an  enemy  to  ICerreia.  \(;i3 
ea:ii:y  iMilui'iil  to  nturn  it  to  its  tavuer.  CciT.ntu,  Caiiu,  in  •SquUr'n  Ji^'-S., 
x.\.  1.)    ly.     See  alao  Ovlido,  iii.  li./.J. 


HERRERA'S  DEATH. 


i:.l 


an  Indian  revolt  in  the  Olanclio  Valley.  Xonc  felt 
scriiro  so  lonn;"  as  tlie  li^overnor  was  alive,  and  tliey 
resolved  to  assassinate  liim.  Witliin  the  walls  of  tlio 
cliui'ch  llie  conspirators  met  by  niglitto  arrani^e  their 
plans,  and  on  a  Sunday  evening,  the  8th  of  October 
1j;!1,  about  two  hours  after  sunset,  rushed  into  the 
publi''  square,  and  began  shouting  their  vivas.  Cere- 
(•('(!:),  who  as  yet  had  no  information  of  the  })lot,  was 
at  Ills  own  dwelling  in  consultation  with  certain  of  the 
iViais,  as  to  the  best  means  of  restoring  harmony  in 
the  j)iovince  and  reunitnig  the  several  factions.  On 
lioaiin'^  the  noise  they  seized  tlieir  arms  and,  hasten- 
ing  to  the  plaza,  were  met  with  cries  of  "Long  live 
tlic  hing  and  his  chief-justice  who  comes  this  way." 
Fdiv  iu'^-  a  ])assago  through  the  crowd  they  beheld 
lb  rreia  lying  wounded  from  a  dagger-thrust  in  his 
!?id.',  while  round  his  neck  the  rabble  had  fastened  a 
ro[)',',  for  the  [)urpose  of  dragging  him  through  the 
stieeis.  The  governor  and  his  companions  bore  hii:i 
to  ;i  place  of  safety;  but  he  was  beyond  human  aid, 
and  in  a  few  hours  he  breathed  his  last  within  the 
walU  (if  the  sanctuary  from  which  he  had  threatened 
to  drag  fortli  his  rival  to  execution.  The  mob  v.-as 
tlu'U  ordered  to  disperse,  but  refused  to  obey,  shout- 
ing ''Long  live  the  king  and  the  conununity." 

I'inding  himself  unable  to  control  the  rioters,  who 
now  bcg'an  to  show  signs  of  hostility  towai-d  hinisolf, 
CViveeda  made  his  escape,  though  with  much  dil'i- 
ciiUy,  and  attempted  to  regain  his  house;  but  was  in- 
ti'iccpled  ]»y  Diego  jSrendez,  who,  armed  with  lanco 
and  dagger,  demanded  his  own  recognition  aslieuteii- 
aiii -governor.  He  refused  to  listen  to  liim,  whereupon 
the  latter,  who  was  on  horsel)ack,  bari'ed  his  })assag(! 
and  insisted  on,  explaining  that  he  had  cons[)ired  n<it 
a<,fainst  his  lawful  ruler,  but  against  a  tyrant,  who  had 
nsiii'pod  his  ofllce  and  defied  the  law.  As  he  still  iv- 
liisi'd  to  give  any  satisfactoi-y  answer,  ]\[endez,  being 
snnonnded  by  a  throng  of  rioters,  began  to  assume 
u  threatening  attitude.     Now,  for  the  lirst  time  dur- 


t 
I  -* 


*4| 


i:!: 


lr^2 


AFFAIRS  IN  HONDURAS. 


1       H 


iiig  lil.s  administration,  Ccroccda  displayed  a  little 
lirinness,  and  still  refused  to  grant  to  the  assassin  the 
office  which  he  claimed  at  the  jwint  of  the  dagger. 
]\lany  of  the  by-standers  then  urged  that  Cercccda  ho 
at  once  put  to  death  in  order  to  avoid  all  future  dan- 
ger. Seeing  that  his  life  was  in  peril,  ho  replied  to 
JJiego  Mendez,  "What  I  request  of  you,  sir,  and  I  ask 
it  as  a  favor,  is  that  you  let  the  matter  rest  until  to- 
morrow, that  it  may  be  decided  what  is  best  to  be 
done  for  the  interests  of  his  Majesty."  Ho  was  then 
allowed  to  retire  to  his  dwelling. 

The  leader  of  the  revolt  construed  this  vague  an- 
swor  into  a  full  concession  of  his  authority,  and  array- 
ing himself  in  the  habiliments  of  the  man  whose  corpse 
lay  yet  warm  in  the  church  of  Trujillo,  he  paraded  the 
streets  at  the  head  of  his  ruffian  gang,  and  on  the  fol- 
lowing day,  over  the  grave  el  his  murdered  victim, 
bid  defiance  to  the  governor,  telling  him  to  discharge 
the  members  of  the  cabildo  and  appoint  reliable  nuu 
in  tlieir  place.  Fearing  to  provoke  an  attack  by 
uatlierins*'  an  armed  force  around  him,  Cereccda  w- 
turned  to  his  house,  accompanied  by  a  single  friend. 
Duriiiij^  the  nii^ht  he  sent  a  letter  to  Diew  Diaz,  a 
brother  of  Vasco  de  IIerrei\a,  then  engaged  in  quell- 
ing the  insurrection  in  the  Olancho  Valley,  inforniiiit,' 
him  of  what  had  transpired,  but  in  language  so  caiv- 
I'ully  worded  that,  if  his  letter  were  intercepted  by 
his  enemies,  they  would  find  nothing  on  which,  to  base 
a  charge  against  him.  The  usurper  meanwhile  tlireat- 
enod  to  hang  all  who  refused  to  obey  him,  and  sumnidn- 
ing  into  his  })resence  the  caciques  of  the  tribes  which 
had  been  enslaved  by  Ilerrera,  demanded  their  sub- 
mission. 

On  the  following  day  Cereceda  ordered  the  cal)i];ln 
to  asscnd)le  in  secret  at  his  own  residence,  in  onkr 
to  devise,  if  possible,  some  means  of  bridging  over  the 
present  crisis.  None  c'ould  offer  any  practical ilc 
suggestion;  but  it  was  remarked  by  one  of  the 
regidores  that,  since  IJiego  Mendez  refused  to  ob.y 


CAPTIVITY  OF  CERECLDA. 


lo3 


■at- 
ion- 

lirh 

ul.- 


1  tlio  'T,"ovcrnor,  it  would  be  advisablo  that  Ccrcccda 

sliMiild  accept  the  office  of  lieutenant-governor.'^ 
AVliiK'  yet  in  session,  the  chief  of  the  conspirators, 
iiil'i)rniod  by  his  spies  that  the  cabildo  had  been  con- 
vened, presented  himself  at  the  head  of  an  armed 
liaiid  and  demanded  admittance.  The  governor  had 
not  courage  to  refuse,  and  the  meeting  soon  afterward 
hro!<e  up,  having  accomi)lished  nothing. 

Diego  Mendez  now  unfolded  the  royal  standard  in 
the  public  square,  and  compelled  the  peojdo  to  swear 
allegiance  to  him  as  their  lawful  ruler.  He  declared 
all  the  edicts  issued  by  Herrcra  and  Cereceda  since 
the  death  of  Salcedo  illegal,  and  enjoined  the  latter 
iVoni  exercising  authority.  He  dissolved  the  cabildo, 
appointed  new  members  from  the  ranks  of  his  own 
}»arlisaiis,  obtained  possession  of  all  the  books  and 
papers  belonging  to  the  niunicipalit}^  and  took  the 
oath  of  office.  He  then  seized  the  register  in  which 
the  appointment  of  Salcedo  and  the  nomination  of 
his  successor  had  been  recorded,  imprisoned  the  I'oynl 
nolaiy,  and  bid  him,  under  threat  of  torture,  declare 
tlic  latter  ajipointmcnt  invalid;  but  to  the  credit  of 
that  otiieial  it  is  recorded  that  he  persistently  refused 
compliance.  Finally  he  ordered  the  arrest  of  the 
goNcrnor;  but  through  the  intervention  of  friends 
allowed  him  to  remain  a  prisoner  at  his  own  house, 
ill  which,  ivlieved  of  h'3  shackles,  the  notary  was  also 
coiiiiued.  Such  was  the  dread  and  anxiety  of  Cere- 
ccvla  that,  during  his  capiivity,  which  lasted  thirty- 
seven  days,  it  is  related  that  his  hair  and  beard  turned 
li'-  m  a  glossy  black  to  silvery  white. 

I^eTorc  the  arrival  of  Ccrocoda's  messenger,  an 
eiiii-sary  despatched  by  Diego  Mendez  arrived  at  the 

"  '  11  ovi)  icsidor  (|no  dixo,  6  tcmioiulo  ill  Diogo  !Mciulcz,  A  pnnnu!  lo  parrs- 
na  ■•  t' rduviiiicnto  il  la  lo)u'il)liL'a,  quo  si  no  s:o  imdirssc  coiiccrtar  cu  qiiu 
li'.o  0  f:u  ttiiicnto  DicL'o  ^Icluli'X.  que  lo  fiii'ssc;  I'l  LV'reroda  (K',  jioniiio  it-iso 
I'la  I  )  <n!c  cuuvcniii  al .,t  rvivio  do  1  )ius  u  do  Siis  ?klaL;o:ita<lcs,  0 ill  Iticu  0  t o.-ic^o 
il<'  ;-'|iicH;i  univoisidad  ode  la  tiena.  E  poi(iuo  algunos  so  liyoroii  dc^to, 
it'l'ii.u  assi:  "Koysos  o  pal'osocos  null  lo  que  lie  diclio?  I'lios  usouUidlo 
1'    1,  I   Milnino,  quo  yo  lo  digo  as'ai."'  Oviido,  iii.  'JCo. 


CtU, 


fill 


;  >)rl 


II 


I 


'!■"' 


1 


1.-.4 


AFFAIRS  IN  HONDURAS. 


Olandio  Valk'V  and  with  little  difilculty  porrsuaclci! 
the  ioll(j\vcrs  of  Diego  Diaz,  wlio  were  already  disai- 
fec'ted  toward  their  commander,  to  join  the  standard 
of  the  usurper.  Finding  himself  thus  deserted  by  lii.s 
men,  the  latter  at  once  returned  to  Trujillo,  intendin;^'' 
to  claim  ihc  right  of  sanctuary;  but  was  arrested 
while  disniounting  at  the  church  door,  by  six  armed 
nien  stationed  there  for  that  purpo-"  o. 

At  length  Cercceda  and  his  officials,  finding  th;it 
their  pusillanimity  was  bringing  them  into  genei-al 
disfavor,  resolved  to  strike  a  decisive  blow  against 
their  conuiion  enemy.  Their  partisans  were  secrelly 
assembled,  and  among  them  were  found  eighteen  loy;d 
and  resolute  citizens,  who  swore  to  arrest  the  i)reten(l<  r 
or  die  in  the  attempt.  It  was  resolved  that  the  ell'oi  t 
bemade  at  once,bcforc  thosooftheopposite faction  could 
bo  apprised  of  it,  and  on  the  same  night,  after  a  shai  |» 
struggle,  in  which  half  of  the  governor's  men  wcio 
wounded'-  and  one  of  their  opponents  killed,  Diego 
jNtendez  was  captured,  and  on  the  following  day  sen- 
tenced to  be  beheaded  and  quartered.  Most  of  tliu 
conspirators  were  then  induced  by  offer  of  pardon  to 
return  to  their  allegiance,  but  though  their  lives  were 
spared,  they  were  punished  by  loss  of  office,  imprison- 
ment, or  confiscation  of  property.  Two  of  the  leadlii;.,^ 
acconijnices,  wlio  had  been  present  at  the  assassina- 
tion of  IleiTcra,"  fled  from  the  city,  and  with  l!io 
assistance  of  some  of  the  natives  madi;  their  escape  to 
a,  small  island  near  the  coast;  l)ut  returning  to  Tru- 
jillo some  two  months  later,  on  hearing  of  Cereceda's 
clemency,  took  refuge  in  the  church,  whence  tli.y 
■were  dragged  forth  to  execution  by  order  of  the  gfi\- 


ernor. 


On  receiviuGf  news  of  the  seditious  tumults  wlii 


ca 


^^Cnrzrda,  Carta,  iiiSqi'ler's  MSS.,  xx.  HO.     Ovicdo,  iii.  207,  pnys  tli.it 
only  seven  were  wouinlcd.  llerrcM'a,  dec.  v.  lib.  i.  c;ip.  x. ,  inciitidiis  lint  t'  '.ir. 

'■'  '(^.io  crau  jKiuel  Pedro  Vidal,  alguuyil,  (jue  dio  la  ininalada  ill  Vase,  ix' 
Hcrrcra  e  lo  celni  la  soga  al  enello,  coii  la  que  fue  desjmcs  alioiiado  el  ma! 
feeiior;  y  el  otro  Aloiiijo  \'azquez,  ulcaldu  0  capituu  do  la  guarda  ilel  tirauo. 
Ociedo,  iii.  'JOS. 


DISTRESS  AT  TRLMILLO. 


liiid  SO  lonj^'  vi'XikI  the  settlers  of  Honduras,  tlic 
("iu[)eror  a[)])ointe(l  as  ruler  of  the  proviiiee  Caj>taiii 
l)icL;"o  <le  Alhitez,  a  veteran  officer  who  had  done  n'ood 
service  in  many  a  hard-loni:^ht  battle  with  Indians. 
Tlie  new  governor  arrived  oil:'  the  coast  with  two  ves- 
sel- on  the  20th  of  October  15r)2,  but  his  sliips  wero 
(hivtii  on  slioro  by  a  storm,  when  six  leagues  from 
|)(irt,  and  thirty  of  those  on  board  were  drowned. 
Al'iitcz  escaped  by  swhnming,  but  with  the  loss  of  all 
his  efFects.  Assistance  soon  arrived  from  Trujillo; 
and  on  the  following  dav  he  was  received  and  duly 
recdgnized  by  the  authoi'ities  amid  the  rejoicings  of 
tlie  citizens  who  now  hoped  that  tranquillity  would  be 
restored.  But  the  province  was  yet  destined  to 
undergo  a  period  of  misrule;  for  nine  da3's  after  his 
anivid,  the  new  governor,  advanced  in  years,  died 
at  Trujillo,  leaving  C(?receda  still  at  the  head  of 
all'air:.;. 

The  feeling  of  dis;  atisfaction  which  had  long  pre- 
vailed was  intensKied  by  this  new  disaster.  Exag- 
'jer.itod  reiiorts  of  the  urcat  wealth  of  thencin-hborinjif 
])rovinces  had  been  noised  abroad,  and  many  of  the 
colonists  now  threatened  to  abandon  the  territoi'\', 
hoping  to  better  their  fortunes  elsewhere.  For  hv.\- 
(■ral  voars  thev  had  been  living  in  extreme  discom- 
fort,  often  borderinuf  on  destitution.  Thev  had  neither 
tloui',  oil,  wine,  nor  any  other  of  the  connnodities 
usually  imported  from  Spain.  For  three  years  no 
Spanish  vessel  had  arrived  at  Trujillo.  The  men 
were  almost  without  clothing  and  t'le  hor(-es  without 
shoes.  INFany  of  the  settlers  had  neither  sliirts  nor 
heds;  and  so  great  was  the  scarcity  of  all  articles 
i'e;|uired  for  the  connnon  needs  of  life,  that  a  sheet  of 
jiajiei'  sold  for  a  peso,  and  a  needle  was  worth  as 
iiiueli."  To  add  to  the  distress  of  the  Spaniards 
cjiideniic  diseases  broke  out  among  the  Indians,  spread- 
iii''  I'l'om  house  to  house  and  I'rom  town  to  town,  and 


■fii 


^^ Diirila,  lldcirioii,  in  Pacheeo  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc,  xiv.  114-17.     Sfo 


150 


AFFMRS  IN  HONDURAS. 


swept  away  at  least  one  lialf  of  tlio  native  population." 
There  was  neither  physician  nor  medicine;  and  thou^li 
the  settlcr.s  escaped  the  visitation,  so  ^reat  was  their 
loss  in  slaves  that  many  were  compelled  to  abandon 
their  usual  avocations. 

In  order  to  distract  the  attention  of  tlio  colonists 
from  their  forlorn  condition,  Cereceda  set  about  est;ih- 
lishinix  a  settlement  on  the  road  to  Nicarai>'ua,  with  a 
view  of  opening  communication  between  the  two  seas. 
lie  despatched  into  the  interior  a  company  of  sixty 
men,  with  orders  to  halt,  at  a  certain  point,  until  joined 
b}'^  himself  with  an  additional  force.  His  departure 
was  however  delayed  by  the  arrival  of  two  messengers 
fioin  Alonso  de  Avila,'"  contador  of  Yucatan,  who  was 
on  his  way  to  Trujillo,  having  been  obliged  to  llco 
with  the  remnant  of  his  band  from  a  settlement 
wliieli  he  had  formed  in  tlie  interior  of  that  province. 
On  tlie  arrival  of  the  party  at  Trujillo,  Cereceda 
afibrded  them  all  the  assistance  in  his  power.  Ho 
then  set  forth  to  join  the  expedition  awaiting  him  on 
the  road  to  Nicaragua.  After  proceeding  but  a  short 
distance  he  was  overtaken  by  a  messenger  bringing' 
news  of  the  arrival  of  two  vessels  from  Cuba,  and  ot" 
the  intention  of  Diesfo  Diaz  de  Herrera  to  take  this 
opportunity  of  making  his  escape  in  company  with 
others  at  Trujillo." 

Cereceda  returned  in  time  to  prevent  the  dcpopn- 
lation  of  tlie  city,  but  such  was  the  general  discontent 
that  the  question  of  removal  was  universally  discussed 
and  the  governor  was  at  length  compelled  to  give  up  his 
settlement.  After  much  deliberation  it  was  resolved 
to  depart  for  the  Naco  Valley,  leaving  at  Trujillo  ;i 
garrison  of  fifty  men.     The  remainder  of  the  citizens, 

"  '  Murioron  mas  dc  la  mitad  dcllos,  assi  tie  los  que  Servian  il  los  chiipsti- 
ai..')s  en  sus  haciendas,  como  do  las  naborias  de  casa.'  Ovieilo,  iii.  2\',i. 

^'^  Vcreznla,  Carta,  in  i^qukr's  MSS.,  xxii.  50;  Oviedo,  iii.  212.  Sec  .t!so 
JFitif.  ^^cx.,  ii.,  this  scries. 

'Mlcrrer.a  endeavored  to  persuade  Avila  to  .'iccompany  him,  and  prdcnil 
in  (jiiest  ot  new  discoveries.  Tlie  latter,  however,  declined,  and  on  tlio 
return  of  Cereceda  was  sent  on  with  hia  men,  by  sea,  to  Yucatan.  Uv'mlv.  iii. 
212-:J0. 


OVERLAND  ROUTE. 


1.-.7 


mustering  in  all  about  one  liunclrod  and  thirty/''  leav- 
w^  Vvitli  tlioni  a  good  snp[)ly  of  horses  and  live-stock, 
set  lorth  on  their  march  through  the  wilderness.  On 
rcacliing  a  spot  where  a  river  Hows  through  a  narrow 
(Iclilo,  they  i'ound  their  passage  obstructed  by  a  barri- 
(•iidc  erected  by  the  cacique  Cizimba,  who  thought 
lliiis  to  prevent  the  invasion  of  his  territory.  The 
natives  were  routed  at  the  first  onset,  and  those  who 
^vovu  taken  captive  suffered  mutilation,  their  liaiids 
l)('iug  cut  off,  and  were  suspended  with  cords  from  their 
iiLH'ks.  The  Spaniards  then  pressed  forward,  suflcring 
many  privations,  though  always  buoyed  up  with  the 
hope  of  finding  abundant  stores  of  provisions  on  reach- 
ing their  destination.  But  in  this  they  were  doomed 
ti)  disappointment.  Arriving  at  Naco,  wayworn  and 
faniislied,  they  found  the  place  abandoned  by  all  ex- 
t'lpt  a  few  infirm  natives  unable  to  escape  by  reason  of 
illness.  Cereceda  then  put  on  the  mask,  and  changing 
his  policy  toward  the  natives,  who  throughout  all  that 
country  had  fled  at  his  approach,  ho  strove  to  win 
tlicni  back  by  kindness,  and  at  length  succeeded  in 
causing  the  return  of  a  number  sufficient  to  plant  a 
considerable  tract  of  land."  The  harvest  however 
f'ailud,  and,  being  reduced  to  the  last  extremity,  the 
S|)aniards  were  compelled  to  move  to  the  foot  of  the 
mountains,  where  they  hoped  to  obtain  food  among 
tlio  natives  who  had  fled  there  for  refuge.  Takiiiof 
tlu'ir  departure  from  Naco,  therefore,  they  i)rocecded 
to  the  province  of  Zula,  where  they  founded  a  settle- 
ment which  they  named  Buena  Esperanza.-" 

Such  was  the  position  of  affairs  when,  in  the  year 
1  ;")-■!,■),  Christobal  de  la  Cucva  was  sent  by  Jorge  do 
Alvarado,  to  discover  a  route  to  the  northern  coast 
l>v  means  of  which  connnunication  might  be  ojieuovl 
brtween  the  province  of  Guatemala  and  Spain.    A\  hile 

'"Ovicdo.  iii.  213,  gives  ISO  as  the  nnmbcr. 

'"Tlie  Quimistan  (Quiuljiritan?),  Zolutii,  Zolimonga,  and  Zulil  Indians  rc- 
tiirmd,  l)iit  not  thoso  of  Naco.   Ilcrrmt,  dec.  v.  lib.  ix.  cap.  viii. 

■'  nistant  'l'.\  Icugiios  from  riieito  do  Caballos,  'i  from  Qiiinbistan,  7  from 
^a^.■u,  and  lo  from  Sau  Gil  do  Biiunavista.  JJerrcra,  dec.  v.  lib.  ix.  caj).  viii. 


if! 


:,':"> 


iii 


ir)8 


AFFAirvS  IN  IIOXDURAP. 


Itt 


passing  through  the  province  of  Zula,  Cuova's  men 
were  observed  by  a  party  of  natives,  v,ho  inibnned 
Cerecedaof  the  presence  of  Spaniards  in  that  vicinity. 
The  latter  tlicreupon  despatched  Juan  Ruano,  witli  a 
small  band,  to  demand  of  the  intruders  wlience  tin  v 
came,  and  by  what  authority  they  ventured  within 
his  territory.  The  messenger  was  first  met  by  the 
advanced  guard  of  twenty  men  under  Juan  de  Arevalo, 
who  informed  him  that  his  conmiander,  with  the  niiiiu 
force,  was  but  two  leagues  behind,  and  that  their  object 
was  to  search  for  the  best  route  for  a  government  road 
from  Guatemala  to  Puerto  do  Caballos. 

When  Cucva  was  informed  of  the  condition  of  tlio 
colonists  at  Buena  Esperanza,  he  requested  an  inter- 
view with  Cereceda,  and  proposed  that  the  men  of 
Ilond'iras  should  cooperate  M'ith  him  in  his  explora- 
tions, promising  in  return  to  assist  them  in  their  min- 
ing enterprises,  and  to  protect  them  from  the  natives. 
The  governor  gladly  accepted  this  offer,  and  took  com- 
mand of  a  force  composed  of  a  portion  of  Cueva's  troops 
together  with  all  his  own  available  men.^'  It  was  pro- 
posed first  to  march  against  a  powerful  cacique,  who 
liad  for  ten  years  held  captive  a  Spanish  wonian,^-aii(l 
after  subduing  him  and  demolishing  his  stockade,  to 
explore  the  country  in  tiie  neighborhood  of  Golfo 
Dulce,  and  examine  the  harbors  of  San  Gil  do  Buena- 
vista  and  Puerto  de  Caballos,  in  conformity  with  his 
instructions. 

But  tlio  time  had  not  yet  come  when  harmony  was 
to  jircvail  in  Honduras.  W  n's  with  the  savages  aiid 
contentions  amouijf  themselves  had  been  the  fate  <it' 
settlers  in  that  territory  from  the  beginnmg;  and  tlio 
quarrelsome  followers  of  Cereceda  w^ere  little  disposed 
to  join  hands  in  peaceful  fellowship  with  the  member 


■^'  Corccoda  wns  to  1)0  'captain  of  all  the  other  captains.'  Ilcrrcra,  dv  .  v. 
lili.  ix.  o;ip,  ix.,  calimiitcs  the  strciigtli  of  llu3  coinbinuil  foroL's  ut  80  soUlu  is, 
but  Ihiti  IS  inanifestly  an  cri'or. 

'-- 1  [crri'ra  pjicaks  of  hvv  as  a  nativo  of  Scvillr,  and  an  having  ])vrn  <.ip- 
turcd  by  (.'i/.iinl)a,  '((uo  auia  dioz  afios  "  tonia  pur  niULCor,'  at  the  time  oi  iho 
iiiassacri.'  at  I'nortti  do  Caballos.   dec.  v.  lib.  ix.  cap.  ix. 


GOVERNOR  WANTED. 


lo9 


of  a  rival  colony.  Cucva  was  not  satisfied  to  settle 
n!  i)U('ua  Esporanza,  nor  on  the  GoU'o  J^ulce,  nor  at 
Tiurto  (le  Caballos;  but  lie  wisUt'd  to  [)lant  a  colony 
ill  the  interior  of  Honduras,  midway  between  the 
t\v(i  oceans.  To  this  proposition  Cereceda  of  course 
raised  objections.  The  other  persisted,  and  beini];'  tlio 
stioiig'cr,  withdrew  from  the  alliance  and  moved  in- 
land. Thereupon  Cereceda  comi)lained  to  the  India 
Council,  and  beijged  the  arrest  and  execution  of  Cueva 
for  trespass  and  violation  of  contract.  He  also  peti- 
tioned the  emperor  for  men,  arms,  ships,  and  Hour,  and 
wine  for  sacramental  purposes.  Ho  afiirmed  that 
some  of  his  men  had  not  tasted  salt  for  three  months, 
and  lay  ill  in  consequence.  He  requested  that  the 
kind's  fifth  of  the  product  of  the  mines  .should  be 
re<luced  to  one  tenth.  He  also  asked  that  a  boundary 
line  between  Guatemala  and  Honduras  be  established, 
and  that  a  road  be  opened  between  the  two  seas,  from 
Tuca  to  de  Caballos  to  the  bay  of  Fonseca,  stathi<:>'  that 
it  would  serve  as  well  for  the  trade  of  San  Salvador 
and  Nicaragua,  the  distance  being  only  fifty  leagues, 
and  the  ground  favorable,  requiring  only  that  the  trees 
he  cut  away  and  the  earth  levelled  in  places.  To  this 
petition  of  Cereceda  the  em{)eror  and  his  council 
li^icued  with  favor,  and  grantc^d  the  greater  part  of 
his  requests. 

.Meanwhile  the  remnant  of  tli?  Honduras  colonists 
mIio  remained  at  Trujillo  also  claiaorcdforan  increase 
of  |)0|)nlation,  and  for  a  governor.  They  claimed  that 
the  city  possessed  a  good  liarbor,  and  a  dry  and  win  le- 
some  situation;  that  rich  mines  lay  undeveloped  in  its 
vieini  iy,and  that  the  soil  wasfruitful  and  well  watered.-'^ 

"^T.dM  (j\ic  qiUMlaroii  en  la  ciiulad  do  Truxillo. .  .sinirieauau  al  Rry  pus 
noci's^iiliiJc.i,  suplirauMiito. .  .(|iic  no  la  olvidasso,  'Vms  !u)  era  iiicnon  )ii'()ve- 
i'lii)>a  (|iio  las  otras  (Ic  las  Inilias,  jior  las  nnu'lias  niiiias  (|iic  en  clla  •uiia:  y 
ijuaiiti)  a)  yitii)  do  hi  Ciudai'l  deziaii,  ([Ue  era  'iiny  saiio,  oiixnto,  y  ayrnso,  y 
ill'  limy  Imcnas  stL'tias.  .  Du/ian  (luc  no  atiia  ve/iu'i  (jiie  no  tuuii'-ise  on  sit  caaa 
vu  Inu'i'to  con  todas  las  fiiitas  do  ("astilla,  (jac  t>i'  aiiian  jiodido  aucr,  las 
qnalrji  Ko  (laiian  niny  liion,  eouio  naiau.ji>s,  c'llras,  iinioni's  a^'iios  y  dulocs, 
).'rau:idoa  y  lii;,niera8,  do  Lis  (jualoH  ;i  Niuio  nu'^^us  (|Uo  ho  pl.itaii,  ^e  coyia 
t'niti;  di'  meluiiCM  y  vbas,  y  otras  teniaa  aljumlanuia.'  J/trr<ri(y  doc.  v.  lib, 
ix.  i^i^i.  ix. 


;  ■  ': 

J^^ 

4»t 

IB 

:*' 

i 

i 

IGO 


AFFAIRS  IX  HONDURAS. 


They  attributed  tlicirpast  misfortunes  to  bad  govcrn- 
nieiit,  and  cliartjed  Cereceda  with  abandonincT  the 
scttleuieut  without  sufficient  cause.  They  were  now 
so  few  in  number,  being  reduced  to  thirty  capable  (if 
bearing  arms,  that  they  were  in  constant  fear  of  attack 
from  the  natives.  Their  stock  of  weapon.j  consisted 
of  but  twenty  swords  and  fifteen  pikes,  the  governor 
liaving  taken  with  him  all  the  cross-bows  and  arq'i''- 
buses.  As  they  were  not  in  communication  with 
Mexico  they  requested  to  be  placed  under  the  juris- 
diction of  the  audiencia  of  Espahola.  They  asked 
moreover  for  two  brigantinos  for  the  purpose  of  trading 
with  the  Islands  and  also  for  one  hundred  negroes  to 
work  their  mines,  for  all  of  which  they  promised  to  pay 
liberall}'-.  They  promised  that  if  a  capable  governor 
were  sent  out  to  them  in  command  of  two  hundrid 
men,  they  would  establish  a  settlement  near  Ihi.' 
Desaguadcro  and  open  the  rich  gold-mines  which  lay 
in  that  vicinity.  Finally  the  municipal  council  de- 
clared that  unless  relieved  within  a  year  tliey  would 
disorganize  the  government  and  give  the  people  liberty 
to  go  whithersoever  they  might  desire. 

if  the  colonists  of  Honduras  could  barely  sustain 
themselves  when  united  and  living  at  Trujillo,  it  ^^;l.s 
not  to  be  expected  that  their  condition  would  be  im- 
proved when  divided  and  scattered  throughout  the 
country.  One  good  man,  who  could  have  held  in 
check  the  s]iirit  of  lawlessness,  and  have  ruled  tin' 
factious  popidacc  with  a  determined  hand;  a  man  with 
the  principles  and  temper  even  of  a  Pcdrarias,  wo^M 
have  given  peace  and  prosperity  to  Honduras;  Imt 
internal  dissensions,  and  finally  open  disru[)tion,  liail 
brought  disaster  u]K)n  all  conccsrned,  and  had  reduciii 
the  people,  both  of  Trujillo  and  Buena  Esperanza,  to 
the  verrjc  of  ruin  and  starvation. 

Humiliating  as  it  must  have  been,  Andres  do  ( Arc- 
ceda  was  at  last  compelled  to  appeal  for  aid  to  Pedio 
de  Alvarado.  In  the  petition  which  he  drew  U]>,  lie 
craved  ])rotection  from  the  natives,  failing  whicli,  Iw 


APPEAL  TO  ALVAKADO. 


ICl 


tbiirc  1  the  depopulation  of  the  ulmle  province.  Dii'e 
ind'  I'll  were  the  necessities  of  the  [)eople,-'  and  tho 
adelantado  was  besouglit  "for  the  love  of  God  niid 
their  Majesties,"  to  come  to  their  succor."^  The  royal 
treasurer,  Diego  Garcia  de  Celis,  was  sent  in  coni- 
paiiy  with  Juan  Ruano-'^  lo  Santiago,  wliero  Alvarialo 
then  resided,  and  representing  to  him  the  de[ilorable 
(•<iii(!iii.'n  of  the  people  of  Honduras,  received  assur- 
ance of  rtdi(>f.  As  soon  as  possible  an  armed  foi'cc 
was  assembled,  consisting  of  Spaniards  and  tricaxlly 
Indians,  and  with  the  adelantado  at  their  head  set 
forth  to  the  relief  of  Cereceda.^' 

During  the  delay  v/liidi  occuired  before  the  arrival 
of  Alvarado  in  Honduras,  the  settlers  who  )'cmai!ied 
at  ]Juena  Esperanza,  being  imable  or  unwilUng  to  bear 
tlieir  sulfcrin<js  any  longer,  were  on  the  i)oint  of 
abandoning  tie  e  ^ouy,  and  on  the  atli  of  jMay  15;JG 

-'  iloncra  says  that  :ii  irs  in  the  province  were  in  ii  f-acl  plight,  for  Ccrc- 
cedii,  'ouya  cnu'lihiil  exndiaa  toila  hiunaiia  iiriulcncia,"  hml  l;>st  all  control 
(ivcr  hi.s  iiicii.  dou.  vi.  lil).  i.  eap.  viii.  Montcjo,  who  aftui'waril  liccanio  ;j:ov- 
fi'iii.i' 111' iluiiiliiratf,  also  spraks  in  wry  (li.s])araging  terms  of  CVrcceila.  •.Ml 
tlio  time  he  was  in  Ziila  ami  Xaeo  lie  never  moved  two  leagues  from  his 
ahode.  Of  the  '2~  or  "JS  towns  in  existenee  when  lie  reached  the  eoitntry  he 
(lid  not  leave  a  single  one.  lie  destroyed  everything,  even  tlie  eattle  and 
laares.  The  people  he  lu'ought  a\\,iy  in  irons,  leaving  some  towns  wiUioiit  a 
singles  iuh.ihitant.  He  and  his  advisers,  a  priest  named  iliian  Avila-  and  a 
eirtaiu  .liian  Kuano,  liad  laid  wa^to  the  best  portion  of  llondiuas. '  l\ichi:co 
and  <'n.,/,,ins,  r'./.  Hoc,  ii.  L'40-1 

■■"(Jui.-,ie^se  socorrer  tl  los  poliladorei}  elnipstianos,  (jnc  estaban  en  llon- 
diiras,  (.11  paeiliear  la  tierra,  e  dar  orden  lomo  no  se  aeabassen  ile  perder  hs 
espa.io'u'.s  (|iie  alii  estaban.'  Oi!flo,  iii.  "J!  1. 

-"0\ie(io,  iii.  1*14,  ^ays  that  tliis  ueetirred  in  l.'J.I.S.  Ci'lis  liimself  state.? 
that  (  ii'eeeda  sent  him  to  (lUateniala  towaril  the  end  of  \'>',\'>,  oreai'y  in 
l^il).  Ciiiiiiio  ill'  iiHii/.,  in  Pnrlici'o  and  Ciirdiniis,  <\il,  J)of.,  xiv.  oil  !); 
Mlieicas  llerrera  states  that  Celis  went  of  his  own  aoeord.  'Estas  ei.^.us 
lleganm  a  termino  (jiie  el  Tesorero  eonm  luieii  ii.ini^itro  so.-;srgo  la  gente,  eon 
pioiiuder  de  yr  a  (iuati'mala  A  [ledir  soerro  a  dou  I'edro  de  Abiarado.'  iK'i', 
vi.  lib.  i.  t;ip.  viii. 

■■ '  (Off,  //oiiihiriis,  in  /'(»(7/(V'o  ami  ('lii'tli  iiii.'<,  f'ul.  r>oi\,  s\y.  2Sfl  et  se<|., 
(-"(■•hs  s'.ib.sei|neiitly  juit  in  ;i  riaim  for  SIM)  ejistellanos,  for  the  .sillisislcm-o  of 
iiis  party,  and  for  iiorses  employed  during  the  exploration  of  a  road  to  ( iitio.i'- 
iMula.  On  the  "Jltliof  Oetober  I.M!!)  a  judicial  in\cstigation  \\as  held  b.fo:;j 
tlic  ali'alde  mayor,  at  I'llerto  di  < 'al)allos,  to  ascertain  whether  the  trea'^'.irer 
liad,  ii.-'  he  elaiined,  diseini  red  a  roail  thenc"  to  (iualemala.  .Sevei'al  witnes.-.rs 
"lie  rxaniined,  and  all  ti  ^tilied  (hat  Alonso  Ortiz  had  diseoveri'd  ami  trav- 
1  lied  o\er  the  road  liefiue  (  \dis;  lliiit  tile  latter  w  hen  he  pa>Md  on  to  (luato- 
laak  w,is  under  no  e\]iense  Mhatevcr,  f<ir  his  suppUts  were  furnished  by 
ntliers.  i'llii,  Ctiiiiiii'},  in  /'/.,  xiv.  .■)4t)  oO.  In  (Uiauuiahi  h"  .stopped  at  tLo 
Ii  III  !•  of  the  kiiiLT's  tri'asnrer,  and  was  therefore  under  no  exneiiso.  Munlijo, 
ia/./.,  a.  -11.     ■  I  J  > 

iii-ii.  Cent.  .\m.  \  ul.  11     11 


!     J] 


IE-!'.. 


m  'kJt  i^ 


lil  il) 


../     i 


102 


AFFAIRS  IN  HONDURAS. 


a  formal  meeting  was  held  before  the  notary  Bcr- 
nartlino  de  Cabrenas,-**  to  take  the  matter  under  con- 
sideration. Cereceda,  addressincf  the  alcalde  and  rvn- 
dores,  stated  that  they  were  aware  of  the  condition 
of  affairs  in  the  province,  and  of  the  impractical)ilitv 
of  holdinjTf  it  much  lonijer,  on  account  of  the  small 
number  of  the  Spanish  colonists  and  the  Avant  of 
supplies.  He  had  tlierefore,  he  said,  despatched  Dicu;() 
(jiarcia  de  Cclis,  the  royal  treasurer,  to  solicit  aid  from 
the  governor  of  Guatemala,  and  had  also  asked  the 
assistance  of  the  emperor  and  of  the  audiencia  of 
jMexico.  Seven  months  had  elapsed  since  the  (le|)ai'- 
ture  of  Cells,  and  nothing  had  been  heard  from  hi  in. 
He  demanded  therefore,  in  the  name  of  the  crown, 
tlieir  opinion  as  to  what  should  be  done.  All  present 
reconnnended  that  the  country  be  abandoned,  and  tlit 
Spaniards  allowed  by  the  governor  to  proceed  whithcr- 
soever  they  ])leased.  To  this  Cereceda  assented,  and 
orders  were  issued  accordintjlv;  the  alcalde  and  re<ji- 
(lores  ratifying  and  confirming  the  governor's  acts  and 
tlioir  own,  in  the  presence  of  the  notary.-'' 

The  resolution  was  at  once  carried  into  effect;  Init 
witliin  four  days  after  leaving  Buena  Esperanza  tho 
colonists  were  met  by  Celis  with  a  letter  from  Aha- 
rado  promising  speedy  relief  Had  the  envoy  returm  d 
l)nt  a  single  day  later  it  is  not  improbable  that  CVie- 

-"  There  won'  present,  Andres  <lc  Ccrccedu,  the  alealilo  Alouso  Oi'tiz,  .niil 
the  rcgidoi'es  Jieniardo  do  L'abrane.s,  Juan  Lopez  de  (ianiboa,  and  Mi;_'iKl 
(lareia  de  Lifiau.  Mciidoza,  Carta,  iu  Pacheco  and  C'drdvnas,  Col.  Lhv..  .\iv. 
301-1. 

'-'* Mcnilo~.n,  Carta,  in  Pnvhrrn  and  CtirJenax,  CoJ.  Doc.,  xiv.  301-4.  Tlic 
foregoing  is  the  aeconnt  given  in  Cereeechi'.s  dliieial  report  to  tlio  vjeeiny  ot 
Mexieo.  Iferrera,  liow(!ver,  gives  ((iiite  a  dill'ereut  version  of  th(!  mutter. 
Ho  states  tliat  the  settlers,  seeing  tliat,  after  an  aliscneo  of  four  niontlis,  tlif 
trea.surer  Celis  did  not  return  or  send  any  niessa;^e,  agreed  to  aliumloii  tlic 
plaee.  Loading  tiieir  Indian  servants  with  what  little  etfeets  tliey  \\:u\  li  it, 
tiiey  proceeded  on  tiieir  way,  after  tying  Cereeeda  and  two  of  his  fiicmls  to 
trees,  lieeanso  he  foiliade  tliein  t()  take  away  tiieir  slaves  on  tjie  ground  that 
it  was  eontrary  to  royal  orders  to  carry  them  from  one  jirovinee  toam'tlicr, 
(♦ltiu)Ugh  he  himself  had  done  so  and  had  ailo^\e(l  ills  friends  tlie  saiue  |iii\i- 
lege.  ]?ut  after  mareiiiiig  a  few  leaijues  tliey  fell  in  villi  men  eoiuiiig  li "in 
<  ai.itemala,  whereupon  they  returned  to  the  settlement  and  made  liinuls 
wil  h  the  gii\ernor.  dee.  vi.  lili.  i.  cap.  viii.  in  a  letter  to  Alvarado  ilatnl 
May  !>,  I."i.')((,  Cereeeda  says  iK)tliiiig  aliout  lieing  tied  to  a  tree,  ultliuui-ii  lif 
eoiuplains  of  gro.s<i  ill-treatment  at  the  handa  of  the  colonists. 


w 

I'l 

ii^ 

m'I.       ' 

yu. 

JliLMu 

iM 

CERECEDA'S  COMPLAINTS. 


1G3 


ccJa  v.'ould  liavc  lost  his  llfo,  for  lie  had  become  ex- 
tro'.m.  ly  unpopular  among  the  men  of  Honduras.  They 
liiiil  iiidced  gone  so  far  as  to  drive  him  from  his  home, 
though  through  fear  of  the  consequences  they  after- 
ward recalled  him. 

ills  answer  to  the  adelantado's  despatch  shows  the 
lU'tt 'station  in  which  he  was  held  by  those  whose  duty 
it  was  to  obey  him.  "They  ex})elled  me,"  he  says, 
"iVoin  mv  liouse  and  from  the  settlement,  althouu'li  I 
w;is  not  in  a  condition  to  rise  from  my  bed,  to  which 
I  luul  been  confined  for  days  on  account  of  a  boil  that 
prcvL'uted  my  sitting  down,  exce[)t  in  a  chair  which 
iiail  hccn  made  specially  for  my  use,  and  then  only  for 
a  sliort  time.  In  spite  of  all  this,  they  hustled  me 
out  of  my  abode  with  the  greatest  coolness,  ordering 
1110  to  go,  unattended  as  I  was,  in  the  direction  of  the 
coast,  where  tliey  would  provide  me  with  an  escort  to 
Triijillo.  This  was,  however,  only  a  pretext  in  order 
ti)  ;;x't  rid  of  mo,  their  ol)jcct  being  to  carry  off  as 
8l:iv('s  all  the  Indians  who  had  served  in  the  district, 
wliioh  thc}^  hud  attempted  to  do  before  proceeding  to 
e\[)t;l  nic  from  the  villatjfo.  Fearinu'  they  miLi'ht  kill 
me,  I  made  a  virtue  of  nccessit}',  and  abandoning 
what  few  effects  I  had,  proceeded  to  Naco.  From 
tliis  place  they  soon  recalled  me,  and  I  returned  on 
liorsoback,  but  with  great  difliculty,  suffering  so  much 
I'lom  my  enforced  ride  tliat  it  will,  I  +'ear,  be  at  least 
three  inonths  before  my  healtli  is  reestal)lished." 

Cereceda  and  Celis  were  far  from  being  on  good 
terms.  The  treasurer  was  sus])ected  by  the  former  of 
a  desire  to  su]ij))ant  him,  and  perhaps  not  without 
I'easDii,  as  he  had  been  apjiointcd  l»y  tlx' emperoi-.  and 
was  next  in  rank  to  the  governor.  In  his  letter  to 
AK-arado,  Cereceda  takes  the  opportunity  of  venting 
hr-  s[)leen  against  the  treasurer.  He  accuses  him  of 
endeavoring  to  produce  the  impivssiou  tliat  he,  and 
h.e  alnne,  had  it  in  liis  pow.  f  to  prf)cure  for  the  ade- 
laiitido  the  governorsliij>  ol'  H«Miduras,  and  of  taking 
to  liiuuself  the  credit  of  l»einy  lUe  only  one  having  at 


1:1 


'I 


164 


AFFAIRS  IN  IIOXDURAS. 


liciii't  tho  welfare  of  the  country,  and  of  being  a  faith- 
ful servitor  of  his  Majesty.  "But,"  ho  continues,  '•ja 
orfler  that  you  may  sec  that  there  are  others  \\\\n 
desire  the  welfare  of  the  province,  I  resign  in  youi' 
favor  the  governorship  with  which  I  have  been  in- 
trusted, believing  that,  in  so  doing,  I  am  pcrfornlill^■ 
a  service  to  his  Majesty." 

Alvarado,on  his  arrival,  was  well  received  b}^  the  sot- 
tiers,  who  were  fain  to  ).»elieve  that  there  were  bettrr 
daj-s  in  store  for  them.  The  astute  Cereceda,  sceiii;;' 
himself  vii'tually  without  authority,  again  pressed  liiia 
to  accept  the  governorship,  so  that  the  province  might 
not  go  to  ruin.  By  th">  artifice  he  hojied  not  only  tn 
escape  punishment,  but  to  coniirni  the  impression  in 
the  adelantado's  mind  that  it  vras  to  him  and  not  tn 
Celis  tliat  ho  was  indebted  for  the  otfer.  Alvaradd 
accepted  the  governor's  resignation,  and  assumed  Ww 
reins  of  power,  to  the  gteat  jc^y  of  tlie  colonists.  \lr 
at  once  set  about  pacitying  the  country,  sending  nut 
a  strong  force,  stationing  guards  at  tlie  mines,  iwA 
biinging  the  })rovince  into  a  condition  of  safety  iiiil 
})rosperity.  In  the  n.iaie  of  the  crown,  he  assuiiicil 
the  title  of  ca[)tain-gencra]  nud  chief-justice,  and  with- 
out loss  of  time  ])roceede(l  l(/  ,'staMish  new  colonics. 

lie  built  at  J\ierto  de  Caballos  the  t(nvn  of  San 
Juan,  and  on  tlu'  site  of  the  village  of  Thaloma,  s(n(  ii 
leagues  from  this  settlement,  founded  tlie  city  of  S;;ii 
Pedro  del  Puerto  de  Caballos.  He  determinid  1 
limits  of  its  jurisdiction  and  distiibuted  among  t'  ■ 
Si)aniards  the  iiatives  and  native  villages  in  its  vi'ii 


niiiiv 


y-y--: ; -■    -      ■--„ 

ity.'"'  C'a[)tain  Juan  de  Chaves  was  ordered  to  exj» 
the  province  towird  the  south  and  west  and  to  .scl'  f 
a  favorable  site  on  the  proposed  lino  of  interconiinr- 
uication  bi;tween  Honduras  and  Guatemala.     Aftci  i 

•■"'It  w;is   iiit('ii(l('(l  to  cstMlilisli  Iici-c  a  lunio  si'ttli'iiitiit.     Tlw  city  v"/; 
for.mlud  on  tlu;  'JCitli  of  Juno   l.").'!!}.     'J'lio    v.iridits  oIliciiiLs  wrrc  apiiu'iit". 
yw.n'M,  iinil   imlnctcMl  into  nnicc.     Sites  for  (Iwclliiitrs  wtTo  nssignfil  to  !■ 
iilialilis,   icL'i'liii  s,  anil   veciiioH.     'J')i<:   uniiin  iiS  tlie    town  wna   not  f"  ' 
c1iiuil;c'i1  c-xccpt  ))y  the  i'ni|i<'roi'rt  orilcfs;  and  it  was  clcccccil  that  non'' f-ii""  ' 
I'ONJilo  cNcx,  licic  nil'.  11  tiic  t!i)|irror'.s  iilciisurc  was  known.   Iloiidani",  I'tin'l 
civil,  in  I'luhicu  and  ( iifdcmi.i,  (Ji/l,  jlw',,  xvj,  <yivO-y> 


k 


ALYARADO'S  llESIDENCIA. 


IG,-) 


toilsome  journey  he  arrived  at  a  fertile  and  well 
watered  valley,  where  he  established  a  settlement, 
iiaininuf  it  in  token  of  his  thankfulness  "  Graeias  tl 
JJi 


OS. 


"ai 


But  while  the  adclantado  was  winnimx  fresh  laurels 
and  gaining'  new  adherents  in  Honduras,  he  was  in- 
j'orined  that  his  residencia  had  been  taken  by  the  oidur 
^[aldonado,  and  soon  afterward  received  an  order  from 
the  viceroy  instructing  him  to  proceed  to  Spain  and 
tij^pear  before  the  throne,  as  his  Majesty's  interests 
would  be  thereby  advanced.  This  was  unlooked  for. 
lie  had  already  petitioned  the  king  for  pern)ission 
to  return  for  the  [)urpose  of  fitting  out  an  ex[)editi()u 
on  a  large  scale  for  South  Sea  cx[)lorations;"-  a  suni- 
luons  to  ajipear  at  court,  while  his  residencia  was  to 
lie  taken  during  his  absence,  made  an  intricate  mat- 
ter of  it.  There  was  no  alternative,  however,  but  to 
(hoy;  and  once  more  Alvarado  set  out  for  Spain,  first 
addressing  to  the  cabildo  of  Santiago  a  letter  wherein 
In;  states  the  reasons  for  his  departure,  and  remarks 
that  although  he  does  not  return  to  his  native  land 
licli  in  gold,  having  spent  all  that  he  had  gained  dur- 
ing iiis  career  in  ^lexieo  and  Guatemala,  he  lias  no 
(loul)t  that  his  services  will  recommend  him  to  the 
lliNur  of  the  court. 


1 


''Tliis  snttlcmcnt  wns  distant  from  Comnyniua  SS  lir'criips  ami  from  fJua- 
tl  I'lala  KKi  hajfues.  Jm'rro^,  (lunt.,  i.  41:   Uirrcra^  iloc.  \:,  lil>.  i.  cap.  viii, 

'^-  Alnii-'i'lii,  t'cftu,  ill  S</i(i(  r'ti  J/-S'.,  xix.  '24  ,"i,  "J!).  In  this  letter  lio  ]iro- 
[i"scs  t')  tlio  kin;,'  to  I'unduct  a  larye  expedition  fi-<>in  Spain  tliroui,')!  tiio  Straits 
<i'  M.i.alliiii  into  the  South  Sea,  iu  wlneli  lie  bcliuveil  tkeru  weie  many  ialumU 
and  even  soiuc  coiitineuts. 


' 


ir 


!!' 


1   rl'  f 


!!i|i 


CHAPTER  X. 

IDAnNISTEATIOX  OF  AFFAIRS  IX  NICARAGUA. 

luSl-looO. 

Malefeasanck  of  CastaSeda— Diego  Alvakez!  Osorio  the  rmsTBisiioi'i.r 

XlCAIUGPA — A    C'u.NVKNT    FOUNDED    AT    LeON — LaS   CasA.S    AiuUVIS— 

CastaSeda's  Flight — Akiuval  of  Conteeuas — Puorost;D  ExrEDiTiov 
TO  Kl  l)ESA(n7ADEi;o— Oi'i'usiTioN  OF  Las  Cahas— Defaetuke  with  Ai.:, 

THE   Ijo.MINRWNS — TllE   VoL(JANO   OF  El   InFIERNO    DE    MasAYA— FlIAV 

Blas  Believes  the  Lava  to  bk  Molten  TiiEAsrEE — His  Descent  into 

THE  BUKNINO    PiT — EXFLOEATION   OF  THE    DeSAGCADEEO — DoCTOU  lio- 

ELES  Attempts  to  Seize  the  New  TEitEiTOEy— Contkkkas  Leavi.s 
Foil  Spain — Ilis  Ai:i:est,  Trial,  and  Return — llis  Son-in-law  jMk.w- 

WIIILE  UsriU'S  THE  GOVERNMENT — AnTONIO  DE  VaLDIVIESO  ApPOIMI.I) 

Bishop— Fehd  between  the  Ecclesiastics  and  the  Governor— 
Ai.oNso  Lopez  de  Cerrato  Takes  the  Kesidencia  of  Contreius— 
Missionary  Labors  in  Nicaragua. 

The  sense  of  relief  which  was  felt  by  all  the  colo- 
nists of  Nicarao'ua,  when  death  at  last  put  an  end  ti 
the  administration  of  Pedrarias  Ddvila,  was  of  l)ritf' 
duration.  A  new  taskmaster  soon  held  them  in  bond- 
age almost  as  grievous  as  that  of  the  great  despot  Avlin 
now  lay  buried  in  the  church-vaults  at  Leon.  Fran- 
cisco de  Castaiieda,  who  then  held  office  as  contador, 
and  some  months  previous  had  been  alcalde  mayor.' 
claimed  that  he  was  legally  entitled  to  the  vacant 
governorship.^  The  cabildo  knew  of  no  valid  ohjrc- 
tion,  and  upon  Cnstaheda's  promise  to  rule  wiMi  moil- 

'  'A  quicn  se  .luiii  dado  cl  oficio  do  contador,  y  dojiuostole  del  do  drtililo 
luiiycjr,  por  las  difcrcoias  (|Uc!  tvaiii,  i;mi  I'cdrarias.'  Ihrrtra,  dee,  iv.  !i''.  is- 
call.  ^^'-  Ovicdi),  iv.  II'J,  still  .'^iioaks  of  him  as  'akaldu  mayor  u  oiittiu.'' 
when  he  takes  eliaigo  of  the  gnveiiiment. 

-  'Que  era  de  dereeho,  quo  (juando  dos  pcrsoiia.s  (|ne  teiiiini  pod'  ii  ^   ■ 
Bey,  muiia  el  vim,  v\  que  quedauu  sucedia  ul  otro.'  lUrnrv,  dee.  iv.  IiIj.  i\ 


.  ,M 


eaji.    XV. 


( lutJ ) 


\\ 


CASTANEDA  GOVEKXOR. 


107 


ciatlou  and  fairness  he  was  appointed  and  duly  recog- 
lii/A'd.'' 

Ucfore  a  month  had  elapsed  the  colonists  found 
tluuisclves  still  doomed  to  oppression  and  misrule. 
^\'itll()ut  regard  to  the  rights  of  the  settlers,  and  with 
ail  eUrontery  equalled  only  by  that  of  his  predecessor, 
the  new  tyrant  refused  to  convene  the  cabildo  excei)t 
at  long  intervals,  and  then  only  to  discuss  matters 
agrt'cable  to  his  own  wishes.  The  decision  of  pending 
lawsuits  was  neglected;  loans  were  demanded,  and 
those  who  refused  to  contribute  were  harassed  ho 
uiniiercifully  that  they  abandoned  their  property  and 
lied  the  country,  leaving  their  encomiendas  to  be  coii- 
Hscated.*  Slave-hunting,  with  its  attendant  horrors, 
was  common  throughout  the  province.  None  were 
foil)i(klen  to  kidnap,  nor  was  any  limit  placed  on 
their  capture;  the  only  restriction  was  that  the 
Liovernor  should  receive  a  share.  The  kinsf's  tithes 
were  fraudulently  rented.^  Castaileda  was  even  sus- 
])ecte(l  of  making  fraudulent  entries  in  the  books  of 
the  treasurer  Tobilla,  whose  death  had  recently  oe- 
eiured;  nor  had  he  even  given  himself  the  trouble  of 
taking  an  inventory  of  the  contents  of  the  treasure- 
el  lest'.^ 

At  length  certain  of  the  regidores  met  in  secret 
council  and  petitioned  the  king  to  send  them  a  jutlgo 
of  residencia,  statin<;  that  unless  relief  were  afforded 
the  province  would  soon  be  depopulated.  Castaileda 
was  presently  informed  of  his  danger,  but  gave  no 
hei'd  to  the  wai-ning.     He  had  but  one  aim  in  life,  to 

'  IleiTcra  and  Oviedo  both  state  that  after  the  death  of  Pcdrarins  ' queili'i 
en  il  c:ivgo  de  la  gobcriiiiyion  el  liceiiriado  FraiM^isco  de  Castaileda,'  wlnrcaa 
.-\iiil;i;,'()y;i,  Xur.,  J^O,  says  tliat  'the  liisliop  Diego  Alvarez  Osuiio  succeeded 
iViJraiias  as  governor,  but  dietl  a  short  time  after  he  had  assuined  oillee,  leav- 
iui;  ('a^lancda  as  his  sueocssor.'  This  is  luidoubtedly  an  error.  Tlie  editors 
i'i  Ucins  Jjii>!i.,  in  Carfas  dc  Iiidins,  710,  give  as  the  date  of  Osorio's  death 
t!w  year  l."),'Jl,  wlueh  is  also  erroueons.  His  defease  occurred  in  l.");5().  See 
Lnt  ('usu-\  Itit'ormurioii,  in  Pm-hico  ami  ('■ii'dciitia,  i'ol.  Dm'.,  vii.  Vl~. 

'  111  a  few  days  L'astaueda  had  ajijiropriated  eight  of  them.  //(;•/•(•/■«,  dec. 
iv.  lib.  ix.  rap.  XV. 

"Xo  podia  dexar  de  auer  fraude,  pues  los  aiua  dado  a  inenospreiio,  por 
coutciuplacioues,  y  por  coseguir  aus  lines.'  Ihrixra,  dec.  iv.  lib.  ix.  ca^!.  xv. 


ii 


I 


:| 


i 


"  Vi 


iS 


■i  t 

I.  I  i 


IH 


iMil 


1G8 


AD:MINISTr.ATIOX  OF  AFFMRS  IN  NICARxVGUA. 


gather  riches  by  whatever  incans,"  and  this  object  lio 
pursued  with  unshaken  purpose.  The  natives  did  not 
regard  tlie  Spaniards  with  greater  dread  than  (Hd  tlio 
Si)aniards  their  chief  magistrate.  IMany  of  them 
departed  for  the  newly  conquered  regions  of  Peru, 
and  even  tlie  friars,  who  iiad  faced  the  hardsliips  of 
the  wilderness,  and  the  peril  of  torture  and  death  at 
the  hands  of  savages,  were  compelled  to  abandon  their 
labors.^ 

Until  1531  the  vicars  of  the  church  of  Panama 
held  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction  over  the  province  of 
Nicaragua.^  In  that  vear  Dietjo  Alvarez  Osorio,  a 
precentor  of  the  cathedral  of  Panama,  holding  the 
title  of  Protector  of  the  Indians,  was  appointed  the 
first  bishop  of  Nicaragua.  His  elevation  was  due  to 
his  eminent  services  in  the  church  and  probably  also 
to  the  fact  of  his  being,  as  Ilemesal  remarks,  "a 
noble  cavalier  of  the  house  of  Astorga,  learned,  vir- 
tuous, and  prudent,  with  much  experience  in  whole- 
some government  measures."'^  The  prelate  was  or- 
dered to  found  a  Dominican  convent  at  Leon,  and 
the  treasurer  was  commanded  to  furnish  the  necessary 
funds.  The  royal  tithes  which  were  formei'ly  a[)i)r()- 
priated  by  the  diocese  of  Panama,  were  now  to  be  iu- 

"  'El  qual  se  dio  todo  el  rccabdo  qu(5l  piulo  A,  enriques(jersc;  6  pi'ulolo Lieu 
lia(,icr,  puos  110  lo  <|UL'du  qiiicii  lu  fiiessc  ;i  la  maiio.'  Oricdo,  iv.  ll'J. 

'  Aiuuiiy  tlioso  who  left  the  provhice  were  Sebastian  de  ]5eiialciizar  nu'l 
Juan  Fei'uandez,  who  joined  Pizarro  on  the  Isthmus  in  JIarcIi  l.">31.  In  thiir 
company  went  Francisco  ISobadilla,  Juaii  do  las  Varillas,  and  Geronimo  I'oii- 
tevedra,  friars  of  the  order  of  !Mercy,  who  tiyured  in  the  compiest  of  lluato- 
inala  and  Nicaragua.  Navarro,  lidadoii,  in  Col.  Doc.  Iiicd.,  xxvi.  '2'M\ 

•*  During  the  brief  rule  of  Salcedo  in  Nicaragua,  one  Maestro  Knjas,  a 
patron  of  the  church,  imprisoned  the  ex-treasurer  Castillo  on  a  ehai'^c  cf 
heresy,  but  the  former  helil  no  jurisdiction  in  tlie  case,  and  Kojas  rem;  hnil 
in  conliucment  until  the  arrival  of  Pedrarias,  accompanied  by  Fray  Finini-in 
do  iiobadilla,  who  was  vested  with  the  requisite  authority  by  the  liifiliop  nf 
I'anaim'i.  His  power  was  transferred  to  the  bachillcr  Pedro  Bravo,  and  finiii 
liiin  to  Pedrarias,  who  tried  the  ease,  acquitted  Castillo,  and  restored  him 
to  otlice.  S(jiti(r\H  MSS.,  iv. 

^  Jlixt.  Chi/apa,  105.  It  appears  that  he  was  not  a  frinr,  being  spoken  df 
as  '  inny  iiiagnilico  6  muy  revciendo  senor  L>.  l)iego  Alvarez  Osorio.'  I'w/i<r') 
and  UdrdeiuiK,  Col.  JJoc,  vii.  ll(i;  see  also  A/crdo,  iii.  '.V2'2,  who  adds  that  ho 
was  a  native  of  America,  though  of  wluit  place  is  unlviiown;'  andCoii.tdtz 
Ddcila,  Ttulro  Edcs.,  i.  2'So;  Jiiurroti,  llUt.  dual.,  i.  4'J. 


14   i':J       i 

i  I 


nODRIGO  DE  CONTRERAS. 


1C9 


creased/'^  and  ai)|)licd  to  the  support  of  the  cliurclies 
;iii(l  hospitals  ot"  Xicara^LJua. 

rndcr  the  rule  of  Custaucda  it  was  indeed  ditlieult 
to  collect  the  tithes,  the  greater  portion  of  them  Ijeing 
stolen  by  his  officials.  But  a  true  friend  to  hunianitv 
jiiiil  reliLi'ion  was  now  on  his  way  to  the  pro\  ince. 
]5;irtolonio  de  las  Casas,"  after  his  earnest  thou'^ii  in- 
(ll't  ctual labors  in  Mexico,  returned  to  Nicarao-ua  in  the 
vcur  1532,  and  was  received  with  open  arms  by  Oso- 
1  io,  who  invited  him  to  remain,  and  to  aid  him  in  ostab- 
li>liln!jj  the  Dominican  convent,  and  also  in  his  labors 
on  behalf  of  the  natives;  but  above  all  to  use  his  au- 
thority in  putting  an  end  to  the  malefeasance  of  Cas- 
taueda.  Las  Casas  cheerfully  consented.  A  couNeut 
Vi  as  founded;  residences  were  built  for  the  friars;  j)rep- 
ai'ations  were  made  for  the  erection  of  a  cathedral, 
and  converts  by  the  thousands  Avere  o-athered  into  the 
fold.  But  neither  threat  nor  persuasion  had  the  least 
iiiiluonce  on  Castaheda,  who  had  been  trained  in  the 
school  of  Pedrarias,  and  now  bid  fair  to  better  his 
instruction.  Ilelief  came  at  last.  News  ai'rivcd  at 
]^con  that  Ilodrigo  de  Contreras  had  been  appointed 
U'oveinor  of  Nicaragua,  and  was  now  on  his  way  to 
t'.ie  province.  Castaheda  thereupon  gathered  u[)  his 
stfjlen  gains  and  fled  to  Peru;  passed  thence  to  Es- 
jtaiujla ;  was  there  arrested  and  sent  to  Spain ;  but  doatli 
iloscd  his  career  before  any  earthly  tribunal  awarded 
to  liiui  the  meed  of  his  iniquity. 

Contreras  was  a  noble  cavalier  of  Segovia,  and  the 
sou-indaw  of  Pee 'arias,  wlu)se  daughter,  jNIaria  do 
]\'Aalosa,  formerly  betrothed  to  A'asco  Xuuez  de 
]jall)oa,  now  accompanied  him  to  the  provin<'c,  to- 
.U'cthcr  with  her  infant  children,  Plernando  and  Podro. 
His   administration   meets    the    hearty    a[)[)roval    ot 

'"Xfwtithfs  were  to  l)c  levied  on  oocoa,  lionoy,  w.ix,  niul  fl.ix,  tu  jmAiilo 
f'jr  till'  .si\liiiy  (if  the  liislio]!,  wliicli  was  a()(),()0(»  iii;u-;iv('ilis,  iind  tli(^  liiiiit.s 
(it  tile  now  (liricc.so  W(.To  ti>  Im^  (l('t(.'nuiii('(l  'y  (.■.staviaii  bieu  scrvidas  las  iylo- 
sias,'  S'/iii,T\-;  MSS.,  xxii.  10!). 

"  Tor  prcviuua  mLiitioii  (jf  Las  Casus  sue  II Ul.  Cent.  A  m.,  i.  '277-9,  '284,  ;}09. 


•ri:i.f 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


.1  ii^ 


25 
2.2 

12.0 


U   nil  16 


V] 


vQ 


o 


v: 


/A 


'-^ 


7 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


'ij 


c\ 


\ 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  a73-4S03 


«>. 


'<^ 


o 


V 


no 


ADMIXISTllATION  OF  AFF.VIRS  IN  NICARAGUA. 


f: 


V 


Oviedo;  a  refreshing  circumstance,  as  it  is  the  lir.st 
instance  in  which  that  historian  speaks  in  praise  of  a 
governor  in  a  Spanish  province.^'^  His  conduct  is  at 
least  in  strong  rcHef  with  that  of  his  two  predeces- 
sors, and  apart  from  certain  accusations  brouglit 
against  him  by  the  ecclesiastics,  with  whom  he  was 
ever  at  variance,  the  annals  of  his  time  portray  him 
as  a  just  and  humane  ruler.  He  at  once  began  the 
task  of  establishing  law  and  order  in  his  territory,  thus 
gaining  the  confidence  of  the  settlers,  and  all  traces 
of  evil  wrought  by  the  absconder  Castaueda  were 
speedily  effaced. 

The  project  for  opening  up  communication  with 
the  North  Sea  by  way  of  El  Desaguadero,  as  the  ll'io 
San  Juan  was  then  termed,  and  of  taking  possession 
of  tlie  native  towns  on  its  banks,  had  long  been  dis- 
cussed by  the  colonists.  The  new  governor  thou^li 
averse  to  such  an  enterprise  was  anxious  to  retain  tliu 
good-will  of  the  people,  and  despatched  to  the  court 
of  Spain  Juan  de  Perea  to  obtain  the  em^icior's 
consent.  ^^ 

l^ut  the  subjugation  of  the  natives  was  >  o  often 
followed  by  their  enslavement,  and  Las  Casas  was 
still  in  the  province"  laboring  in  his  favorite  cause. 
In  the  pulpit,  in  tlie  confessional,  and  in  j)laces  of 
public  resort  the  padre  denounced  the  expeditioii.  lie 
even  threatened  to  refuse  absolution  to  the  veciiios 
and  soldiers  should  they  dare  to  take  part  in  it.*'^   The 

'■'  'En  tanto,  jIcbiIg  que  Rodrigo  do  Contrerns  fui5  A  oquelln  tiorra  cstuvo 
txervitiuiilo  bu  otti(,'io,  conio  bueii  golKTiKulor,  o  tuvo  cii  ])uz  6  but'iia  jiisMii.i 
a<|U(>llaH  tii'iTiis  «•  |iri)viiifia8,  (juo  por  >Su  MujoHtad  le  fiUTon  t'nciiiiit'inliiil;i>.  v 
pru<'uniiiilu  lii  conversion  «.'■  Ijucn  tmctauiiuutu  du  lus  indius  |)aru (^no  vinicsHi'ii 
li  conoH\;t'r  A  I)io8. '  Oriitlo,  iv.  ll.'l. 

'^  A  jirovinion  Mas  latitied  )>y  the  cnipcror  on  tlic  '.!Otli  of  April  l.'ItT,  .nil 
contained  uIho  perniiHsion  to  make  the  con<]Ucst  of  the  iHlaniU  in  hik('!<  M<':i- 
ru{;iia  and  Mana>(ua.  J'arhi'co  mu\  Cdnlinn^,  Cal,  Hoc,  xxii.  515-,'W. 

' '  ]5i'fore  the  tli^'ht  of  ("natafteda  Lus  ( 'asas  viHitcd  Ks|)ariohi  whithiT  lir  " .h 

euninioncd  to  negotiate  a  tivaty  with  thi!  powerful  ehief  Knrii|Uo.    He  ret  in 1 

oneo  more  t()  Kealejo,  and  hckhi  afterwaril  attempted  HHecomi  voyage  to  I'l  rii, 
hnt  was  diiven  back  to  jiort  by  streHS  of  weathi'r. 

'•'  See  the  lengthy  dejHwition  taken  in  Leon  by  ii'(|Ue8t  of  tiic  govemorlMinio 
liitiliop  Osorio,  und  concluded  after  the  prelate's  death,  before  the  lieutiiiinit- 


IXTEROCEANIC  COMMUNICATION. 


171 


oolonists  were  sorely  perplexed.  Las  Casas  undoubt- 
edly liold  direct  instructions  from  the  emperor  which 
justiHed  his  interference,  while  the  governor  had  not 
ytt  received  the  sanction  of  the  crown.  Which  side 
should  they  take?  On  the  one  hand  was  prospect  of 
gain,  on  the  other  the  threatened  ban  of  the  church. 
Contreras  was  resolved  that  the  project  should  not 
be  thwarted  by  the  intermeddling  of  a  priest ;  but,  on 
setting  out  at  the  head  of  a  band  of  fifty  men,  he 
iound  that  his  own  officers  would  not  obey  him,  for 
tlicy  were  forbidden  to  plunder  or  maltreat  the  natives, 
lie  was  compelled  therefore  to  return  to  Leon  and 
aeknowledge  himself  defeated.  Las  Casas  now  used 
all  the  weight  of  his  influence  to  undermine  the  gov- 
ernor's authority,^*  while  Contreras  caused  depositions 
to  be  taken  before  Bishop  Osorio  with  regard  to  tho 
eonduct  of  the  padre.  At  this  juncture  the  death  of 
the  prelate  solved  the  difficulty.  After  losing  his 
suiiport  Las  Casas  found  himself  unable  to  oppose, 
siii^i^le-handed,  the  authority  of  the  governor,  who  still 
had  the  tacit  sympathy  of  most  of  the  colonists.  Ilo 
therefore  determined  to  abandon  a  field  where  his 
exertions  were  of  little  avail,  and  accepting  an  invita- 
tion wliich  it  has  already  been  stated  was  extended 
to  him  by  Francisco  de  Marroquin,  bishop  of  (fuate- 
iiiala,  to  take  charge  of  the  convent  of  Santiago, 
dcparti'd  from  Leon  taking  with  him  all  the  Domini- 


eans. 


J.'llVi 

M; 

i>i 

til' 

pc, 

J'a 

liA-i 

ll'l' 
til" 

I  .: 

tr:,! 

liir. 
till 


( iiiui  ami  nlonldc  mayor  liccnciado  Grcgorio  dc  Zelmllos  mid  tho  notary 
itiii  Miiulii'i'i'io.  Many  witnesses  liere  testify  to  the  iiersisteiit  oiipositinn 
l.:i..  t'asas,  wiio  was  retjuested  to  acroinjiuny  tho  exi)pditi(in,  Imt  refused, 
Huh  he  ollered  to  go  in  colliniaud  of  SU  sohliers,  to  exphire  and  iiiaiie  ii 
'  il'iil  (•(iiii|uest  of  the  territory  in  (piestion.  Lim  C'una--i,  liifurmMiUni,  in 
/(MO  and  Ciiii/fintu,  Col.  ])oc.,  vii.  I  l(i— 10. 

'"'  V,\  (Iciuernathir  reciljiiiinforniaeioni's,  jiarajn'ouar  (pie  el  jvidre  eKi'aiitla- 

ua  la  gt'iite,  y  alteraua  la  IVouineia.'  Ili  rnni,  dee.  vi.  lii).  i.  eap.  \iii. 

'•  NiitwithNtandiiij;  tho  controversy  witli  Las  Casus,  the  jieoph^  of  l^eon, 

I  lA' 11  CiiiitiiTas  hinuself,  were  nnwilliiig  to  see  their  eonvent  deserted.  In 

ill  pdsitioiis  aheady  mentioned  witnesses  testify  on   the  I'lid  of  Au;:ust 

i'l  that  '  diis  nieses,  poeo  liias  ti  nienos  tii'liijio,  ijiU'  file  antes  ipie  his  di>  hos 

1' -i  iloiiiiiiicips  HO  fuesen  del  nioiiasterio  de  Saiit  l"ian<'is(o  destu  eilidad.' 

<  asiis  and  Ills  eoinpiinions  were  asked  to  remain  hy  the  legidoies  '  e  otru8 

^:i-<  liiisiin;:s  desta  eihdad,'  who  made  tlu'ir  reipiest  on  ln^imlf  of  the  ;,'ov- 

" .    TlKy  refubud,  liowu\ ui',  and  de^uirtod  the  uunie  Uuj.  Laa  Laaan,  Ju/or- 


172 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  AFFAIRS  IN  NICARAGUA. 


111 


111  1537  certain  of  the  ecclesiastics  are  again  con- 
nected with  the  history  of  the  province,  but  in  ;i 
manner  not  altogether  consistent  with  the  dignity  of 
their  profession.  While  travelling  through  Nicara- 
gua three  years  previously,  Fray  Bias  del  Castillo 
heard  strange  rumors  concerning  a  volcano  situated 
near  Lake  Nicaragua,  and  known  as  El  Infierno  do 
M-isaya.  In  the  crater  at  a  depth  of  a  hundred 
fathoms  was  a  molten  lake  incrusted  with  cinders, 
through  which  fountains  of  fire  sometimes  rose  far 
above  the  surface,^"*  lighting  up  the  South  Sea  by 
night,  and  plainly  visible  to  mariners  twenty  leagues 
from  shore.  Concerning  this  spot  a  legend  was  related 
to  Oviedo  during  his  residence  in  the  province  by  the 
aged  cacique  Lenderi,  who  had  several  times  visited 
the  place  in  company  with  other  chieftains  of  his 
tribe.  From  the  depths  of  the  crater  came  forth  to 
commune  with  them  in  secret  council  a  hag,^"  nude, 
wrinkled,  and  hideous,  with  long  sharp  teeth,  and 
deep-sunken,  fame-colored  eyes.  She  was  consulted 
on  all  important  matters,  determined  the  question  of 
war  or  peace,  and  predicted  the  success  or  failure  of 
every  enterprise.  Before  and  after  these  consulta- 
tions, were  hurled  into  the  crater  human  victims  wlio 
submitted  to  their  fate  without  a  murmur.'^    When 

nmdmi,  in  Pm-heco  nuil  Cdnlcmm,  Ci'l.  Do:.,  vii.  11(5-40.  It  is  evidenttli.it 
this  event  ot'cnrrcd  nbont  the  month  of  June  I'lIG.  RenKsal,  wlio  is  ii'>t 
generally  over-exact  in  dates,  saya  that  Las  Caaas  arrived  in  (iuateniala  '  msi 
ul  lin  del  afio  do  treynta  y  cinco.'  I  lid.  t'hi/njxi,  111.  Why  Helps,  in  his  y',;7'.' 
()/  Las  Ca'<an,  ISo,  without  venturing  to  give  a  con-ect  date  himself,  sin  mid 
l)oldly  assert  '  Ilerrera  makes  him  go  to  Spain,  and  though  ho  gives  a  \vl■^lll^' 
date  (lo3ti)  for  this,  yet  tlic  main  etatenieut  may  bo  true,'  I  um  ut  a  loss  to 
explain. 

'^'Ea  medio  dessa  laguna  6  metiil  saltan  o  revientan  dos  horbollones  li 
nianadcroa  nuiy  grandes  do  aqucl  metal  coutinuamente,  sin  ningun  puiito 
(.'essar,  6  siemprc  estii  el  metal  6  licoruUi  Colorado  Odeseuhierto,  sin  oscDri.i^. ' 
On  one  occasion  the  lava  rose  to  the  top,  creating  such  intense  heat  th.it 
vithin  a  league  or  more  of  the  volcano  all  vegetation  was  destroyed.  Uvinl'i, 
iv.  81-2. 

'"Oviedo  was  of  the  opinion  that  she  must  have  been  the  devil;  Imt 
whetiier  the  consort  of  his  Satanic  Majesty  or  the  devil  himself  in  feiiialo 
form  he  does  not  wiy.  *K  segund  en  sus  ])inturas usan  pintar  al  dinblo,  (pus 
tan  feo  6  tan  llcno  de  colas  *'•  ciiei-nos  »'■  boons  ^  otras  visages,  eomo  niii'>ti"S 
]  intores  lo  suelen  pintar  A  los  pies  del  arciiugel  Sanct  Aliguel  6  d«'l  uiMi>ti)l 
Siinet  liartolonu^'  ih'inlo,  iv.  7"). 

'^^  'ij  <^ue  uutcs  6  despues  un  dia  u  dos  (^uc  u(pesto  se  hi^iesae,  eclmbuu  alii 


EL  IXFIHRNO  DE  MASAYA. 


17:1 


the  riiiistians  made  their  a()i)C'amiice  tlic  <.^enius  df 
tlir  l»uniin,Lj  pit  (lenounced  tlic  iutriulcrs,  threatening,^ 
Hdt  to  sliow  lierself  aj^ain  till  they  were  driven  from 
the  hind,  and  as  the  natives  were  not  stronj^  enough 
tDcxiH'l  them,  she  soon  abandoned  her  votaries. 

Till'  worthy  friar  concluded  that  the  molten  mass 
in  t\n)  (l«![)ths  of  the  crater  must  bo  gold,  or  at  least 
hilvi  r,  in  a  state  of  fusion,  lie  was  then  travjUiu'^'' 
toward  Peru  by  order  of  his  superiors,  but  kej)!  his 
nwii  counsel  until  two  years  later,  when  wc  hear  of 
li.is  journeying  on  foot  from  Mexico,  a  distance  of 
luori'  than  four  hundred  leagues,  intent  on  exploring 
the  mysterioiis  crater.  He  now  took  into  his  conii- 
diiici'  a  Franciscan  friar,  Juan  do  Gandabo,  and  the 
two  agreed  to  impart  the  great  secret  to  a  few  of  the 
wi'ahliicr  Sj)anish  settlers,  in  order  to  obtain  means 
lor  carrying  out  their  project.  Humor  was  soon  rii'e 
throughout  the  province.  At  Gra.iada  and  Leon  men 
asseiiililed  in  the  streets  and  plazas  to  discuss  the  mut- 
ter. Some  few  conceded  that  Fray  Bias  was  probaMy 
in  tlic  right.  Others  asserted  M'ith  a  credulous  shrug- 
that  tliu  molten  mass  consisted  of  iron  or  of  sulphur, 
the  latt(.'r  tlieory  being  most  in  favor,  from  the  fu  t 
that  specimens  of  native  sulphur  were  connnon  in  the 
vicinity.  ]^ut  while  expounding,  in  the  realms  of  the 
Ataliualpas  and  the  ^Fontezumas,  the  doctrines  of  hi;  1 
who  sent  f(jrth  his  disciples  without  purse  or  scrii>,  thvj 
ecclesiastic  could  never  banish  from  his  mind  the  cci- 
victioii  that  |)rovide?ice  had  reserved  this  treasure  i'or 
liiiu  and  his  I'ellow-laborers,'^*  and  now  alter  his  Ion.;' 
and  toilsome  journey,  he  was  not  to  be  turni-d  asidt^ 
Ironi  his  pui'pose.  'i'lie  necessary  inn)lements  wcic 
secretly  [ii'epared.  Chains,  pulleys,  ii'on  kettles,  nu  1 
other  apparatus  v.'ci'e  made  ready  in  a  native  village! 
lour  Icao'ues  distant  from  the  volcano.     A  huo-e  der- 


tii  s.u'ii!l(;io  un  liomlire  <S  dos  6  nnis  6  nlgunns  inngiTcs  <5  nnu'liaclios  i^ 
I'lr.tliiicliiis;  I'  mjucllos  (jul'  assi  sacrilk'ubtui,  yliuii  tie  grailo  il  tal  8iii>li>-ii). ' 
< ir',<ilii,  iv,  74. 

■' '  (alliiil,  [ladrc:  (|Ue  por  vi'iitiira  Dios  no  (|uiiT(' (|in!  Id  (Icscubraii  I'api- 
t.uiiM  III  iiiisuiias  licas,  miv  iwbica  c  liuniiiludu^.'  Ociulo,  iv.  77. 


174 


ADMIXISTRATION  OF  AFFAIRS  IX  NICARAGUA. 


■■t 


rick  and  a  cage  were  manufactured  by  the  friar's 
own  hands  at  a  safe  distance  from  the  Spanisli  s(  t- 
tlements,-^  and  dragged  up  by  natives  to  the  nioulh 
of  the  volcano.  Guides  were  procured,  and  it  w;i;-; 
agreed  that  Fray  Bias  himself  should  first  descend 
into  the  pit  iu  order  to  avoid  all  dispute  as  to  ri^lit 
of  discovery.  Should  he  return  to  the  surface  in 
sai'ety,  his  comrades  were  to  follow.  Stipulations 
wore  made  as  to  the  division  of  the  treasure,  tliu 
friar  claiming  for  himself  the  largest  share,  thouj^h 
contributing  nothing  to  the  expense. 

On  the  13th  of  April  1538,'^  the  ecclesiastic  mid 
his  comrades  rise  betimes,  and  after  confessing  tht  ir 
sins,  attending  mass,  and  partaking  of  a  substantial 
breakl'ast  they  climb  the  steep  mountain  side  and  stand 
on  the  verge  of  the  crater.  Grasping  in  his  left  liand 
a  ilask  of  wine,  in  his  right  a  crucifix,  and  gathcriiii,^ 
up  the  skirts  of  his  priestly  robe,  his  head  protecteil 
1)V  an  iron  cask,  the  dariniyf  friar  takes  his  seat  in  tlio 
cage,  is  suspended  in  mid-air,  and  slowly  lowered  into 
the  burning  pit.  The  natives  who  are  present  iiee  iu 
teiTor,  having  no  faith  in  his  assertion  that  the  evil 
genius  of  the  fiery  lake  will  vanish  at  the  sight  of 
the  cross.  As  he  lands  on  the  floor  of  the  crater  a 
i'ragment  of  falling  rock  strikes  his  helmet,  can.sin.j 
him  to  drop  on  his  knees  and  plant  his  cross  with 
trembling  fingers  in  the  haunted  ground.  TurniiiL,' 
liis  eyes  upward,  after  nmch  groping  and  stumMiiiLf 
among  shelves  of  rock,  he  beholds  the  ?age  in  wlii(  !i 
he  had  <lescended  swin<xin<j  far  overhead.  Nevertlie- 
less  Ills  heart  fails  not.  Catching  the  guide-rope  lio 
dings  up  his  portly  person  to  a  spot  from  which  lie 
ciiii  gi\  e  the  appointed  signal,  and  at  length  is  brought 
unharmed  to  the  surface. 


-'■' '  I'  porcnie  fiiltiiba  iin  cabrestanto  6  no  lo  tnandaban  linger  por  no  si^r 
ilfsi'uliii'i'tos,  I'l  fraylo  lo  liic^o  por  sii  inauo  eii  ol  liigar  tines  Uiulio  que  t'tttiilinii 
totlos  Urn  oti'ds  a])arej(»9.'  Orii'ili),  iv.  7S. 

'•"■''rwD  miaiie'cesbful  attempts  were  matlo  before  this  date,  anil  soni'*  "f  tlio 
friar's  asHoeiuteH,  territled  by  tliuir  liratglinipau  of  theburuiiig  lake,  abanilciKil 
tlio  entcrprisi;.  Oriedo,  iv.  7S. 


EXPLORATION  OF  THE  DESAGUADERO. 


173 


A  low  (lays  later  another  attempt  is  made,  and  after 
jiiuch  difficult}^  a  small  quantity  of  the  molten  treasure 
is  l)i(mL,djt  to  the  surface  in  an  iron  mortar.  Ki-ports 
(.1"  tlio  ^n-cat  discovery  spread  through  the  neiL,dd)or- 
in.,^  st'ttleiuents.  Hundreds  of  eager  spectators  gather 
puiiid  the  crater,  hut  the  adventurers  keep  their 
cuiiiiscl.  They  take  formal  possession  of  the  grouiul, 
move  their  machinery  that  none  may  share  the  imagi- 


■>"'  "^liWhf^JJ^h^ 


'§/jft>ii, 


Nu'AUACirA. 

iiiny  prize,  and  for  a  time  imagini^  themselves  jios- 
.sos.-c(l  of  wealth  which  a  thousand  ships  camiot  caiiy. 

Siioii  after  the  departure  of  the  Dominicans,  Con- 
tirras  resolved  tt)  carry  out  the  I'Xploration  (tf  the 
1)<  -^iiLTuadero.     Captain  Diego  Machuca,^'  a  veteran 


"  III  I'liO,  (Inrinp  liis  residence  in  Nicnrngun,  Oviedo  was  the  pu'st  nf  Ma- 
I'ln'r.i,  iiiid  (speaks  favoiaMy  of  his  ((induct.  In  coiiipany  m itii  his  iidst  ami 
tlu'  <:iii,juu  Lenili  ri  thechioniilerexiiloicdu  volcano,  marthe  Masuya,  in  Iha 


176 


ADMIXISTRATION  OF  AFFAIRS  IN  XIC.UIAGUjV. 


I 


tii, 


^^^ 


officrr  and  one  who.so  huinaiie  (lisjtosition  j^avo  assur- 
ance tliat  the  iiilialtitaiits  of  the  native  towns  would 
not  i)e  iiialtRated,  was  placed  in  cliar;L?e  of  the  expedi- 
tion. Two  ships  were  fitted  out  on  l^ake  Nicaragua 
and  a  force  of  two  hundred  men  followed  hy  hmd.  The 
dangers  encountered^'  durin*^  the  vo3'age  are  not  re- 
corded l»y  the  chroniclers  of  the  aj;e;  but  we  learn  that 
the  vessels  were  borne  in  safety  down  the  stream, 
passed  thence  to  the  North  Sea,  and  sailed  for  Xonihiv 
tie  J)ios. 

News  of  their  arrival  was  soon  brouj^ht  to  Doctor 
llobles,  then  jLif(;vernor  of  Tierra  Fiinie,  an«l  with  his 
usual  policy  this  covetous  ruler  attempted  to  gather 
i'or  himself  all  the  benefits  of  the  enterprise.  Thi; 
men  of  Nicarajjfua  were  cast  into  prison,  and  an  exjte- 
dition  despatched  under  Francisco  Oonzalcsde  Ijada- 
joz  to  take  possession  of  the  territory  on  the  baul;s 
of  tlu;  Desa*^uadero.  After  remaining  in  the  province 
for  six  months,  during  which  time  a  i'ort  was  built  and 
treasure  obtained  to  the  value  of  200,000  castellaiies, 
the  invaders  were  driven  out  by  (Vintreras,  and  tin  ir 
leader  sent  back  a  prisoner  to  l^anama.""'"  A  second 
expe(liti(>n,  despatched  by  J)octor  Kobles  under  cum- 
mand  of  Andres  Garavitct,  also  failed  of  success."' 

A  I'-rief  period  of  comparative  quiet  now  occurs  in 
the  liistory  of  Nicaragua,  and  for  the  first  time  tlir 
inhaliitants   of   one    province    at   least   are    sati>litd 

crr.tcr  of  which  wns  a  warm-water  lake,  at  nhoiit  the  same  level  ns  the  lava 
whieli  exiiteil  the  eiiiiiility  of  I'ray  lila.s.  The  iksei'iit  was  ililiiciilt,  liu 
Indian  women  nianii<,'e'l  to  jias.s  u|)  and  down  in  ohtainiiiL,'  water.  With  ri;,-.ii  1 
tf)  the  ih'pth  of  tlie  lake  Oviedo  remarks:  '  Kste  la;.'o,  :l  mi  i«ires(,'er  (e  as  i  1  > 
jli/gan  oiiM')  est;i  »'n  v\  ))i'sso  e  hoii(hira  (|ne  est;l  el  fue;;c(  ijne  dixe  en  el  pi-' 
ilel  moiiite  de  Massava.  .  .no  h' haUan  suelo  j)oi' yii  mneha  honclm-a.'  Macli.''!. 
a>iHi.'<ted  liy  his  Iriends,  fin-nished  the  funtis  needed  for  e.xiihiring  the  l»i-.i- 
giiadi  TO. 

'•'•''rhe  ])rinei|)ul  rnnida  in  the  stream  still  jcr  the  name  of  Mac!uu';i. 
Sqiiii  I'.i  Xiiiifiijiiii  (ed.  ISoll),  i.   H'2. 

'■"'  Mention  i.s  made  of  (liis  expedition  l»y  K>,trada  Ri'ivago,  whoso  narrative 
of  the  alliiiisof  tlie  provinee,  written  in  l.">7-  appear.s  in  .S'lyc/.v'.-i  MSS.,  .\i:i.  i. 

■'.Aeriiriiinj;  to  Oviedo,  (iaravito  must  htxc  made  fiiends  with  ('oiitnra-. 
for  speakin,'  of  tlie  fornu'r  he  nay.-*  tliat  on'.'  day,  while  enj;a>,'ed  in  a  j.'iiiMoi'f 
'oauas'  in  the  eity  of  l..eon,  he  smhlenly  tell  dead  from  his  horse.  Ue  «..« 
Oiif  of  llioae  who  took  part  in  tlie  enterprise  which  cost  Vuseo  Nuue/;  de  i''- 


PEDRO  DE  LOS  RIOS. 


177 


with  ilu'lr  rulur.  Xovortliolcss  there  exists  among  a 
(•lii|Uc  of  iiutioiis  a(Jventurer.s  an  uiKleirurrent  of  ill- 
I'n  lini;',  lostcivd  l>y  ilie  eccle^.ia.stios,  who  soon  bejjfiu 
diici'  more  to  interfere  in  the  affairs  <>i'  the  seitle- 
nitiits.  After  the  })assage  in  lo42  of  the  new  code 
of  laws,  of  whieh  mention  is  elsewliere  made,  Xiea- 
ra^;ua  is  placed  under  the  jurisdiction  of  tlie  audiencia 
of  the  Confines,  and  all  who  hold  office  under  the 
crown  are  orderetl  to  surrender  their  encomiendas. 
Thi'  ^^)vernor  thereupon  transfers  his  slaves  to  his 
wile  and  children,  and  hefore  the  code  goes  into  opi-r- 
alion,  sets  forth  for  S[)ain,  to  prevent,  if  possible,  dis- 
astrous results  to  his  interests;  for  in  conunon  with 
iiidst  of  his  fellow-rulers  his  wealth  consists  mainly 
of  liiiman  chattels.  Ariiving  at  the  Istlnnus  he  finds 
tliat  sKiet  advices  from  I'edro  de  ^Fendavia,  tiio 
(lian  of  Lion,  have  been  sent  to  Panama  recomniend- 
\wj;  liis  arrest,  and  he  is  conijjelled  to  continue  his 
jdtniu'Y  as  a  piisoner.  The  charges  against  him  can- 
not he  of  a  seiious  nature;  for  although  his  old  oppo- 
nent, J^as  Casas,  is  still  in  Spain,  ready  to  testily 
against  him,  we  learn  that  he  is  soon  released,  and 
rotaiiiing  both  oilice  and  property  he  returns  in  com- 
jiany  with  Vasco  Nunez  A'^ela,  landing  in  Tierra  Firme 
ill  .lannaiT  15  44. 

?>!(  anwhile  Pedro  dc  los  Pios,  the  royal  treasurer,^'' 
and  son-in-law  of  Contreras,  has  usurped  the  reins  of 
;^i)V(  ininent,  and  conmienced  to  persecute  all  whom 
lir  knows  to  be  hostile  to  his  own  party.  Mendavia, 
knowing  that  he  may  be  the  one  to  suffer  most  at 
llu'  hands  of  Pios,  deternnnes  to  anticipate  his  nuas- 
urus,  and  proceeding  to  Granada,  where  he  obtains 

l«iii  lii^i  lift',  niirl  1)ctrayt'<l  liim  to  Peilrnrias,  for  which  .act  of  treachery  liis  own 
lilt' m:im  spared.  Orii'ilo,  iv.  ,'>i:y-\i.  According  to  Itiivu'^o,  (liiravit'i'.s  men,  alter 
tlic  ikatli  (if  tiieir  conunander,  sailed  for  I'cru  on  tiieir  own  re.s[M)n.siljility. 

•'■  11'  held  oliicc  for  eleven  years  .•■»  treasurer,  and  dininyall  that  time  it  ia 
said  tiiat  he  juit  noliiin;,'  into  the  treasnry.  Sqnin-'ii  J/.V.S'.,  xxii.  144,  14!t.  it 
inny  lie  r. marked,  on  tlie  otlier  hand,  that  the  all'airs  of  the  province  were  in 
siuli  a  CMniliiioii  that  little  or  no  revenue  I'ould  be  collected.  There  is  no  evi- 
'  <iM'  that  Ui()8  was  related  to  his  namesake,  the  former  yovwuor  ot  (.'ustilla. 

JUisT.  CtNT,  Am.    Vol.  II.    li 


178 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  AFFAIRS  IN  NICARAGUA. 


'i 


I 


tlio  su])|K)rt  of  the  cabiltlo,  imprisons  Rios  in  tlio 
coiivont.-"  IJut  the  followintj  niorninjj  tlic  ciibildo 
intiniitlatcd  by  the  threats  of  Dona  IMaria,  the  gov- 
crncjr's  wife,  repent  of  their  conduct  and  arc  prevailid 
upon  to  issue  an  edict  calhng  upon  all  the  settlers, 
under  })enalty  of  death  and  conliseation,  to  rise  in 
arms  and  demand  the  liberation  of  Ilios,  or,  in  case 
of  ivfusal.  to  tear  clown  the  convent.  The  warlike 
(lean  is  not  prepared  for  this  sudden  change,  but 
iieverdielcss  determines  to  resist,  assurin'^  his  adiicr- 
c-nts  that  all  who  may  suffer  death  in  this  most  Chris- 
tian cause  will  surely  be  admitted  into  heaven.  Tiic 
people  throng  the  convent,  and  the  friars  are  soon 
engaged  in  deadly  strife,  during  which  two  of  them, 
togeilier  with  four  laymen,  are  mortally  wounded. 
Unal)le  to  withstand  the  attack,  j\Iendavia  at  last  re- 
lents and  sues  for  peace.  A  compromise  is  ejected, 
by  wliie'i  Ilios  binds  himself  not  to  injure  the  denn  or 
any  of  his  l)art3',  either  then  or  at  any  future  time, 
whereupon  the  treasurer  is  released.  No  sof)ner  is  lie 
outiide  tlie  convent  walls,  however,  than  he  forgets 
his  pr;)niise,  and  arrests,  hangs,  quarters,  and  e:;i!es 
indiseriiuinately.  The  dean  liimself  is  j>ut  in  iiuiis 
and  sent  to  Spain,  where  for  several  years  he  is 
ke]it  a  prisoner  without  trial. "'^ 

AVii.  n  (lie  news  of  these  proceedings  reached  the 
audi(;n('ia  of  Pananul,  Diego  de  Pineda  \v;'.s  de- 
spatehcvl  to  Nicaragua  as  ju(^z  de  comisioii,  and  willi 
such  ta(;t  did  he  I'econcile  the  disputes  between  the 
two  parlies  that  order  was  quielcly  restored,  and  th.o 
quarrel  between  l\ios  and  ^lenilavia  was  soon  I'lir- 
gotten.  A  few  months  later  Contreras  arrived  in  the 
province,''  but  his  secret  enemies  were  still  at  wnrk, 

■■"It  i)  roiiK'wliat  remarkable  that  the  dean  of  a  church  coiiM  impiisoM  a 
royal  t!'i.;i:i;';ir,  Imt  sucli  in  the  fact.  'Le  vino  !i  uroiulcr.  .  .p!ilii>  (;ivi  r  ii  la 
Cinilad  i'.-'  ( ;i\:ua(la  <l()iuk'  cl  i  stava  (Uios),  lo  i]rcu<l:i'>  i  iiiclii)  c.i  cl  nujiuiHtciiu 
do  la  JIc'M'kI  [!i)r  Kcr  cusa  <lo  pieili-a.'.  .  ..S'7 /(«/•',•.■  J/.'j'.S'.,  xxii.  114. 

""On  M;:y  "JO,  I51."),  lio  wrote  from  hh  priMoii  to  the  <  in;x'ror:  'r<'Haf.>9 
quo  csU)i  ].rcs(>,  i  mis  biciies  i;in  cucnfii  cu  iiiaiios  dc  mis  ailvcrsaiii  s.  .'In 
0  iiit'scj  in'.c  i!ic  ]iiiiiiciiiii  111  I'sta  caicil  ar/ohis]  al,'  onil  i.ihcil  lo  Ic  triiilat 
.once,  till  1 1  iiiiisliod  ()raci|nittc(l  as  (ho  case  iiii,L;ht  ho.  Si]iii(  r^i^ISS..  >;xii.  !■!!'• 

"'  Ii;  id  [)n)haljlc  tluit  Kiou  coutimicil  to  uovorii  until  thu  ivUirn  of  (  'Utre- 


ECCLESIASTICAL  AXD  CFV'IL  FEUD. 


179 


,  in  the 
cabildo 
the  gov- 
ircviiiK'd 
settlers, 
>  rise  in 
,  ill  case 
!  warlike 

lirro,    but 
U  tuUuT- 

)st  Chris- 
en.     The 

are  souii 

of  them, 
wouiuletl. 
at  Inst  re- 
:i  cfibeted, 
ic  (lean  or 
ture  time, 
HUier  is  he 
he  ioil^'^'^ 
and  e:;iles 

t  in  ii'oiis 

!ars   he  is 

tached  the 
\v;is    <lc- 
and  \vidi 
|\t\vecn  the 
1,  aiul  tK> 
soon  tiiV- 
I'ived  in  tlie 
111  at  worw. 

l)uiaimpvisoii  a 
L.Cao  lav. ml:* 
■  I  cl  luoiu.Htcrio 

14. 

vol".   T.-an's 
,avc.savi>s.    M» 

Li;.sW..  >.M'- '■'^' 
.■urn  of  C''UW- 


and  one  of  the  first  acts  of  the  newly  established 
audiciicia  de  los  Coiilines  wa.s  to  coniniission  the  ()i(h>r 
lit  1  reia  to  take  his  resideiicla,  and  also  that  of  the 
tnasuicr  IJios.  Although  the  licentiate  was  ever  an 
iiiil>!a<'al»le  foe  to  the  governor  and  a  stanch  sn|)|H)rter 
of  the  elerical  faction,  he  aj)j)ears  to  have  discovered 
iiutliing  on  which  to  base  any  serious  (diarges  against 
citlicr  of  those  officials,  and  soon  abandoned  his  in- 
vestigation.^- 

A  lend  more  bitter  than  that  which  was  terminated 
hy  th(;  death  t)f  Uisliop  Osorio  and  the  departure  of 
Las  Casas  now  arose  between  the  lay  an<l  ecclesias- 
tical authoi'ities.  In  1544  Father  Antonio  <le  \id- 
divicso  was  appointed  to  the  vacant  see  of  Nicara- 
gua.'' His  a])})ointiiient  was  duly  conlirnied  by  j)apal 
bidl,  and  in  Xoveinber  of  the  following  year  he  was 
consecrated  at  Gracias  li  Dios  by  bishops  Las  Casas 

r:is.  Somi  after  the  events  just  ilcscriljcd  he  lost  lii.s  life,  prohr.bly  durinq 
8(i!iic  oNji  iliiicn  intotho  interior,  as  notiiingia  wiiil  of  liini  until  July  l.'i,  I..4.'i, 
wluii  l)i.:!ioii  \'ii!(livics()  in  one  of  liis  lettei's  to  the  kin?^',  K;.ys  :  '  I  ii.si  Iiiia 
iiu.iiti)  l''  do  Ids  I!ios,  Luis  de  (lUevara,  i  otroa  do  iiieuos  cuenta.'  In  n 
sulii-ipuiit  re ])oit  this  prelate  iij.'ain  refers  to  'al  dil*" 'I't!.'?  I'V  de  l(j:<  Kins,' 
st:aiii,'  tliiit  t!iu  tithes  eoUected,  and  still  due  by  him  at  his  deaJi,  had  nut 
Ik  III  iccovtrid.  f^i/iihr'n  MSS.,  x.sii.  lO'J-lO. 

"'One  I'eilro  (iareia,  iu  u  eonimunieation  to  the  emperor,  dated  I.«on, 
Jaini.iry  10,  l.'<4.'),  cunipl  lins  that  'la  r»  de  ('ontreras,  IVuta  I  .'U  tciiieute  ]^ui.-« 
<1  ■CiuAiiia  liiclia  i)or  el  Lie.  Herrera,  ha  sido  scpult.ida  i  t.i:i  fruto.  Si/iili  r''< 
MSS,,  .\xii.  14.';  ami  when  ecrtain  nialecontents  afterward  ikiiuiiidid  tliat 
llcricia  lie  .sent  hack  to  Leon  to  finish  liLs  investi;^ati(jn,  the  an  uer  came 
fr  111  llic  iiiidic  nci.i  'que  no  hahia  lugar  <iutl  dicho  Liceneiado  volviosc  li  esta 
tiiir:!.'  /'ic/irro  and  I'drdi'iiax,  Col.  Doc,  vii.  ."j7I. 

■'^  l)ih\hi,  T'  riiro  Ldvs.,  i.  'IW'^.  Valdivieso  was  a  nr.tive  of  Villaliennosn, 
fill!  the  son  of  Antonio  tie  Valdivieso  and  Catalina  Alva.cz  Calvciito.  lie 
liuMiiic  a  lior.iinican  in  the  convent  of  San  I'alilo,  l;in;';o:!,  (i  \\  hicli  lie  v.as 
im  i'liiiatc  wlicn  the  emperor  called  him  to  the  bishopric  of  Nicaia;;ua.  I>i  !<  n 
H'lij..  ill  Cartii*  ill'  hiiliri'i,  8."i7,  and  Col.  J>or.  /uril.,  i.  117;  llrmva,  dec.  vii. 
lili.  \i.  r;ip.  vi.,  states  that  he  was  made  biahop  'jior  nnurti'  dtl  ubispo  .Mtii- 
•bnia,' rclcrrini,' to  dean  Mendavia,  but  llios  would  n<it  l;a\c  d;:riilto  siiid 
liiai  a  ]iiisi)ntr  to  Spain  had  lie  been  a  bi.<hoi).  'i'o  whom  Valdivieso  rciiis 
'iIhii,  while  fipeakin;;  of  himself  as  bcinj^  the  second  birthop  concentrated  in 
Nu'.ir.if.'ua.  he  remarks:  'Fue  el  I9  anteeesor  que  niuri(i  a  40  dias  ipie  lle;j;ci  a 
lii  ti  iia.' ,S'7///Vr';i  MSS..  xxii.  1'2'),  it  is  impossible  to  determine,  'i  he  l,i..t 
l'i>lioii,  (Jsiiiio,  wai  aiipointed  iu  I'M,  and  died  in  \')'M.  That  another  ]ire- 
litc  v.iis  c'.iDsen  before  Valdivieso  is  nowhere  recorded.  It  is  jirobable,  how- 
t vcr,  that  he  alhnli  s  to  Fray  Jnnn  de  Artea^^'a,  bishop  elect  for  C'hiapiis,  w  ho, 
vliui  l,;s  tasas  lir.st  refused  that  appointment,  left  Spain  on  Ftbruary  I.), 
I'll),  and  (lied  at  I'uebla  the  same  year,  soon  after  his  arrival.  Il(  miaiil,  JJist. 


:^l^ 


II 


180 


APMIXTSTKATION  OF  AFFAIRS  IX  XICARAOrA. 


of  Chiapas,  ^raiToquin  of  Gnatomala,  and  l\'(lraza  nf 
Honduras.  1'ho  |)n;lato,  who  profcssi-d  to  h(!  iiii 
C'tithusiastir  achnin-r  of  tho  u^ivat  ajiosth?  of  tin; 
Indies,  insisted  that  tlio  new  code  should  he  enforced, 
and  spared  no  eilort  to  rescue  the  natives  fioiu 
bonchi^'e,  incui-rin;^  hy  liis  policy  such  determined 
opposition  from  the  «;overnor  and  his  otKcials  that  lie 
d(;emed  it  hest  for  his  own  personal  safety  to  take  np 
his  residence  at  Ciranada  ratiier  than  at  l^eon. 

From  the  day  of  Valdivieso's  arrival  to  the  down- 
fall of  the  Li^overnor  some  three  years  later,  the  history 
of  the  province  contains  little  else  than  a  series  of 
mutual  recriminations  and  intri'^ues.  The  colonist.s 
^vith  a  few  exceptions  favored  the  cause  of  the  jjfnv- 
ernor,  dedarin;^'  that  "tliey  wanted  no  prelate  excejit 
to  say  mass,  and  i)reach  to  suit  their  fancy;"  and  when 
the  bishop  threatened  to  establish  an  intjuisition  in 
Nicaragua  he  was  menaced  with  assassination."* 

The  complaints  aLjainst  Contreras  app(>ar  to  have 
l)een  due  mainly  to  tlie  jealousy  and  self-interest eJ 
motives  of  the  ecclesiastical  faction.  His  conduct  IkkI 
borne  the  scrutiny  of  the  inquisition  and  of  tlio  audi- 
cncia.  Notwithstanding  the  pro'  sions  of  the  new- 
code  he  had  been  allowed  to  retain  his  encomiendas. 
l]ven  his  enemies  could  not  accuse  liim  of  maltrealiiiu' 
his  slaves.  It  was  not  to  be  expected  that  he  should 
surrender  to  the  bishop  the  power  and  property  wliii  Ii 
higher  authority  had  ))ermitted  him  to  retain;  and  yi  t 
this  sc>ems  to  have  been  his  chief  cause  of  otreiicc. 
^riiough  A'^ahhvieso  and  the  Dominican  friars  weiv 
l<Mid  in  their  denunciations  of  those  who  held  tiio 
natives    in   bcjndage,    they    were   themselves   by   iu> 


m 


'*  'Inquisieion  no  se  Im  do  mentnr  en  csta  ticrra,  i  en  entrnmlo  on  <'Ilt'  i!  e 
cniliiiii'on  ii  (lucir  «|iio  si  cntendia  en  cosii  ck'  Jncjiiisii  ion  i>  lo  iicn.'iiv.i,  ii.f 
dai'iiin  lU'  jiufi;iliidas. '  Sijini r';<  MSS,,  xxii.  l-KJ.  Un  iir.otlitr  ociasion,  whc.i 
I'lvsidtiit  .Maldonado  and  tlie  oidur  llannicz  woro  at  <!ranadii  i>U'i>aiiii:;  lai 
»;x|it'diti((n  to  IVtu,  the  liLsIuii)  ii'fnsed  to  olliciate  in  ehuivli  liocauso  a  jn  im'U 
Vi-i  present  wlion\  he  hail  excuninnuiii'ated.  Hereupon  llaniii'ez  used  In:  u!t- 
inj;  langnage,  eausing  luni  to  retire  from  the  eliiireli.  Valdiviesos  icjuluct 
tan.sed  hneh  ill-feeling  that  a  nioh  afterward  usueuibled  in  the  street  uud  lliaat- 
cued  to  iiaug  hini. 


CONTRKRAS  CURSED. 


1st 


tiK.'ins  averso  to  lioMinjjf  |)r<)p(')ty  in  sIjivcs.  Thoy 
\v(H'  tilt'  j)r(»j>ri('tnis  ctf  at  least  <mv  liuliaii  villaj^t'  in 
Xi(ara,nia,  and  when  the  rL'lvt  of  ownership  was 
tiikm  IVoiii  thcin  hy  the  audicuL!'  of  the  ('(»nfincs, 
tlicv  thrcatciu'd  to  leave  the  provin  x>,  and  eeased  not 
tViiiii  the  ir  «l;ini<ir  until  their  property  was  restored  to 
IIkui.' '  ICven  the  inenihers  of  the  audieneia,  whoso 
spt  ial  duty  it  was  to  enforee  the  ohservanee  of  theso 
iiiw  laws,  had  eaused  the  eaeicpie  of  Atitlan,  and  others 
\vlio  had  rendered  assistance  to  the  Spaniards  in  their 
i\pt  (litioiis  against  Laeandon  and  Tezulutlan,  to  ho 
rrstored  to  their  eneonienderos,  thus  violatiniLj  th-j 
very  s|)irit  of  the  code.  The  president  and  oidorc.i 
iV(  u  went  so  far  as  lo  express  their  o[)inion  that  to 
place  the  Indians  under  cotitrol  (►f  the  priests  in 
trust  for  th  rown  was  a  most  ohjectiona'ole  .neasure. 
Slaves  constituted  the  principal  source  of  wealth 
tliroiighout  the  province,  and  without  slave  labor  the 
colonists  wouUl  soon  be  reduced  to  bennarv.  Even 
iKiw  tiny  sullered  extreme  j)rivation  and  were  some- 
tinus  threatened  with  actual  famine.  The  tributo 
colli  eted  i'rom  the  natives,  which  belonpfcd  by  right  to 
the  irovernor  and  his  officials,  was  distributed  amou'^ 
the  destitute  settlers,  but  was  found  utterly  inade- 
(juat(!  for  their  maintenance. 

The  most  serious  accusation  broucrht  acjainst  Con- 
treias,  but  one  that  rests  on  no  sufficient  evidence,  is 
that  he  ap[»ropiiated  the  estates  of  <leceased  enco- 
iiRiKlcros,  leaving  their  wives  and  children  destitute. 
It  was  allewd  that  he  and  his  family  owned  moro 
tlian  one  third  of  the  province,  and  that  the  slaves 
iitid  tci-ritory  of  the  entire  district  t>f  Xicoya,  which 
\V(  ic  formerly  divided  among  eleven  dillerent  indi- 
viduals, had  [)assed  into  the  hands  of  his  wife;.  It  was 
altuward  even  laid  to  his  charge  that  he  h^id  coni- 

'•■Tlic  following  q»iotiiti<in  is  from  a  report  of  the  audieneia  at  Oraeiaa  d 
I'iiw,  (liitdl  iH'ueiiilH'r  'M,  l.",4.'>.  'Los  l)oniiiiicos  tie  Nicariiguu  teiiian  i:ii 
Hitl.ld  ipie  s-o  KsDiniido  ruiitar  jior  las  OvdenaiiZiiS.  Rei-rtsentarcnnos  (|ue 
Bin  (1  iin  [(idiiiiii  e.-tisr,  i  jicniue  lu)  Be  iniKcntatcn  so  lo  tx-jaiiios.  Teudra  ul 
lucUoiiOluuios.'  Hquki-gJdiiS.jXxii.  l.il. 


182 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  AFFAIRS  IN  NICARAGUA. 


lii  i 


■  it'll 

IjlllI 


pcllod  the  settlers  to  take  part  in  enterprises  wliidi 
lie  himself  had  in  fact  only  been  led  to  sanction  1  y 
the  clamor  of  the  colonists  or  the  urj^ency  of  t!i(j 
occasion,  as  was  the  case  in  the  exploration  of  tlio 
Desaguadero  and  the  expeditions  against  the  forces 
of  Doctor  Rohles.''*' 

Meanwhile  the  oidor,  Herrera,  was  sparing  no  effoit 
to  insure  the  governor's  downfall,  and  with  that  pur- 
pose sent  private  reports  to  the  emperor  and  the 
council  .tf  the  Indies.  In  one  of  these ^^  he  recom- 
mended that  no  one  should  be  allowed  to  rule  wlio 
possessed  Indians,  either  in  his  own  name  or  that  nf 
his  wife,  children,  or  servants,  and  that  the  govern- 
ment be  vested  in  the  hands  of  a  person  whose  duty 
it  should  be  to  visit,  at  frequent  intervals,  every  set- 
tlement in  the  province.  He  alsf)  reconjmended  that 
the  children  of  the  caciques  should  be  })laced  in  Cdii- 
vents,  there  to  be  trained  in  the  Christian  faith,  an! 
that  the  adult  Indians  should  remain  in  tluur  towns 
for  the  same  purpose.''^  In  short  his  object,  like  t!iat 
of  Valdivieso,  whose  cause  he  never  ceased  to  advocate, 
was  to  place  the  entire  native  population  under  the 
absolute  control  of  the  ecclesiastics. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1547  the  bishop 
removed  to  Leon,  and  no  sooner  had  he  done  so  than 
the  cabildo  reported  to  the  emperor  "the  great  trou!»lo 
they  had  in  defending  the  royal  jurisdiction  on  account 
of  the  opposition  of  the  bishop,  who  insulted  an  1 
maltreated  the  officers  of  justice,  and  held  the  laws 
in  contempt."'"  It  was  even  thought  necessary  to 
send  to  Spain  one  Antonio  Zdrate  tt)  advocate  their 

"''■ '  Y  cl  Fisonl  ania  pueato  aciisftcion  contra  Rotlrigo  <le  Contrcras,  porqiie 
siciido  guuoriiiulor  do  atiiiella  proviiioia,  Riilio  dinersas  vi'zes  di;  sii  ( loucni.iiioii 
con  gonte  do  pio  y  do  cauallo,  y  fuo  a  la  parte  do  Costa  rioa,  y  al  <U'sa"ii:i  kni, 
y  otrus  tiorras  coinaroanas,  adoiidc  liizo  grandos  exoossos,  assi  contra  ', 'aite- 
llanos,  conio  contra  Indios.'  Ilcn-i'ni,  doc.  vii.  lil).  vi.  cap.  vi. 

"Dated  at  (Iracias  .1,  Dios,  Doooinlier  21,  l.")4.").  Sijiiicr'x  MSS.,  Nxii.  I-I'i. 

'*  Hcrrora  was  actuated  merely  l>y  selfisii  motives.  Ifo  desired  fur  hiiisclf 
the  oillcc  of  ruler,  and  it  was  fortunate  for  the  jirovince  tiiat  ho  iliil  n"t  .  litaiii 
it;  for  when  in  l.")4.S  his  resideneia  was  taken  by  the  licentiate  (,'errato  hr  v.as 
proV(?d  to  have  been  tho  most  I'aiiaeious  of  all  his  colleagues. 

"•Report,  dated  Granada,  April  -3,  1547.  Hquier's  JIHS.,  xxii.  40. 


}i!  mf 


THE  GOVERNOR'S  RESIDENCIA. 


1S3 


cause,  wlicreupon  Valdlvicso  dcspatcliod  to  the  council 
of  th'j  Indies,  some  three  weeks  later,  a  connnunica- 
tion  in  which  he  accused  him  of  being  a  fugitive 
ciiniinal,  in  order  to  destroy  his  influence  at  court. 
He  also  sent  secret  advices  to  Bishop  Torres  of  Pan- 
aiiiii,  informing  him  of  Zilrate's  purpose  and  recom- 
iiK'iuhng  his  arrest.  The  emissary  was  forewarned  of 
liisdanger,  and  managed  to  make  good  his  escape,  hut 
it  is  not  recorded  that  he  was  successful  in  accomplish- 
ing the  object  of  his  mission. 

The  strugujle  which  Contrcras  had  so  Iojigt  nuiin- 
t  ;iiic'd  ogainst  the  machinations  of  his  foes  wa.i  now 
(hawing  to  an  end.  In  the  beginning  of  Iho  year 
1548,  the  licentiate  Alonso  Lojiez  deCerrato,  fcjrmerly 
[(resident  of  the  audiencia  in  Espanola,  and  now  ap- 
]»(»iuted  to  that  of  the  Confines,  arrived  at  Gracias  it 
J)it)s.  One  of  his  first  acts  was  to  take  the  residencia 
of  the  governor,  wliercupon  finding  that  the  trans- 
fer of  his  encomiendas  had  been  made  after  the  pas- 
sage of  the  new  code,  though  before  its  publication  in 
the  province,*"  he  declared  them  confiscated,  ('on- 
treias  at  once  repaired  to  Spain  to  seek  redress,  and 
for  some  time  after  his  departure  his  enemies  were  in 
constant  dread  lest  he  should  reijain  his  authoritv  and 
iv\  urn  to  take  vengeance  on  his  accusers.  The  alcaldes 
and  regidores  of  Leon,  having  now  made  peace  with 
tiiu  bishop,  ordered  their  secretary  to  prepare  a  list 
ef  accusations  against  the  departed  governor,''^  but 
only  one  of  their  number  had  the  courage  to  sign  it, 
each  ofticial  I'carinsjf  that  his  si<jnature  min'ht  afterward 
cost  hnn  his  life.  It  was  even  requested  that  the 
entire  I'amily  of  the  fallen  ruler  be  recalled  to  Spain, 
fir  o|'  his  sons  Hernando  and  Pedro  it  was  statod  that 
tiny  had  conmiitted  many  excesses,  and  of  his  son-in- 
law,  Arias  Gonzalo,  the  alguacil  mayor,  that  he  kei)t 
a  |iublic  gambling-house.     Finally  the  decision  of  the 

'"  Till'  l;nvM  were  pnblislicd  in  Nicarnjina  in  l.")4,'>. 

"  '1  his  rcjiiirt  wan  diiti'il  Leon,  Frbruiiiy  10,  l."t4S.  Tlio  principal 
n'  <  iisiUoiis  (diitaini'il  tlnTcin  ai-e  nu'"c  repetitions  of  those  ulieiuly  nientioued, 
bw.S7«,i/''tf  J/^W.,  xxii.  9S-100. 


m 


it 

mil: 

PI 

III 

if 


h. 


184 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  AFFAIRS  IX  XICARAG  UA. 


oidor  was  confirmed  by  the  council  of  the  Indies,  and 
Kodiigo  dc  Contrcras  returned  no  more  to  Nicarajjfua/- 
liis  children,  however,  still  remained  in  the  province, 
soon  to  fi'nire  as  the  leaders  of  a  revolt  wliicli  threat- 
encd,  for  a  time,  the  very  existence  of  Spain's  do- 
minion in  the  western  world. 

Although  the  ecclesiastics  were  held  in  little  respcft 
by  a  majority  of  the  Spaniards,  there  is  sufKcieiit 
evidence  tliat  they  labored  faitlifully  in  their  callin^^ 
When  Fray  Toribio  do  Motolinia  came  from  Guate- 
mala, in  the  year  1528,  to  join  certain  Flemish  friars 
then  resident  in  Nicaragua,  he  founded  at  Granada 
tlie  convent  of  Concepcion,^^  and  having  a  knowl- 
edixe  of  tlie  native  languaaje,  was  successful  in  his 
eftbrts,  giving  special  care  to  the  baptism  and  convir- 
sionof  children.  His  stay  was  of  short  duration;  hut 
by  others  the  work  of  christianizing  the  natives  was 
continued  with  vigor.  Gil  Gonzalez  is  said  to  have 
baptized  thirtN'-two  thousand."  Hernandez  and  Sal- 
cedo  also  baptized  large  numbers.  Pedrarias,  inasmucli 
as  this  great  work  liad  been  accomplished  without 
his  intervention,  affected  contempt  for  such  sunimai y 
methods  of  conversion,  and  ordered  an  investigation  to 
be  made  by  Francisco  de  Bobadilla,  a  friar  provincial 
of  the  order  of  Mercy,  and  by  the  public  notary  I^iir- 
tolome  Perez.  Diligent  search  was  made  by  these 
officials,  but  it  was  found  that  the  barbarians  had  eitlur 
forgotten  or  never  understood  the  truths  of  Christi- 
anity, and  Bobadilla  was  obliged  to  perform  this  lujly 

*'  Ho  prnbal)ly  remained  in  Spain  till  ir),")4,  as  nothing  further  is  rotvuilril 
of  him  until  tlKit  year,  wlien  we  near  of  him  as  serving  in  IVru.  Ho  liiially 
appears  in  the  act  of  swearnig  allegiance  to  Philip  II.  in  Lima  on  the  "i.^lli  of 
July  l.V>7.  JhiloH  llio'j.,  in  ('artnn  de  Jmlkm,  742. 

"  This  convent  was  sul)scc|uently  occupied  hy  Dominicans,  nsthc  I'lcinish 
friars  abandoned  it  in  I."i31,  travelling  in  company  with  Fray  Marcos  de  .N'iza 
to  Codta  Rica,  I'eru,  Ticrra  Firme,  Kspanola,  and  Mexico.  \'<iz</iit.:.  Clirnii. 
(I'vdI.,  21 -'2.  Juan  de  (JandnlM),  a  Franciscan  friar,  and  one  of  tlie  lirst  that 
eanio  to  Nicaragua,  was  still  in  (iranada  in  \olW,  when^  he  lahoicd  in  conijiiiiiy 
with  Frnj'  l'"i  ancisco  de  Aragon.  The  place  and  date  of  his  death  are  unknown. 
A'otiis,  Jtfi/o",  tliiKj.,  in  inrlfiK  (If  Iiidins,  702. 

**(j'uiizu(iz  Ducila,  in  Tvufro  Eclts.,  i.  23J. 


INDIAN  BORDER  TROUBLES. 


185 


work  anew.  This  friar  ba[)tizotl  twenty-nine  thousand 
and  sixty-throe  })ersons  in  the  province  of  Nicaragua, 
(liiriiijjf  a  space  of  nine  days,*'  and  later,  between  the 
Ist  ut"  September  1.038  and  the  5th  of  Marcii  1539, 
fiftv-two  thousand  five  hundred  and  iifty-eiglit  were 
hajitized,  tliough,  as  Oviedo  says,  "by  no  means  could 
tluy  be  called  converted." 

On  the  21)th  of  August  1540,  Hernando  do  Alva- 
rado  and  Fray  Juan  de  Padilla  started  from  Grannda 
toward  the  South  Sea  by  way  of  Coiba,""^  and  were 
c\  erywhcre  well  received.  When  crosses  were  erected 
tlio  natives  adorned  them  with  roses,  and  brought 
I  HVrings  of  whatever  they  valued  most.  Some  years 
later  Fray  Lorenzo  de  Benvenida  and  thirty  others 
kit  Yucatan  for  the  j)rovince  of  Costa  Rica*'  to 
(diitinue  the  work  of  conversion  in  those  parts,  and 
many  may  have  fallen  victims  to  their  pious  zeal.  I 
luay  mention  the  sad  fate  of  the  martyr  Fray  Juan 
I'izarro.  While  laborin<T  in  one  of  the  most  remote 
districts  of  Nicaragua,  he  was  seized  by  drunken  sav- 
aLfc's  during  the  celebration  of  one  of  their  feasts, 
(hanged  over  the  rocks,  beaten  till  ho  was  almost  life- 
Il'ss,  and  then  hanged;  his  murderers  completing  their 
\V(»rk  by  burning  down  a  church  which  he  had  erected 
ut  his  own  expense. 

Dining  the  internal  dissensions  which  have  just 
l)i'cn  ri'lated,  bands  of  hostile  Indians  takinij:  advau- 
tag(>  (d  the  opportunity  were  continually  committing 
depredations  on  the  borders,  robbing  and  slaughter- 


*'Iutl)c  province  of  Oxnmorio  Bobadilla  bapti/cd  S,';  in  Diriu,  r),01S;  in 
M"iuli;i(li(i,  :t,241;  in  Masaya,  S»;{7;  in  Malapalti-.  I.Vl;  in  Maniialtc,  4ll!t;  in 
1 1 II  liii.  -J.DIT;  in  Managua,  l.IKi;  in  Matiari,  4-_M  ;  in  .Mavitialcinio,  T-'t;  in 
Nai'MMn'o,  Ariat,  MaliitiTj,  and  Malioini-tondu),  r.S.">;  in  Maril>io,  (I,. '14(1;  in 
/iint(M;r;i,  'J,  Kil).  '  E  assi  parcscenio  A  mi  (\\w  pani  t-sta  crcencia  desta  >;('nto 
iiiU'\aimiito  allcgada  li  la  iyk'sia,  quu  cs  ni.'is  nicncstor  i\{:  liapticarUm  i!^  drxar- 
1"<.  juits  i|ii('  sin  crcer,  coincj  lo  diyc  la  niesnia  vordad  evanyulica,  no  bc  puoiluii 
Kilviir,  siiio  condi'nar.'  Ovie/o,  iv.  r)!)-tiO. 

'"  1  'iiiiiii,'  tiicir  j(airncy  they  discovered  a  river  wiiiuli  they  named  Nuestra 
Striii|-;i.   /'ii,ht'ron\\i.\  Ciinlrndu,  Cot.  Jh.r.,  iii.  all    l."?. 

'  Till' time  of  tiieir  arrival  is  given  as  1550.  JJinifi  iiidu,  Littrc,  in  TtrwtuX' 
C'i/(»j.((/(,s  ]'vy.,  seric  i.  tom.  x.  a08. 


180 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  AFFAIRS  IN  NICARAGUA. 


l! 


V'' 


ing  tlioso  of  the  natives  who  were  at  peace  Mitli 
the  Spaniards,  the  cacique  Lacandon  being  especially 
troublesome  and  refusing  all  overtures  of  peace.  No 
progress  could  be  made  in  forming  new  settlements 
or  improving  the  condition  of  those  already  e.st;il)- 
lished.  After  the  explorations  conducted  by  Ca|)taiii 
JMachuca,  we  read  of  no  important  enterprise  until  llio 
year  of  the  governor's  departure.  In  1548  the  con- 
tador  Diego  de  Castaneda  organized  an  expedition  t'ur 
the  conquest  of  the  district  of  Tegucigalpa.**  Throuo  ji 
the  treachery  of  the  guides,  his  men  were  led  iiitu 
marshy  and  difficult  ground,  where  they  soon  found 
themselves  surrounded  by  hordes  of  savages.  1  Im- 
pelling their  attacks  with  much  difficulty  they  niado 
their  way  to  the  Desaguadero,  and  passing  down  that 
channel  in  barges  landed  on  the  shores  of  Costa  l^ica, 
where  they  founded  the  settlement  of  Nueva  Jain.*" 

•*  Named  Tubizgalpa  by  Arias  Gonzalu  Ddvila,  who  accompanied  the  expe- 
dition. 

*''In  tliis  chapter  there  have  Ijeen  consulted  various  documents  in  Parlurn 
and  ('drdi'Wis,  Col.  JJor.,  i.  TMli,  oOH;  iii.  84-8,  511-i;{;  vii.  ll(>-4(i;  f'ltrlin 
ile  Indian,  710,  7(i2,  775;  Dh/oh  Jjirif.,  in  Cartas  de  Indian,  .3(5,  7-1-,  ^'i7; 
C\il.  Ihn:  Iiiid.,  xxvi.  2.18;  xlix.  2i-:i;  1.  11(5;  Sijuier's  MSS..  xiii.  .'f,  4; 
xxii.  ;J4-M!);  Ovicda,  iii.  17(5-1);  iv.  7(5-92,  112-1");  Ilfi-nra,  doc.  iv.  hli.  i. 
c.'ip.  ix.;  lil).  ix.  cap.  xv. ;  lib.  x.  cap.  v.;  dec.  v.  lib.  vii.  cap.  ii. ;  t\v>\  vi. 
lib.  i.  cap.  viii. ;  dec.  vii.  lib.  vi.  cap.  v.;  dec.  viii.  lib.  i.  cap.  ix.;  liini'unl, 
I/isl.  Clii/oiiu,  103-7,  103-9,  2();J-0;  Ahdwjoifa,  Nar.,  .19;  Vejn,  Hist.  l),.^nih. 
Am.,  ii.  241-fl;  O-nnalcz  Ihirila,  Tiatro  Kclc*.,  i.  2.14-ij;  ('o'jol'vdo,  Ili-l. 
Yncatlimi,  34.">;  I'aziiiK'z,  C'hroii.  Grat.,  2.V2;  Jitarros,  Giinf.,  i.  49;  MonlH, 
I'usti  Xuri  Orhli,  1 12;  Uentoni,  Hist.  Momlo Nrovo,  10.");  I'fluez,  Mim.  (iiml., 
i.  13.1;  Piiuda,  \n  Soc  Mfx.  Geo;/.,  iii.  347;  Ken's  Vol.  Voy.,  v.  17o;  Lu-y's 
^'ic,  07-73;  Hquicr's  StatcH  Vent.  Am.,  i.  82. 


HI" ; 


CHAPTER  XL 


F.XPKDITION  OP  DIEGO  GUTIERREZ  TO  COSTA  RICA. 

1540-1545. 

Diego  GrTiERREZ  Appointed  Govkrxou — Desertion  of  nis  Soldi  ers— 
He  Puoceeds  to  XicAUAorA — The  Advice  or  Contreras — The  I'x- 

rKDITION   S>ILS   FOR  THE  RiO  SaN  JuaN— FrIENDLY  RECEPTION  IIY  THK 

Natives— His  Men  Desert  a  Second  Time — Reenforcement.s  from 
NiCAiiAiUA  and  Nomure  de  Dios — The  Historian  Uenzuni  Joins 
the  I'artv— Gutierrez  as  an  Evangelist— He  Inveigles  Camachiue 

AND    CdCORI     INTO    IIIS     CaMP — IIe     DEMANDS    GOLD     UNDER     PaIN    (IF 

Death— Xorle  Conduci'  of  the  Cacique  Cocori — The  Spaniards 
March  into  the  Inierior — Theih  Sufferincjs  from  Hunger — Thev 
are  Aixuked  and  Ma.ssacrkd — Benzoni  and  Five  Other  Surviv- 
ors Rescued  by  Alonso  de  Pisa. 

Bi'TWKEN  the  Rio  San  Juan  and  the  province  of 
Vc'iiii,nia  lay  a  territory  whose  rugged  and  densely 
^\()()(l(•(l  surf'aee  had  hitherto  proved  a  barrier  to 
Si>;iiiish  conquest  and  colonization.  Costa  Rica,  or 
Niiova  Cartago,  by  both  of  which  names  this  region 
w;ts  known/  yet  remained  almost  a  terra  incognita  to 
Europeans.  During  his  last  voyage,  in  the  year  lf)0'2, 
('iilimil)us  had  touched  at  several  points  on  its  north- 
ti'u  shore.  At  tb'^  Golfo  Dulce,  on  its  southern 
cotist,  it  will  be  re.  .  ..sbered  that  Gil  Gonzalez  and 
liis  l).ind  were  glad  to  find  shelter  in  the  trrus  from 
stdim   and    Hood.^     Vague    reports    of  a  settlement 

'  It  is  cliiimcd  by  boric  clironitl^rs  thnt,  in  tlie  tinio  of  Coluiulma,  tliis 
liiirtiuM  (if  till!  inaiiilancl  Wiis  already  known  liy  tlio  nanii- of  Co^ta  I'ica  on 
fli' limit  lit'  tlio  lino  sja'ciincns  of  gold  diseovorud,  principally  in  the  Tiilaiiianiii, 
'ii-itiiit,  wlicn^  it  ahoniidod  in  streams  and  was  obtaiiu'd  with  little  ialior. 
Mn'iiiif,  ll<t>.ijiifj'i  do.stii  II.,  70;  thin  author  follows  Navarrete.  See  also  Itijit- 
villi, ,  Jiii'nrwi;  MS.  Morel  de  Str  ('m/.,  Vislfd  A/io.s/..  MS.,  It,  on  the  otJiiT 
liaiiil  aHiUmtes  the  name  to  the  rich  pearl-lishories  wliieli  were  found  on  tho 
<'ii  t  mid  to  the  fjuality  of  the  fruits,  woods,  and  other  pruduota  of  tho  tci"- 
riti.iT. 

■JJi.'t.  C'enl,  Am,,  i.  434-u,  this  series. 

(1H7) 


188 


EXri:DITIO\  TO  COSTA  RICA. 


named  Cai'tai;o,  foiiiulcd  early  in  the  sixteenth  con- 
tury  ny  some  band  of  roannng  adventurers,  are  njin- 
tioned  in  several  of  the  early  ehroniclers;  hut  when 
and  by  whom  it  was  established,  is  a  question^  on 
which  there  is  no  eonclusive  evidence. 

The  exploration  of  the  liio  San  Juan,  which  had 
oj)ened  up  a  passage  from  the  North  Sea  into  the  vciy 
heart  of  Niearaijua,  awakened  a  more  eatjer  desiio  to 
possess  this  unknown  region;  and  to  the  i)ride  of  con- 
quest   and   discovery   was   added    the   all-pervadiii:^ 


C.Matapala  ^*' 

C>  Burica  PiX? 


Costa  IIica,  1545. 

passion  of  the  Spaniard,  for  it  was  believed  that  tlio 
armies  of  the  great  Montezuma  had  invaded  the  tcrii- 
tt)ry  from  a  distance  of  more  than  six  hundred  leagues, 

^  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  the  original  founders  of  Cartapo  w<  re  srt- 
tiers  from  the  colony  established  by  Francisco  llcrnjindez  de  Ciirdobaiit  llni- 
sOhts,  on  the  gulf  of  \ieoya  in  15'J4,  and  abandoned  three  years  later  livoidtr 
of  Salcedo  (sio  ll\M.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  rtPJ,  tliis  series);  more  particularly  ;is  its 
Jirst  site  was  known  t<t  have  been  close  to  the  harbor  of  I'alilcra,  ami  llicii  lore 
not  far  from  the  landing-place  of  Cordoba.  It  was  next  removed  to  ii  sput 
near  the  Kio  Taras,  and  thence  to  its  present  location.  It  is  even  claiiiH  il  liy 
tfonie  that  Cartago  was  the  lirst  city  establit:'  '^d  in  what  was  formerly  ullid 
the  kingdom  of  (luatemala.  Juarros  makes  this  statement,  basin.LC  iiis  ^•-■■^I'l'- 
tiou  on  u,  rciiort  niude  iu  1744  by  Jose  de  ilier  y  Ceballos  to  the  cnginen  Lii'3 


Ui ! 


DIFFICULTIRS  OF  GUTIERKEZ. 


189 


aixl  liadl^ronglit  tlic'iifc  many  a  ridi  spccinion  of  n^old. 
Jii  I J  K)  Dicii^o  (Juticiri'/,  a  citizen  of  ^Tadrid  and 
brotlu  rto  Fclipo  (Uitieircz,  wlio  live  years  before  liad 
(•(iiidiu'ted  the  ill-fated  cxjtedition  to  Veragua,  was 
a|i|ii>inted  <:^ovcrnoi  of  this  ]>rovince,  and  soon  ai'ter- 
\\aid  set  forth  on  an  enterj)ris(?  whieh  was  destined 
to  |)i()ve  even  more  calamitous  than  the  one  conducted 
1»v  liis  kinsman. 

(lutierrez  proceeded  first  to  Espanola,  where  ho 
raised  a  company  of  about  two  hundred  men  and  saik'd 
thence  ior  .Jamaica,  the  base  of  supplies  for  the  col- 
onies of  Tierra  Firmo.  Here  a  nuitiny  broke  out 
araong  liis  men,  causing  the  loss  of  all  his  military 
stores.  Arriving  at  Xond)re  de  Dios  he  fell  sick,  and 
uliile  lying  at  the  point  of  death  his  iikmi  deserted, 
and  crossing  over  to  Panama  took  ship  ior  Peru, 
llccoverinix  irom  his  illness  he  iound  himself  with 
hilt  live  men  and  almost  without  means.  He  gathered 
courage,  however,  and  fitting  out  a  small  barge  sailed 
for  the  ]iio  San  Juan,  and  so  made  his  way  to  the  city 
of  (Iraiiacki.     Falling  in  with  one  Baena,  a  successful 


Diez  X.ivMrrn.  Uoforriiif^  to  the  !<anio  docnmcnt  Iio  continues:  '  It  apprurs 
]'y  nu  <'(li(t  preserved  iiiiinn;^'  the  record.!,  that  the  lirst  f^covnior  and  eajiti'.in 
pi  !;er.;l  ef  (Vi  t;i  liieji  vas  UicL'o  de  Astieila  (  hiiiiids.'  ///'•/.  (ifiiit.  (ed.  LoM-^on, 
I'lJ.'V,  7"i.  Iill-'i.  'riirse  statcnicnlo  -..iv  reiieated  in  Mdm/iii/u,  Doe.,  'J7,  w  !iero 
tlic  ji^dxenior  is  called  tJ.stieua.  See  alo  Sulr.  lUiir.  <>ii< .,  SO  Mar.  !'((), 
Ids.  Mnliiia,  the  modem  histoiian  of  <'(.sta  lliea,  follow.s  .luarn.s  and  ;,'(ies 
c\iii  fill  (her  when  he  .say.s:  'Mais  il  est  ]ii(il)al)le  iiue  pa  fohdation  cut  lieu 
p<iiil;,iit  KMiuatrienie  voyage deColoiid),  en  l.")i)'J.  .  .en  I .")-2'_', (_artayo.  Taneieiiuo 
o;i]jita!e  <  siia'xnolede  la  proviiiic,  i  tait  uiie  villed'assez  d'iinporlanec  pour  dc- 
iiiuiiilrr  t\n\n\  voulfit  l)ien  y  tixer  la  resideiieo  d'un  f;ouverneiiravee  .son  seei\'- 
taire.  iJiego  de  Astied.a  Chirinos  parait  avoir  ('ti'-.-^on  ])ieinier  |_'oiiverneur. '.  .  . 
Cmtpd'ui'.l  ill'  i'lt-la  /.'.  (ed.  Paris,  1H4()),  4.  Tiuit  the  atiove  autln  rs  aiv  i-i 
irnir  i-i  jiioved  hy  the  fact  that  lJie;,'o  do  Artie.ua  <  iierinolas  liis  name  .'ilioiiM 
lir'>ln'i  ly  lie  written)  was  not  appointed  ^'overnor  and  captain  fieneral  of  ( ,'i)-;:i 
lli'ii.  XiearaLTUa,  and  Nicoyatiil  .">1  yeaivs  later,  namely,  in  l.")T.">.  I'lu-hi-vK  ar.d 
Ci'i-'lfiiti!'.  ('ill,  iJiv.,  xvii.  r).")()-(!.").  Molina,  in  a,  subseipient  work,  a!so  inclinei 
to  the  lielicf  that  Cartai^o  was  founded  by  those  who  al)andoned  the  ear.ier 
Pi'ttlciiieiits,  and  corrects  his  former  statement  in  regard  to  Columhus,  merely 
H;iyiii4:  'ill  immortal  (.'olon  mismo  en  sii  cuarto  viaje  on  el  afl)  de  \.'>02, 
tiKi'i  ,11  vario.'?  ]ninto.s  de  fii  costa  en  el  Atliintico.'  Bo^'/iiijo  Co^ta  J'.,  ID.  It 
is  siii'mlar  that  Molina,  iu  his  treatise  on  the  lionndary  (juestion  hetw'  en 
C'Ktii  i!ii.!iand  Xicaramia,  should  not  have  refcired  to  tlie  document  r.u  n- 
tiii:i(\|  liy  .luarros,  and  tlia;.  lie  should  have  failed  to  )isu  it  in  ids  Mi m.  ''  .>7,t 
/'.  Hull  Xii\  In  llcrri-nu  dee.  vii.  lib.  iv.  ca)!.  xvii.,  the  date  of  tlie  fonndi;;;} 
of  ('.iit;i:o  is  even  removed  to  till'  time  of  (lutier.  ez,  which  may  be  correct, 
iiiuciiiuich  us  he  first  gave  to  the  province  the  name  of  Nueva  Cartayo. 


.Hi  I 


100 


EXPEDITION  TO  COSTA  RICA. 


advcnturor  from  Peru,  ho  succccclcd  in  borrowing  from 
him  three  tliousand  castellanos  with  which  he  hojuxl 
to  retrieve  his  fortunes. 

Gutierrez  now  endeavored  to  enlist  men  in  Nicara- 
jjua,  but  disputes  between  himseH'  and  Rodrij^o  do 
(\)ntreras,  the  governor  of  that  province,  caused  a 
further  delay  of  two  years.  Contrcras  declared  tliat 
his  province  extended  to  the  border  of  Venigua  aiul 
that  there  was  no  intervening  territory  for  Gulienvz 
to  colonize.  Gutierrez  on  the  otb.er  hand  aihriiitd 
that  the  boundaries  of  Veragua  and  Castilla  del  Oro 
liad  been  placed  far  south  of  those  originally  appointed, 
and  that  in  consequence  there  existed  a  large  donii.iii 
of  which  he  was  a})p()inted  governor  by  a  cliaitcr 
granted  to  him  from  the  crown.  Tliough  the  limits* 
of  Costa  Rica  as  set  forth  in  this  document  werj 
somewhat  indefinite,  Contrcras  at  length  admitted 
that  his  opi^onent  was  duly  authorized  to  take  posses- 
sion of  the  newly  created  province.  He  then  endeav- 
ored to  dissuade  him  from  his  purpose,  representiii;^ 
tlie  country  as  rugged  and  his  scheme  as  foolhardv 
and  dangerous.  "IJut  if  you  persist  in  the  occuj)a- 
tion  of  that  territory,  take  my  advice,"  he  said, 
"and  keep  one  hundred  well  armed  men  ujion  the 
sc;a-shoie,  always  ready  to  foragi',  sometimes  in  one 
direction  and  sometimes  in  another,  for  the   [)e()j)lo 

^Tlic  first  bouiidarips  nppointcil  for  the  province  arc  tliosc  mentioned  in 
tlic  ciiiirtL-r  f;r;i!;tc(l  to  (iiitierroz,  iluti'd  Madrid,  Xi  \ii;il)er  'JD,  1..4;),  v  Ik  iiii 
lliey  are  dciscrihed  as  'extending'  t'roiii  sea  t(i  sta,  .uid  from  the  fronticv  uf 
\'erai,'iia,  ruiinin;;  to  the  westward  to  tlic  jjreat  rivir  {il'n  (Iramlc),  iinAJikil 
that  llic  coast  adjoiiiint;  said  river  on  tlic  side  of  Honduras  sliuuld  nniaiii 
iMuhr  the  government  of  lloiuhiras,  with  power  to  <  Jiiticrre;:  to  eoniian-  :iii>l 
settle  any  ishind  in  said  river  which  shoidd  not  he  nrt^viously  loeatid  liV 
Sj)auiards;  and  the  ri','ht  to  tht;  naviijation,  lislicri".s,  ;,nd  otlicr  advanl;l:('^'  I'f 
said  river;  and  provided  that  he  ((julierivz)  sliould  not  appi'oaih  to  «iil;iii  I'l 
leagncs  ef  the  Lake  of  Ni.aragna,  hecanse  this  territory  of  I ."»  ha,i:;nc.s  In  in;; 
lescrved,  as  well  as  saul  hdic,  were  to  remain  in  the  iios-ession  of  t!u!  l'uvc  in- 
inent  of  Niearatrua;  hnt  the  navigation  and  liaheries  hol!i  in  that  part  >  f  tlie 
river  cranted  to  (inticrrez  ant^  in  the  15  lea;,'iics  reserved,  and  in  the  liki-, 
should  he  possessed  in  common,  conjointly  with  the  inhahituits  of  Nica- 
ragua.' Molina,  ('oilfi  I',  mill  Xir. ,  7.  The  author  claims  to  possess  a  iv  rlilicil 
copy  of  unpublished  documents  stored  in  the  aivhivei  of  Spain,  in  wiii'  li  Iw 
siutes  the  conditions  of  the  charter  granted  to  (iutieiToz.  See  also  Or'ndo, 
iii.  171),  and  Lcri/'s  A'ir.,  07-73. 


:  ! 


MUTINY  ANT)  DESERTION. 


101 


arc  1  iili  ill  gold,  and  in  this  way  only  can  you  obtain 

I'lHH  !.■'•'• 

Tlic  advice  of  Contrcras  was  cruel,  unjust,  and  con- 
<  1,1  IV  to  law,  but  it  was  such  alone  as  would  leatl  to 
success,  and  the  ev«nt  proved  that  it  was  sound  and 
jiiilitic.  In  a  lofty  strain  that  ill  consisted  with  his 
t'lituic  conduct  Gutienez  replied:  "The  jLfoverninont 
(if  this  province  was  conferred  upon  me  by  the  ein- 
]iri(>r  iluit  I  inij>ht  people  and  not  pillage  it;  and  if 
tmliuie  has  been  adverse  to  others,  I  trnst  in  (jrod 
Il;;it  to  nie  it  may  be  more  propitious.""  It  was  fine 
ddclriiK',  but  doctrine  that  here  would  not  win.  Col- 
lect Ihl;'  a  foi'ce  of  sixty  men,  he  soon  set  sail  with  two 
vessels  for  the  mouth  of  the  Uio  Surre." 

Alter  ascendin<>-  the  river  for  about  three  loa':fue«» 
tlie  j);nty  came  in  si^ht  of  some  deserted  huts,  and 
iheie  encaiiijiing,  were  visited  by  .several  caci(]ues,  who 
hrmi^ht  g(»]d  to  the  value  of  .seven  hundred  ducats, 
iiiid  received  in  return  some  rosaries  of  beads,  a  few 
liells  and  trinkets,  and  an  earnest  exhortation  to  join 
tlie  true  I'aiili.  Tiie  native  chieitains  were  well  j)leased 
villi  their  \  isit,  an<l  on  returniuLj  to  their  homes  sent 
jiieseiits  of  i'ruit,  (ish,  and  the  diied  llesh  of  wild  boars. 
A  !;le;iiii  of  success  thus  at  first  attended  (uitiei-re// 
v\\\a-t  at  colonization,  but  he  was  not  destined  to 
esc;i|)e  the  disasters  which  seemed  almost  inseparable 
IVniii  the  attempts  of  the  S[)aiiian!s  to  establish  set- 
tl  uieiits  ill  the  New  World,  lie  v/as  a  man  of  L,n'oat 
t  ■iiMcity  of  {»ur[)ose,  but  irascil.le,  and  si!i<j;ularly  deli- 
cic!it  ill  power  of  control.  At  .Jamaica  his  .soldiers 
iiiutiiiied;  at  Xond)re  de  ])ios  they  deserted  ;  at  ( "osta 
bica,  suli'eriiiL?  from  huir^'er  and  the  jirivations  of 
I'i' Ulcer  lil'e,  they  abandoned  the  entei[irise,  and  stole 

'It  is  stilted  liy  some  ohroiiidcr.s  tliut  Contrcnis  iiroiiiiscd  to  f'ltiii  Ii  iiitu 
ami  piovi.  iou:!  dii  coiidilioii  tliiit  lie  lie  ji'lowcd  ii  ^h  re  ot  tiie  .^I'dil-i. 

'' ■  A  (|n('!^l(' jiui'dIl',  lisiiosf  l)ieL!o  ( loliiiTcs,  cIio  rimpfnvitDru  ^'.i  liinouivdiito 
<|'U'!i:i  Cdiuriialiuiio  lu'ivhe  la  i)<<iml;:s.-;e,  i;  uon  ]!en;!iu  la  r.  1j;;s.si--.  v  hciir'i 
ii:iii  la  rditiina  ( la  sUita  coiiti-.ii:!,  tlie  l:aU(iia  pjinaii/a  ii:  \)n>  the  ;i  hii  ;  li 
s.Mii  i.iiipiua.  0  c!i('  in  moiU)  aleiinu  no  vol-  i;a  iastiiiri;  la  iiiiprcati,  iiu  niuiiijo 
Vi.l  ua  cMiii)Ki;,nia  alciliia.'  lli  ir.ini,  ///.</.  Momlo  Xrom,  b',]. 

'■~  [111 k'll  al.->u  Sucre,   lltiiziiu,  Moutlo  Xl:  v.>,  6^. 


108 


KXPEDITIOX  TO  COSTA  RICA. 


■r\ 


nwav  to  tlio  sea-shore,  where  thev  fell  in  with  two 
vessi'ls  IVom  Nonihre  de  Dios  an<l  so  mado  their  way 
back  to  Xii-ara-jjua. 

Left  witli  only  six  followers,"  his  nephew  Alonso  di; 
Pisa,  one  sailoi",  and  four  servants,  Gutierrez  had  no 
alternative  hut  to  follow  his  recreant  band.  Di^^t^iii'^' 
a  hole  in  the  earth,  he  buried  there  several  jars  of 
salt,  honev,  and  other  stores  not  needed  for  his  vov- 
oj^e,  and  endjarking  in  a  small  river-l)oat  desceiKicil 
to  the  sea.  S(K)n  he  dcsei'ied  approaching  the  nioutli 
of  the  river  a  brigantine,  wl  loh  proved  to  be  in  coiii- 
mand  of  one  Ca[)tain  Bariento,  with  men,  arnis,  am- 
munition, and  jjrovisions  from  Nicaragua.  Thereu|)oii 
he  tui-ned  bade,  conducted  the  vessel  to  his  setlJc- 
ment,  and  handing  to  his  nephew  all  the  gold  tli.it 
had  been  collected,  amounting  to  eight  hundred  cis- 
tellanos,  bade  him  return  with  the  ship  to  Noiiil;ic 
tie  ])ios  and  there  purchase  arms  and  procure  iv- 
ci'uits.  (Jirolomo  Benzoni,  the  Italian  chronicler  nf 
tlie  New  World,  was  at  Nombre  de  Dios  when  Cup- 
tain  Pisa  arrived  early  in  1545,  and  being,  as  liu 
says,  young  and  strong,  fdled  with  high  aspiration-;, 
and  desii-ous  of  enriching  himself,  he  determined  to 
return  witli  the  vessel  to  Xueva  Cartago."  Otlur 
adventur('rs,  lured  hy  the  promise  of  wealth,  det^  i- 
nnned  to  join  the  ocpedition,  and  soon  twcnty-sevr:i 
men  were  })ledged  for  tlie  new  colony. 

On  tlie  return  voyage  the  brigantine  cncountoir  1 
a  gal(!  near  the  enti'ance  of  the  river  and  was  drive  ii 
to  the  islands  of  Zorobaro,  a  short  distance  from  tlic 
coast.     There  they  remaine-d  ibr  seventy-two  days 

*  'K  (Icspucs  que  nlli  cstuvo  iiii  afio  o  inAs,  porqnc  falt.iron  los  bastiiiuii- 
toe,  so  Ic  amiitinii  la  jjtnte  ('•  se  lo  toniaroii  A  Xicarajxua ;  i''  cste  golxMiKnl' r 
BO  quc'di'i  con  soys  liomhrr.s  solos. .  .  IVi'(»  iniiniiio  ostc  guliornador  ostalia  s '!' '' 
con  tan  ikk'oh  cliripstianos.  .  .no  ilo.\;;l)an  los  indifKs  naturalos  de  lis  d.ir  ilti 
conioi'i'  Old,  sin  liacir  nial  ni  dauo  a  ninirnno  de  los  nuostros.'  ilriftlo,  iii.  In'. 

^  'Vj  cosi  fooo  vintisotto  soldati,  o  trouandonii  io  in  (juosta  CittiV  vol.si  cssir 
vno  di  (|Uo  jili,  ancora  olTio  fii.isi  riin-cso  da  vno  Sjiagnuolo  antiano,  ilc|u:i!c  ci  i 
andato  nulla  piouinoia  di  <  'ai'tagona,  o  .santa  Marta,  o  altii  luo^dii,  por  i>ii.iii ' 
di  ([uindici  anni,  diocndonii,  olio  fti  niotloalcuno,  mi  lasciassi  vincoro  dijunlare 
k  talo  iniprosa,  o  clio  non  volcssc  dur  cruJito  ulcuuu  allc  parole  del  Caiitauu. 
JJenzviii,  Aloiido  Avovo,  84-5. 


GUTIERREZ  PREACHES  CHRIST. 


103 


oxjoscd  to  iurossant  rains,  tliroc  of  their  nunihor 
1m  iiiL;  killed  by  li<;btiiin<i^.  Such  was  the  bhiekness  of 
till'  st(»nii  that  durinj^  all  this  time  they  did  not  see 
fdur  hours  of  sunshine.  The  captain  of  tlie  vessel 
\v('iit  ashore  on  the  mainland  to  obtain  provisions, 
but  after  eii^ht  days'  search  mids-t  forest,  swamp,  and 
iiiotintain,  durinj^  which  time  he  subsisted  on  snails 
and  Ixrries,  he  returned  empty-handed.  Finally  tlie 
men  made  tlieir  way  to  the  encampment  of  Gutierrez, 
wild,  boinuf  determined  at  all  hazard  to  people  his 
territory,  immediately  sent  the  ship  back  to  Nombre 
(If  Dios  for  more  recruits,  supplying  funds  to  the 
amount  of  fifteen  hundred  castellanos.  The  number 
of  the  colonists  was  thereby  increased  to  eighty  men. 
Thus  roenforced  he  began  the  exploration  of  his  prov- 
ince. With  four  canoes  he  ascended  the  Kio  Surre, 
and  after  making  a  distance  of  about  ten  leagues, 
landed  at  an  Indian  village  to  which  he  gave  the 
name  of  San  Francisco  in  hor  or  of  the  saint  on  whose 
natal  day  the  spot  was  reached.  Here  the  party 
was  met  by  certain  caciques,  who  brought  presents 
•  4"  iViiit  but  no  gold.  The  governor  received  them 
kindly,  iuformii;  j;  them  through  an  interpreter  that  the 
strangers  had  in  their  possession  a  secret  which  was 
of  the  utmost  value;  that  they  had  come  a  great  dis- 
tance, and  some  of  them  for  no  other  purpose  than  to 
reveal  it.  In  return  for  this  the  Christians  nmst 
liave  gold. 

The  chiefs  were  then  invited  to  a  feast,  the  viands 
^insisting  of  fowl  and  salt  pork;  but  they  had  little 
relish  f<n'  such  food,  and  merely  tasting  it  handed  it 
ti)  their  attendants  to  be  cast  to  the  dogs.  After  the 
meal  came  an  exhortation  in  which,  as  Benzoni  relates, 
(nitterrez  thus  harangued  his  guests:  "  My  very  dear 
friends  and  brothers,  I  am  come  hither  to  free  you 
Ironi  the  chains  of  idolatry,  by  which  through  the 
niHuences  of  your  evil  spirits  you  have  until  now  been 
l">un(l.  I  am  come  to  teach  you  the  way  to  heaven, 
whence  Jesus  Christ,  the  son  of  God,  descended  to 

Hist.  Cest.  Am.,  Vol.  II.    13 


i!|| 

il'^'' 

ill 

i'' 

u 


t 


104 


EXPKDITION  TO  COSTA  RICA. 


savo  you.  With  wo  T  liavt;  bnm^lit  liolv  nioti  to 
teacli  you  this  faith,  wliidi  to  Jicccpt,  and  ini|>h(itly 
to  obey  our  sovci(,'ii,ni  emperor  Charles  X.,  kiiii,^  nf 
Spain  aiul  moiiai'eh  of  the  U(»rl(l,  and  us  liis  represt  nf. 
atives,  comprises  yoiir  whole  duty."  To  thesis  wt.ids 
the  ehieftaiiis  ho\ve<l  their  heads,  hut  without  makiii'^' 
answei',  neither  assentinijf  to  nor  rejeetinu^  the  muiiiH- 
eent  jind  disinteiest»'d  otfer  of  tlu;  Christians,  who  fur 
a  little  yellow  earthly  metal  gave  iu  return  the  inetliililc 
joys  of  ln>aven. 

Nevertheless,  the  savages  were  slow   to  brin;,'  in 
their  gold,  and  the  governor,  forgetting  the  lofty  si n- 
timents  with  which  he  had  regaled  Contreras  j)rioi'  ttt 
his  dej)arture  from  Nicai'agua,  lookid  about  liii'i  fr 
some    means    by   which    to    enforce    his    injumtions. 
Being  int'ormed  that  two  of  the  caci<|Ut!S,  nami'd  Ca- 
uiachire  and  Coeori,'"  who  had  before  presented  liiiii 
with  treasure  to  the  value  of  seven  hundrijd  ducats, 
were  now  encamped  on  the  op[)osite  side  of  the  ilvcr. 
he  summoned  them   into  his   [)resence,  at  the  same 
time  i»led<jfinLj  his  word  for  their  safetv.      Keluctanth 
the  chieftains  came,  and  no  sooner  had  they  plactd 
themselves  in  the  power  of  the  Spaniards  than  (a;ti- 
errez  ordered  a  strong  iron  collar  to  be  fastened  lonml 
their  necks,  and  chaining  them  to  a  beam  in  his  t\\\v]\- 
ing,  taxed  them  with  stealing  the  buried  jars  of  salt 
and  honey,  and  demanded  restitution,  or,  as  an  e(|ui\a- 
lent,  a  larij^e  amou  it  of  gold.      The;  answered  that 
they  knew  nothing  of  the  matter,  and  had  no  need  to 
])ilfer  articles  of  ■'   licli  they  ]iossessetl  an  abundant 
store.     Camachirc     rocured  gold  to  the  value  of  twn 
thousand  ducats,  w   leh  was  greedily  ap[)ropriat(d  Ia 
the  governor,  but  s    rved  only  to  whet  his  appetite. 
In  })lace  of  thanks,     iptism,  and  restoration  to  lilnit} , 
the  cacique  was  dragged  before  a  burning  tire;  a  larifo 
basket  was  placed  beside  him,  and  ho  was  told  that 

•"Ovicdo  names  the  two  caciques  Cama  and  Coco:  '  K  cada  dia  tmi  in  om 
111  gobernador,  el  ijual,  como  Iininbre  de  ninguna  espirienria,  preiidic  :i  min 
de  aciuellos  eariques,  (juc  estaban  dc  paz,  (juc  se  de(,"ia  el  Cania  (tl  s"'''  ^^'^ 
iiiuy  rico),  porquc  no  Ic daba  tanto  oro  como  cste  gobemador  le  podia."  iii-  ISO- 


GUTlEUnLZ  UOIIS  AND  TOIlTLTwES. 


195 


uiil*  s,  Avltliin  four  days,  lie  obtained  ^old  onoiigli  to 
till  it  six  tiiiH's  he  sliould  Iw  luinu'd  to  duatli."  Tlio 
ti(  iiil>]int(  iiatiw  promised  to  ('om|)Iy,  and  sent  out 
his  .>>laves  to  collect  the  treasure.  ]\'i"ceivinj;'  tho 
J  11111.111  to  he  tractahle,  an«l  Ulieviiii^  liini  anxious  to 
(•iiiii|ily  in  i^'ood  (aitli  with  the  demand,  (iutieri'i'Z  jk'I'- 
initliMl  him  to  l)e  led  every  day  to  the  stream  to  hathe, 
as  was  Ills  daily  liahit.  lieturninj^  on  one  occasion 
tViiiii  the  hath,  the  .s<>ldier  luivini,^  the  .  aptive  in  charLfO 
ii(i,de<"ted  to  secure  him  properly,  and  the  following 
iii^ht  he  made  his  escape. 

('ocoii,  who  yet  leniainod  a  {)risoner,  had  now  to 
hear  tiio  hrunt  of  the  <(overnor's  wrath.  Alter  beinj^ 
i'lvijUt'iitly  inijtortiuietl  tor  j,'()ld,  which  he  always  <lo- 
(laied  hiiiisi'lt"  unahle  to  obtain,  he  was  le<l  daily  to  a 
s|iiit  wliere  blood-hounds  werc!  chained;  liid  to  observe 
Well  their  hu<'e  teeth  and  iik'aminijf  eves;  and  throat- 
(111(1  that  unless  gold  were  soon  forthcominLj  he  shoukl 
he  toll!  and  <levoured  by  these  ferocious  brutes.  At 
liiiLfth  the  indignation  of  the  chieftain  overcame  his 
fiar.  "You  lie,  1  ad  Christians,"  he  exclaimed,  "for 
ofnii  have  you  made  the  same  threat  and  yet  1  live; 
licsides  1  would  rather  die  than  live  in  l)ondage  umttng 
siicli  vijxTs  which  I  greatly  wonder  how  the  earth 
laii  hear."  Tho  noble  native  was  then  reserved  for 
use  as  a  pack  animal.  Thus  did  Diego  Gutierrez  ful- 
fil liis  jiiomise  to  people  the  province  and  not  to  pil- 
la^T  it. 

It  was  soon  noised  abroad  that  the  strangers  who 
Ikk!  hrought  to  the  shores  of  Costa  Rica  the  glad 
tidings  of  the  gospel  v;er.,  more  to  be  dreaded  than 
the  evil  spirits  which  they  had  come  to  exorcise;  and 
the  luighhoring  caciques,  fearing  to  attack  the  Span- 
iards, laid   waste  their  own    lands,   destr(»yed    their 

"  '  I:i  (iottiercz  tlreigde  Camacliii-cn  te  vcrliranileii;  lioewcl  nil  berocds 
vcrshciilo  .stukkcn  >,'oii<ls,  met  allerlei  bcc^stcn,  tijgurs,  visschen,  vo{,'ok'ii  kon- 
sti;,'  pli(«;ts('i.'rt,  tlie  <lc  piijs  van  wee  tonnen  gouils  op-liacklon,  <lor>r  do  selvo 
ln'.i;ittiL;t  M as.  Sulk  cen  schenkaedje  sclieen  te  gering.  Hy  bragt  den  gevan- 
gonc  l,y  till  kist;  en  swoer,  liy  sonde  liein  lan.^'sacni  liraeden,  ten  zy  binnen 
vknln^'di  SI'S  maol  nicer  goiid  vcrschaftc  alsde  kistlacdcn  koodo.'  Hioiitnuus, 
M<uir,:  ]\\crdd,  87. 


l!'-^ 


t  i[, 


Hi-  '1 


* 


liVl 


Ijl 


Ml! 


^^^ 


106 


EXTEDTTIOX  TO  COSTA  RICA. 


crops,  burned  their  dwellings  and  withdrew  to  tlic 
mountains, until  starvation  should  compel  the  intruders 
to  abandon  the  territory.  The  ij^ovemor  soon  found 
himself  in  evil  plight;  moreover  he  possessed  a  tem- 
perament singularly  adapted  to  inspire  distrust,  dis- 
content, and  melancholy  among  his  followers.  Again 
they  threatened  to  desert  him  and  return  to  Nonil)i\; 
do  Dios  or  Nicaragua,  leaving  him  in  sole  possession 
of  the  boundless  forests,  sole  ruler  over  naked  and 
hostile  natives.  He  had  but  one  alternative — to  ])iish 
on  boldly  into  the  heart  of  the  province  in  the  Iu'Ih; 
of  finding  gold  or  at  least  a  store  of  provisions.  After 
some  persuasion  the  men  agreed  to  accompany  him. 
The  sick  and  disabled  were  sent  back  to  the  sea-shore, 
where  Alonso  de  Pisa  was  stationed  with  twenty-fonr 
men,  bearing  orders  that  he  should  march  thrornfh  the 
forest  alonfj  a  track  which  would  bo  desifjnated  hv 
placinjx  crosses  along  the  route.  Dividin<jf  a  scanty 
stock  of  fjrain  amonLT  his  soldiers,  now  musterinuf  Imt 
forty  capable  of  bearing  arms,  Gutierrez  plunged 
blindly  into  the  wilderness. 

(Jn  setting  out  upon  this  hazardous  raid,  Benzoni, 
who  affirms  that  he  realized  fullv  the  situation,  re- 
marked  to  a  comrade,  "We  are  going  to  the  shambles." 
Whereupon  the  other,  a  man  of  more  sanguine  tmi- 
])erament,  made  answer:  "Thou  art  one  of  those  who, 
we  intend,  shalt  have  a  principality  in  spite  of  thy- 
K(df  "^'^  For  six  days  no  human  habitation  was  seen. 
Through  dense  woods  they  journeyed,  climbing  the 
mountain  sides  by  clinging  to  the  roots  of  trees,  and 
making  the  descent  by  sliding  down  tlieir  steop  de- 
clivities. Leaves  were  their  chief  food,  and  some  hah- 
pickod  bones,  which  the  wild  beasts  liad  abandoned, 
furnished  them  a  ricli  repast. 

The  temper  of  the  governor  was  no  more  hapi\v 

• 

"  'Et  cosi  partissimo,  c  .'i  pcna  clic  fii.ssimo  saliti  ilallo  case,  io  iiwliiiinai 
(jucllo  c'haticua  ila  cascrc  di  noi  altri,  diocmlo  a  viio  Spagniiolo,  noi  iiniliiiiiio 
ttlla  bcccheria;  c  nspoiulenJonii  lui  (juestc  parole  dis.sc.  Tii  sci  vnodi  i|Ui.'li, 
clio  gli  vogliaino  far  guadagnaru  vu  Prcucipato  al  suo  dispctto, '  lUitzo.u, 
Momlo  Nvovo,  89. 


TEKRIDLE  SUFFERINGS. 


m 


tluiii  liis  situation.  Arriving  at  a  spot  where  the  path 
(iividecl,  Gutierrez  demanded  of  an  Indian  belonging 
to  the  train  which  route  to  pursue  in  order  to  arrive 
at  some  native  villages  of  which  tliey  were  in  search. 
He  nplied  that  he  did  not  know;  whereupon  the  gov- 
ernor taking  it  for  granted  that  the  answer  was  false 
ordered  his  head  to  be  stricken  off  by  a  negro  slave. 
Tlio  same  question  was  them  put  to  Cocori,  who  nou"" 
served  th(3  Spaniards  as  a  beast  of  burden ;^^  and  the 
saiiu;  r('i)ly  was  niade.  Again  the  cruel  governor  gave 
the  order  to  kill.  As  the  executioner  approached 
him  the  brave  cacique  instantly  laid  down  his  burden, 
bowed  his  head,  and  calmly  awaited  the  expected 
blow.  Struck  by  the  noble  bearing  of  the  cacicjuc 
and  his  own  infamous  conduct,  Gutierrez  counter- 
iiianck'd  the  order,  and  the  chieftain's  life  was  spared 
to  hirther  misery.  On  the  spot  where  these  incidents 
(K'cuired  three  soldiers  were  obliged  from  exhaustion 
to  rest,  while  the  company  advanced.  They  wero 
soon  afterward  massacred  by  the  Indians.  The  dog.s 
weiv  now  killed  and  their  carcasses  divided  among 
the  men,  the  governor  refusing  to  share  with  them 
the  more  wholesome  viands  which  he  had  reserved 
I'oi'  liis  own  use.^* 
l)Ut  the  career  of  Di'.'CTO  Gutierrez  was  well-ni«;h 

'^  This  <lcfrra(lation  so  affected  Cocori  that  he  ehcil  tears  and  promised,  if 
lie  wi'ie  lilicnitt'd,  to  bring  tlio  ^{ovcriior  a  quantity  <>f  >,'old.  .  '  FA.  t'sscndo  poi 
tiitti  imiiiltii  in  punto  per  maroiare,  c  vt'dendo  il  (.'aciquc  odnio  il  Cloncrna- 
tore  I'l  r  (liNprogio  lo  voleita  mcmirc  con  iiii  carico,  e  i;on  iiltri  tnui'i  Indiaui, 
oin  partcdi'lle  sue  bauaglic ;  si  attristo  in  tal  nianii'ra,  ilic  si  iiiussc  a  )»ian- 
).'rrc,  rdiiic  \n  jmtto;  o  cli  disse,  clie  se  volcua  (!ar;i;li  liln'rta.  ciu'  in  tcnnino 
ill  inuiitrouidrni,  uli  darehlic  vna  Imonasomniad'uro.'  Uci.umi,  Mondo  Svdro, 
SI.     T'lt  ills  promise  availed  liim  notliin',', 

"  il('ji/(ini  I'tlates  that  hcin^  unahle  to  eat  his  portion  of  doLt-ment  which 
^^ns  full  of  worms,  he  went  to  tiic  governor  and  ckniamlrd  food.  Dioiio  told 
liiiii  til  \i')  and  eiit  of  the  roots  of  trees,  whercupim  a  Spanianl  who  was  stanil- 
iif  iiciir  <xilainK'(l,  'Sir  govcr'ior,  since  you  vill  not  share  the  I'ood  and  the 
liail  w  itii  iis,j,'oand  make  war  i)y  yo\n'self.'  A  jiicceof  cliccsc  wi  iuhing  tline 
piiiiiids  was  then  diviiU'd  among  the  men,  who  were  thus  ])acilicil  fur  that 
ni.'lit.  riio  <:hronicler  was  on  sentry  during  the  early  morning-watch,  and 
IiimiIml;  the  governor  give  orders  to  Ins  cook  to  hoil  a  piece  of  pork  for  hi.s 
hiiiiklast  ]>aceii  to  and  fro  nearthelirc  till  every  oiu'  a  as  asleep,  when,  .sharp- 
tniiiu'a  )iicceof  wood  to  a  jtoint,  he  speared  the  pork  and  securiid  the  pri/c 
i'l  lii^>  knapsack,  'feeling  better  pleased,'  he  tells  us,  'tlian  if  ho  had  secured 
uUca^iac'  Hist.  Xew  World,  in  Uakluyt,  Divers  Voy.,  132. 


I9S 


EXPEDITION  TO  COSTA  RICA. 


closed.  The  party  was  now  upon  the  southern  slopo 
of  the  conhllera,  on  the  banks  of  a  lai^e  stream  v.hich 
flows  into  the  South  Sea  ^^  and  the  time  was  July  I  a 4,). 
A  small  band  of  disaftected  men  miserably  clad,  und 
destitute  of  food,  had  thus  wandered  far  into  the  in- 
terior of  a  wild(.'rness.  Whither  were  they  bound,  and 
v.hat  the  insane  hope  that  un^ed  them  forwards  (Gu- 
tierrez who  had  been  twice  abandoned  b}''  his  soldi,  is, 
was  now  resolved  that  these  men  whom  he  had  broiii^ht 
vith  so  much  labor  and  expense  fn)m  Nicanigua  an! 
Kombre  de  Dios  should  not  escape  him.  Alarmed  hy 
their  loud  murnuiring  at  the  [dace  called  San  Fran- 
cisco, he  had  hastily  departed,  cutting  off,  as  many 
other  Spanish  leaders  had  done  before  him,  all  li:i])i; 
of  ever  returninii^  except  as  a  successful  man.  Could 
he  have  pilfei'cd  from  the  natives  and  thereby  ol)taincd 
food  and  i^oM,  thus  keejiin;^  his  men  in  heart  until  tho 
arrival  of  Alonso  de  Pisa,  all  would  have  been  v.c'll. 
I)Ut  until  reachinu"  the  southern  detdivity  of  tho  moun 
tains  the  country  was  everywhere  deserted.  So  ru'^'ivd 
had  been  their  path,  and  so  toilsome  their  march,  that 
they  were  now  exhausted,  and  the  natives  whom  \k- 
f  >re  they  had  so  nuudi  lonL!;ed  to  meet  and  malce  tluir 
prev  Were  now  con!>"iv:>:atin!'-  to  nrev  upon  th(.'m. 

A  day  or  two  later  the  S[)aniar(!s  were  ap[)i'oacii- 
uv^  the  ven^e  of  a  forest.  An  Indian  hi(ld(.~n  beliind 
the  trees  to  watcdi  their  movements  was  ol)sei\('d 
runninijf  off  at  full  si)eed  to  give  the  alarm.  N^xt 
morning  at  daybreak  tluiy  were  attacked  by  a  Imrdci 
of  natives  who  "advanced,"  as  .l>en;ioni  relates,  '"uith 
horrid  howls  and  screams  and  noises  with  tlie  Inir- 
cinus-  shells  and  drums  —all  [lainted  red  and  Idacli, 
adorned  with  feathers,  and  golden  trinki^ts  rniind 
tlu'ii-  necks."  "In  one  half  (d'  a  ([uarter  of  an  hnu',' 
continues  tlie  chronicler,  "during  which  we  killed  ,ind 
wounded  a  great  many 'Indians,  we  made  i\\v\\\  (uiii 
their  shoulders."^"    Thev  soon  retui'ne<.l,  liowe\'er,  .md 

"  The  Rio  (inmdo. 

"■' '  I'^t  liiiuoiiilo  ooiulattnto  dall"  viia  piirto,  o  diiiriiltra  per  ifspatio  ili  iiio.M 
quarto  d"  liora,  e  liuuciido  uoi  altri uuimu^zuto,  c  I'orito  molti  liidiaui,<JuILi.  liiH' 


GIROLAMO  BENZOXI. 


I<» 


rcnowcd  the  conflict.  Tlio  Spaniards,  worn  wltli  toil 
ami  lastinif,  wore  quickly  overpowered  and  all  but 
^i\  weie  slain.  Gutierrez  felP'  mortally  wounded,  and 
liis  lu'ud,  hands,  and  feet  were  afterward  severed  from 
lii-i  l)()(ly  and  borne  as  tropliies  through  the  region 
Vvliicli  lu!  had  j)ro})osed  to  subjugate. 

Diiizoni  stumbled  upon  the  helmet  of  a  dead  oom- 
i;i(l( ,  but  for  which  circumstance  no  historv  of  the 
N'( 'A  World  would  ever  have  been  produced  by  liim. 
"I'or,"'  says  lie,  "the  stones  fn^n  the  savages  iiailed 
mioii  it  with  such  force  that  it  looked  as  if  it  had  been 
liaiiiiiici'ed  by  a  smitli."  After  some  haii'-breadth 
(sr;ij)('s  on  wliicli  the  historian  fondly  lingers,  he  was 
nx'iied  toii'ether  with  his  live  comrades  by  the  timely 
aiiival  of  Alonso  de  IMsa's  detachmei>i,  and  mai'cliing 
iiiL;ht  and  day  the  siu'vivors  made  tlieir  way  back  to 
tlic  iiio  San  Juan,  and  thence  embarked  for  Nombre 

Dios.'^ 


(II 


fattic.'li  vdltait:  lo  spalk'.'  J]ciizo)ii,  /flat.  Momlo  Xiiovo,  01.  Montanus  states 
tli;it  the  <'iitiiu  ))iittli!  lasted  half  an  iiour.  'Xa  ein  half  mir  vecjiteii,  do 
iiisdiii  d'acnvalltMs;  docli,  met  vcrsi-he  ))eiiileii  gestijft,  liiTvatteii  ileii  turn: 
linsL'kt'li  tusi  Inn  tit'  S|iaeiitieh(;  llayordc  in:  llocLfen  met  jialni-lniiite  Mwaerden 
I'll  knodsDi  iiaiseiien  -ii  heeiien  te  jdetteieii.'  JJic  ^iiiiin    il'n rclil,  SM. 

'•  Ovii'dii  savM  the  ,1,'oveninr  \\a»  .sick  with  f^out  at  tlie  time.  '  Y  el  golier- 
liadiir  en  essa  .saeoii  niandalia  nial  sii  persona,  iK)ii|ue  andaha  tnllido  de  yota  e 
i|iiatiii  iie;;r(ia  le  traian  eeliad(j  eii  una  hamaea,  lo  t|Mal  lo  deliiera  l)a.star  para 
Ml-  ii.a.i  ]ia('iente  con  los  indio.s.'  Mis  statcnient.s  ditl'ii'  materially  from  tlmse 
•  it  I'n'M/.oiii.  \lf  relates  that  the  Spaniards  U'erc^  .snr]iiised  in  their  eamp  anil 
tliat  tltilicire/ and  7- of  his  men  were  slain,  seven  oidy  making  tlieir  esi^api', 
liat  it  i.j  not  jnuhable  tliat  he  liad  so  large  a  force  nndi'r  his  eomnian<l.  iii.  IHl. 
llava'^'o.  'u\  Stiiii(  r's  J/SS.,  xiii.  .S,  siiys  that  oidy  II  or  4.")  days  idapsed  lietween 
the  landing  of  Outieirez  and  his  (leath,  hut  his  report  eoneorning  the  early 
liisti'vy  of  lliii  province  is  .som<n\iiat  vague  and  unreiiaMe. 

'^  There  is  little  <loid)t  tliat  IJen/oni's  narrative  of  the  expeilition  of  (lutier- 
iv/  is  iioniewhat  eoiored  in  eonse(|Ueneo  of  a  ruiiture  Ipetween  himself  ami  the 
g'lVciuor.  'The  lirst  day  that  we  entereil  the  porh'  he  .says,  'the  u'overiior 
(.'iiuiiiu.dy  jilaced  me  at  Ins  tahle,  and  took  j)leasuro  in  eonvei'sing  with  me. 
'J'lie  gieater  part  of  his  emiversfition  was  about  goM  and  silvi'r,  iiiid  the  wars, 
luid  tlio  cruelties  inllieted  on  Mretch(>d  Italy,  and  especially  on  Milan,  liut 
Vilion  lie  perceived  that  such  .suljjects  were  di,sagree,il)le  to  ni<^  hi^  took  a  dis- 
like to  nic  and  never  would  hear  die  sight  of  me  after.'  It  is,  iic)\\ever,  the 
only  complete  reeoid  of  that  event,  anil  I  can  hut  give  his  version  of  it, 
Usiido's  information  as  to  the  eaily  history  of  Costa  liica  is  taken  from  .Inan 
lie  INpinosa,  who  aeeoiupaiiied  Alonso  tic  I'i.sa  to  Cartago  in  one  of  his  ri^turn 
V'Va.'es.  iii.  IS4.  Jle  was  well  acipuuntcd  with  <  iutierrc/,  and  thus  tries  to 
jiiilh.ite  his  faults;  '  Desalmados  o  platieos  nue  ](or  acii  lian  amlailo,  (pie  d 
los  uovicios  11  nuevamente  venidos  Agohernar  los  ensenen  a  rohai';'  and  in  eon- 
(teipuiice  thereof  'por  em'iipies(;er,  presto  vuelven  la  hoja.e  trocaclo  el  inteiito 
0011  i)Ue  partieruii  de  Kapaua,  si  bueiio  era,  o  alinnado  en  el  cauteluao  4U0  en  su 


it;f 


'>',!ff 


r 

I  i 


20O 


EXPEDITION  TO  COSTA  RICA. 


peclio  ostaha  callado,  en  poco  tiempo  manifiestan  las  obras  el  contrario  du  las 
palabnis.'  iii.  J  78. 

Other  autlioritii'S  quoted  in  this  chapter  are  Ifirrfra,  dec.  vii.  lib.  iv.  ciip. 
xvii. ;  lieiisoiii,  Momlo  Xrovo,  lib.  ii.  83-92;  Bejarniio,  InJ'ormc;  Iluyn,  lii/onm  ; 
S<in!pr\t  MSS.,  xiii.  1-3;  Jiiarron,  Guat.  (cd.  Ix)iidoii,  1823),  73-<>,  341  .">; 
Molina,  Coup  d'OrU  da  Costa  ]'.,  4;  MoUmi,  liotqxejo  CoMa  Ii.,  10,  h;',  !,I'_>; 
Moliiin,  Costa  Ii.  and  Mr.,  0-8,  30-8;  MosquUo  Doc.  „'7,  in  77  229;  Mord  <le 
Sta  Cruz,  Vmta  A/iont.,  MS.,  14;  liekhurdt,  Cent.  Am.,  Ill,  112;  iSalv.,  Jjiur. 
OJic.  30  Mar.  1S7C.,  G18. 

The  time  of  Diego  Gutierrez'  fight  with  the  Indiana  and  death,  as  given 
by  Oviedo,  is  contradicted  in  an  oliicial  manuscript  extant  that  places  it  in 
December  1544.  It  is  the  investigation  made  in  Leon,  Nicaragua,  on  the 
25tli  of  Jnne.  1545,  and  the  writer  assures  us  he  has  an  authenticated  copy  of 
it.  Peralta'd  autograph  note  in  Peralta,  liio  San  Juan,  9. 


CHAPTER  XII. 


ALVARADO'S  LAST  EXPEDITION. 
LJ37-1541. 
The  Adf.laxtado's  Matcii-makixo  Venture — Its  Failcre — Alvarado's 

Cum  MISSION  FROM  THE   CrOWN — He   LaNIjS   AT   PuERTO   DE  CaDALLOS — 

Asi>  'I'liKNCE  Proceeds  to  Iztapa — His  Armament— He  Saius  for 
Mkxico— His  Defeat  at  Xociiistlan — His  Penitence,  Death,  anu 
Last  Wim, — Charactek  of  the  Conqueror— Comparison  of  Traits 
WITH  Those  of  Coutes— While  above  Pizarro  He  was  far  beneath 
IS.vNMivAL— His  DEi.KiiiT  IN  Bi-ooDsiiED  for  its  own  Sake— Tiie  Kest- 

INli  I'LACE  AND  El'ITAl'H — AlVARADo's  PrOGENY. 


Ok  the  events  in  Guatemala  durinsj  the  three  years 
succeeding  the  arrival  of  Maldonado  the  chroniclers 
iiiv  soiiHswhat  silent.  In  a  letter  to  the  emperor, 
(lilted  December  10,  1537,  the  viceroy  Mendoza  states 
that  he  had  rcceis'ed  from  the  oidor  a  report  whei'ein 
the  [)r()vin(.-e  is  represented  to  be  at  peace  and  in  a 
lirosporous  condition,  and  that  other  accounts  had 
iviiched  him  representing  the  country  to  be  well  gov- 
ttiH'(h  It'  this  were  so  Maldonado's  character  soon 
<li;niged  for  the  worse,  for  later  we  shall  find  in  him 
iinich  to  his  discredit. 

I'^arly  in  1538  a  royal  decree  was  received  in  the 
titv  of  Santiaufo,  ordering:  that  all  who  held  encomiiMi- 
•  las  wen;  to  marry  within  three  years  from  the  date 
of  their  notification,  or  to  f(jrfeit  their  Indians  in  favor 
nt  inanied  persons.^     This  order  met  with  general  dis- 

Wi-i'vtih\  Col,  Dnr.  Aiiliii.,  13.  The  law  was  soon  moilififd  l)y  (U'crcos  of 
I'l'li.  I'-',  l."i;;s,  anil  of  .lane  '2!)  ami  XovohiIkt  S,  I't'M,  by  wliicli  jtrclatcs  and 
l^iiviriiiii'.s  wciv  iliirotfil  t(j  induce  all  eii^iilile  iininarried  men  holding  (•iu;()nn- 
(IkIus  1(1  iiiaiTV  withii'  three  years.  Tiiis,  howevei',  wa.s  to  ho  acfonijiiisiied 
I'.v  iKTsuasi  ve  means,  or  hy  distinguishing  in  favor  of  tiie  niarrieil  men  in  the  dis- 
tiiliiilioii  of  Indians,  and  not  by  cocrciv  e  measures,   llvcop.  de  /nilins,  ii.  *J71  --. 

I  iiUl  J 


T 


ii 


r  A3. 


202 


ALVARADO'S  LAST  EXPEDITION. 


m    >! 


i  ' 


>i 


■  \\  > 


a[)[)roval,  and  the  cabildo  petitionci  the  ]d\vj;  to  re- 
consider the  matter.  Eligible  women,  tlie\'^  said,  oouM 
be  found  only  in  the  city  of  Mexico,  so  I'emote  fiom 
the  piovince  of  Guatemala  that  the  cx])ens(!  of  tiio 
journey  was  beyoud  the  means  of  most  colonists. 
]\rany  declined  to  marry  because  they  would  not  link 
thcnisclves  with  persons  socially  theii-  iid'erioi's,-  while 
the  small  number  of  Indians  assigned  to  sonic  would 
])revent  their  supporting  a  family. 

On  his  retuiM)  from  8j)ain  in  the  following  vcir 
Alvarjido  reports  to  the  cabildo  that,  in  comp.iuy 
with  his  wife,  come  twenty  maidens,  well  bred,  the 
daughters  of  gentlemen  of  good  lineage,  and  he  cx- 
])res.ses  confiflence  that  uone  of  this  meivhandise  will 
I'emain  on  his  hands.  But  the  venture  does  not  uw 
Avith  the  success  the  adelantado  anticij)att;d.  At  (Hic 
of  the  enceitainments  given  in  honor  of  his  ariiv.il. 
and  at  which,  relates  Vcga,^  many  of  the  con(|Mista- 
dores  were  i)res(Mit,  these  damsels,  who,  concculcd 
behind  a  sci'cen  in  an  adjoining  apartnuMit,  were  wit- 
nessing the  festivities,  conmiented  on  the  ap|»eai;iiiic 
of  their  })rospective  husbands  in  the  most  disp;>;;iL(in!.,' 
terms,  '*  They  say,"  remarked  one  to  her  coni|i!Ui- 
ions,  "that  these  are  to  hv  our  husbands."  "  What! 
mai'ry  those  old  fellows?"  was  the  i'ej)ly.  "  Let  those 
W(.'d  thom  who  choose;  I  will  not;  the  devil  takcithcni! 
One  would  think  by  the  way  they  are  cut  up  that  tiny 
just  cscaj)ed  from  the  infernal  i'egi<»ns;  for  sonic  are 
lame,  st)me  with  but  one  hand,  others  without  lais. 
others  with  only  one  eye,  others  with  half  their  face 
gone,  and  the  best  of  them  have  one  or  two  cuts  across 
the  forehead."  "  We  are  not  to  marry  them  ibi'  their 
good  looks,"  said  a  thii'd,  "  l)ut  for  the  j)UJ'pose  of 
inhei'iting  their  Indians;  for  they  are  so  old  and  worn 
out  that  they  will  soon  die,  and  then  we  can  choose 
in  place  of  these  old  men  young  fellows  to  our  tastes. 

'■' '  V  oti'os  <iuo  niinqiU!  liaya  imigeres  in\  la  tioiTa,  y  cUos  estc'ii  fii  oilail  i|ii" 
t(j(liiviii  so  Hiit'ra  casawo.  no  las  (|ucrriin  por  las  t'lifcniUM lades  contai,'ii).si.'i  i['w 
ili^  la  tiLTi'a  «e  lian  jx'fjjailo. '  Ari:rulo,  Col.  Dor.  Aiitiij.,  14. 

'■^  Cujumt  lUii rioti  Ji'iulv.1,  ii.  i)ii. 


t.  i 


THEY  WILL  NOT  ^L\RRY. 


203 


ill  the  saino  manner  that  an  old  hroken  kottlo  is  cx- 
i;]i;iiiL,n(l  lor  one  that  is  lu.'W  and  sound." 

Now  it  chanced  tliat  one  of  the  '  old  rdlows'  over- 
In.iid  what  was  said  and  told  his  (/oniijanions.  "]\Iarry 
with  thcni  hy  all  means,"  was  his  advice,  and  then  ho 
wtiiL  and  took  to  himsell' the  daiij^hter  of  a  caci(|ue. 


DuriiiL,^  his  residence  in  S[)ain  Alvarado  obtained 
iiiiili'i'  a  commission  from  the  crown,  dated  April  17, 
1  j;!s,  tlu'  grant  of  the  tweiity-lirth  jiait  of  all  islands 
and  lands  which  he  mii;ht  discover,  with  the  title  of 
(•(innt,  and  the  seii;-nory  and  jurisdiction  over  them; 
he  uas  appointed  governor  and  ca])tain  general  for 
life  over  all  such  territories,  and  was  authorized  to 
civci  on  them  thret;  forts;  ho  was,  more(n'er,  mado 
!ilgn:i(il  mayor  in  perpcituity,  and  i'.\em[)te(l  from  all 
inli'ilei-ence  hv  judu'es  or  other  othcers  in  evorything 
|nitaining  to  the  iitting-out  of  his  fleets.  The  ex[)e- 
(liti'iii  was  to  bo  made  at  his  (jwn  exjjense,  and  ho  was 
to  take  a  westerly  dirix'tion  toward  China  and  the 
.S;)ici'  Islands.*  From  a  letter  of  the  vicerov  of  ^lex- 
ico  we  also  learn  tl.at  ho  was  antho)-ize(l  to  extend 
liis  exploitations  northwai'd,'^  and  that  the  em])eror 
•ted  all  the  principal  otKcials  of  the  New  World 


(iirci 

to  aid  in  the  arrest  and 


pui 


d 


nishmen 


t  of 


any 


o 


f  Al 


va- 


ladiis  subordinates  who,  wIumi  discoveries  had  been 
made,  should  revolt,  fail  to  fullil  missions  intrusted  to 


t'.ivu 


1.   o 


r  disobey  him  under  any  pretext.     No  clem- 
tiKV  would  be  extended  by  the  crown  to  such  oilenders, 


llcsc 


privileges  wore  granted  m  consu 


ted 


derat 


ion  oi  hi.s 


f  h 


siiviccs  in  the  coiKpiests  of  ]\[exico  and  (jJuatoinala.^ 
Ivuiy  in  1  f).')*)  the  adelantado  sot  sail  from   Spain, 
iitcoiiipanied  by  his  wife  ]-)oha   IJeatriii  <le  la  Cueva,' 


I 


i      1. 1 


'  IV/:,,/',-,  Chroiiha  dc  Gro/.,  1.>S-!);  llcniul  Dkiz.,  Ili-f.  Vtvhid.,  'IX); 
III  n-' i-'i.  ili'o.  vii.   HI),  ii,  o:ij).  x. 

''\  i|U(;  n'^iiuisMiii  do.sciiliriL'sn,  por  la  cnsta  do,  osta  Xncvii  l^-^piiriii  (|U0 
llaiiiMii  ik'  111  iiiai-  ilil  Siir  ii  l:i  \)i\rU'  I'.el  liiiitL',  ('()u  iliis  iwivujs.'  rai:/u:i:ij  and 
t'tinliiirri,  (',,1,  /he,  iii.  .")()';.     See  ulso  Ovkdo,  iv.  123. 

'■  \'irji,i(~,  ('hiiiiiiat  il'  h'ruK,  1.">.S  0. 

'  N"  L'lraiir  proof  I'oiilil  ixiwt  of  tlii>  Iii.^li  favor  in  whiili  Alvarailo  stoo:! 
lit  luuiL  tliiiu  tliu  uiTauj,'L'iiiuiit  of  this  scconil  iiiarii;n^u.     TUu  lady  being  tiio 


SM 


ALVARADO'S  LAST  EXPEDITIOX. 


'in 


y- 1 


.ind  on  the  4tli  of  April  lautlcd  in  state  at  Puerto  <lo 
Cahallos,  with  three  large  vessels  well  filled  with  pro- 
visions, materials  of  war,  and  all  things  necnlcd  (<> 
equip  a  second  fleet  on  the  slujres  of  the  South  Stfi. 
He  was  attended  by  a  large  retinue  of  cavali(  rs. 
Among  his  troops  were  tliree  hundred  arquebusit  r,s 
all  well  armed  and  accoutred.* 

Collecting  a  large  number  of  natives  he  at  oiko 
l)egan  the  task  of  transporting  his  ponderous  frci-^lit 
tt)\vard  the  coast  of  Guatemala.  Anchors  each  weigh- 
ing three  jr  four  hundred  pounds,  artillery  an.l 
munitions,  iron,  chain  cables,  heavy  ship  tackle,  and 
cases  of  merchandise  were  dragged  along  by  Indians 
yoked  together  like  draught-animals  or  carried  uii 
their  naked  shoulders,  to  be  conveyed  a  distance  (>( 
a  hundred  and  thirty  leagues  across  a  mountainous 
and  difficult  country.  Forty-three  days  were  con- 
sumed in  making  the  journey  to  Gracias  d  Uios.' 
Numbers  of  the  unfortunates  succumbed  and  dr()[)|)((l 
fcenscless,  only  to  receive  the  curses  of  the  commaiukr 
as  he  ordered  their  burdens  to  be  placed  on  the  backs 
of  others,  who  were  constantlv  arriving;  in  fresh  relays 

Bister  of  his  former  wife,  a  special  dispensation  of  the  pope  was  requiri'il  tu 
legalize  the  iiiiirriage;  and  through  the  infhience  of  Cobos  and  tiie  pnwcrof 
tho  emperor  a  bull  was  granted.  Such  an  autliorization  was  rarely  olitaimil. 
Ovic'lo,  iii.  '21H,');  Alcara<l(i,  Carta,  in  Anralo,  Col.  Doc.  Aiilhj.,  \''.);  da- 
vnrrc(i\  Cojiiasdc  One,  }>lfi., 'i'.]-4;  Oomnra,  Hi4.  J  ml.,  209;  Toriini)ii<idi,\. 
H'J.'}.  Kcniesal,  who  is  in  error  as  to  the  date  of  this  niarri.ige,  has  this  rciiiarl; 
respecting  the  <lispeiis,ition.  'J^ioeneia  que  se  d;i  raras  ve/.os.  .  . Y  ciitoncos 
parecio  mayor  lilni alidad  <hd  Surao  I'ontitice,  por  auer  sido  el  primer  iiiutri- 
nioiiio  eonsuinado.'  Hist.  C/iijapa,  17.    Sec  u\so  liciixoiti,  Jlint.  Jlondo  Siinr', 

^Aharailo,  Carta,  in  Ar/ralo,  Col.  Doc,  Atitif/.,  170;  IFrrrera,  dec.  vi. 
lib.  ii.  eap.  x.  Oviedo  .saj's  Alvarado  brouglit  400  men;  that  he  toiulnil  ut 
Kspafiola  and  took  in  supplies,  staying  there  17  days  and  leaving  on  Maivh 
I'Jtii.  iii.  'J14- 1.').  In  JJnton  LHoij.  the  number  of  men  is  given  as  '2.")0,  iuc-liiiliiiu' 
bijosdalgo  and  men-at-arms.  The  cargo  incluiled  HOO  arqueliuses,  -100  jiikr?, 
'200  ballestius,  mucii  artillery,  and  rich  nierchan<lise,  valued  at  over  .'iO.diRl 
ducats.  Cartas  (Ic  Iiidiajt,  700.  The  (hite  of  his  arrival  is  obtained  InMU  lii^ 
own  letter  to  the  cal)ildo  of  Santiago  al)ovo  quoted,  Uemesal  stati's  that 
there  existed  ii.  the  archives  of  San  Salvador  a  letter  of  exactly  tlir  suiw' 
tenor,  but  dated  April  M,  and  as  he  (juotes  the  commencement,  which  in  tlii' 
(siiuie  as  that  of  the  letter  preserved  by  Arevalo.  it  was  either  ii  duplii.ttc,  or 
Kemesal  conunits  one  of  his  careless  errors.  Gavarrete,  in  C<  jiia-i  (/■  !>■"'■' 
MS.,  •i;t-4,  gives  the  date  as  the  1st  of  Anril. 

"Here,  as  will  bo  hereafter  related,  Atontcjo  surrendered  to  Alvaniili)  liis 
claim  to  the  provinces  of  Honduras  and  liigueras. 


\if 


I     ! 


EXTKXSIVK  PREPARATIONS. 


m 


fnmi  Cuatcniala.  In  this  manner  he  pushefl  on  toward 
the  |iort  of  Iztapa,  wliere  the  frames  of  a  number  ot* 
sliihs  had  already  been  constructed.^'^  On  his  arrival 
Alviuado  spared  no  expense  in  completmi^  his  arma- 
tm  lit,  not  only  using  all  his  own  available  means,  but 
lidii  lowing  largely  and  purchasing  vessels  on  credit." 

Alxiut  August  \C)o[),  Friar  Marcos  do  Niza,  who 
liad  lor  some  time  past  been  travelling  in  the  unex- 
jiliiK'd  regions  far  to  the  north  of  Mexico,  returned, 
with  the  marvellous  tale  of  the  seven  cities  of  Cibola 
iiiid  their  wonderful  wealth. '■*  The  news  spread  and 
tlie  I'xcitement  became  great.  Half  a  dozen  rivals 
(•l;iiiii('tl  the  exclusive  right  to  the  exploration  of  that 
coiintiv,  and  among  them  Alvarado,^''  who  accordingly 
liunied  forward  the  preparations  for  his  enterprise. 

]^ifore  tlie  middle  of  1540  his  connnand  had  been 
roLiiiorced  by  numerous  recruits,  and  a  fleet  of  at  least 
twelve'*  vessels  had  been  constructed,  and  cquippLnl 

'"  While  at  Santo  Domingo  on  liis  return  voyage  Alvarado  told  Ovicdo 
tliat  lie  liad  oil  tliu  coast  of  tlic  South  Sea  seven  or  eiylit  ships  built  for  lii3 
l.niposcd  voyage  to  China  and  to  the  Spice  and  Molucca  Islands.  Ovkdo,  iii. 
•Jl.-). 

"  His  expenses  were  enormous.  Bemal  Diaz  says,  '  fueron  tantos  los  gastos 
quo  hizo  ijue  no  lo  bastu  la  riqueza  que  traxo  del  I'iru,  ni  el  oro  que  lo 
sacaviiii  lie  las  niinas. .  .ni  los tributes de  sns  pueblos,  ni  lo  que  le  prcsentaroii 
Hits  duudos  y  ainigos,  y  lo  que  tomo  Undo  do  mercadercs.'  Hist.  Vcrdud.,  '235. 
His  will,  in  wiiich  he  made  Bisiiop  Marroquin  his  executor,  shows  tiiat  lie 
liad  luuiuToua  creditors,  who  had  furiii^ilied  ships,  provisions,  supplies,  and 
iii'iiiry.  Itimc>siil,  Hist.  Chijapa,  1Sj-0.  \'azqucz  says  the  cost  was  over 
'JDD.dOO  pesos  dc  oro. 

"  X'r.a,  Dcifcub.,  in  Pacheco  and  Ccirdcnus,  Col.  Doc,  iii.  325  ct  seq. 

'  ■  The  claimants  to  this  presumed  right  besides  Alvarado  were  Viceroy 
Miiidoza,  Cortes,  Xufio  dc  Guzman,  Hernando  de  Soto,  and  the  city  of  Coin- 
[iijstila  ill  Xueva  Calicia.  /(/.,  xv.  300  ct  seq.  For  further  particulars,  see 
///<'.  Mix.,  vol.  ii.,  this  series. 

"  Mciidoza  states  that  he  fitted  out  as  best  he  could  12  ships.  Carta,  in 
Pnrlini,  mid  Cdrdciias,  Col.  Doc,  iii.  507;  Hcrrera,  12  deep-sea  vessels,  inchid- 
iiigi'iKiif  I . 'J  and  one  of  20  benches  of  oars.  IJeauinont,  12ships.  Crdn.  Mich., 
ii.  iVJ;  'relic,  J/ist.  X.  Gal.,  382,  a  fleet  of  ships;  ISernal  Diaz,  13  good  sized 
shqis,  iiKhuling  a  galley  and  a  patachc.  Jiiyf.  W'rdad.,  2:15;  \'azqucz,  13 
«!iilis.  rhronica  dc  ilvat..  150;  Rcmesal,  10  or  12  large  ships,  a  galley,  and 
tiisias  with  oars.  Hist.  Cfii/npa,  IGl ;  so  also,  fiomara,  J/itt.  Ind.,  208-0,  and 
T()ii|i,iiiiada,  i.  .323;  Ovicdo  states  that  there  were  1.3  ships,  including  largo 
and  siuall;  3  galleons  over  200  tons  each,  a  fine  galley  and  two  fustas;  the 
iitlur  ships  Ix'ing  of  100  tons  burden  and  over,  iv.  10,  20,  23;  Juarros,  12 
tlw|i-si'a  vessels  and  2  smaller  ones,  that.,  i.  2.55,  and  Benzoni,  Hist^  Moiido 
Aioiv  I."i4,  10  vessels  and  4  brigantincs.  IJenial  Diaz  asserts  that  the  llect 
was  titled  out  in  Aeajutla,  and  Tello  at  Realejo.  L-istly  Oviedo  represents 
.Mvaiiulu  as  sailing  from  Iztapa,  when  8  ships  were  built,  to  Aeajutla.    Thero 


I 

U 


Ii-      ■ 

|l:'..|)ft 


ALVARADO'S  LAST  KXPEDITION". 


with  cvorytliiii'Lf  that  rorcsiirht  could  sucfgost.  Lcav- 
iii<;  JJoii  Franc-iseo  dc  la  (\iova  as  his  licutt'iuiiit- 
governor,  I  he  adclantado  sailed  I'roiii  Iztapa/'  mikI 
landiiiLj  at  Xavidad  in  Jalisco  proceeded  to  Mexico, 
where  he  entered  into  arranijfenicnts  with  ^NFendozii 
.lelative  to  tlie  exj)edition,  and  their  individual  in- 
terests in  it."  The  aij^recnicnt  was  not  conchuK'd  with- 
out considi'iahle  wrani^dinj^'  as  to  terms,  and  Alvar-idd 
jirohahly  considered  hiniselt'  somewhat  overreached 
l)V  the  vicerov. 

Ha\iii^;  remained  five  or  six  months  in  Mexico  Ik- 
was  now  prepared  to  set  i'oi-th  on  his  expedition," 
when  an  insurrection  having;  broken  out  in  Jalisco  Ins 
assistance  in  suppressinjjf  it  was  requested  hy  the  act- 
ing governor  Onate.  Contrary  to  advice  he  entered 
the  re\()lted  province  with  his  own  ti'oops,  not  waitiuLf 
for  other  forces  to  join  him,  and  attacking  the  j[)en(il 


;:ii. 


i   i 


ia  even  more  discrepancy  with  roj,'arcl  to  the  number  of  his  men.  Viccrny 
^Icnilozii  KtatcH  thiit  tlio  force  consistcil  of  400  men  and  (iO  lioraes.  Ctiiia,  in 
I'lxhii'o  and  ( 'dnli  i/at<,  Cut.  Doc,  in.  TjOT;  Oviedu  of  I.OiH)  men,  aome  of  mIkhii 
he  hron^ht  iVoin  Spain,  and  others  had  .seen  service  in  the  Indies;  Ikrrcrii 
that  tiierc  were  more  tiian  SOU  so!dier,s  and  JO  liorses;  JJernal  iJiaz,  ().')(»  .sol- 
diers Ijcsidea  oiiiccrs,  and  many  liorccs;  'J'ello,  JtOO  Spaniards;  Beaumont,  80il, 
and  ).">{)  lior.es,  and  Jjci'.zoni,  TOOsohliers. 

'■' Herrcrti  states  that  Alvarado  despatched  liis  expedition  to  the  coast  of 
JaHsco,  tlieru  to  wait  for  him,  and  went  overhmd  to  AIcnico,  and  Ovicdd, 
iv.  'JO,  a'..so  entertains  tiiis  view  ;  h\it  .Mendozii  and  Gonuira,  Hist.  I  ml.,  "JOS-II, 
distinctly  states  tliat  lie  .sailed  with  his  ileet,  and  the  former's  testimony  is 
eonclusivc.  Oviedo  gives  the  additional  infonnation  that  Alvarado  .<iiit  :i 
messeiij^cr  to  tlie  emperor  with  an  account  of  liis  expedition  and  drawiii;,'.s  (if 
his  licet.  Oviedo  had  an  interview  with  the  me.ssenj,'er  and  saw  the  draw- 
in;^s.  \'az(|ue;'.  wrongly  asserts  that  on  his  voyage  the  adclantado  discovc  ruil 
Acajuthi.  Chruiih-a  dc  (!v:if.,  \'A}.  He  had  already  duiw  so  as  early  as  I.VJ4. 
Sec  f/isf.  ('ill'.  Am.,  i.  070,  this  scries.  ]Jcrnal  Diaz  wrongly  gives  l.'i.'iS  ii.s 
tiic  date  of  I'.is  sailing.  Jli.tf.  \'ii(lad.,  230.  'I'lio  time  of  his  departuiv  \v;i,s 
about  the  middle  of  ir)40,  for  on  the  I'Jth  of  May  of  that  year  the  caliildn 
rccjuestcd  him  when  on  the  point  of  departing  with  his  fleets  to  take  wiili  liim 
the  inipri.soncd  jirinccs  Sinacani  and  Scciucchul.    I'ftr.ifirz,  C'hroii.  (I'nit.,  '.VX 

'"  In  J'nchi'cii  and  I'urdciia.'i,  Col.  Doc,  iii.  S.Tl-O'i,  is  a  copy  of  the  a^'in- 
nicnt  lu'twecn  Alvjirado  and  the  viceroy.  Oviedo  gives  the  copy  of  ;i  littir 
addrc.s.sed  hy  Mendozii  to  himself,  in  which  the  viceroy  states  that  i\w  kin:', 
in  his  contract  with  Alvarado,  was  pleased  to  give  him  a  share  in  tlic  di.s- 
coveries  without  his  knowledge  or  solicitation,  iii.  540.  Mendoza  statis  tlwt 
this  .share  was  one  half.  I'dcficro  and  Cdrdenax,  Col.  Doc,  iii.  oOT.  .\itii.'li' 
'20  of  Alvai-ado's  capitulation  with  the  crown  authorized  him  to  give  .Men- 
do/a  one  thirtl  interest  in  his  armament.    Vaxrjiitz,  Chronivn  dc  ilvaf..  I.'i!'. 

"  'Ai'cjrdamcs  despachar  dos  armadas;  una  para  deseubrir  la  co.stn  di'sta 
Nueva  Espafia,  e  otra  quo  fuesse  al  Poniente  en  dcnianda  de  los  Lei|uio.i  y 
Catayo. '  Mendoza,  Carta,  iu  Vvicdo,  iii.  540. 


DEATH  OF  ALVARADO. 


207 


of  Xoi'liistlan  nwi  witli  tho  dofoat  wliicli  lias  already 
liccn  (Icscrihc'd.*"*  While'  coverini^  the  rctixat  at  tlu; 
IhjkI  of  the  rc:ir-L>uar(l,  his  secrctaiy  Moiitoya,  iu 
ijjiiiic  lli,L;'ht,  so  ui'ged  his  exhausted  steed  up  a  sti^ep 
asciiit  that  the  animal  lost  his  foothold  and  rolliiiLj 
(ivcr  sti'uek  Alvai'ado;  who  was  toilini^  u|>war<l  ou  foot 
hiidiiii^f  his  horse,  and  crushed  his  chest.  His  fol- 
IdWt  IS,  hastening  to  his  assistance,  found  him  insensi- 
Mc,  and  as  soon  as  he  had  somewhat  revived  carried 
him  OH  a  litter  to  Guadalajara,  lie  suft'ered  i^ri'atly, 
hut  liis  chief  anxiety  was  to  procure  a  priest  to  whom 
lie  could  relieve  his  burdened  soul.  l>i)rne  aloniL^  on 
this  his  last  journcjy,  his  sins  weighed  even  more 
heavily  njton  him  than  bodily  torture,  and  it  was  with 
relief  that  lu)  greeted  the  arrival  of  a  friar  who  had 
licLii  summoned  from  a  neif>'hborin<jf  town.  To  him, 
iiiulcr  some  pine-trees  on  the  roadside,  the  conqueror 
(if  (Juatemala  confesst'd,  and  lingering  for  yet  a  few 
(lavs,  received  such  consolation  as  the  rites  of  leliuiou 


colUil 


glV( 


1!) 


It  was  the  4tli  of  July  1541  that  ho 
hrcathed  his  last,  liaving  made  a  will  by  which  lie 
aiiiitiint(.;d  Juan  do  Alvarado  of  the  city  of  ^Mexico 
and  l)ishop  ]\larroquin  of  Santiago  his  executors. 
Ilis  exhaustion  did  not  permit  full  details,  but  he 
oave  instructions  that  the  will  should  be  sent  to  the 
piilatt'  witii  whom  he  had  connnunicated  concei'ning 
the  poi-formance  of  certain  matters  for  the  beneiit  of 
liis  soul.  He  ordered  his  body  to  be  deposited  in  the 
cliurch  of  (hiadalajara,  thence  removed  to  the  con- 
vent at  Tiri[)itio,  and  tinally  interred  in  that  of  Santo 
Demingo,  in  the  city  of  Mexico.-'^  To  meet  the  ex- 
piiis(  s  of  his  funeral  enough  of  his  property  in  Gua- 

''  //'■-'.  Mix.,  ii.  408  ct  acq.,  t'.Is  scries. 

'■'Wlicii  jiskccl  wlioro  lie  sud'ercil,  '  ucliando  Fanjrrc  por  la  boca  docia: 
'' Ai|iii  y  il  aliuii;'' '  and  wliuii  the  priest  arrived  to  eoiit'ess  liini  lie  exelaiiiicd: 
'  S(  11  !■,  sea  1 ,1(11  llcgado  para  remcilio  de  una  nlma  tan  pecadora. '  'J'll/o,  JJisf. 
X.  li'ii..  .•i'l:?. 

■'ilis  injunctions  with  regard  to  the  disposal  of  his  remains  were  but 
tanlils  riiiru'd  out.  Ditlan  Jiio'imliroti,  in  I'arlatnle  Indian,  'i)'.)-\0,  74,");  Tf'/o, 
llix^  X.  (I'll.,  ;}',(,");  JicainiHiiit,  ('run.  Mich.,  iv.  27(J-7.  I5eiiial  ])iaz  errone- 
wisly  stut(  s  that  he  was  huried  at  I'uriticaeion.  Jli.sl.  VirdnL,  "JlUi.  Accord- 
iiig  to  a  clause  in  the  will  of  Bishop  Marroiiuia,  uiade  iu  lo(>3,  Alvarado's 


' '    '    1 


ALVAnADO'S  LAST  EXPEDITION. 


l:ii  ; 


uy. 


(lalajara  or  ^Foxico  was  to  be  sold  by  auction;  and  ho 
K'ft  strict  injunctions  that  all  his  debts  should  bo  paid, 
subject  to  tho  discretion  of*  IVishop  ATarroquin.^^  All 
bis  reniaininiuf  property  was  becjueathed  to  his  witc, 
and  suninioniniyf  before  him  tho  captains  and  oftici  rs 
<tt'  his  vessels  ho  ordered  thoni  to  return  to  Guatenuilu 
and  deliver  them  into  her  })osscssion;  but  this  injunc- 
tion was  never  executed.  After  the  adolantado's  de- 
cease, his  men  dispersed  in  difFerent  directions,  soiik) 
reniainintif  in  Mexico,  others  returning  to  Guatemala 
or  making  their  way  to  I*eru,  while  the  fleet  which 
had  been  constructed  at  so  great  an  exj^onsc  and  at 
the  cost  oi'  hundreds  of  lives,  was  appropriated  hy 
Mendoza.  His  estate  was  so  encumbered  that  the 
viceroy  did  not  suppose  that  any  one  would  accept  as 
a  gift  tho  inheritance  with  its  liabilities,"  and  in 
another  letter  stated  that  no  one  cared  to  do  so.^^ 

Duly  authorized  by  Juan  do  Alvarado,  his  co- 
executor,  to  settle  Alvarado's  estate,  ]^ishop  ^Maiio- 
quin  framed  a  will,  bearing  date  of  June  30,  1541.',  in 
accordance  with  what  he  represents  were  tho  wishes 
of  Alvarado.  It  is  quite  voluminous  and  is,  with  the 
exception  of  the  preamble,  given  in  full  by  lienisal. 
Much  is  done  for  the  relief  of  Alvarado's  soul,  which 

remains  were  still  at  Tiripitio,  ' dodo  cstii  cnterrado,  que  es  en  Tynpiiti.' 
The  former  loft  'JOO  ducats  to  the  convent  where  Alvarado  was  buricil.  lie 
also  left  1,000  pesos  dc  oro  dc  minas  to  found  a.  chaplaincy  in  the  cliurdi  at 
tiuatcmala,  that  masses  might  be  thci'j  ;  ;>id  foi-  his  soul.  Some  yc;irs  after 
the  death  of  the  bishop  the  daughter  of  t))a  ,  Iclantado  had  her  father's  niuaiiis 
tr.insferred  from  Tiripitio  to  (juaicmali',  w  lere  they  were  interred  v  ith  f:ruat 
solemnity  in  the  cathedral.  liimi-sal,  I'isf  Vlnjaiut,  IflO.  Gonzalez  Davila. 'ays, 
'  En  el  ano  \7A'l  el  Obispo  comedo  a  i  -.ecutar  el  testanicnto  del  (!ouciii;!ilor 
!>,  I'edi-o  de  Aluaradf),'  and  erroneously  adds . . . '  y  el  Obispo  trashido  su  ciarpo 
dc  Mexico  h  Santiago.'   Tcatro  Edc.'^.,  li.  148. 

2'  Tvlh,  Ilht.  X.  O'dl.,  ,394-0;  lieaiimoiit,  Crdn.  Mich.,  iv.  274-0;  I!r)iifsal, 
lI'iKt.  ('Iii/(ipa,  1(!1-'J;  this  last  author,  page  187,  states  that  ^Marnjiniin  in 
carrying  out  the  intentions  of  Alvarado's  will,  ordered  the  payment  to  lio 
made  for  a  set  of  clerical  vestments  which  the  friar  Bctanxos  orilcred  liim  to 
furnish  as  a  iienancc  in  ir>'-'8.  Bernal  Diaz  remarks,  'Some  say  a  wiil  was 
made,  but  none  has  appeared.'  J  lid.  Verdcul.,  "I'M. 

^'■'  The  viceroy  states  that  Alvarado's  debts  amounted  to  50,000  pesos  ile 
minns,  to  whicii  must  be  added  ir),000  more  expended  by  himself  on  \\'\^  ni-'- 
count.  Carta,  in  Cartas  deluding,  2J.3-4,  and  fae-si!;iilc  II.  Bishop  Marrmiuin, 
August  1541,  says  that  he  left  at  his  death  debts  to  the  amount  of  M,(M 
pesos.  /(/. ,  429,  fac-simile  V. 

^Mtiidoza,  Carta,  in  '^acheco  and  Cdrdena-s,  Col,  Doc,  iii.  507-8. 


CHARACTER  OF  ALVARADO. 


200 


we  i:i;uit  was  lu'cdful,  and  to  l)o  expected  under  the 
(■iicniiistaiiees.  The  docuiueiit  further  ehieilv  eoueerns 
till'  I'iIk  ration  of  Indian  slaves,  the  foundinj^  of  eliap- 
laiiicjis  and  altars,  the  j)aynient  of  his  numerous 
(|;l)ts,  and  the  heijuest  of  insignifieant  sums  to  his 
illegitimate  sons.'-'* 

Ill  a  vault  heneath  the  hiijfh  altar  of  the  cathedral 
(iff  liiatcmala  the  remains  of  Pedro  de  Alvarado  weie 
liiiallv  laid  at  I'est.  Comparinij  him  with  other  con- 
ijUiiurs  of  liis  aL!^(^  he  was  second  as  aconnnan<ler  oidy 
to  Cortes,  though  in  character  and  system  of  action 
lie  was  his  opposite.  Cortes  j)ossessed  a  certain  great- 
ness and  nobility  of  soul:  Alvarado  was  mendacious, 
tivaclicious,  and  dishonest;  his  frank  demeanor  cloakinl 
(lucLit,  and  favors  heaped  upon  him  were  rejjaid  with 


■'  III  tlio  vtillcy  near  Siintiago  Alvnratlo  had  a  large  jilantation  with  many 
nianinl  ;  laves,  cdllfctod  in  the  following  manner:  Soon  after  the  coiuiuest 
lio  siiiiiiiiiiMeil  the  piineiijal  lords  and  ileniandod  from  each  so  many  families, 
\ii:!i  tiair  head,  who  without  more  ado  Mere  branded  and  plaeed  on  Iil» 
['l;iiit:ili(iii.  'J'Irsc  the  liishop  tleelnred  Bliouhl  thenceforth  lie  free,  ami 
pisst;:.  and  dwell  on  the  lands  they  had  previously  tilled,  with  the  .  olc 
ohliL'ation  of  supjiortinj^'  two  ehaplaineics,  founded  liy  this  same  instrument, 
fur  tin'  piu'i  (ISO  <if  saying  daily  nui^s  for  the  repose  of  tin;  soids  of  Alvarado 
anil  his  wife.  An  altar  in  the  cathedral  dedicated  to  St  Peter  was  al:;o 
(iidi  I'd  to  lie  founded,  before  which  the  aforesaid  masses  were  to  lie  saitl. 
The  slavci  ill  the  L;oId-iiiines  arc  next  declared  set  free,  and  are  to  reside  on 
Ills  iilaiilatioii;  not,  however,  until  the  debts  of  Alvarado  shall  liuxe  been 
I'^.iil,  (hainu'  w  liich  time  their  needs  of  soul  and  body  were  to  receive  careful 
attciitiiiii.  The  will  concludes  with  an  enumeration  of  Alvarado's  property, 
i.i  \iliicli  shii  s,  "rtillery,  lands,  negroes,  houses,  live-stock,  etc.,  ligure.  It 
v.a.s  a]i]iai(iitly  never  executed,  for  the  audiencia  of  Mexico  ordered  that  tliu 
ciiidiiiicMilas  (if  Alvarado  which  were  the  best  and  most  numerous  of  tiio 
]iiiiviiaes  of  (liiateniala  shoulil  not  bo  given  to  any  one,  but  that  one  or  two 
iiiiiilieteiit  persons  be  aiijiointed  to  take  charge  of  and  manage  them,  ami  that 
till'  jiiiHeeds  bo  devoted  to  the  public  works  of  the  city  and  cathedral  and 
tl:e  ii|i(iiiii;,'  of  roads,  building  of  bridges,  and  the  assisting  of  I'oor  jienple  t() 
I'l  liiiilil  tin  ir  homes.  On  the  10th  of  October  ]'A'2  a  royal  decree  was  issued 
iliil.niiiu'  that  all  the  Indians  and  tov.iis  belonging  to  Alvaiado  were  the 
inii]ieit\  iif  the  crown.  This  <lecree  was  not  j)idilislicd,  however,  until  .I.iii. 
^.  \'>i-\.  A  jiidtest  was  entered  against  it  by  the  city  as  being  detrimental 
to  the  public  interest,  but  it  seems  to  have  hail  no  eli'ect,  as  the  royal  faetur 
"as  iiistnuted  to  collect  tlic  tribute  of  the  said  towns,  and  take  cliarge  of 
the  Inilians.  AVm.,',/,  /Ji.<f.  C/n/njin,  IS1~!)0.  liishop  Marrnijuin,  in  a  letter 
til  llie  emperor,  dated  March  1."),  1.14.">,  recommends  that  his  ch'bts  be  paid, 
at*  inai  y  needy  ]iersoiis  will  thereby  be  benetited.  S(/iii(r'.-i  M.SS..  x.xii.  I.SS. 
Aiiil  a'jaiii  in  .hine  of  the  same  year,  he  states  that  Alvarado  having  left  no 
h'u'al  liiiis,  the  estate  re'  '.'rted  to  the  crown,  and  rejieats  his  jirevious  i-econi- 
iii'iiilatii  n  that  the  debts  be  paid,  adding  that  the  cieditors  were  suH'eriiig, 
"laiiy  (if  them  being  in  prison  for  debt,  ''ctiiax  dc  Indicts,  44l-'2,  Consult 
alsu  Tt.-'tiiiioiiio,  in  /'ac/ieco  and  Cdnlenua,  Col.  Doc,  xiii.  'JG8-70. 
Hist.  Cent.  Am  ,  Vol.  II.    11 


I'l 


210 


ALVARADO'S  LAS  T  EXPEDITION. 


\  \ 


i'  ' 


UV' 


I    ; 


iiiiiratitudo.  In  the  breast  of  Cortc's  beat  an  afrt'ctidn- 
ate  heart,  stern  thougli  it  was,  and  lie  sekloni  i'aiKd 
to  win  the  true  regard  of  his  ibllowers.  The  eoncjuodr 
of  Guatemala  was  void  t)f  afl'eetion  even  for  woiiicn, 
and  his  choice  of  wife  or  mistress  was  inspired  l»y  aiii- 
hition  or  lust.  To  govern  l)y  fear  was  his  delii^lit. 
Cortes  was  cautious  and  far-sighted;  Aharado  im- 
])etu()us,  never  anticipating  other  than  tavorahle  ix- 
snlts.  In  versatility,  as  well  as  in  mental  and  nnual 
(pialities,  Cortes  was  far  superior  to  the  adelanta(ii)-  - 
instance  the  mutiny  at  Patinamit.  Cortes  would  have 
suppressed  it,  had  such  a  thing  ever  occurred  under 
his  command.  Alvai'ado's  careen-  hardly  affords  tlio 
means  of  fairly  estimating  hisciualitiesasaconunniidci', 
for  he  never  met  his  countrymen  in  the  Held.  Xevci- 
theless,  though  his  victories  were  chielly  owing  ti 
suj)eriority  in  arms  and  disci[)line,  he  disi)laye(l  r.n 
several  occasions  genuine  military  skill,  and  his  ([uick 
perce[»tion,  coolness,  and  ])resence  of  mind,  which  im 
extremity  of  danger  disturbed,  ever  enabled  him  Id 
act  promptly  and  rightly  in  the  most  critical  posiiioiis, 
That  he  never  sustained  a  reverse  in  arms,  I'rojn  (lie 
time  he  left  ^Mexico  in  ir)2;»  until  the  disaster  which 
caused  his  death,  indicates  generalship  ol'  no  nicau 
order.  As  a  govei-nor  he  was  tyraimical,'-"'  and  his 
capacity  for  ruling  who  inferior  to  his  abilitv  in  the 
tie!d.-^« 

,lud<x<Ml  (n'en  bv  tlie  standard  of  his  aw  it  must  ho 
said  of  him  that,  while  ever  ])roclaiming  disintercslnl- 
ness  and  loyalty  to  the  crown. ^''  none  of  his  contrin- 
poraries  were  inspired  by  a  more  restless  ambition,  and 
few  actuated  by  more  thoroughly  seltish  mulivcs 
Success  apj)ears  to  have  rendered  him  callous  to  any 
sense  of  shame,  and  in  the  last  effort  of  his  life  he  \V!i> 
])rompted  by  boyish  I'gotism  and  foolish  pride,  hciiy 


•■' I'l'Wfudl,  lli.4.  Chilli pii,\'2. 

^''"  I''iu'  iiicjor  sdUImiIo,  que  (loiicntndor. '  (iimwni,  Jlhl.  Iii<f.,'2ii'.\ 

■'  In  il   IcttiT  to  till'  ((iiiiuil  of  the   Indii'S  lii'  s.-iys:    '  I'lU's  todo  In  (]U0  ,Vi> 

csttil)i('rc  will  ocuiiiniiK'  en  al^'o  in  qui'  siilui,  a  Su  M;iy.  lo  tnigo  [or  iniiy  'lii"' 

gtistailo.'  L'arla,  ui  i<quiu'ti  MS.,  .\i\.  31. 


THE  ADELANT ADO'S  PROGENY. 


211 


s]uiii'(<l  l»y  jealous  opposition  to  the  man  tlirouij^li 
wliiiM'  liivor  lie  had  been  raised  to  his  hi^"h  station.-^ 
A  jK  riisal  of  the  despatches  written  during  liis  Liter 
viais  would  without  other  evidence  lead  to  the  eon- 
( liision  that  he  was  the  victim  of  a  general  attack 
(liifitcd  aLTainst  him  bv  his  countrvmen,  who  denied 
liis  services  to  the  emperor, misrepresented  his  motives, 
and  decried  his  conduct.  But  his  earlier  letters  ad- 
dressed to  Cortes  during  the  days  of  their  friendshij), 
i>  seal  more  correctly  the  true  character  of  the  man. 
TliLiv  we  see  portrayed  his  audacity,  his  presence  of 
iniiid  in  dnnger,  his  capacity  as  a  leatler,  his  diabolic 
(K'.iglit  in  bloodshed,  blended  ^vith  the  superstition 
then  strangely  prevalent  among  his  countrymen,  that, 
while  thus  serving  the  devil  to  the  uttermost,  ho  was 
ulmi lying  God,  and  winning  for  himself  celestial 
lavdi's.-' 
Alvarado  left  no  legitimate  offspring,  for  though  he 

•"  lie  \M-()te  to  the  emperor  requesting  that  no  change  lie  nmdo  in  liis  com- 
iiii.-.-iidii,  as  \w  hail  learned  that « 'ortOs  was  soliciting  luninis.-ijoii  to  mulcrtakc 
till'  cciiiiiiu'st  lie  nieditiiteil.  Jli'rrera,  doc.  vii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  x.;  JJcuumoiit,  L'luii. 
Ml'-h..  iv.  -irfl'X 

•'•'1  <^\\^^  herewith  a  copy  of  Alvarado's  epitaph: 
'  111  iiuo  Aiisriisto  111  iuvo  iiicri'ciilo 
]!ii  I'sti"  iiMgii>tii  inoiiiiiiii'Mto  jai'i) 

Y  l■^■lli^^  iln  KiH  ^'lori.•ls  Imy  rciiaco 
]!ini;iii<l>i  su  iiicinuria  lU'l  nlvido 
Sli'xici)  iiiliiiio  (11  c'ci)  rcpctidii 
Aliilulll/'.a.s  <li'.  rl  lk'lii|«i  las  I'llluco 
1^'.  Hi  talito  valnr  hO  hatisraoo 

I.ij  i|i'.  11  Itoniuli)  Itoiua  li'  lia  ili'lihlo 
C'<iii(|iiist>l  hiiKlai'ioii  y  liolilasionc* 

Y  lialpiT  la  iiliilali'ia  ilisii.  ulo 
Di'.^liacii'iiilii  las  iiiililas  iic  (>|'iMi()ii<\s 
(lliniijili>  liicii  ('nil  Kir  ixli'laiilailii 

t>i  hay  miji'tii  ^^<•.\'.  ■<  cK-  I'sliw  Ma/i  i  i"t 

'J'.kIii  lalic-  <ii  II.  i'l.lio  Jo  .Mvaiiuli. 

lu'i|iiiusi'iit  111  pace.' 
It  is  copied  literally  from  d'aranrfe,  Cojilnx  ilo  Dnr.,  'MS.,  ,")3.  Oonzalr.-^ 
I'avila,  in  i(i4!t.  makes  thi.s  extraordinary  statement :  'Minioen  MiAJco.y  y.izo 
I'll  (1  (iiiiMiito  <le  Santo  l>oniingo.'  He  also  say.s  that  Ivan  I  >ia/  de  la  <  alle, 
■l)llii;d  .Mavnr  lie  la  Seeretariu.  de  Xueua-lvsi)aiia.'  dedicated  to  Alvarado  the 
fi)lli\viiig  epitaph,  which  was  to  ser\e  until  one  vas  written  siic'.i  tu)  the 
lueianry  nt'  his  t'eat.s  and  actions  deserved; 

^  Miinunieii*^!),  el  (pie  nierecir;  mas  Augusto,  que  fne  jiara 

'  \a/o  Iji  i;>io  .\ii^'osto  laNi'..;  ima  C'iudad  de  (liiatiuiala,  lo  que  jiaia  Kmnii 
liomuio;  Kl  famoso  por  la  \  irtud  de  sii  valor,  j  vitmia.s, 
/';>/(  I'lilm  (h<  Ah'dniilo,  tlel  Ahito  de  Santiago,  Adelantado,  (ioue.iiador, 
•  'apitaii  (leneral,  t'oiiipiistador,  I'nndador,  y  I'lihladnr  desta  llustrhsiniii 
<  i'.iiiad  lie  (inatimak.  t^tuc  la  dio  'remplos,  Leyes,  (.'ostiiiidires,  y  KiNis. 
lle;-|iius  de  auer  desheeho  en  muchas  liatallas  el  engaai)  de  la  Idolotilii, 
p"iiiiiiilii  jiura  Kiempre  eessaeion  en  siis  .Mtari's,  y  Aras.  I'a.s.so  a  la  iitnior- 
Uliilail  de  que  ya  go.'.a.  eu  el  Auo  1041,'  TuUro  h'vkx,,  i.  110. 


212 


ALVARADO'S  LAST  EXPEDITION. 


• 


had  two  cliiklren  by  liis  second  wife  tlioy  h  Mi  died  in 
early  oliildhoo  1."'  Numerous  illegitimate  children, 
howevc'!-,  survived  him,  amoni*"  whom  may  be  men- 
tioned l^oha  Let)nor,  Pedro,  and  ])iogo  de  Alvarado. 
Jiis  oftsjniniif  by  a  daughter  of  Xicotencatl,  the  lord 
of  Tlascala/'^ 

'"./wrtrcos  Oitfif.,  i.  347. 

"  Dofiii  lA'onor  iiiarried  Pedro  Pucrtocarrcro  ami  aftcrwartl  Francisco  do 
la  Ciujva,  Id'otliiT  of  Alvarado's  wife.  Pedro  was  lefritimi/ed  by  tlm  em- 
peror. Tliis  was,  aeuDrdiiig  to  Jk-rnal  Diaz,  J/lsf.  Vcr'Idd.,  'IWl,  the  natural 
son,  mentioned  also  liy  Saavedra,  in  Ptichcro  and  i'drdi'iian.  Col.  Ihv.,  vii. 
'247-")0,  who  went  to  the  court  of  Sptiin  to  claim  moneys  due  to  lii.s  tatlicr, 
and  whom  Saaveilra  recommended  urj^ently  to  Las  Casas  the  eouncil)i)r  ( f 
state.  Die<;o  was  slain  in  I.")r)4  liy  Indians  at  the  defeatat  (^huquinga.  M;ir- 
rofjuir.  informs  the  emi)er()r  tliat  Alvarado  left  six  s(nis  and  daughters  '  ilcsiui- 
dos  syu  abrigo  alguno.'  Cartas  tic  Indian,  4;2!>,  4.'VJ  H,  70!)  10;  (ioiiiara,  llisi 
/«(/., '2(»!>.  Anotlier  son  named  tiomez,  by  an  Indian  girl  in  (iuateiiialii,  is 
mentioned  in  the  will  afterward  framed  by  Bishop  Marnxjuin.  AVmcsa/,  //(.*.'. 
Chyifin,  IS.").  For  an  account  of  the  presentation  of  Xicoteucatl'a  daughter 
to  Alvarado,  see  Jlint.  Mvx.,  i.  '227-30,  this  series. 


m 


fh 


ll:| 


CHAPTER  XIII. 


THE  CONQUEST  OF  CHIAPAS. 

1520-1529. 

Ofi(  N    ■■•■  ;  '■;  CinAPANEca — They  Submit  to  the  Spaniards  after  tub 
MfA      '     'oNgrKST— But   Rise  in   Arms  wiiex    Rkqiireu  to    I'ay 

1  I  ii;\  1  :        .  ATTAIN    LUIH   MaKIN    UNDERTAKES    THE  CoNQHEST    OF  TIIK 

J'luivp.  'E-HiH    Battles   with    the    Natives — The  Panh;-stkicken 

AUIH.LERVMAN  -CaI'TCKE  OF  THE   STROX(iHOLI)  OF  ClirAI'AS— ThE  Cha- 

Mi  LANS  Risk  in  Revolt— Tjieir  Fortress  1Jesie<;ei)  Rei-ulse  of  tiie 
Spaniards— Ueknal  Diaz  in  Peril -Flight  and  Surrender  i>f  the 
CiiAMi'LANs — Marin  Returns  to  Esi-iritu  Santo — Second  Revolt  of 
riii;('iiiArANE('s  -TheirSurjuoation  i>y  Dieoo  de  Ma/.arieoos-  Third 
JiKiiEi.i.ioN-  -Their  Self-destruction — Pedro  I'tehtocaurero  in  the 
Field  -HisDisroMFiTt  RE— FouNDiNo  of  V'ili  a  Real  -.Juan  Knriqukz 
in:  (lizMAN  Takes  the  Residencia  of  Mazariegos  -His  Maladminis- 
tration. 


For  many  centuries  before  the  beginning  of  tlio 
Chiistian  i/a,  an<l  jirobably  for  two  or  three  Imndred 
yoars  later,  the  s^ite  where  now  stand  the  ruins  of  Pa- 
len(|Uo  in  Chiajfaf-;^  v.  as  the  centre  of  one  of  the  most 
|»o\v('ii'ii!  ni('ii,iri.liiof-  in  the  western  world,  the  great 
Maya  empire  (.f  tl  ^  C''w.nes.  To  Votan,  the  culture 
liL'ni,  who,  accordmg  lo  Maya  tradition,  claiming  lii.s 
(k'scent  from  Chan,  the  serpent,  first  introduced  civil- 
ization into  America,  and  after  his  disappearance  was 
Mdislijppcd  as  a  god,  is  ascribed  the  foundation  of  this 
iiiii'ieiit  dynasty  abou':  three  thousand  years  ago.^ 

'  Orii,'iiiiilly  writ'  'n  CSir.pa,  lis  nppeara  from  several  orij^inal  cedillas  and 
nth<-,' ilnriirueiits  1'.  ing  dates  as  late  as  157!>.  (iiiti(.  Col.  t/c  Cii/iitni  /ikiIi.i, 
piissiiii.  'I'he  ini,:'ii;  ^  r,|>"  tlio  word  is  tlillercntly  explained,  (,'liiiipaii  sij,'iiify- 
iii.'  'Inciilitv  (if  the  •  i  \-  '  (ail-seed),  also  '  sweet  water.'  Xulirf  h'Ko.f,  ii.  12(). 
A.v.inliii;; 'to  Ma/;,vi  ,;,  it  i;^  derived  from  '  Tejicteliia,'  'Battle  hill,'  the 
iiaiiic  (if  tlie  stroiijjliold  rth'.'re  the  Chiapuuecs  fortitied  thunisulves against tho 
Mi'xicins,  Moil.  Chidjia,  12. 

'See  Motive  Jlacis,  v.  231,  this  series. 

(213) 


;.i 


214 


THE  CONQUEST  OF  CHIAPAS. 


It  is  related  in  the  oldest  records  obtained  from 
the  archives  of  Alexican  history,  that  the  Tzendalcs. 
a  tribe  dwelling  in  the  neighborhood  of  Palen([U(', 
shared  with  the  Zoques  the  northern  part  of  ChiajKis, 
while  the  southern  and  central  portions  were  occn|ii((l 
l)y  the  Zotziles  and  Quclencs  and  also  by  the  Cliiii- 
]»anecs,  who,  though  at  first  confined  t;)  a  nai'iow 
strip  of  territory-,  finally  overran  the  entire  region;' 
Whether  the  Chiaurnecs  came  originally  from  Xica- 
ragua,  or  were  a  e  ';^''''f'>ent  from  the  great  Tolloc 
swarm  that  swe[)t  soi  ird  into  Guatemala,  or  wcio 
descended  from  the  mj  .lic  Chan,  is  a  question  tliat 
is  yut  involved  in  some  mystery.  We  know,  howevcv, 
that  after  their  arrival  they  built  a  stronghold  wliich 
})rovod  impregnable  until  the  advent  of  tlie  Spaiiianl 
with  his  su[)erior  skill  and  weapons,  and  that  here,  dn' 
centuries  before  the  conquest,  they  maintained  tliLir 
independence  and  extended  their  possessions.* 

It  is  ]iro1)able  that,  as  early  as  1520,  Spaniards  pen- 
etrated into  this  region  under  the  auspices  of  jNToiitc- 
/.uma,  while  friendl}'  relations  were  still  maintaiiiiil 
between  that  monarch  and  Cortes.  After  the  I'all  if 
the  ]\[exican  capital,  dismay  at  the  achievements  of 
the  great  conqueror  was  so  widely  spread  that  iiiaiiy 
independent  tribes  sent  in  their  allegiance,  and  aiiiuii^' 
them  the  Chiapanecs.''  These  different  territ(»iies 
were  soon  portioned  out  in  repartimientos,  and  Ciiiapas 
was  assigned  with  other  districts  to  the  Spanisli  srt- 
tlers  in  Es[)iritu  Santo.  No  sooner,  however,  was 
the  attempt  made  to  render  these  repartimientos  prof- 
itable by  the  exaction  of  tribute,  than  the  natives  loso 
in  arms.  IMany  settlers  were  killed,  some  offered  iii 
sacrifice,  and  all  the  efforts  of  the  colonists  to  parity 
the  revolted  districts  were  unavailinijf.'' 

»/(/.,  i.  C81-2;  V.  003-4. 

*  For  tlu!  aliorigiiial  history  of  these  peoiilc  I  woiiUl  refer  the  rriuUr  to  my 
JWttirc  7i'(((V.s  t'f  the  I'dcijic  Sidti s,  vol.  v.,  passim. 

•'  Mdzitriiijoii,  Mi'in.  ('/I'lcijta,  r),G;  Cdrt'-n,  D'utrio,  xix.  3U0;  Jiiarro^,  (IntiL, 
i.  10;  1(1.  (ed.  Lomloii,  KS2.'{),  210;  Lctrraiiizar,  Socuiiiifco,  l(i;  JtniW'Kil,  //"''• 
C/n/ii/Ki,  2(i4. 

"  ALizariegos  states  that  harsh  treatment  drove  the  Indians  to  revol',  <itiiig 


FXPEDITIOX  OF  MAIIIX. 


210 


T:i  iri2;l  tlio  sottlemcnt  at  Espiritu  Santo  was  in 
cliai'i^t'  of  Captain  Luis  ]\Iann,  an  oHkvr  wIkj  had 
foULjlit  undoi-  C'ortus,  and  whom  J^ernal  ])iaz  desci'ihcs 
i!s  ;i  man  al)out  thirty  years  of  age,  bowlegged,  but 
loinist  and  of  good  stature,  with  russet  heard  and 
features  marked  with  the  small-pox,  one  excelling  in 
lidrscniansliip  and  conversational  powers,  of  gentle 
(lispDsition,  and  without  a  trace  of  ill-nature.  J)eem- 
iiig  it  imprudent  to  march  against  the  Chiapanecs  with 
the  slender  force  at  his  conn^iand,  !Marin  repaired  to 
Mexico  to  ask  aid  from  Ct)rtLN,  'ind  was  at  once  sup- 
plied with  an  auxiliary  hand  of  thirty  men,  and  in- 
structed to  [»roced  to  Chiapas  with  all  the  troops  he 

lukl  muster,  and  establish  there  a  Spanish  town. 

lieturning  to  Esjnritu  Santo,  ]\[arin  lost  no  time  in 
canving  out  his  orders.  After  some  delay,  caused  l)y 
opening  a  road  through  the  intervening  forests  and 
morasses,  he  arrived  at  the  bank  of  the  river  ]\Iaz- 
aj)aii'  and  slowly  marched  up  the  stream  tt>ward  the 
stronghold  of  the  Chia})anecs,  then  known  to  the 
S]nniiar(ls  by  the  name  of  CHiiapas.  Befoi'e  nearing 
this  fortress  the  commander  held  a  muster  of  his 
foi(  es.  According  to  Bernal  Diaz,  who  accom[)anied 
thi'  e\])e(lition,  they  consisted  of  15  cross-bowmen,  H 
aiqiiebusiers,  (jO  foot-soldiers  armed  with  swords  and 
shieK's,  27  horse,  about  80  ^VFexicans,  and  the  cacicjues 
uiid  other  pi-incipal  men  of  Cachula  with  their  follow- 
t'ls.  Marin  had  also  a  iield-piece  in  'diarge  of  one 
whom  lio  sn})posed  to  be  a  competent  artilleryman.** 

as  iiistiinct's  that  youths  of  20  years  and  nntlor  witl'  sold  as  slaves  at  tiie  ratu 
ot  iiii  iiiiirf  thiiii  tlirut-  ])L'sos  fucrtt's;  that  fiigitivi'S  witc  hunti'd  down  witli 
lilnodlioiinds,  and  tliat  any  one  found  wanninj,'  himself  at  a  lire  altor  ciudit 
oVldck  atni,i,dit  was  hanged.  J'ciii.  Chiapn,  G,  7.  In  these  statements  lie  is 
piilty  of  niiaehii.nism.  The  law  regarding,'  tiio  extingnishing  of  lires  was 
jiasxil  (in  tlie  l.")th  of  August  IS'JS,  and  that  arranging  the  iiriee  of  slaves  in 
Ucttilu'i'iif  the  same  year,  the  former  being  almost  inimediatelv  annulled  with 
icgaiil  to  the  imnisliment  of  hanging;  but  both  were  enaetod  after  the  sub- 
juf;nii(in  of  the  Indians.     Conm\\t  I'l  nn  mil,  llht.  ('/i!/n)iii,  'iTfi,  'J7S-(). 

'tailed  also  Cliiapan.  1'his  river  takes  its  rise  in  the  Chuehuniata.i 
iiiiiiuit.iiiis.  HnisD/iir  (}('  lloiirhoiinj,  lli-f.  Xnt.  dr.,  iv.  '>~i.  It  and  its  alllu- 
ciitri  fdriii  the  head-waters  of  the  Tabaseo  or  ( Irijalva.  The  Spaniards  wel'o 
iiieviiir  up  the  left  bank,  the  town  of  Chiapas  iieing  on  tiie  op[iosite  sido 
soiiR-w  hat  higher. 

"This  foreo  is  less  than  that  given  by  Goinura  and  others.     l]eruul  Diuz 


''''1 


uM 


•21G 


TnE  CONQUEST  OF  CHIAPAS. 


!  I 


'     1 


The  cscribano  Diego  de  Godoy  was  his  second  in 
command. 

The  Spaniards  now  continued  their  mardi  with 
much  caution.  As  they  approached  the  popul.'tcd 
district,  four  sohUers,  one  of' wliom  was  Bcrnal  ])u\z. 
were  sent  to  reconnoitre  about  half  a  leai>ue  i;  advuii.c 
of  the  n)ain  body,  but  were  soon  discovered  iy  native 
lumters,  who  inmiediately  spread  the  alarm  by  snioko 
signals.  The  army  soon  afterward  reached  cultivati-d 
lands  Avith  wide  and  well  coi'.structed  roads.  WIku 
within  four  leagues  of  Chiapas  they  entered  the 
town  of  Iztapa,  whence  the  natives  had  fled,  lea\iii:^f 
an  alnmdant  supply  of  ])rovisions.  While  restiiij,' 
here  the  videttes  reported  the  approach  of  a  lai'^i' 
body  of  warrin.'t^,"  but  the  invaders  being  on  the  ali  rt 
placed  themselves  in  ]H)sition  before  the  enemy  caiiiD 
up.  The  battle  which  ensued  was  indecisive.  Tin; 
Chia|)anecs,  deploying  with  much  skill,  almost  sur- 
rounded the  small  Spanish  I'orce,  and  at  their  lirst, 
discharge  killed  two  soldiers  and  four  horses,  and 
\vt)unde(l  liuis  Marin  and  sixteen  other  Spaniards. 
besidi'S  many  of  the  allies,  The  contest  was  main- 
tained with  great  fury  till  nightfall,  when  the  natiw-; 
retired,  leaving  numbers  of  their  men  on  the  iiekl  so 
severely  injured  as  to  be  unable  to  follow  their  com- 
rades."*  Two  of  the  captives,  who  appeared  to  \n' 
ch*    „ains,  gave    information    that   the   coni'ederatcd 

stiitca  that  there  were  five  otlicr  liorsomcn,  who,  however,  could  imt  iio 
counted  «is  ligliting  men.  Tlie  nrtillcrynian  he  describes  as  '  iiniy  coliaii',' 
and  informs  lis  that  the  natives  of  (,'achula,  '  Ibfi  tel)h>ndo  de  micdn,  y  por 
lialiiijoa  his  Uevatnos  q  nos  ayudassen  d  abrir  Caniino,  y  llevar  el  faiiliijr.' 
He  also  asserts  that  the  levy  was  held  in  lent,  ir)24,  adding  '  Ksto  de  los  aims 
no  me  acuerdo  liicn.'  His  memory  was  correct,  however,  as  is  provcil  hy 
liodoy's  despatch  toC/ortcs,  which  will  be  frequently  quoted  later. 

•The  Indians  of  Chiapas  and  its  district  were  tiic  terror  of  surrounding 
towns,  and  were  incessantly  at  war  with  those  of  Cinacantlan  and  of  the  tnwiis 
about  Lake  Quiienayas,  robbing,  killing,  reducing  to  slavery,  and  siicrillciiii,' 
captives.  They  even  waylaid  merchant  trains  on  the  roads  lietwecn  'I'lliiiiiii- 
t<'|)ec  and  other  provinces.  Bernal  Diaz  states  that  without  exception  llxy 
were  the  greatest  warriors  of  all  Now  Spain,  superior  even  to  the  Tlusialtocs 
and  Mexicans, 

'"The  number  of  natives  killed  as  related  by  llernal  Diaz  is  so  dispropoi- 
tionatcly  small  that  some  error  nnist  have  crept  into  his  text.  He  siiys,  'Ha- 
llamos  ([uinzo  dellos  mucrtos,  y  otrus  nuichos  heridus  q  no  sepudiero  ir.'  y/'^'■ 
Vcnlad,  178. 


TnE  ATTACK. 


817 


liaiid-i  of  all  the  .siirrounflinj^  districts  wore  proparod 
to  renew  the  attack  on  tlio  following  day. 

All  niufht  vi;^ilant  watch  was  kept.  The  soldiers 
sK'[>t  under  anns;  and  the  horses,  ready  saddled  and 
iiiidled,  were  tethered  within  reach  ot'  their  riders. 
Tlu'ii'  was  not  one  of  the  Spaniards  who  did  not  ex- 
])('(t  a  night  attack  and  dread  it.  Numbers  of  them 
wric  sorely  wounded;  their  leader  was  faint  from  loss 
(if  I  ill )()(!;  and  tlio  unflinching  firmness  of  the  Chia- 
]»,iiircs  had  dulled  their  self-confidence;  but  no  call  to 
arms  aroused  them  from  their  fitful  slumbers,  and  at 
sunrise  they  wearily  buckled  on  their  armor  and  pre- 
paicd  t<t  renciw  the  fight. 

During  the  engagement  of  the  previous  da}',  the 
Imiscmen,  disregarding  the  instructions  of  ^larin  and 
the  advice  of  his  veterans,  had  suffered  severely  from 
using  their  lances  too  early  in  the  fray,  their  weapons 
hcing  wrested  from  their  grasj)  and  turned  against 
tlienisclves.  Orders  were  now  u^iven  for  them  to 
clKUge  in  squads  of  five,  to  carry  their  lances  poised 
out  of  i-each,  and  not  to  use  them  until  the  enemy 
Were  fairly  ridden  down  and  their  formation  broken. 
The  field-piece  was  loaded,  and  their  preparations 
heing  now  comi)leted,  the  Spaniards  advanced  toward 
Chiapas.'^ 

Long  before  the  invaders  arrived  in  sight  of  the 
stronghold,  the  enemy  apjicared,  formed  in  coiu})act 
ordei',  and  advancing  to  the  attack  with  deafening 
war-cries.  They  were  armed  with  javelins,  which 
they  hurled  from  implements  fashioned  for  the  pur- 
pose; with  bows  and  arrows,  and  weapons  similar  to 
toothed  swords;  with  slings,  also,  and  lances  longer 
than  those  of  the  Spaniards;  and  wore  as  a  j>rotection 
ii])rons  of  twisted  cotton  reaching  Irom  head  to  foot, 
Nvhieli.  when  in  retreat,  they  could  roll  up  and  carry 
uudei  (he  arm.*'-     Marin  (piickly  put  his  men  in  array, 

"  l'>i  riiiil  Diaz  remarks  that  Chiapas  could  in  truth  bo  callc<l  a  citj',  for  its 
stricts  \v(i(.  veil  laid  out,  and  its  houses  stron^fly  built,  containini'  more  than 
4,000  hca-ls  of  familii-s. 

'  /'.,  dodvi/,  11,1.,  in  liarcia,  i.  107;  Gomara,  /IU(.  Mex.,  233.     Brosecur 


■:     M 


|vi 


•JIS  TIIK  CONQrKST  OF  CIIIAI'AS. 

and  or(l(M'(!l  lli(>  arlillcryDum  <i»  open  (ire.  liiil,  (lie 
jj^iiniicr,  wlio  IukI  cnlci'tMiiicd  his  coiMriidt's  diiiiii'^  a 
loiiLj  in;in-Ii  willi  slor-ics  of  Ids  l»ra\<' (Iccds  In  ll.ily, 
l)l;in<'Ii('(l  Itclorc  <lit'  cttmini;"  onset.  I  lis  IcLifs  <rciul>lii|, 
and  LCi'as|>ini^  Ids  piece!  (o  sM|ipoil.  Idmsell",  lie  \\,i^ 
nn.'d)l(!  either  io  train  dv  iii-e  i(.  \i,  lent^'lh  <he  \n\\\ 
e\e('i;i(i(tns  and  an<^iy  sIkmiIs  of  his  eoinrades,  IicikI 
idxnc  1  he  clamor  of  (he  {\h\  I'onsed  him  from  his  li(l|i- 
lessness,  and  with  sliMkinLi^  li;ind  he  dischai'ijcMl  lii^ 
c.-nmoii.  \U\l  his  cinmsv  work  was  worse  tli;m  liis 
in;ic<ioii,  lor  lhe»»nly  rt'snil  was  <h(!  wonndinLjol' (liivo 
of  his  companions.''' 

At  this  mish;i|>  Marl  in  ;d  oncc^  ordered  his  (ma.-iIi  y 
io  charge,  while  th(>  infantry  were*  rajtidly  lornied  in 
cohnnn.  .M'ler  a  lonuj  and  ohslinate  <'ontesl,  (ln! 
(Iiiaj)anecs  were  linally  ronled;  hut  on  acconnt  ol' iIki 
nalure  of  ihc  ^ronnd  [)in'snit  was  impossihle.  Ad- 
vancin<4;  toward  tlu^  town  tlu"  Spaniards  unexpectedly 
discovered  altci"  ascendin'^^  some  hills  on  theii'  liiio 
ol'  march,  a.  still  lai'^er  host  of  the  enemy  await iiiL;" 
them.  The  I  ndians  had  pi'ovided  themselves  wit  h  loii'jf 
ropes  and  de*'r-nets  with  which  to  entrammel  ami 
cai)tnrc  tlu>  horses.  In  the  ensninn'  hatth^  tlu;  invad- 
ers sustained  unusual  casualties.  Several  of  tin*  liorsi- 
men  lost  their  lances;  live  lioi'ses  and  two  cavaliers 
weri'  slain;  and  so  continuous  and  well  directc(|  were 
the  disidiar^'cs  of  javelins,  arrows,  and  stones  that  crc 
lonij^  nearly  all  ot  Marin's  conunand  were  wounded. 
At  this  juncturi'  a  hideous  object  appeared  in  the  ctii- 
tre  of  t  hi>  ( 'hiapanec  ranks.  An  I  ndian  woman,  nude, 
wrinkled,  and  ohi'se,  her  body  painted  all  over  with 
U'hastiv  (K'sii>ns  rendered  more  eifective  1)V  tufts  ol' 
cotton,  had  aifivi'd  upon  the  battle-field.  No  J"]uipus;i 
could  be  more  fri«>htful.     The  creature — so  ran  the 


i1(>  noni'liour;:;  suggests  tliat  tlu'sc  aprons  were  made  of  iiidia-niMior  //'-'• 
Xiit.  dr.,  iv.  .">7l;  liiit  r.cnial  l>ia/,  ITS,  .says,  '  Co  liiicnas  ariiia;!  do  al^niln, 
and  (iciiiiara,  '  viii)si)aiu'!-t's  indadna  do  algodon  liilado.' 

' '■  l>i  riial  Pia/,' ouiitoniiit  (if  this  man  is  oxprossod  hy  an  epitlict  jiartiiti- 
Lilly  iilVonsivo  to  a  Spaniard,  '  niiostro  noj.'io  Artilloro  1^110  Ucvavavanio.-'  [xkl 
'lij  I'icu  nogro  so  podra  llanwrj,'  Jlifl.  WnlaU.,  171). 


i  .'■ 


f;¥H 


MSCOMFTTUIli:  OF  TFIE  l]\U,  DXIi 


210 


)•(  [Mill  -was  i'("^anl<'!|  I»y  (lie  ('liiaj);iM<!Cs  .'is  (lidr  di- 
\ii)il\-,  and  Ik'I"  |ir(;s(!iic<!  sli<;  had  |)r(:(Ii(;tcd  would 
iiisiiii'  thrill  vicfoiy."  ^\u^  Iho  iiaiivd  auxiharics 
)V((t.;iii/('(l  th((  si^niilicanrc  of  her  an'ival,  and  diawii 
nji  hv  llifir  Icadcis  in  Ji  cojnpact  I'ody,  daunt Icssly 
|(iii'4lil.  their  wuy  ii|»  io  licr,  "and  ha(;k('d  to  pieces  llie 


;i((ilise(l  •j'oddcss, 


IS  liernai 


I) 


la/  aiiinns 


Tlinii'fh  discoiKMTlcd  the  natives  <Io  not  yi<id,  rely- 


III'. 


Ill    llieir   ninnlxis   arn 


1    tl 


leir   coiira'j-c 


an( 


I    th 


li.inl  pressed  Spaniards,  snppoited  hy  th(!  pf.'ijc  is  and 
I II  111  (hi  I  ion  ol"  their  priest,'"'  fi^ht  with  roiiowMjd  viifor. 


he   caxalrv  a'^ani   aii< 


aLfaiii  ru 


lo   tl 


ironifh 


th 


loe 


(111  hiii'4'  them  (h>wii  and  traniphnj^  them  under  loot 
iiiilil  their  ranks  a.r<!  hi'oUen  and  scattered.  At  leiitrtli 
the  ('hipanecs  s(!ek  safetA',  soni<!  on  IIk;  nei''Iihor'intf 
Kicks,  and  others  hy  swinimiiii^  the  deep  and  rapid 
Maza|)an. 

Alter  devoutly  thaiikinLj  (jiod  for  tlio  victoiy,  and 


-iii'''iii'i  the  salve  re'niia, 


th(,'  S[ 


tania    Is  advance  to  a 


siii;i!l  \illan'(!  not  far  IV(  "ii  the  city  itself,  and  jiitcli 
their  camp  for  the  niij^ht,  threat  precaution  hoiiii;  taken 
t'l  |ii'e\'eiit  surjiriso.  Assistance  now  (tonics  from  an 
iiiir\pe(ted  ((uai'tci'.  Ahout  uiidiii'^dit  ten  Jndiaiis 
(less  th(/  ii\-er  in  canoes,  and  allow  themselves  to  h(j 
(|iiiitly  captured.  IJrou^'ht  hefoi'e  ^Farin  they  state 
thill  they  are  natives  of  Xalt(;[)ec,  and  have  been 
(•iiii'|ii(icd  and  enslaved  hy  the  (.'hiapaiiecs,  twelvcj 
\(ars  hefore.  'fhey  offer  to  aid  the  S[»aniards  hy 
Mi|i[ilyiii'4-  tlu'iii  with  canoes  to  cross  tin;  I'iver,  and  hy 
]iiiiiitiiiL;'  out  a  foi'd,  an<l,  moreover,  infoini  Marin  that 
iiiniiy  (if  tlu;   forces  of  the  (Miiapanecs,  haviiiL;"  hc'eii 


(I  into  tlu;   ranks,  are  anxious  to  throw  olf  th 


Viike,  alK 


I'liiia'^eiiient. 


1  that  they  will  go  over  to  him  in  the  next 


^'aiin  at  once  accepts  the  offer,  and  it  is  agreed 
that  twenty  canoes  shall  be  brouijfht  early  in  the 
iiKiiiiiiin,-.     The  remainder  of  the  nij^dit  is  passed  with- 


iii..'  f'il 


'^'  traiiin  en  vii  brasoro  Baluimcrio, 
'^  ili.xiiuns  111  Fniik  ij  iios  cuconicud 


viioH  iilulos  (le  picdra. '  Id, 


use  tl  Uioa. 


hi. 


820 


THE  CONQUEST  OF  CHIAPAS. 


out  further  interruption,  thougli  the  enemy  is  heard 
mustering  on  the  other  side  of  the  river  with  noi.se 
of  drums  and  eonchs.  At  da^diglit  the  canoes  arrive, 
and  the  army  proceed  to  the  ford.  The  crossing  is 
eft'ected  with  great  difficulty,  the  water  being  brcast- 
liigli  and  the  stream  rapid.  As  tliey  apj)roach  tlic 
o])posite  bank,  tlio  enemy  rains  down  upon  them  sudi 
showers  of  missiles  that  again  hardlv  a  man  escapes 
unhurt.'"  For  scmic  time  they  are  unal)le  to  effect  a 
landing,  and  Marin's  position  is  critical,  when  lortu- 
nately  their  new  allies  cause  a  diversion  l)y  assailing 
the  (Jhiapanecs  in  the  rear.  The  cavalry  are  thus 
enabled  to  jj^ain  a  footing  on  the  bank,  and  tlie  in- 
fantry  soon  follow;  the  natives  are  put  to  Hight  in  all 
directions.  This  is  their  final  struggle.  The  summons 
to  surrender  is  innnediately  complied  with,  and  the 
Spaniards  enter  t)ie  city  without  further  f)[)poNiti()n.'' 

All  the  neighboring  towns  were  now  ordered  to  send 
in  their  allegiance,  and  such  an  effect  had  the  sulijec- 
tion  of  tlie  hitherto  invincible  Chiapanecs  upon  the 
different  tri1)cs  that  resistance  was  not  even  thought 
of,  Cinacantlan,  Gopanaustla,  Pinula,  Huehueiztliui," 
Chamnla,  and  other  towns  tendering  their  submis- 
sion. The  conquest  of  the  country  was  now  consid- 
ered c()ni}dete,  and  Marin  had  already  apportioned 
out  certain  repartimientos  when  harmony  was  inler- 
ruj)ted  by  the  conduct  of  one  of  the  soldiers. 

While  at  Cinacantlan,  whither  the  army  had  pro- 
ceeded, Francisco  de  Medina  left  camp  without  ))er- 
mission,  and  taking  with  him  eight  Mexicans  went  to 


'■I!  i' 


il 


I  ! 


"*  'Noa  hiricrO  cesique  d  todos  loa  mas,  y  a  algunos  A  dos,  y  i^  tres  hciidas.' 
/(/.,  180. 

"  'J^lircc  prisons  of  latticed  timbers  were  discovered  in  the  citj'.  These 
were  lilled  with  captives  who  had  been  seized  on  the  roads.  Anioii,^  tlnni 
some  were  from  Tcliuantepec,  otliers  were  Zapotecs  and  Soconiiscans.  Miiiiy 
Indians  also  were  found  sacnficed,  and  in  the  temples  were  hideous  iduls,  'y 
hullanios  nniehas  cosas  niahis  de  sodoniias  que  vsavan.'  Id,,  ISO. 

"*  (Jailed  by  licrnal  Diaz  Gueyhui/tlan,  also  (iuequi/.tlan,  (Juojiuistitlan, 
and  Guefjustitlan,  which  arc  jirobably  misprints.  Hint.  Verilnil..  ISO  I. 
(lodoy  spells  it  Hucgueyztean.  lid.,  in  Jiarcia,  i.  108.  The  first  antlioi' writes 
for  Cinacantlan,  Ciuauutan;  Godoy,  Ceiiacanteau;  and  llerrera,  Cauacautean. 
dec.  iii.  lib.  v.  ea^i.  ix. 


CIIAMULAX  STRONGHOLD. 


221 


riuiniula,  where  ho  (leiiianded  jj^old  of  the  natives  in 
till'  iiauio  of  Marin.  A  few  trinkets  were  given  him, 
hut  not  satisfied  with  tliese  he  seized  the  cacique  in 
the  ex])ectation  of  extorting  a  ransom.  The  Chamu- 
laiis,  liowever,  rose  to  a  man,  and  Medina  was  glad  to 
rfft  back  to  Cinacantlan,  where  he  was  arrested.*" 

No  overtures  or  ex[)lanations  on  the  part  of  ^lariu 
availed  to  pacify  the  indignant  peo|)lc  of  Chamula,  who 
luui.  moreover,  induced  tho.sc  of  Huehueiztlan  to  join 
tlu'iii  in  the  revolt.  His  messages  of  [)eace  were; 
receivi'd  with  defiance.  On  the  29th  of  ^Tairh  (Jodoy 
was  sent  into  the  disaffected  district  with  a  small 
t'oicr.  hut  found  the  attitude  of  the  natives  so  threat- 
ening tliat  he  deemed  it  best  to  avoid  hostilities  and 
ivturned  to  report.  Marin  was  at  this  tinu;  encamped 
in  a  beautiful  vale  surrounded  by  pine  groves,  at  no 
iiicat  distance  from  Cinacantlan.""  He  now  consid- 
LiX'd  it  necessary  to  reduce  Chamula  by  force  of  arms, 
and  (liMnanded  of  the  Chiapanecs  a  contingent  of  two 
liuiidred  warriors,  which  was  at  once  suj)plied.  Mes- 
sages Were  also  sent  to  the  friendly  cacique  of  Cina- 
Laiitlan'-'  soliciting  an  equal  number. 

()u  the  ;30th  of  starch,  about  ten  o'clock  in  the 


"(iddoy  ill  ]iis  ilcspatch  to  Cortt's  states  that  ^Ii'ilina  was  released  on  bail, 
but  that  oil  tlieir  letiiiii  tu  lOspiritii  Santo  he  hud  iiniirisoned  him,  aiitl  tliat 
jiistiiT  woidd  he  dealt  him.  iJenial  Diaz,  liowever,  states  that  Miirin  f)rdere(l 
him  ti)  lie  Milt  under  guard  to  Cortes:  '  y  luego  manda  (|iie  por  la  posta  lo 
lluiiassii)  a  Mexico,  para  (|Ue  Cortes  le  castiy;asse.'  Hist.  VcnlniL,  ISO.  Her- 
nia, tulhiued  hy  liriisseur  de  Hourbourg,  asserts  that  (iodoy  sent  liiiii  to  Cor- 
tis.  il(v\  iii.  lib.  V.  ciip,  ix.  Oviedo  makes  no  mention  of  the  eiroumstaiu'e. 
biiiial  IMaz  informs  us  tliat  the  ollender  was  a  soldier  of  high  standing,  and 
ii.fiiiiiis  tYdiii  giving  his  name  for  the  sake  of  his  honor,  but  with  iiniusing 
inciiiisisteiKy  states  that  he  will  mention  it  later,  which  he  does  rtn  piige  liW. 
Midinii^,  fate  was  tragic,  but  merited;  he  was  killed  by  Indians  at  Xicalaiieo, 
fur  paitirulars  of  which  event  sec  HiM.  Cent.  A)ii.,  i.  .'")4li  4,  this  series. 
ileiiii'sa  1  and  |{e;ininont  give  a  ver.sion  of  his  death  sonic  what  dillerent  from  that 
<>i  Ik'Mial  |)ia/,  wnois  the  more  reliable  authority.  'I'hey  state  that  Medina  had 
Idcii  Milt  after  Cortes  to  inform  hiiu  of  the  disturbances  whicli  had  arisen  in 
Mi'xicn  ihii'ing  his  absence  on  the  Honduras  expedition,  ami  that  he  was  cap- 
tiii'nl  liy  tiie  ludiansof  Xicalaneo,  who,  sticking  splinters  of  pitch-pine  into  his 
Iwily  and  setting  lire  to  them,  made  him  walk  round  a  hole  in  the  ground  till 
lie  oxpiivd.   Hist.  Cliiffipn,  104:  Croii.  Mich.,  MS.,  ;«2. 

""ll  was  iiero  thatCiudad  Ileal,  or  Chiapas  do  los  Kspauolcs,  was  founded 
later,  /,/,.  isi;  (,'„(/ov,  /?('/.,  in  Bama,i.  107. 

*'(  iuacaiitlan  lay  between  Ohiap.is  and  Chamula  about  three  leagues  from 
the  latter,  Utd.  Ve,dad.,\m. 


222 


THE  CONQUEST  OF  CHIAPAS. 


£■ 


!•  I 


■'I 


inorninfj,  tlio  troops  arrived  at  tlic  foot  of  tlic  eiuincinv 
on  wliit'li  CliaiMula-"  was  situated.  Tiic  ascent,  at  the 
only  point  where  attack  was  possiMe,  was  ini])nicti- 
<'aMe  for  horsemen.  Marin  therefore  ordered  th(,'  civ- 
ahy  to  take  u[)  a  position  on  the  level  ground  below, 
and  to  protect  his  rear  while  the  assault  was  hv.\u>^ 
niade.'"^  The  infantry  and  allies  then  scaled  the  hei'-lit 
and  were  soon  in  front  of  the  fortifications,  which  tlicv 
iound  to  be  of  a  formidable  character.  A  palisade  dt' 
strong  cross-timbers  let  deep  into  the  ground  and 
tirmlv  bound  toi^cther  was  the  first  obstacle  to  their 
entrance,  and  behind  it  was  a  bulwark  of  stone  and 
mud  nearly  twelve  feet  high  and  four  feet  in  thick- 
ness, into  which  were  inserted  strong  beams.  This 
again  was  surmounted,  along  its  whole  length,  hy  ;i 
wall  of  heavy  boards  six  feet  high,  supj)orti'(l  hy 
strong  crossbars  on  both  sides,  all  firndy  lashed 
tt)gether,  while  at  intervals  loop-holed  turrets  h;' 
been  erected  commanding  the  approach.  At 
strongest  part  of  this  bulwark  was  the  single  cntraiici , 
whicli  was  approached  by  a  narrow  flight  of  steps 
leading  to  the  top. 

Though  astonished  at  the  strength  of  these  ram- 
])arts,  the  Sj)aniards  did  not  hesitate  to  assault  tliciii; 
but  chn'ing  the  whole  of  the  day  all  they  could  effect 
was  the  destruction  of  the  outcsr  stockade.  Ilepeatcd 
attempts  were  made  to  mount  the  stops,  but  at  each 
eiibrt  the  assailants  were  driven  l)ack  by  the  loiiLj 
heavy  s})ears  of  the  defenders.  Incessant  volleys  nf 
missiles  were  directed  against  them;  thei'*  ranks 
suffered  severely;  and  it  soon  became  evident  that 
some  other  plan  of  attack  must  be  adopted.-*     The 

-'^f'ii'.led  Cliainolla  by  Horrera,  and  also  by  Oomara.  Coiitj.  Mex.,  23o; 
ClKiiiudiiii  by  Ixtliloxchitl.  Horribles  ('ruclihuhs.  71. 

-■'(iudoy  stuU's  thiit  the  horseiiieii  were  divided  into  three  troops,  ^\liii-'li 
were  btationed  so  as  to  form  a  cordon  round  the  liill;  ]5ernal  Diaz  tliiit  tli'' 
fjividry  aiteniptud  the  .steep,  but  were  found  to  be  useless,  and  that  .M.iiiii 
therefore  ordered  them  to  retire,  as  he  feared  an  attaek  from  the  teuiis  ut 
t^uiahuitlan  (Ilu  hueiztlan?). 

■-''Viio  les  podiamos  hazer  daiio  ninguno  con  los  grandos  manip.irn^ 'I'H] 
ti'iiian,  y  ellos  i'l  nosotros  si,  ([uc  sienijire  lierian  muchos  de  lo.s  iiiu  stiiw. 
Jkritai  Diaz,  JJint.    I'cnlad.,   ISl.     Godoy  ou  the  contrary  says  tiuit  tlie 


HARD  FIGHTING. 


diilv  practicable  one  wliich  suu^ii^estcd  itself  was  to  break 
(»|)rii  the  wall  with  })icks  and  ciow-bars  uiuUt  cover  of 
wixidiii  shells.  Natives  were  therefore  (les[)atcheil  Ibr 
iiii|ilruie)its  to  the  valley  where  the  i)ai;"gai^T'  and 
wnuiided  had  been  sent  under  the  j)rotection  of  ten 
ot"  the  cavahT;  and  the  besie^j^ers  now  constructed 
.^iiviral  strong  frames,  each  capable  of  holding;"  twenty 
iiH  11.-'  These  were  pushed  up  to  the  wall,  and  under 
cdVir  of  them  the  Spaniards  began  to  break  through 
it.  Thi;  Indians  poured  on  them  burning  pitch,  scald- 
iii'4'  water,  fii'ebrands,  and  hot  embers,"'^  and  iinally 
ciiislicd  them  with  Jieavy  rocks,  making  it  necessary 
til  withdraw  them  for  repairs.  Then  in  mockery  and 
niiiteuipt  they  thi'ew  golden  ornaments-'  at  the  retreat- 
ing Sjianiards,  anil  with  taunting  words  derided  them. 
'•\s  it  gold  you  v.ant?  AVe  have  abun('anco  of  it; 
why  come  ye  not  in  and  take  it?" 

l)Ut  their  success  was  of  short  duration.  The  sheds 
WfiT  soon  strengthened,  and  again  the  pick  and  crow- 
bar were  ■plied  against  the  wall,  now  almost  pierced. 
AI)out  the  hour  of  vespcrs^^  two  openings  had  been 
iiia(L',and  the  assailants,  rushing  through,  engaged  in 
a  liaiul  to  hand  encounter  with  the  Chamulans,  who 
!"irc  themselves  with  such  unvieldinjx  firnmess  that 
the  cross-bowmen  placed  their  weapons  close  to  the 
breast  of  the  foe  and  discharged  them  without  taking 
aim.     The  contest  was  terminated  by  a  furious  storm 

(liaiuuhiiis  sustained  licavy  loss  from  the  cannon  and  cross-bows.  liel.,  iu 
Jl'in  i't.  i.  107-  S. 

•Mludoy  luakrs  no  mention  of  the  building  of  these  sheds. 

■'' '  V  a^uii  y  .s;inj,'ic  tuda  rebuelta,  y  iimi  oalicntc,'  m  as  also  showered  down 
upon  the  Siiaiiiards  according  to  Dernal  Diaz.  (Jodoy  says  'nr)S  cchabaii 
nuuli.i  a;^ua  calienti',  enibiielta  eu  ccnica,  i  cat.' 

•'  IJfiual  J)ia/.  gives  a  glowing  account  of  tlio  shower  of  golden  ornaments: 
'\  iiii-i  itliarondcsde  las  alnienas  sietc  diadcnms  deoro  fino,  y  niuchascueiitas 
va/iudizas,  0  otras  joyas  coiuo  caracoles  y  anadcs  todo  do  ori>.'  J/ist.  \'<  r<lad., 
li'l.  (iddoy  on  tlic  contrary  says:  'echaron  vn  jioco  do  Oro  dcsdc  dcntro, 
(liiiiiido.  c|uc  dos  I'etacas  tcn'ian  de  aquello.'  llvL,  in  Baivkt,  i.  UiS.  Hcrrcia 
and  ( Iniiiara  follow  (ludoy. 

■'  I  liae  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  llemal  Diaz  is  frcqncntly  at  variance 
v.itli  (lodiiy  in  ndnor  points,  and  from  his  account  tliis  would  bo  cither  iLo 
t.Mrd  liay  of  the  siege,  or  the  assault  with  tlie  sheds  was  coninienced  on  the 
lii>t  day;  neither  of  these  statements  agreehig  witli  (iodoy.  I  consider  thu 
l;itter  nmre  reliable  in  many  matters  of  detail,  as  ho  wrote  almost  inunediately 
alter  the  occurreuees. 


:1. 
I' 


w 


:i 


ll- 


I  h 


m\ 


il 


224 


THE  CONQUEST  OF  CHIAPAS, 


of  rain,  and  so  niurkv  became  the  sky  tliat  the  com- 
batants coukl  barely  (hstinguish  one  another.  Maiin 
^vith<h•e^v  liis  men  under  fshclter,  and,  the  storm  abatiii'^ 
in  an  hour,  again  advanced  on  the  strong^hold.  No 
misi-iles  were  aimed  at  them  as  they  a|)|>roached  the 
barricade,  but  a  serried  hne  of  spears  confronted  th( m, 
and  no  orders  were  given  to  storm  the  position.  At 
length  IJernal  Diaz  with  a  single  comrade  crept  up 
to  one  of  the  openings,  and  peering  in  found  tlu^  place 
unprotected.  Then  mounting  the  ramparts  he  bclitld 
the  Indians  in  full  retreat  by  a  precipitous  path  leadiiiL'" 
to  tlu!  valley  below.  The  Chamulans  had  fled,  l.iit 
not  all.  The  two  Spaniards  were  soon  attacked  In-  ;i 
body  of  two  hund»'ed  warriors  still  left  within  the 
enclosure,  and  but  for  the  timely  airival  of  the  Ciiia- 
cantlau  allies  Bernal  Diaz  had  never  lived  to  write 
the  'True  Histt)ry  of  the  Con<juest  of  Mexic(j.'-"  The 
retreating  host  was  at  once  pursued,  and  a  numbci'  of 
ca[)tives  were  made,  principally  women  and  children. 
No  gold  or  other  valuables  fell  to  the  lot  of  the 
S[)aniurds,  but  they  found  in  the  town  what  m'is  o[' 
more  benefit  to  them— a  store  of  provisions — for,  as 
(lodoV  relates,  the  men  had  not  tasted  food  for  two 
days.^^ 

On  the  following  dav,  the  1st  of  April,  Marin  iv- 
turned  to  Ids  camj),  whence  he  sent  six  of  his  j)ris()ners 
to  the  ( 'hanudans  summoning  them  to  allegiamt', 
bidding  them  to  retui'n  to  their  stronghold,  and  prnm- 
ising  that  all  the  capti\es  should  be  ndeased  if  they 
submitted.  These  inducenteiits  had  their  eile'ct,  ami 
the  deserted  town  was  soon  again  re[)eopled.''^ 

-*  Ik'rnal  Dinz  wms  sl'iilitly  woiiiulcd  by  a  spear- iurust  in  the  contest  \\  hic'i 
oci'urrcd  b'.foio  the  raiii-stiirm,  iiiul  was  oiuy  saved  hy  the  tliickness  it  liis 
cotton  >'(iislet.  lie  chiinis  t.)  have  c1iseovere<l  the  iiise  of  the  t'huiiniliiii.s  in 
)>laiit!iij,'  their  spears  in  position,  tm*;  on  tliis  jxiint  liis  narrative  is  (h)iililtiil. 
<;o(h>y  says,  'I  halianionos  hurlailos.  .  ,i  suliiench)  el  Albarrada,  uo  liavia 
Honihr«'  (h'ntro."  A'*/.,  in  /larria,  i.  1(18. 

^"  '  HaUaiMos  liarto  de  eoinei',  (pie  hien  lo  havianios  mcneatcr,  h  caii^.i  i|ih: 
los  dos  Dias  no  havianios  eonii(h>,  ni  tenianios  (jue  ni  ann  h»s  Cahalios'  /'/. 
l\ehith)ehitl,  eontrai'y  to  Hernal  Diaz,  (iO(h>y,  iiunara,  and  IFerrera,  4;it('i 
thi't  they  obtained  nnieh  l)<)oty  Imt  few  jvovisions.   /Jnrrihli n  ('rwl'liui-'.  71. 

"' v,o(h)y  utates  that 'J()0  Indians  liadbeen  kilk'il  on  tne  lirst  day  'i  tli'' 
eicge;  while  oil  the  Hccoud  bo  many  fell  that  they  were  not  counted.    Tli^i 


IIEVOLT  OF  THE  CIIIAPAXECS.  2r. 

Til''  S] laniards  now  advanced  against  Tlucliuei/ctlan, 
wliriv  the  inhabitants,  discouraged  Ijy  the  fall  of 
Cliaimila,  made  but  a  feeble  resistance,  and  then  took 
to  ili^ht.  Several  of  the  towns  in  the  sierra  we>'e 
I'liii  >ininn(»ned  to  surrender,  but  no  answer  was  re- 
tiinird,  and  Marin,  not  venturing  to  march  against 
tlicni  with  his  slender  force,  retui'ncd  to  his  c;im|» 
uvAV  ( 'iiiacantlan.  Here  a  warm  discussion  was  lieh! 
ivsiicctiiig  the  caiTving-out  of  Cortes'  instructions  to 
t'liuiid  a  town.  Opinion  was  divided;  but  tlie  final 
ilccisioii.  supported  b}'  ]\Iarin,  was  that  it  would  be 
dangerous  to  do  so  owing  to  the  smallness  of  their 
miiiilui-s  and  the  want  of  necessaries."'^ 

Ahiriii  now  set  his  face  homeward.  ^lan-hing 
alniig  the  bank  of  the  Maza]ian  he  jiassed  through  a 
miiiiher  of  towns,  in  all  of  which  he  nn^t  with  a  friendly 
rrnjitioii,  and  was  greeted  with  offers  of  submission. 
While  traversing  a  portion  of  Tal»;iSco  lie  encountered 
liaiids  of  i'i>lVactory  natives,  but  reached  Kspiritu 
Santo  iu  safetv  at  the  beii'inninu  of  Ai)ril  1524. 

Ijttween  this  date  and  the  close  of  la'JG  littl(>  is 
luKiwii  of  tlie  events  which  occurred  in  Chiapas,  and 
niiicli  coid'usion  exists  in  the  stateiiients  of  the  lead- 
iiii,^  ( lu'oniclers.      During  the  hiterval  there  is  little 


•Mi 


I  n 


t'lWii  \\:is  a.s.siL,'iK'il  by  Liiin  Marin  to  Bcrnal  Diiiz,  us  a  rowanl  for  hiivini,'  first 
iiitticil  it,  mill  Cortes  i-atiiioil  tli'j  Lcrant  for  a  pciiod  of  uiu'lit  yours.  Wlur. 
•  iinhiil  Jaal  was  fuuiuluil  lliu  iioiiululioii  of  ( 'luimula  \vas  trunst'erroil  thither. 
J  11.^1.  V.nln.l,  KSI. 

^- (liiijoy  .states  that  this  opinion  was  mianiiiioiis.  In  this  ]iortion  of  tho 
iKirnuivt!  hi'  and  iiornal  l)iiiz  .-iro  thoroM;,'hly  at  \ariani'e,  tlio  hitter  evidently 
liaviiiL,'  wished  to  remain.  ( 'onsideralde  dissension  oeenrreth  .Monso  ih; 
<iiM(lii,  \\honi  IJernal  Hiu/  dosorihes  n.s  a  t\n-l)ulent  ratiier  tlian  a  lightiii;,' 
'  i.iii,  priKJueed  a  ei'dnla  .signed  hy  Cortes  ussiiiniiit;  to  luni  lialf  the  town  <if 
Cliiiip-sa.s  ail  eiieoiiiieiida.  On  the  strength  of  it  lie  lii'iiandecl  of  .Marin  half 
tiK'j.'(]ld  colli eted  at  that  eity,  whieh  was  lefiised  him  oa  the  ground  that  it 
v.iiH  ihtiIkI  to  ]iay  for  the  horses  that  hud  heen  kilhil.  An  an;,M-v  ''is[)tite 
I'lHdwiil.  ill  whieh  (iodoy  lieeame  invidved,  and  it  was  ternniiated  l>y  the 
liout  iiaiit  putting  lioth  him  and  (irudo  in  irons  ami  kee])ini,'  them  prisoners 
fix  oi' scvea  (lays.  'J'lien  (irado  was  sent  under  unard  to  .Slexieo,  wliire  he 
Was  .scvenly  reiniuiandi'd  liy  Cortes,  and  (Iodoy  released  liy  the  intercession 
if  friciiilv).  II, st,  \'eril(ul.,  \k'2.  Now  <  iodoy  mentions  nothing  of  this  ali'air, 
liiit  sl.itcs  that  (li'ado  Went  to  Chiupus,  and  other sSpaniurds  to  towns  'ipie 
iilli  il  'riiiiciito  lea  hiivia  depositado.' und  wuru  w.'ll  received.   Jtel.,  in  lluir'ui, 


i.  lO'.t. 


L'pOSl 

IlisT  Cknt.  Am.,  Vol.  II.    15 


226 


THE  CONQUEST  OF  CHIAPAS. 


:  n 


reason  to  (loul)t  tliat  tlic  natives  a!:^ain  rose  In  i-cvolr, 
l>ut  Nve  have  no  ))artieulars  as  to  this  outbreak,  oxccjit 
that  ]3ic'L;;o  <le  ^lazarieg-os  was  sent  against  them  I'ldiu 
]\r(!xico  with  a  well  appointed  force,  and  quicklv  iv- 
diieed  them  to  suhmission.^^ 

For  a  time  the  Chiapanecs  yielded  to  their  lat(>,  hut 
tlic  exactions  and  cruelties  of  Juan  Enriquez  d(>  (\iv/.- 
man,  who  had  been  appf>inted  captain  of  the  provinci' 
by  ^Tarcos  de  Agnilai',"*  drove  them  to  despeiatioii, 
and  durimx  the  latter  iiai't  (»f  If) "20  thev  once  iikuc 
l>roke  out  in  rebellion.  Aufain  ^NFazarienos  mai'dud 
against  them  from  AFexico,  at  the  head  of  a  po\V(  ifiil 
corps,'*'  su]>j)lie(l  with  five  i»ieces  of  artillery.  J^etirin;^ 
to  the  sti'on<>hold  of  Chiapas  the  Indians  made  l;(I(m1 
their  defence  I'oi'  several  (.lays;  but  at  last  the  Span- 
iards battered  down  their  I'ortifications  and  advainid 
to  the  assault.  Still  the  Chiapanecs  Hinched  nut.  and 
ibuglit  until  the_y  <;ould  no  longer  wit'ld  their  wea|i()iis;'^ 
Then  followed  a  tragedy  as  strange  and  appalliiiL;  a- 


'■''  liiitli  irci'ic'i-.i  and  Iicincsal  state  tliat  this  first  expedition  of  !>razaric"fis 
was  iui(Kitakeii  iii  l.")"J4,  and  in  lliia  Rtatcinent  ouly,  unci  in  tlic  iiuinliLi'  •!' 
the  forces,  do  thev  ajivee.  llerreiii'sJiecouiit  of  the  e.uiiiiai.L'Uof  l.">'_M  isiuiiivl 
almost  wiii'd  for  word  by  Iteuiisal  in  his  nariation  of  liie  one  in  1.">"J();  ^iii'l 
the  fonnei'  aullior  as  lii;htly  mentions  Ma/aiie^'os' second  ex]iiditiiiu  as  lie- 
niesal  (hies  liis  lirst.  "J'he  iattei'inay,  however,  in  tiiis  instance,  lie  relit  d  ii|iiii:, 
as  he  qnotcs  from  the  archives  of  Jlexico.  The  enti'anceof  I'edro  l'ueitiii.:ir- 
rero  into  Chiapas  from  ( iuateinala  is  mentioned  liy  Imth  authors,  us  an  i:i(  i- 
dent  of  the  campai;;n  which  each  descrilies,  lint  it  is  impossilile  to  lielieve  ili;it 
Aharado  eonld  have  spaicd  that  ollicer  m  itii  a  Imdy  (if  troo]is  dniinj,'!!. 
eventfnl  year  1.VJ4,  when  fnlly  occnpied  with  the  eon(|uest  of  ( Inatc  ni.ila.  I 
liave,  tlierefoi'c,  addjjtcd  lleniesal's  chronolo^'V.  Jt  is  strange  that  he  dni'.'^  li  it 
seem  to  haxchad  any  hnowlcdtie  of  Marin's  expeditinn.  as  related  hv  Ih'inii. 
'I'his  siimewhat  per[ile\es  .luarros,  who  reniaiks  that  liernal  ])iaz' niiiiau  oi 
is  '  circumstantially  so  dillerent  from  tlu;  relation  of  llemesal  as  to  iiiilui'i':i 
lielief  that  the  hitter  had  been  misled  hy  false  information.'  Uiial.  (eil.  ho.:- 
don,   IS'J:;),  -JIO   11. 

'"/I'l  (»((/  /)iir:,  lliit.  Vir(hiil.,  2"21-2.  tiuzman  was  a  iie.'ir  relative  ef  t'u' 
Duke  of  Medina  Sidonia.    Jil. 

'•"'  Mazarieu:os  was  cousin  to  Alonso  de  Kstiado,  then  governor  of  Mcxii''. 
Tteinesal  L'ivi's  the  names  of  more  than  .SOollieersand  f^oldicrs  who  accnniiaiiiol 
the  expedition.  Xotieealile  among  them  is  that  of  .luan  Enric(nez  de  <  aizi  ..ii, 
who  a|>|»e.irs  to  have  returned  to  Mexico  after  the  outlireak.  In  the  siii... 
list  a)ipear  the  names  of  two  priests,  I'eijro  de  Castellanos  and  I'ed'o  (loil/a- 
h'Z.  J//.-:/.  ('/i!/(i]i'i,'2i\'K  From  Hernal  IMaz  we  learn  that  Mazaric;.'i>s  \v:n 
instructed  to  take  (inzman's  residenei.i.  J/i.</.  \'iril(iil.,  '2'2'2,  It  wa-s  tlio 
performance  of  this  duty,  )ierhaps,  which,  at  a  later  date,  made  (lii/iiKili  .*» 
Iiitter  an  enemy  of  Ma/ariegos. 

•'" '  I'elearon,  liasta  (jue  pudierou  leuuutar  los  brai,'os.'  llirnra,  dc< .  iii.lil'- 
v.  cap.  .\iv. 


I 


'1; 


<i  li: 


CHIVALROUS  SELF-SACRIFICE. 


nnv  I'ocordod  on  tlie  page  of  liistoiy.  Tlic  self-de- 
^-tl•U(•ti()ll  of  the  Taoclii  was  indeed  akin  to  it;  but 
tills  act  of  tlie  Cliiapanccs  blanched  the  clieek  even 
(if  these  Sjxmiurds,  whose  business  was  butchery,  and 
wlmse  }>retensions  were  something  more  chivah'ous 
tlijiu  lay  within  the  conception  of  any  other  jieojik'; 
licie  was  something  done  Ity  aboriginal  Americans 
\vliicli  in  tile  way  of  chivalry,  of  lofty  self-saci'iiiee, 
( i  (letermined  deliverance  from  abasement,  has  lew 
]iaralk'ls.  And  what  is  most  signiricant  about  it,  had 
tliev  known  all,  it  was  the  best  they  coukl  liave  done 
fni'  themselves,  to  escape  from  Christian  bondage  at 
any  cost.     This  is  what  they  did: 

Scorning  to  yield  themselves  as  .slaves,  the  entire 
])n|)uiation  of  the  town  rushed  to  the  verge  of  a  cliif, 
wliich  overhung  the  ^Iaza))an,  and  thence  husbands 
and  \\i\('s,  ]»arents  and  children,  locla'd  in  close  ein- 
liracc,  hurled  themselves  headlong,  thousands  of  them, 
npon  tlie  rocks  below  or  into  the  swift-running  I'ivi-r. 
Tlic  S[ianiards  attempted  to  interfere,  but  of  all  tlu; 
limit itude  only  two  thousand  could  be  saved. ''^  Thes(> 
wci'e  removed  to  a  [)lain  a  league  down  the  river,  an  I 
from  tl  is  settlement  sprung  the  town  of  (Jhiapas  de 
liN  liidios,  which  became  in  time  a  jiopulous  city.''' 


\  > 


;  '\'% 


While  ]\razariegos  was  thus  occupied  at  the  strong- 
li'M  of  the  Chiapanecs,  he  learned  that  a  com[>etitor 
had  appeared  on  tlie  held.  Pedro  Puei'tocari'ero  had 
:n\ade(l  the  jirovince  from  the  (jiuatemalan  frontier,'*''* 


■"  '  Su  (U'spcnaron  inas  de  ((iiiiizo  mil  dellos  (.'ii  ilos  vczus  tjiu;  fiicroii  cdu- 
!|iiist;!i|os.'  l.'oiiisiil,  U;m.  C'lii/iijin,  :VM. 

""  It  .vtaiuls,  tliDii^li  in  11  niiiR'il  xtate,  to  tliis  day.  Mic-.aricijn.t,  Mriii.  ('Id- 
"I'",  ill.  'I'in' traveller 'J'liiiiuas  (iaqe.  mIid  wnite  in  1(177,  reuiarks  that  tlio 
cumitiy  iif  Cliiiipiis  'surjiasM'tl' all  the  rcstof  Amcriea  in  that  <iiu' and  t'animi.s 
;nii|  must  iiopulons  tdwnof  '  liia]ia<)f  tiic  Jndians.'  which  later  ln'  says  'is 
IhM  tu  lie  one  of  the  l)i;.'f,'eKt  Indian  towns  in  all  Aniuriea,  eontainiiig  at 
l<'a>l  l.aoo  families.'  y,  wSiinri/,  L'I't,  '2X\. 

"''  Tlie  i)lijeet  of  I'uertoeanero's  jiresenee  is  considered  Ity  Remcsal  to  have 
liiiu  the  extension  of  teiritory  under  the  government  of  Alvarado.  //is/.  (  '/ii/- 
'7"i, '.•().")-(;.  Another  author  states  that  at  the  coninieiieement  of  the  revolt 
tlic  Sjiiiniards  hud  Innriedly  fled  to  ( 'oniitlan,  wheie  they  sent  \v(Ji'd  to  .\lva- 
i"|'l'MM  (liuileniala.  .^/tr.iiriiiius,  .]/i>ii.  C'/u'cj'd,  10.  The  reader  ia  awaio  that 
Aharudo  was  in  Simin  at  this  period. 


THK  CONQUEST  OF  CHIAPAS. 


I   ■  !■ 


\  '■|lli:l: 

:  i     M    - 


and  Mazarioi^os  reg^artlini^  liim  as  an  oncroachcr,  now 
marclicd  against  liini.  He  lound  the  interloper  sta- 
tioned at  (Joniitlan,  and  his  lanil)-like  followers  would 
])i'ol)al)lv,  1)V  way  of  variety,  have  indul<»'ed  in  a  con- 
llict  with  their  countrymen,  had  Puertocarrcro  been 
strong  enough  to  meet  them.  But  his  forces  were  too 
few  to  hold  out  any  prosjK'et  that  it  would  tcnninatt! 
pleasantly  to  himself.  Besides,  Mazariegos  was  liii- 
mane  and  prudent.  He  spoke  the  intruders  smoothly 
and  in  a  Christian  s])irit,  represented  to  them  how 
glad  he  would  be  to  receive  them  as  brothers,  and 
generously  ottered  them  repartimientos  in  Chia])as. 
►So  no  blood  was  shed.  But  many  of  Pucrtocarreros 
men  deserted  him,  and  he  retraced  his  steps  in  angry 
mood,  having  engaged  in  an  expedition  worse  than 
profitless. 

The  control  over  the  province  was  a  matter  of  dis- 
])ute  on  n)ore  than  one  occasion.  That  it  was  in- 
cluded in  the  governorship  of  Guatemala  is  evident 
from  the  provision  extended  by  the  king  to  Alvarado 
in  1527,  but  the  fact  that  ho  took  no  part  in  its  con- 
quest would  seem  to  invalidate  his  claim.  That  nev- 
ertheless he  acquired  a  certain  amount  of  control 
a))j>ears  from  a  cedula  issued  A])ril  14,  1581,  and 
quoted  by  Remesal,  in  which  he  grants  permission 
to  the  settlers  to  deal  with  escaped  slaves  as  if  tluy 
were  branded.  Again  in  1532  we  find  that  the  cahildo 
furnished  him  with  two  cannon  for  his  South  Sea  o\- 
iiedition,  thouixh  the  members  confessc!d  that  thev  did 
so  only  thi'ouiih  fear  of  his  causing  them  fresh  trouh](\^' 
The  country,  being  now  subjugated  and  i'mv.  from  out- 
side interference,  lay  ready  to  be  portioned  out  to  the 
conquerors  in  rejmrtimientos.  This  pi'ocess  occujiicil 
some  time,  and  the  rest  of  the  year  was  passed  in  ii- 

*" Hint.  Chyapa,  279.  The  colonists  of  Ksiiditu  Snjito  nlso  laid  <  laiiii  U> 
the  tiTiitoi'ics  of  ('liiaiins  ami  Caciiula,  as  is  seen  in  a  royal  cOilula  of  l.'iUS,  in 
I'li'lii,  Cciliitdrio,  1 15.  .luaiToH  says  that  I'licrtocarrcro  lieintj  iufornu'il  of  tlie 
tlistuilianct'S  in  t^hiapos  consicU'icd  it  his  duty  to  repair  thitner  uiul  emltavur 
to  restore  tranquillity.  tliuU.  (ed.  London,  18.<i),  'J14. 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  MAZARIEGOS. 


229 


(ir: 


i]fauizlng  the  provinco  and  arran^iu!L>'  for  its  rf>loiHza- 
tioii.  It  was  expedient  to  found  a  Spanish  settlement, 
;iii(l  oil  the  1st  of  iVIarcli  1528  Mazariegos,  with  the  aid 
dl'  Iiulians,  construeted  a  number  of  huts  on  a  spot 
distant  ahout  a  league  to  the  east  of  the  depo[)ulated 
town  of  Chia[)as.  A  meeting  was  then  held  at  which 
tlic  lieutenant-governor  exj)lained  that  the  site  he 
lia<l  selected  was  not  necessarily  intended  to  be  [)er- 
iiiaiient,  and  that  if  a  more  advantageous  spot  wvm 
round,  the  colony  should  be  removed  to  it.  In  the 
mean  time,  in  the  name  of  his  Majesty,  he  appointed 
iiiuiiieipal  officers,  and  a  few  days  afterward  an  enrol- 
ment of  citizens  took  })lace,  more  than  fifty  nanici 
lieing  recorded.  The  town  was  naniedA^illa  Ileal  ai'ter 
Mazariegos'  native  city,  Ciudad  Real  of  La  Maiicha. 
Tile  newly  appointed  cabildo  then  went  into  session 
and  the  a[)pointments  of  Luis  de  Luna,  as  vi.^itador 
•general,  and  Geronimo  de  Carceres,  as  esci-ibaue',  were 
iicngnized  and  accepted." 

l>itt  it  was  soon  discovered  that  the  locali-y  was 
unl'axorahle.  It  was  hot,  unhealthy  on  account  of 
the  neigliboring  swamps,  and  infested  with  mosquitoes 
and  bats.  The  site  was  therefore  removed  to  ;!ie 
jilain  (if  Huey  Zacatlan,^-  twelve  leagues  dista  i. 
lieve  were  rich,  arable,  and  pasture  lands,  while  a 
winding  river  and  numerous  streams  alforded  an  abim- 
dant  supply  of  water.  A  town  was  ibrmally  laid  out, 
lilts  wei'e  assiii'ned  to  citizens,  buildin<''s  l)eLriin.  re- 
pailindentos  gr-".i\te(l,  and  the  territory  portione<l  in 
<ah,ilhrias  and  jieonias.  It  was  afterward  ordered  at 
a  session  of  the  cabildo  held  on  the  17th  of  August 
l.i-S,  that  all  who  desired  to  obtidn  land  from  th(! 
nati\es  shoidd  d<>  so  by  [)urchase.  Protection  was 
alsd  extendeil  to  them  by  '-('gulations  framed  to  jire- 
\eiit  the  appro[)riation  of  their  jirotluci'  oj-  its  (hstnu-- 

"  Tluse  iii)i>iMiitni('iits  Im'l  lu'eii  cxtciuli'd  liy  AlmisiMk'  l^stradii  in  Xovi'in- 
Ipii- l,VJ7.  On  i1r' (Itli  of  Marcli  tlio  inunii'ipality  ditw  up  a  taiill' of  liii.'M, 
oiili  ivd  II  pilliiiy  iind  Kcafl'old  to  In;  iTcctt'd,  iiiul  trunsactod  otliiT  busiut'us. 
/iVw<-/(/,  //,\7.  riii/ii/xi,  '.J(kS-!». 

'HJuL'Z  Uuciziicatlau  us  spelled  by  Juanos,  Hist.  O'uaf.,  01. 


230 


THE  CONQUEST  OF  CHIAPAS. 


i  i ! 


■n 


L  ;.  :  . 


\\\' 


tioii  by  animals.  Any  Spaniard  wlio  sent  ]\h  f;crvant 
to  ii^athor  niaizu  from  their  fields  was  to  f<jrfeit  ten 
pesos  de  oro  for  the  first  offence,  and  for  the  second  to 
lose  his  servant,  who  was  to  be  publich'  lloo-c^cd.  Tvci;-- 
idations  passed  dui-ing  the  eai'ly  part  of  the  followiu.;- 
year  required  that  all  encomenderos  should  assenihlo 
the  sons  of  the  caciques  at  their  residences  to  In; 
instructed  in  the  doctrines  of  the  church.  Christian- 
ized natives  were  to  receive  Christian  burial,  an;! 
others  were  to  be  decently  interred  outside  tlie  <itv. 

The  administration  of  ^lazariegos  appears  to  havo 
l)een  based  on  humane  princi[)les  and  to  have  had  in 
view  the  welfare  of  the  settlers.  But  this  conditiuu 
of  affairs  was  of  brief  duration.  In  l,rJ9  Juan  Ivmi- 
qucz  do  (jruzman  was  ordt'red  l)y  the  audiencia.  of 
]\Iexico  to  take  his  residencia,  and  appointed  captain 
general  and  alcalde  mayor  of  Chiapas,  His  investi- 
j.^ation  was  conducted  in  a  spirit  of  vindictiveiiess 
v^'hich  can  be  accounted  for  oidy  by  the  fact  that  tlio 
latter  had  previously  been  his  juez  de  residencia.  lie 
strijiped  him  and  his  friends  of  their  rc})artimient()s, 
and  i^ave  them  to  his  own  creatures;  lie  a[)pro[)riatc;l 
his  dwellinij^  and  town  allotments,  and  when  the  ninii 
whom  he  thus  despoiled  soon  afterward  set  forth  tor 
]\lexico,  gave  further  proof  of  his  enmity  by  changiiin' 
the  name  of  the  town  to  Villa  Viciosa.  J]y  a  royal 
cedula  of  Jul  v  7,  153G,  its  name  was  au;-aiu  changed 
to  Ciudad  lie-d." 

(;!uzman  now  exercised  his  power  without  restraint, 
and  laid  the  foundation  of  pt^rmanent  evils.  All  offi- 
cial positions  were  filled  by  favorites  of  his  own  to  tin; 
exclusion  of  tlu^se  entitled  to  them;  the  encomi;.n.las 

■•'A  coat  of  jinns  wns  grnutcd  to  t ho  town  in  I.").'!').  ItAvasaa  folliws: 
Aisliii'Kl  M'itli  two  iiioniitaiii  ranges  with  a  rivor  llowin;;'  hotwocn  thcni;  almvo 
on  Iho  iij,'lit  ii  (iiHth^,  Or  with  a  lion  ramjiant  against  it;  on  the  lutt  a  iiiihii 
Vi'rt  in  I'riiit,  and  anotlur  lion  rampant,  all  on  a  Hold,  (!nlcs.  Adoiiionf 
th'' stato  congress  of  .Inly -JT,  ISJI),  again  changed  tho  name  (jf  thu  pl.ui;  tu 
Ciudad  do  San  Cristohal.  Phialit,  in  Soc  M<j'.  ii'ioi/.,  iii.  ;571--.  Consult 
also  (iiiir:(il(Z  J)dvil((,  '/'calro  L'cfis.,  i.  IHS-!),  whore  will  lie  found  a  wooilcut 
design  ov  the  arms;  Jioin ■<((/,  Ul<t.  V/nid/Ki,  '27 1,  -7--.'>;  Muzdric'io^.  •'/''«• 
('hia/iit,  ]H-]'.);  Ji(urros,  O'liitf.,  i.  I "2;  Pineda,  Ucucr'q).  Geoij.,iS.  For  lacaii' 
iug  of  viciosa  see  Jitst.  Mcx.,  i.  Ho. 


RULE  OF  GUZMAX. 


231 


Avoiv  ta]<ou  from  tlioso  to  whom  tUoy  luul  boon  as- 
si^jiK  (1.  iiiid  (listrilnited  amoiii;'  uiulcsorviii^'  followers; 
i.iid  ill  :i  fi'W  months  the  wliolo  colony  was  embroiled 
ill  dissensions.  At  a  later  date  all  offices  exce[)t  those 
ci'  llie  two  alcaldes,  the  })rocuiador  syndic,  and  the 


itv  mnjordomo  became 


alablc 


Th 


I 


)ro\ince  was 


(ii\i(l('(l  into  numerous  re})artimicntos,  and  in  every 
iiriiicinal  town  a  lieutenant  of  the  alcalde  mayor  wa 


>t;itlniu,'(l 


Not 


savs 


:\i 


azariei>os, 


for  tl 


le  admm 


i-ti'alioii  of  justice,  but  rather  to  superintend  his  lar^c 
;iii(l  scandalous  I'epartimientos  and  to  collec.'t  tribute 
dues."  This  system  of  u'overnment  bv  encomenderes 
v,;is  opiiressive  and  exhaustiuLj  to  the  country,  and  to 
it  tiie  ruin  of  the  towns  of  Chiapas  is  to  bo  attributed. 
Til'  jiiiivince  was  subject  to  the  ca[)tain  ^'cneral  and 
ill!'  aii>!iencia  of  ]\[exi(.'o;  but  their  control  was  ex(M'- 
cised  wil'ii  little  attention  to  the  im])rovt;ment  of  tlu; 
system.  This  state  of  affairs  lasted  until  l.>14,  when 
tlu'  audiencia  of  the  Confines  was  established,  and 
Chiapas  was  included  in  its  jurisdiction. ■*' 


"Tlic  (iliiio  of  iilc;imcil  iiinyorwaa  at  lust  soM  for  4,087  pesos;  tliorsoof  t'.'.o 
eight  irj;iilii;,s  tor  4:;0  pesos  each;  that  of  tho  puliHu  atliuiniotrator  for  4, "JO.) 
tns'viiiU'.-) — tlie  tostoii  liC'lntj  lialf  a  peso — tliat  of  esi  riliaiio  jiiiblieo  forOJT  pC;ios, 
mil "         "'        "  ~ 


1  liitir  for  1.1 10  ji'jsoH.  /'iirhl'i,  in  lio':  Mcx:  Oio;/.,  llol''!hi,  iii.  .'i70. 


'or  the  iin.'ideiits  that  ocuurrcd  before  the  eaptiire  of  tlie  town  of  (", 


tivo 


iiecoiili 


tof  15 


lal  Diaz  lias  heeu  acceiiteil 


hut  thi 


sioii  of  L)ic'.'o  tie  Oodov,  ai 


t!ie  1.; 
.1 


)f  this 


11     escriiiiiiio  del  ivy,   wlio  aci'oiii- 


I'liuicil  th<'  cx^icilitioii,  is  also  worthy  of  credit.     The  latter  furiiislied  Corti's 
V. itii  two  reports  of  tiio  proceedings,  though  his  lirst  one,  wiiicli  was  written 


fruu  CiiiiH:!iitl.iii,  has  not  yet  appeared  in  iiriiit,  and  i.s  [)erhaps  no  longei' 
cxtinit.    The  second  clespateh  was  written  from  Kspiritu  Santo,  :iiid  was  lirst 
d  at  Toledo  by  Caspa  do  ,\vila  on  the  "iOtli  of  Octol)er  b")'J."(,  togetlier 


llslic 

tl 


liV  (I 


I  tile  fouilli  letter  of  Corti's  to  the  k 


A  Spi 


tain,  and  auaui  m 


Vale 


Costilla  on  the  liHli  of  July  l.VJG.     lu   174',)  Andres  (I 


llnrcia  ie|pro(lneed  it  in  Madi'id,  in  his  collection  of  tl 
(lodov's  account  and   that  of  J>eriial  l)iaz,  tl 


rks  of  the  clir 
iou'_']i  agrceiii''  in 


th^ 


main  fevitHns  uf  the  campaign,  are  strangely  contradiriory  in  many  par- 
tirulars.  In  weighin;,' the  credibility  of  their  statements  it  should  lie  bnriie, 
ill  miiicl  that  the  furiiicr  wrote  his  despatch  immediately  after  the  cou'dusiun 


It  till' 
111 


ijiaign,  wliile  the  latter  wrote  from  memory  many  years  afterwan 


heyoiid  dispute  that  Marin  c(Jinmanded  this  exiudit 


k\<  iiuii  ilesiia 

y/.w.  Sot.  ( ■ 


tell  and  tile  statements  of  ]5criial  ])ii 


lo'i.  as  appears 


fr 


(.loiiiiim.  Hi 


(rrcra,  dec.   in. 


lib. 


V.  cap.   \iii. 


.1  /. 


j;i(,s.sv  )/,•  ( 


sunaul  in  eoiiiiiiaiid 


iv.  ')~:i,  it  is  stated  that  Cioiloy  wa.s  in  clia 


OHrliDiirtj, 


inn 


bci 


iiJ 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

TIIIJEATEXED  DESTRUCTION  OF  TIIE  INDIES, 
152G-lo4;5. 

DeCREAHE   of   InDIAX    PoPtJLATION    AT  THK   ISTIIMUS — AnD   IN     IIoNTirK AS— 
TlilCATMKST  OF  .Si'AMSII  Af.LIFS  IN  GfaTEMALA — ToUTfllE  AM)  ]J(Trili:i:V 

OF  Hostile  Xativfs — Tkuuoii  Insi-iueu  by  Alvauauo — Eaiilv  Lkcisi.a- 
TioN — Its  NoNoiiSERVANCE — The  New  Laws — The  Afuienc  ia  cr  1'a 
NAMA  AuoLi.siiKi) — TirE  AruiKNCiAs  OF  lios  Ukyks  and  Los  ('<)mini;> 
EsTAr.LisiiEi) — DisorsT  Cavseu  liv  the  New  Coiti:-  The  Fikst  Vni:- 
liov  OF  Peru  Aiikives  at  the  Isthmus — He  Takes  CiiAiKiE  of  Tukasiue 
AcyuiiiED  BY  Slave  Labor — And  Libekates  a  Nfmbeu  of  Indians. 

The  old  ]\Iilancsc  chronicler,  Girolaiiio  Ixiizoni, 
iiicntioiis  that  during  a  journey  from  Ada*  to  Xoiiild-c 
d(!  Dios  about  the  year  1541,  his  party  entered  soiiu; 
lufhan  huts  to  obtain  a  supply  of  provisii^is.  Tlu' 
inmates  thinking  they  were  about  to  1)0  enskvi'l 
attacked  them  savagely  with  hands  and  teeth,  trariii;^' 
their  clothes,  spitting  in  their  faces,  uttering  dolet'iil 
cries,  and  exclaiming  i>uaccil  n'uacci!  which  Beuzoni 
translates  as  "  the  name  of  a  quadruped  that  piowls 

'  Ucnzoiii  spul's  the  word  Aclila  ami  states  that  tlio  town  was  situuto"!  at 
a  (listiiiicu  of  about  two  l)ow-shots  from  the  shore.  MoihId  A'moco,  77.  Fui'^' 
description  of  its  site  see  //!■■</.  < 'nit.  Am.,  i.  41.S,  this  series.  GirnLiiiKi  Ikmi- 
zoui,  in  ir)41,  Joined  tiie  Spaniards  in  tlieir  forays  for  gokl  and  slaves,  au'i 
traversed  the  Central  Anierieaii  provinces.  l!egarde<l  douhtless  as  an  iiitfi 
loper  he  (hies  not  appear  to  liave  met  witli  the  success  lie  expected,  aii'l  ni 
I."),")!}  returned  to  Italy  deterniinecl  to  vent  his  spite  l)y  an  exposiS  of  S|i:uiii'i 
greed  and  cruelty,  in  IM'>  he  pulilished  the  work  i  ntitled /,a //(<''"'''i'''' 
MoikIo  Xroro.  declicated  to  I'ius  l\'.,  and  eontaininj,'  IS  wood-cuts,  witlil.:^ 
own  portrait  on  tiie  frontispitce.  The  second  edition,  somewhat  iiiiipli;ii  I, 
appealed  in  lo7-,  followed  hy  cpiitc  a  nundier  of  leprints  and  tiaii-laticH!-. 
particularly  in  <!ernian  and  Latin.  The  well  known  version  by  Cliinivct.Jii, 
doctor  and  jjrotestant  iireaeher  at  (leneva,  the  Xnni'.  Xor/.  (h-hi"  1 1  iil'ir'nu 
<iencva,  loTS,  was  freipiently  reissued.  The  dedication  praises  I'nuzuni  lo" 
(•x;u;titude  ami  impartiality,  and  notes  bj-  other  writers  arc  added  to  oiulii:ii 
ami  explain  the  text.  I)e  Bry  g.ive  further  value  to  tins  version  by  iiKiiii'i'il 
nuijis  and  fancy  plates.  I'urchas,  amon;,'  others,  treated  it  with  less  rcspA't 
in  oQ'eriug  merely  '  Driefc  extracts  translated  out  of  leroni  Den/o.'    Aiiitiul^ 


er  !i 


l:i 


THE  VEXED  INDIAN  QUESTION. 


233 


l»v  iiii^ht  in  search  of  proy."-  Being  at  length  pacified 
bv  signs  they  brought  forth  food,  and  one  of  them 
(•(Piisc  nting  to  act  as  guide  informed  the  travehers 
that  there  were  no  other  Indian  habitations  on  their 
)f  route,  for  the  S])aniards  had  either  killed  or 


llllf   ol 


made  slaves  of  the  entire  population. 


Ill  Honduras  slaves  were  still  kidnapped,  and  sold 

well' tiiiiili'  fur  this  slight  in  ISoT,  when  the  only  full  English  version  was  is- 
sued  liy  Admiral  Smyth,  undor  the  auspices  of  the  Haklnyt  Society.  'I'lu; 
ifiidt-rin;^  is  snincwhat  faulty,  however,  and  the  corrections  of  IJenzonis  uncult- 
ured style  iiiid  misspelled  names  not  always  an  improvement. 

i;i'ii;'oni  had  evidently  the  intention  of  writing  a  more  imposing  gener:il 
liistdry  ol  the  Xew  Worlil,  though  it  dwindled  into  a  short  narrative.  There 
is  :iM  .ipparent  etlort  at  moderation,  particulai'ly  with  regard  to  himself,  yet 
tlie  (lisp.K-ition  to  exaggerate,  or  to  lie,  as  Thevet  intimates,  crops  out  even  in 
lii.-.  sMcasnis,  ami  yiehling  to  credulity  he  allows  a  great  ))art  of  tlie  naira- 
tivo.  on  events  or  iihenomcna,  to  hecomc  merely  the  record  of  jangling  and 
veird  rumors  current  among  gossips.  This  ho  partly  admits  by  .saying:  '  lu 
ii.i>ho  co.^e  ho  trouato  ehe  vna  parte  non  conforuui  cou  Taltra,  h  causa  cht; 
ij^'iiiuiM  fauoiisce  il  suo  capitano,  ct  piil  dico,  ehe  in  (juesti  paesi  f-i  trattano 
|;oc!k' verita.'  lil>.  iii.  fol.  l'2S.  '  Lo  mas  do  su  narraeion  saco  de  los  autori's 
j.ixx'  I'lcutis  cou  liastantelidclidad,  p(  roeomunmente  sin  juicioni  examcu.  Kn 
lis  piiniipios  estii  lleno  de  errores.'  Jliti'Kr.,  Hint.  Xu(  ro  A/i'iith),  tcmi.  i.  x\i.  ii. 
iJoLert.on  refers  to  liim  !is  a  di.scontented  detractor,  lie  docs  not  feel  \\v\l 
iiire.'ed  towi'.ril  J/isCasas,  despite  their  common  aim,  hut  calls  him  a  v:ua 
iiiuii,  iiRai)al)le  of  carrying  out  his  reform  promises.  ^\Tlatevel•  may  he  .said 
airaiiist  tiie  work,  nuicii  of  the  material  is  valuable,  as  it  embraces  facts 
l1  SI  d  over  by  the  chroniclers,  and  gives  the  ]icrsonal  obscivations  of  a  man 
imt  indiucil  with  Castilian  jiartialitj'.  Indeed,  I'inelo  calls  him  an  'Alitor 
|iocii  aficto  il  los  Espa Holes, ' /,7y(Vo/;'P,  torn.  ii.  5S'J,  and  they  very  naturally 
li:i\e  rcturucd  the  compliment  by  neglecting  him. 

A  ciiutemporai'v  of  Benzoni  as  traveller  and  author  is  the  Frenchniau 
.■\iidii'  'i'hevet,  who  claims  to  have  travelled  for  17  years  round  the  world,  to 
ati|;;iic'  a  proper  knowledge  of  men  and  things,  and  who  is  crediti'd  with 
iiaviu;,' mastered 'JS  languages.  The  result  of  his  observations  was  issued  at 
I'aii  -  iu  l.j.JS  as,  J^i s  niii;iiil(tr'il(~.  de  l(c  Fruiicc  Aiildrcl'xjiii',  (uitritixiit  iionnnri'. 
Aui'  i-'ipn  .  ciiutaiiiiug  philosophic  dissertations  on  natural  and  moral  history 
ill  til''  Levant,  Africa,  and  America,  and  remarkable  chiefly  for  credulity  and 
Want  iif  critiijuc.  It  attained  several  editions  which  are  now  sought  for  their 
larity,  aiiiong  them,  UiMnr'HL  ddl'  India  Aim ricu.  J)i  Aiidna  'I'lvif.  \'eii- 
iee,  irilil.  He  also  wrote  the  ('(isinoiirdphir  iiiiiv>rKcl'i\  I'aris,  loT."),  -  vols. 
l"lio,  which. is  even  more  valueless,  aiul  admired  only  for  its  wood-cuts;  tlio 
Ci^iiin^iriiji/iif  di(  f J  rant,  Lyon,  ITj^tli;  and  the  Co'iniiKjrdjiltic  inds'dri/i .  pub- 
lislii  d  only  in  I'aris  l.S.'iS;  and  he  left  several  other  pieces  iu  manuseiipt. 
lio  'i  Imu  refers  to  him  rather  f.everely  as  follows:  '  I'uit  patria  engolimeiisis, 
pinfiNsioue  piimi'i  Fraueiseanus,  dein,  ctim  vix  litteras  iciret,  abjecto  eiiciiUo 
ex  iiii'iiaelio  eelebcrrimus  planus  religiosis  et  aliis  prrcgrivitiouibiis  jirimaiii 
ivtatein  cuutiivit,  ex  (juibus  fama  contracta,  animum  a  _  libros  se:ilieud(s 
inept  1  iiiiiliitione  applicavit,  (|uosalieno  calamo  plcrumfjuc  exacatov,  et  ex  ii!''- 
ennii  i  \  ulgaribus  at(|Ue  hujusmodi  de  plebe  Seiiptuiis  eonsarciu.itos  miseris 
lilir:iiii.;  pro  suis  venditabat:  namalioqni  litterarnm,  anticpiitatis  ati|ue  ouinis 
tempoiiun  rationis supr;i omnem  liuem fuit  imiioritu.i,  nt  fere iucerta  pro  coriis, 
falsi  (irovci is  etabsnrda  semper  seiberet.'  /Jin/.,  lib.  xi. 

•'  'I'liis  epithet  they  applied  to  ull  Christians, 


f- 1-'" 


r'l  il  Ii  A    c     M 


..  f  J JiJ 


234 


TIIREATEXED  DESTRUCTION  OF  THE  INDIES. 


!  !    I 


by  slii[)-l'ta(ls  junoni^  tlio  islands  or  in  Nicaragua,  m) 
that  in  the  vicinity  of  Trujillo,  wlieru  ibrnici-ly  wdv 
native  towns  witli  i'roni  six  Jiundred  to  tlirec  tlious;uiil 
lioiiscs,  tlurc  wci'c  in  1547  not  more  than  a  InuKhvl 
and  eii^lity  Indians  left,  the  remainder  liavinL?  ilcd  lu 
the  mountains  to  avoid  capture.  At  Xaco,  which  a 
lew  yeai's  l)efore  contained  a  population  of  ten  thoii- 
.'•aud  souls,  there  were,  in  15;3G,  only  forty-Hve  reniaiii- 
iiiL;'.  At  a  coast  town  named  La  Haga,  nine  leagues 
iVoni  Trujillo,  and  containing  nine  hundred  houses, 
there  was  hut  one  inhabitant  left,  all  having  been  sold 
into  bondage  save  the  young  daughter  of  the  cacicjue, 
who  had  contrived  to  elude  the  slave-hunters.'' 

Cruel  as  was  the  treatment  of  the  natives  in  cvcit 
])art  of  the  Spanish  provinces,  nowhere  was  o])[)rcs- 
sion  carried  to  such  an  extreme  as  in  Guatemala. 
]  [ere  little  distinction  was  made  between  the  alHcs 
and  tin?  conquered  races;  even  the  faithful  Tlascaltccs, 
who,  after  the  conquest,  had  settled  with  the  Mexi- 
can and  Cliolultec  auxiliaries  at  Almolonga,  Iwuvf 
enslaved,  overworked,  and  otherwise  maltreated,  until 
in  \.^)-[7  tliei-e  were  barely  a  hundred  survivors.''  The 
natives  of  xVtitlan,  who  had  never  swerved  in  their 
allegiance  to  the  Spaniards,  were  treated  with  c(|u;il 
seveiity.  After  sharing  the  hardshij)s  of  their  n)ili- 
tary  campaigns,  they  were  compelled  to  supply  every 
year  four  or  five  hundred  male  and  female  slaves  and 
over}'  fifteen  days  a  number  of  tributary  lab*  reis, 

'  ]'\ir  the  condition  of  the  native  settlciiionts  in  Tlonilurns,  see  Moiihj'i, 
('mill'',  ill  ]'<u-hico  and  L'lirdcna^,  Col.  Dvc,  ii.  'J'Jo— 1,  '2'2S,  'JlO-l;  ami 
,S'/ii}fr'.i  MSS..  XNii.  'J4-(5. 

'  lly  oc'dula,  dated  .fiily  "20,  l'ti\'2,  they  were  exomiitcd  from  other  tliaii  ;i 
jHiiniiial  triimte  of  two  reals,  Jiiarron,  Gnat.,  i.  "H;  ii.  'M'.\;  but  tliis  onlir 
^vas  uiilicoiled.  ]ii  l."')47  the  survivoi-s  dri'w  up  a  uieiiiorial  to  the  enipeinr 
rei)reseiitiii,!:^  their  jiast  services  and  siitrerings,  and  petitioning^  for  their  liillits. 
1'ho  (h)eiinient  was  written  by  a  friar  ami  referred  to  the  licentiate  ( 'eri:iti>, 
ulio  wa.s  instructed  to  see  tliat  justice  was  done  to  them.  Mctiutnul,  !''i~, 
.VS.,  in  Ciiitro  Aim  rira,  J-J.iirdcfox  Siicllon,  41-2.  An  attenijit  was  made  iit.a 
later  date  to  impose  tribute  upon  their  descendants;  but  the  iMcxican  L'uvcni- 
iiient  conlirmcd  them  in  their  ri;:lits  in  l.")(i4:  'Fueron  ainparados  en  puse.<ioii 
dc  sn  libertad,  y  se  libri'i  en  'I'enuctitlau  A  (i  de  noviembre  do  1.")(I4  ic.'d  ]w>- 
virion,  que  conservan  los  naturales  de  Almolonga  en  folios  de  pei\';iiiiiii'> 
eiieiiadernadoa  en  forma  de  libro,  cnupastado  eon  tablas  linas,  y  fornulo  cu 
terciopelo  cannesi,' etc.  Pelmz,  Mem.  GiuU.,  i.  107. 


SIwuWERY  AND  DEATH. 


235 


jiiaiiv  <>i'  wlioiu  [)erislio(l  fnnn  ox(X^ssive  toil  and  priva- 
titiii.     Tlic-y  WL'iX'  ixTjuiivd  to  rurnisli,  besides,  a  large 


so 


niiaiitity  of  cloth,  eaeao,''  honey,  and  j)oultry;  and 
niicMUis  were  the  burdens  laid  upon  them  that  oven 
ilic  cai-iques  wore  impoverished,  and  their  wives  eom- 
lulli  il  lo  serve  as  beasts  of  burden  and  tillers  of  the 


ir^uth  was  the  treatment  to  which  the  niostfaith- 
I'ul  allies  of  the  Spaniards  were  sul)jected,  what  i'ell 
ciiulties  may  we  n(^t  expect  to  lind  inflicted  on  those 
wliH,  vmdeterred  by  deleat,  rose  again  and  again  n\)on 


tl 


irir  o})|)ressor.s 


?     N 


o  words  can  de 


■pi 


.'t  tl 


le  nnseries 


(if  these  hai)less  races.      Wholesale  .slaUL>liter,  liaiu 
ill"',  and  burnimx,  torturinu;,  mu 

41 


'3' 


tilati 


dl 


mg,  ana  brand n)<jf 


nl|()\V(,'( 


I  the  su[)pression  of  a  revolt.  Starvation,  ex- 
liaiislion.  blows,  fainting  under  intolerable  burdens, 
j.;i(xuis  of  des})air,  and  untimely  death,  were  their  lot 
in  tiino  of  peace.  During  Alvarado's  time  the  waste 
el"  life  was  wanton  and  most  sickening.  In  the  field 
.starving  auxiliaries  were  fed  on  human  flesh,  cai)tives 
ln'iiig  butchered  for  food;  children  were  killcid  and 


I'na 


^ted; 


^^y 


:h 


tl 


even  wiiero  tuere  was  ncj  wan 


t  of 


)ro- 


visioiis,  men  were  slain  merely  for  the  feet  and 
liaiids,  wliicli  were  esteemed  delicacies  by  the  anthro- 
lin|ili;ig()ns  races.  Xor  were  the  marital  relations  of 
tliL'  natives  any  moi'e  considered  than  if  they  had  been 
l.v 
tl 


nature'  the  brutes  which  the  S[)aniards  made  of 


10111  in  practice.      Households  were  rendered  d 


(>SO- 


latt 


wives  beinu'  torn  from  husbands  and  dau'-liter; 


frsnii  parents,  to  bo  distributed  among  the  soldiers 
and  sc.-uiien,  while  the  children  were  sent  to  work  at 
till'  ,L':el(l-\vasliings,  and  there  perished  by  thousands. 
riiiis  tile  work  of  depoi)ulation  progressed,  and  it  is 
a>siited  by  Las  Casas  that  dui'ing  the  first  fifteen  or 
MKterii   years    (jf   the   conquest  the    destruction    of 


iil 


'In  tlic  tiiiuMif  Alviirado  the  triliiito  of  cacao  was  1.400  xi(|uipilcs,  and  tiiis 
was  paid  until  1,')42.  Jfcc/iirli'  irA/Wnii,  in  'J'l'iiiaiix-CoDijutnn.  I'o//.,  siiir  i. 
tini.  X.  \-H\-'l.  A  xi(|ui|)il  was  S.OOO,  und  tlio  miuiber  of  cliocolatc-ljuans 
tuiitrilmtLd  was  thoiuforc  1 1, '.200, 000. 


' :,  i 


1     M 


THREATENED  DESTRUCTION  OF  THE  INDIES. 


Indians  in  Guatemala  alone  amounted  to  four  or  five 
million  souls." 

None  of  the  conquerors  of  the  New  World,  not  cvcii 
Pedrarias  Davila,  were  held  in  such  dread  as  I'nlid 
de  Alvai'ado.  When  the  news  of  his  landin<^  at  J'licitu 
de  Cahallos  was  noised  abroad  the  natives  abaiuiniK d 
their  dwellinufs  and  lied  to  the  forests.  In  a  few  duV'; 
towns,  villai^es,  and  farms  were  deserted,  and  it  scciii:  .| 
as  if  the  whole  })rovinee  of  Guatemala  had  heeii  de- 
populated by  enchantment.'  The  jdantations  wciv 
destroyed  by  cattle;  the  cattle  were  torn  by  \vil,| 
beasts;  and  the  shee[)  and  lambs  served  as  food  t'ui 
the  Idood-hounds,  which  had  been  trained  to  ic^aiJ 
the  Indians  as  their  natural  prey,  but  now  fouml 
none  to  devour, 


" /iVf/a),  fiiil.  Di'vaHat.,  .'{8-40.  How  populous  the  country  wiis  may  h' 
imagiiu'd  from  tlio  fact  that  Alvarado  roprcseiitcd  it  as  excecdiim  >k'xi .n  in 
thu  iiuiiihoi' of  its  inhahitaiits.  '  Et  ipscict  tyraniius  Kcripsit  niajurciii  o,-.- ■ 
ill  hau  proviiK'ia  jopuli  fr(.'(|uc'iitiam,  quiiiii  in  Koyno  Mcxicn,  (juod  u  vornii 
<'3t. '  111.  J^:i3  Casas  al*)  states  that,  '  'len  tlie  Sjiaiiiarda  lirst  cntircd  t!;f 
country,  the  towna  and  villages  were  so  i.  any  and  large  and  so  densely  iiti|iu- 
lated  tiiat  those  who  niarehed  iu  advance  not  infl-e(]uently  returm  d  t')  t!ii' 
captain  «Ienianding  a  I'eward  for  having  discovered  another  city  ecjual  in  >V'- 
to  Mexico.    Hint.  AjioldiJ.,  MS.,  2S. 

'  It  w  ill  he  renieniliered.  however,  that  Alvarado  procured  relays  of  Iii(',::iiis 
from  ( iuateniahi  to  jiack  his  material  ami  supplies  from  Trujillo  to  lztap;i. 
I'hiough  were  left,  remaiks  Remesal,  upon  whom  to  wreak  his  veugeaiict.',  "iii 
the  Cakehiipiel  and  (i>uielK''  i)rinces,  m  ho  appeai'cd  Itefore  him  to  Jo  hiia  limn- 
iirjc,  heeamc  tlu;  lirst  victims.  Tliey  were  re])i'oache(l  Miih  the  reforms  l)niM;'it 
I'.hout  in  tiieir  favor,  during  his  alisence,  as  of  crimes  worthy  of  eajiitid  ii'.;!i- 
ishment;  fur  daiing  to  complain  to  tlie  governor  they  were  accused  of  rehchii':!. 
Nanu'h.'ss  adventurers,  who  h;ul  heen  unable  to  extort  enough  gold  from  tlnui. 
or  take  from  them  their  vassals  to  work  in  clicir  lields  and  liouses,  pietcnil''! 
that  the  ill-will  of  these  chiefs  had  caused  their  ruin,  and  loudly  dcniu!i>l'4 
that  the  adelantado  should  grant  new  repartimientos  accoiding  to  their  .v-i- 
vices.  Alvar.-ido,  who  was  wouiuled  to  the  (puck  liy  the  a[)poiiitiiient  of 
Maldonado,  listened  to  all  these  compkunts,  and  now  displayed  his  u-uul  lii:i 
tality.  I'rinee  (.'ook,  Aht/ih  of  the  Cakcliiijuel  crown,  he  ran  througli  vnt'i 
a  sword,  'i'cpcpul,  king  of  tJumarcaah,  or  I'tatlan,  and  the  Ahpo/utzil  (A.li 
Imox,  together  with  a  large  nundier  of  lords,  were  cast  into  a  prison  on  so'iif 
frivolous  pretext.  When  on  the  jKiintof  sailing  from  Iztapa,  Alvarado  lii:u,-' 
re(piested  hy  the  municipal  council  to  determine  their  fate,  settled  the  maitvr 
])y  hanging  the  latter  and  putting  tiie  former  together  with  a  nuiiilnrof  tin' 
le.uling  c;ici(iucs  on  board  his  lli'ct.  All  of  them  perished  niisi'rahly  wi  t"' 
coast  of  Jalisco.  Among  his  otlier  victims  was  a  lord  called  Clni"  i-'lV.iiiuinii 
iind  17  other  Cakchiipud  princes,  whom  hetookwitli  him  from  Santiago  imiK' 
1'  etenee  of  conducting  them  to  Mexico.  ^Vilen  a  short  distance  from  thei:t,v 
ho  caused  them  all  to  bo  strangled.  licmcsal,  1114.  i7i;iap(i,  lib.  iv.  ia]i.  i''. 
v.  XX.;  lifcimeur  dc  JJourbounj,  Uiat.  Nut.  Vic,  iv.  707-801;  I'daez,  J/c'- 
Giuit.,  i.  77. 


LAWS  OF  iJTTLE  AVAIL. 


cn? 


A-  I  arly  as  152")  iiitollij^oncoof  the  terrible rajtidity 
whU  which  depopulation  was  proL^r{,'SsiiiL(  reached  the 
( iiiiK  roi',  and  oii  the  ITtli  of  Xoveinber  lu;  issued  n 
(•(•(hila  lor  the  protection  of  the  fa^t  decreasiui;  races."* 
in  l.)l'.>  he  ordered  the  council  of  the  Indies  to  diuw 
uji  iT'^ul.itions  for  the  government  of  the  jirovinces, 
„ii(|  ih;it  hody  issued  a  decree  reoardinLj  the  treatment 
nf  iiativi's,  which,  althoUL^h  the  protection  of  the  in- 
(irt-<ts  of  tile  throne  may  be  a  somewhat  ])rominent 
idiisidrration,  exhibits  s\'m[)athy  and  enjoins  modi-ra- 
lidii  toward  the  oppressed  races."  Other  cedulas  were 
i>;-ih(l  at  Ijrief  intervals,'"  but  that  all  were  inoperative 

•i;,„!('r>l,ilaili'  17  (le  Xon-r  ir,]G^  \n  Sor.  ^^.•x.  Oro,/.,  Boh  tin,  v.  .TJG-.TI. 
Iji  1!m;  piciiiiiMo  to  this  ilecivc  tlio  emperor  states  tliut  it  '\>i  notorious  that 
r.':«.(s.-ivi;  tuil  in  niim  s  uml  iit  other  hihor  anil  the  Wiint  of  food  an<l  proper 
'  iiitliiiu;  hail  laiiscil  tiie  ileatii  of  sneh  niinihers  tliat  Konio  i>arts  of  the  eoiintry 
ImiI  liiiiiiiit'  ihpopulateil,  whik;  whole  tlistiiets  Mereiiiianiloneil  hy  the  nutives, 
v.liii  liiiil  tliil  to  the  mountains  ami  forests  to  eseape  ill-tre:itnient.  Tiiis 
Liilii'a,  ilfsi^^iRil  to  ajiply  to  the  king's  dominions  in  the  west  from  Pananiii 
t'l  I'l  iiiila,  orilereilililig';ntini|i;iry  to  lie  made  relative  to  the  killini;,  rohhery, 
iiiul  ill(L;id  hraiiiling  of  Indians,  and  that  the  perpeti'utors  should  he  de- 
livciiil  over  to  tho  eouueil  of  the  Indies.  Ot!;er  provisos  were  that  slaves 
slimild  he  restored  to  their  native  eountry,  and  if  this  were  not  possi- 
llf  tlicy  were  to  he  plaeed  in  reasonahle  liherty,  nor  were  they  to  ho 
t  '1  lir:ivily  worked  or  made  to  labor  in  the  mines  or  elsewhere  ai,Minst 
Vm'w  will.  In  future  expeditions  of  diseovery  an<l  eoloni/ation  the  leader 
v:  s  til  take  w  ith  him  two  eeelesiasties  at  least,  who  wei'e  to  use  grcate-ut  dil- 
i."iiLC  in  ohtainiug  kindly  treatment  for  tho  Indians.  Natives  who  wero 
Haoalily  inclined  were  not  to  he  made  slaves;  at  the  same  time  the  promo- 
tii.ii  uf  molality  and  good  customs  was  not  left  out  of  sight,  and  in  eases 
V. lull'  it  might  he  deemed  henelieial  hy  the  ])iiest  they  might  he  assigned  to 
I  liiistiaii  Muropeans  as  free  ser\itors;  and  lastly  no  discoverer  was  to  take 
v.itli  liim  uiit  of  their  native  land  on  any  of  his  expeditions  more  than  on^  or 
tun  Iiiilifius  to  act  as  interpreters.  Xiimiiiz,  lih.  iii.  cap.  lii.,  states  that 
nativi  ;i  were  branded  as  slaves  through  having  been  merely  assigned  to  an 
I  uiiPiin'MiliTo,  and  that  young  boys  and  tender  girls  were  taken  fiom  the  towns 
1  y  liUiKhods  to  wash  for  gold  in  the  gulc'".'s,  where  they  perished  from  hunger 
i;nil  iarilsliip.  ]'il(i,z,  M<tn.  Gnat.,  i.  G7.  A  notable  ease  of  hianding  Indians 
>li'i  liail  pi'aeeahly  submitted,  was  that  of  the  natives  of  (.'uzeatlau  by  Alva- 
laii'i  in  i.VJ4,  described  ))y  witnesses  in  ToWtw,  ]t( .shli'iicUi,  !)(5,  I.m. 

■*  I'liis  ..iicler  repeated  the  mandates  of  the  previous  cedula,  and  in  addition 
iilioli.slieil  the  system  of  encondendas,  as  Well  as  the  branding  of  Indians  as 
sliins.  His  majesty  refused  to  gi-ant  them  as  vassals  to  any  one.  No  Span- 
iiiil  V.MS  to  be  allowed  to  use  them  as  pack-animals,  'i'he  caciipies  were  not 
t'l  lie  ilipiivcd  entirely  of  governing  power,  Uit  allowed  certain  jurisdiction, 
1  iiilir  tlic  advice  and  instruction  of  the  governors  of  provinces.  Natives 
v.irc  to  he  encouraged  in  gold-mining;  but,  on  payment  of  the  royal  dues, 
Hk'  j,'ol,l  tliiy  extracted  wa.s  to  belong  to  themselves;  nor  were  they  to  be  de- 
I'livfcl  nf  tlie  lands  they  had  acquired  by  inheritance,  if  they  ■wished  to  eulti- 
vutc  tlu'in. 

'°  In  l.'i:];)  it  was  enacted  that  an  Indian's  load  should  not  exceed  two  arro- 
bas  ill  wti''lit.    In  153G  it  was  ordered  that  natives  who  had  been  accustomed 


'V 


'  1 


n 


238 


THREATEXED  DESTIlUCTION  OF  THE  INDIES. 


is  shown  from    many  incidents  whicli  have  ah'(.';;tlv 
buon  iclatfd. 

Distant  lofrishation  was  of  no  awiih  Tlic  brandiii"'. 
iron  still  soared  the  captive's  flesh,  the  pine-torch  was 
still  ap])liod  to  the  rich  victim's  feet,  and  the  lash 
still  I'ell  on  the  toiler's  nncovered  back.  Thi;  ciicn- 
nuMidcJos,  bent  only  on  amassing  wealth,  worked  llicir 
Indians  until  they  were  on  the  verge  of  deatli,  and 
then  cast  them  hjrth  from  their  houses  or  left  iIk m 
where  they  fell  dead  in  the  streets,  as  food  for  jivowl- 
iiig  dogs  and  c.irrion  birds,  until  the  odor  of  coiiuji- 
tion  infectt'd  the  settlements,^'  Xor  did  the  liduu'.s 
of  the  living  escape  destruction  or  their  proju-rty 
violent  sei/AU'e.  Their  dwellinus  were  i)ulled  down  to 
suj)ply  building  materials,  and  the  pro(hicc  and  waivs 
which  they  bror.»>ht  each  day  to  exchanivo  in  tlkir 
market  at  Santiago  were  taken  from  them  by  the 
servants  of  the  Spaniards,  or  by  soldiers,  who  rcpaiil 
tliem  oidy  with  blows  (sr  stabs.'- 


to  iiiovo  from  jilaco  to  jilacc  •wore  not  to  lie  ptwontcd  from  iloinir  so.  Otli-r 
laws  piusscil  the  saiiio  year  well!  to  the  itlcit  lliat  no  Spaiiiaixl  ol  any  I'luik 
co\il(l  111!  caiTit'd  aliout  l>y  Jiidiaiis  in  IiammocU  or  palaniniin.  N'c^irocs  iil- 
treating;  Jiidians  wuro  to  reccivo  101)  laslii^^,  or  if  blood  \\v)\i  sliecl,  a  |)iinis!i- 
inrnt  adL'i[nati'  to  tlic  sovci'ity  of  tlio  A\-ouiid.  Native  viliaLfo.s  and  si'tlliiiniits 
vcro  not  to  1)1!  iidiahitcd  liy  Spaniards,  ncLjroi's,  or  niidattocs.  A  Siiaiiianl 
when  tra  vi'HinL,'  could  only  remain  one  nii^dil,  and  Spanish  traders  threo  days 
in  an  Indian  villas,'".  In  [."(.'{S  laws  were  made  oi-tU'rin;.; that  eaei(pU's  ^croiint 
to  sell  or  liarter  their  suhjeets.  1'liis  year  also  ;i  nioililieation  of  jiiev  iim.s  en- 
aetments  limited  the  nso  of  natives  a.s  jiaek-animiils  to  tlioso  nndci'  is  yiais 
of  ii^e.  'J'hc  Indians  \\ere,  liy  all  possiiili;  means  other  than  coercidM,  to  lio 
inihieed  to  live  in  eomnnmities.  In  loll  vieero\s,  a\u',ieneias,  and  unvcniurs 
were  ordereil  to  aseeitain  whether  eneomenderos  sold  their  slavi's,  and  if  any 
isueh  Mere  diseovered  they  were  to  he  exemp'arily  pinislied  and  the  lienil-iiieii 
thus  sol<l  restored  to  liberty  /.'rrop.  tl,-  ImlUix,  i'i.  I!)l>,  1<)4,  'JOI-'J.  'JIJ.  'JITS 
'J,S8-f).  These  laws  were  ;,'eneial  and  applied  to  all  Spanish  America.  \a,> 
(juez  states  that,  in  tile  year  171-1,  there  existed  in  tlu!  city  ai'ehives  of  (Uiati- 
mala  royal  eeduhis,  issued  in  l."),'!!,  1."),'>I{,  and  \7%'.\\,  anthori/ini(  tin!  Inanuiii,' 
of  slaves  taken  in  wai'  or  ol>tain<'d  liy  ri'^i'ttir.   Clirnnica  dr  Ornl.,  ."T-S. 

"In  I>eeeml)er  loIM)  tile  eahildo  of  Santiago  was  eompelled  to  passalaw 
oi'derin;^  the  Inirial  of  the  dead.  '  hos  liidios  cpie  niiieren  en  siis  easas,  im  I'S 
oiitierran,  e  his  de.\an  eonier  do  perros,  y  jiues,  e  ]iodiir  deiitro  (]■•  In  iliiii* 
eiud.ad,  de  qiu!  siielen  veiiir  e  reerecer  mnelias  ilojeiieias  a  los  vexiiii'S  y  iiin'- 
itates.'  /,'(■//(( x(//,  //(■-./.  CliirijKi,  'M.  Christianized  Indians,  wlietlni'  servant 
or  slave,  were  to  lie  burled  Ml  eonseerated  eroiunl  at  flii'  deiith  of  the  waist- 
belt  of  ;i  man  of  good  stat  le.  Others  were  to  be  buried  an  islailo  deep,  nvt 
of  reaeh  of  do;,'s,  under  jienalty  of  '20  ]>esoa  de  oro.    /(/. 

'■-In  l."r_",)  laws  well' ])asse(l  ]irohibitini,' sueli  aets  under  a  jieiially  of '-'•' 
pesos  de  oro.  thi!  ])ropriei.  'of  the  !-t'rvant  to  forfeit  his  ownerslii|i.  Ji' '-"^ 
perooii  oii'euding  were  an  liidalgo  thu  line  was  100  pesoi;  do  oro;  if  imt  lie  wan 


BARTOLOME  DE  LAS  CASAS. 


230 


Thus  iiotwitlistandiuiT;'  the  ordinances  enacted  l)y 
the  ('m])ei'(»r  for  the  [)r()tection  of  the  natives,  and  iu 
the  face  of  a  papal  bull  issued  in  laol  l)y  his  li(»li- 
iKss  Paul  11  [../■' vcotorinj^  to  tlie  Indians  their  liberty 
tlii<niL;h()ut  the  in'ovinces,  their  iRnid)ers  rajiidly  de- 
(•ii;i  <(l  and  the  condition  of  the  survivors  grew  worse 
as  li'csli  taskniaste's  arrived  in  tlie  New  World. 
l'\\v  <'\(':  ol'  the  [)oorer  and  none  of  the  Wi'altliit'r 
class  u'l  Spaniards  e\j)ected  to  lind  thci'e  an  ahiding- 
jilacc.  Spain's  boldest  and  most  reckless  left  he^r 
slmics  and  voyaged  westward  witli  the  placid  satis- 
lactimi  of  ruflians  released  from  law's  control,  and  now 
i'lvc  I'loui  the  check  of  an  effectual  executive  i)Ower 
nganlcd  themselves  as  masters  of  the  position. 

lu  1.1  li;  Bartolonie  de  Las  Casas  placed  in  the 
liaiids  of  the  em[)eror  the  manuscript  of  his  well  known 
wmk  on  the  destruction  of  the  Jndics,  and  through 
the  cxcitious  mainly  of  that  never-tiring  missionary 
n  inyal  junta  <'om[tos(.'d  of  ecclesiastics  and  jurists  was 
licM  (luring  the  [)revious  year  at  A^alladolid  for  tlie 
)iiii|"s,>  ofdi'awing  U[>  regulations  for  the  f)etter  go\- 
crnii!-'!it  of  tlir  provinces.  T\\e  great  apostle  of  the 
Indies  pleaded  his  favorite  cause  with  all  the  lire  of 
liis  cl(»(jiu'nce,  urging  that  the  natives  of  the  Xew 
\V(iild  nc'ri'  hy  the  law  of  nature  \)vv,  and  giving 
uttcfanci  to  the  now  somewhat  trite  maxim  "(Jod 
('.HI-.  ii(i{  allow  e\il  that  good  may  conic" 

1 1  i>  somewhat  sin'>"ular,  to  sav  the  least,  to  Jiear 
such  ilouriue  I'rom  the  ]i[)s  of  a   Dominicau/^  whuo 


T     it 


'     .1 


til  riri'ivc  1(10  la.slics.  Af  rdhi.  Adii^  Al/lDlf.  Oiin/.,  (tO-  I ,  I  I  t-l.").  'I'lic  llliirlu't 
■iilldl  liy  llio  lii(li:iiis  l'.iiiiiji:i~.  was  lielil  ililily  at  sunset.  'I'li  iirnviil"  ,iL,';iilist 
til' '!iiti,'iL;is  Uu  11  ciiii'.iiiitti  (I  a  iiiiistiT  (if  tlii^  iiiarkrt  was  ini|iiiiiit<'il  in  l.'i.'i'J. 
lu  t'u'  inllnu  iii;,f  Vial'  aiiiitlu'i'  (K'crt'o  Ma.'i  rminif  iici'cs.sjuv,  wliiili  w  :i.s  ii[iuli- 
li-li  .1  I'.liiiiary  ",'>.  l.'ilU,    !,'<  i.hnul,  J/ixt.  CliiKi/.n.  :\->. 

''  I 'a  II I  III.  it  w  ill  lie  rciniiiil  II  It'll  in  imtiil  lis  the  jtniititlw  liu  rNriiiniiiinii- 
i:it((  llrii.y  \'lli.  of  I'".ii,L,l.inil,  mill  ill  till' I'l'iitcst  lit"  ('liiiili's  \'.  with  tilt.! 
I'liiir-taul  l.i'aj,'iu'  ilt's]'ati'lit'il  a  larj^t'  t'orrc  to  tlif  tiiiiu'ror's  aiil. 

"It  will  In.  ifini  lulii  rt'il  tli;>.t  till'  iii(|iiisitiiiii,  at  tliat.  tiliu' in  full  Mast, 
^^•is  liuiiKKd  liy  tlio  ])iiiiiinif;',ii  onliT.  in  I'n.sroH'.-i  I'lrii,  ii.  'J.'i.'t.  it  is  siatcil 
tlw;t  tlir  aiiiiinit'iits  uscil  liy  Las  Casaa  Ijclorc  the  juiitu  wui'o  lirst  ^luhU.shciJ 
ly  a  snivtary  of  that  iustitutiou. 


240 


TIIP.EATEXED  DESTRUCTIOX  OF  THE  INDIES. 


■  ii 


)  [ 


yet  the  dark  looming  cloud  of  tlie  inquisition  cast,  as 
from  the  wings  of  a  fallen  angel,  the  dun  spectre  oi 
its  huge  eclij)se  athwart  the  hemispheres. 

The  ordinances  framed  hy  the  junta  received  tlio 
emperor's  approval,  and  after  being  somewhat  ani]i!i- 
iied  wore  published  in  Madrid  in  Jr)4;5,  and  then<'c- 
I'orth  known  as  the  New  Lavvs.^''  The  code  contains 
a  large  number  of  articles,  many  of  them  i-elatii);j; 
almost  exclusively  to  the  enslavement  and  treatuiciit 
of  the  natives.  It  was  [)r'ovide(l  that  all  Indian  slavis 
should  be  set  free,  unless  tlu>ir  owners  could  estalilish 
a  legal  title  to  their  possession."^  Xone  were  theiicu- 
forth  to  be  enslaved  under  any  pretext. 

Proprietors  to  whom  the  repartimicntos  had  given 
an  excessive  number  nuist  surrender  a  portion  of  tliem 
to  the  crown.  On  the  death  of  encomenderos^'  (he 
slaves  were  to  revert  to  the  crown.  All  ecclesiastics 
and  riiligious  societies  and  all  officers  under  the  down 
must  deliver  up  their  bondsmen  or  bondswomen,  not 
bein'>'  allowed  to  retain  them  even  thouLch  resiiiimiL!' 
office.  Inspectors  were  appointed  to  watch  over  (ho 
interests  of  the  natives,  and  wei'c  jiaid  out  of  the 
lines  levied  on  transgressors.  Slaves  were  not  to  be 
euiployed  in  the  pearl-hsheries  against  their  will  undor 
penalty  of  death  to  the  party  so  emjiloying  tluni.  mir 
when  nscd  as  pack-animals  was  such  a  load  t(,)  be  laid 
on  their  backs  as  might  endangei-  theii'  lives.  I'^inally 
they  were  to  l)e  converted  to  the  (Aitholic  I'aitli,  ami 
it  was  ordered  that  two  ))riests  should  accompany 
all  exjtloring  parties,  to  instruct  the  .Vmcricans  that 

'■'Till' full  text  (if  tlicni  ia  given  in  //'//<  i  ;)/  Onhnnn-.nn,  fra^Jidl'-iItt,  Col. 
Dor.,  ii.  •J04-'JT.  'J'Ir'Io  iiio  (^xtiiU'ts  from  tlicni  in  ll'^rrcra,  Itunicsal,  Tor 
(lUt'inaila,  and  dtln'i'  chi(iiiiolci\s.  For  fmthcr  uicntion  of  tlic  nuw  cihIo  iiiiii 
its  workings  sfi'  Jlisf.  ^/l'x.,  ii.  .'")1(!,  <.■<:  k'j;;.  tliis  scries.  I'l'isuott  sayx:  'Tlio 
iirovisions  of  tliis  Li'kliraU'il  emit;  an;  to  lie  f(jiinil,  w  itli  inor-of  less — 1,'t'Mi  ;\iily 
less  -acuiu'acy,  in  tlie  various  "onti'iii|)orary  wiitei's.  Hcirera  f^ives  tluni  (Vi 
<.rlfiisn.'  /'(Ill,  ii.  IVT).  'J'ho  liistoi'an  i.s  liiniself  soniewliat  inaeeia'atc  iiii  lliis 
(iiiil  otiior  points. 

•'■  lliforo  tlu"  ncM-  hnv8  wore  jiassed  Indians  captured  in  war  or  inilty  of 
certain  crinies  eoidd  be  le!..'ally  enslaved. 

"  For  11  description  of  tlie  repartiniicnto  and  enconiienda  system,  see  Jlisl. 
Cent.  Am.,  i.  '^'2-4,  uud  JJint.  Mcx.,  ii.  14o-J"J,  this  series. 


!.i 


THE  NEW  LAWS. 


2U 


liis  .M;ijosty  tlic  emperor  regarded  tlicin  as  liis  free 
siilijiM  ts,  and  that  his  hoHiiess  the  pope  desired  to 
hriii'^'  liein  to  a  tru*^  linowledge  of  liiin  the  spread  of 
whose  doctrines  liad  in  less  then  half  a  century  l)een 
;itt(  ndcd  witli  the  depopulation  of  the  fairest  portions 
of  tlie  New  World. 


Among  tlie  provisions  of  tlie  new  code  wore  others 
iiliiiost  lis  distasteful  to  many  of  tlie  Spaniards  as 
wvw  tliose  relating  to  tlie  enfranchisement  of  the 
iiatjxcs,  'J'he  audiencia  t)f  Panama  was  abolished  and 
(wii  new  tribunals  were  to  be  establislu'd,  one  at 
lios  Ivxyes,  which  now  first  began  to  bear  the  name 
of  Lima,  and  was  thenceforth  the  metropolis  of  the 
South  American  continent;  the  other  termed  the 
auiliiucia  de  los  Confines,  at  Coinayagua,  with  juris- 

tion  ovtT  (Miiapas,  Yucatan,  (Juatemala,  ILondui'as, 


llK 

Xi 


as 


(1  tl 


caragna,  and  tUe  ]»rovmce  ot    J  leri-a  IMrmc,  Known 


f  'J^ 


¥ 


k 


Cistilla  del   Oro. 
d  from  tl 


triliimals  and  from  tliose  or  the  au(ht>ncias  o 


rom 
f  th 


th 


le    decision    (» 


f    tl 


lese 


.f  ^r 


ex  ICO 


aii 


I  Santo  JJominiro,  there  was  to  be  in  criminal  eases 


no   a 


ppoal.  In  civil  suits  the  losing  parfy  might 
(k'liiand  a  second  trial,  the  benefit  of  whii'h  is  not 
apitareiit,  as  no  new  evidence  was  admitted,  and  the 


<'a>e  was  conducted  by  the  (»idores  who  renderi'd  the 
tiist  judgment.  If  the  amount  exceeded  ten  thousand 
le  oro,  there  lay  right  of  ap[>eal  to  the  council 


irsos  ( 

of  tlie 


Ind 


les. 


M 


orei)ver, 


th 


le  oidorcs'"  wei'e  emi)ow- 


iiv.l  (o  in(|uire   into  the  administration  of  the  gov 
'I'lier  ;iii(l  ollu'r  civil    functionaries,  and    to  susiieiu 


d 


iioni 


from  olflce,  their  report  being  sent  to  tin;  council 
"f  tile  huHes  for  final  action. 

Siicli  Were  tlu'  main  features  of  the  new  co(l(>  which 
■  'Ui^lit  to  strike  the  letters  from  a  nation  which  was 
l;ist  <lis;ippearing  from  the  family  cm  man.  Tidings 
•I   tiiis  remaikable  piece  of   legislation  soon  spread 

'' 1 'T  :i  ilcscriiilion  fif  tlio  org.ini/Mtioii  mikI  jurisdit'tinn  of  lutdiciu-iiifi  nro 
11  <  {'ml  Am.,  i.  '_'7(t  .'1,  Uiia  Korii.'H,  uinl  uf  Uio  siin^)r(jnic  council  of  Uio 
l:iilii'S,  'IM  •_'  ui  the  siiiiie  vol. 

Uisi.  CE.sr.  Am.,     Vol.  II.    10 


■  I 


;■( 


U 


242 


THREATENED  DESTRUCTIOX  OF  THE  INDIES!. 


:  ) 


;    I, 


ill! 


:l     ■  =  ^  I 


!fi:'ii 


tli;onc>ii()Tit  tlic  Xc'W  World,  unci  from  i\rcxleo  to  Los 
lio^'cs  tlie  entire  })oj)al<ition  was  in  fi  state  (»!'  leriin'iit 
horderiiiL^  revolution.  To  deprive  the  settlers  of  t  \ir\v 
slaves  ^vas  t'j  reduce  them  to  boL;'<vaiT.  Slaves  cnn- 
islituted  the  cliief  source  of  -wealth  tlirou^iiout  l!i,' 
])iovinces.  Without  them  tlie  mines  ct)uld  not  lie 
v.oi'lvcd,  towns  could  not  be  built,  lands  could  noj  lie 
tilled.  The  soldier  urged  his  right  of  contjuest.  .ind 
manv  a  scarred  veteran,  worn  with  toil  and  haidshi'., 
threatened  to  defend  ]>y  the  sword  which  had  lKl|»(d 
ti)  win  an  empire  for  his  sovereign  the  estates  imw 
threatened  by  these  vexatious  regulations. 

The  colonists  were  soon  to  learn  that  the  ncv,  h\\\< 
were  not  to  remain  a  dead  letter  as  had  been  the  vd>v 
with  the  royal  oi'dinances.  In  January  ir)44  \';i>(i) 
Nunez  A'ela,  the  tirst  viceroy  of  I'eru,  arrivrd  n 
Xombre  de  Dios,  and  finding  there  some  S[)aii!ai(!s 
I'cturning  to  their  native  country  w  ith  stores  of  wcaltli 
ac(juired  by  the  sale  of  their  Peruvian  slaves,  ordi n-l 
them  to  deliv(^r  up  their  treasure,'''  and  but  for  shim' 
doubt  as  to  the  legality  (»f  such  a  proceeding  wniild 
certainly  have  conliscated  it. 

After  crossing  the  Istlnnus  the  vic(M'oy  libenitcd  aii'l 
sent  back  fi'om  l^lnanul  at  the  expenst"  of  their  jiin|iii. 
etors,  several  hundred  In<lians  who  had  l)een  brdUiilit 
i\\nn  Pi'ru  or  were  unjustly  held  in  bondage;.  Ilittd' 
wertj  the  remonstrances  against  these  high-liaiKKd 
measures,  but  Vela  merely  answered,  "I  come  imt  tn 
discuss  the  laws  but  to  execute  them."  Tlui  coiiiliti'm 
of  the  nati\es  was  not  in\])roved,  howeviM',  hv  tlnir 
libei'ation,  for  we  learn  that  luunbers  died  oir  ixiaiil 
shi[»  from  starvation  and  ill-usagt\  while  other>,  I'li-^t 
ashoi'e  unai'Uied  on  a  desolate  coast,  fell  a  prc'y  t"  \*i''l 
boasts  ())•  otherwise  |)e)ished  miser;d)ly. 

A  committee  of  the  most  noble  and  inllucniial  "I 
the  Spaniards  waited  on  the  new  viceroy  to  gain  limi' 

'"'I'lic  \orsii)n  ,i;i\t'ii  in  /'ri sniir.:  I'lrii.  ii.  •2(iO-l,  is  tliiil  thr  vii'  i   y  l'iii'<'' 
ft  slii|i,  IjicK'ii  \\\i\\  fWy^v  iVmii  tlii'  I'crm  iiiii  iiiiiii'.s,  ready  tn  sjiil  lor  ^jiiiii.iiii" 
lliiit  li<(   laiil  ill!   i'liil)iii','o  (111  till'  vcfscl  iis  contjiiiiiiij,'  tin;  ]ir(Ki'i'<l    I'f  s!,;v 
Liljur.     Tlicru  is,  ho\\  evci',  no  absolute  i^iroliibitiuii  ill  tlii'  iiuw  coil^   a^'ainst 


VASCo  xuSez  vela. 


$43 


]ii;;i.  ii'  |>:)ssil)lc,  sonic  concessions.  They  ni'u'cd  that, 
iiijisiiiiu-h  as  the  Indians  had  hcen  conveited  to  Chris- 
tiaiiitv,  it  would  bo  a  great  hxss  to  llie  ehurcli  to 
ciifiaiK'hise  tlicm,  and  that  it'  onfVanchised  they  would 
;ih\;iy.s  be  in  danger  of  ])erishing  from  starvation. 
Tli<\  dared  not  return  to  their  own  tribes,  for  the 
t'a(i(iues  inflicted  the  ])onalty  of  death  on  all  who  had 
hrfiiiiic  Christians.  These  arguments  served  but  to 
roiix'  tlie  wrath  of  the  viceroy,  wlio  dismissed  the 
(!(|mta(i()ii  saying,  "Were  you  under  my  jurisdiction 
I  WMiild  hang  you  eveiy  one."  Thenceforth  none 
(liird  ()]t])ose  him  further.  Even  the  oidores  of  the 
luwiy  established  audieneia  of  Los  Reyes  who  had 
a((oiii])anit'tl  him  from  Spain  made  no  piotest,  and 
(111  Jiis  (lej)arture  for  Pei'U  remained  for  some  time  at 
ranaina  befor"  they  could  muster  courage  to  follow. 

Ill  Tierra  Firme  and  in  the  islands  of  the  Spanish 
Wist  Indies  the  new  laws  were  partially  obeyed, 
aliliniigli  complaints  were  still  freipient  of  the  ill- 
trr;itiii(iit  of  natives,  of  their  being  })unished  with 
stiipcs  il'  tliev  dai'cd  to  complain,  and  of  the  arrival 
ill  i'aiiaiiKi  of  can-'cK-s  of  slaves  from  Xieara«jjua.  The 
|iiii  -is  ^\■(•re  earnest  in  their  ])rotesta,tions,  and  their 
iv|inrts  to  the  em])eror  abounded  in  lol'ty  cxjjressions 
"('  (■((jicrrn  for  the  cause  of  Christ  and  of  humanitv. 
The  (crlesiastical  and  secular  interests  wiu'o  ever  at 
viiiiaiicc.  Should  the  alcaldes  render  any  decision 
tli;it  llnvatened  to  work  adversely  against  the  authoi- 
ity  ^'\'  thr  cliurcli,  they  were  exeonnnunieated,  and 
tlitis  i(  iidcrc'd  ineapable,  in  tlu'  eyes  <if  the  people,  of 
cliMliaiging  the  functions  of  their  olli<'t\  The  gov- 
•  iimr  and  the  bishop  wei'C  continually  at  war,  tht^ 
l;i1tri'  cloaking  tnider  his  ])retended  zeal  for  the  con- 
vn-^ioii  of  the  Indians,  and  the  f(»i'inci-  umler  the  \)iv- 
tc.M  (if  upliohhno'  the  <li<>'nitv  of  the  crown,  the  real 

tlic>  1  ni|,l,iynuiit  (if  Inili.'uin  in  workiiii,'  tlii^  iiiincs,  nUlioudi,  ns  montioiipil  in 
Hi  I'l;  i-'i,  ili'c.  \i.  Ill),  \-.  i'hji.  iv.,  afiiluhi  issiuil  in  l.">,'iS,  forlKidc  tiiat  n.itivrs 
111'  su  I  ii;.'iigLil,  and  autlioiizcil  the  substituliun  ot'  nemo  .sia\ o  laljui'  for  sucli 


i 


1 


244 


THREATENED  DESTRUCTION  OF  THE  IXDIES. 


purpose  lor  wliieli  t-ach  was  too  ofton  sti'iviiin-— tliat 
of  L>atlioring  into  his  coffers  the  gold  ol'  his  Majesty  s 
vassals,"*^ 

■"'J'hc  emperor  was  memorialized  hy  tlic  clergy  and  by  tlu;  eivil  aiitlmri. 
tics,  each  jiai'ty  sending,'  its  petition  without  tiie  otlier'.s  iitiowl'clm',  ca'li 
slaiiilering  its  adversary  and  iisiii^  such  falschocjds  as  woidd  lie  most  likily 
to  injure  tiie  opposite  cause.  Abnv,  in  Cent,  Am.;  Extr.  Sticltos,  in  tS'juici'n 
.I/.V>!)'.,  xxii.  48. 


ri 


<'h 


CHAPTER  XV. 


PANAMA      AND     I'KIUJ. 

iras-iMO. 

AuMiMsTiiAiioN  OK  Doctor  lioiti.KS— Interockaxic  CojiMirxrcATioN' — I'ro- 
i'(isi.i)  CiiANci:  or  TiiF,  SiTK  ok  Panama — Xomiirk  ok  Dios  and  its 
'ri:Aiii:- Tin;    IsTimrs   tiik   IIiciiway    ok   Co.m.mkrck   v.ktwken  tiik 

lIlMISPIIKRKS-  X'ASfO  Xl'NKZ  ^'l;LA  LaMjS  IN  I'KRC  -  ( JONZAI.O  I'iZAIiRO 
Al'  Tin:  IIkAO  ok  a  IlKliKLIJON — DISSOLUTION  OK  TIIK  At:i)IEN(,'IA  OK 
Los   liKVKS   ANO   AlIRKST   OK  TIIK  ViCEROY-    lIlS    IiELEASK       Ills  DeKEAT 

AMI  I)i:atii  at  Anaqiito — 'ioNZAi.o's  Drea.ms  ok  Conqkest  -He  De- 
si'AitiiEs  Bachii'ao  to  I'anajia -IIinojosa's  Expedition— JIis  IJi.oon- 
ir.ss  (.'oNyiEST  ok  the  1'rovince — Meloiior  VERi)r(io's  Invasion  - 
pKiiKo  i)E  i.A  (Iasca — His  Xeoutivtions  with  the  Kevolutionists — 
(JAsiA  Lands  in  I'eru— PLvECDrioN  ofGonzalo  Pizaero. 

()]•'  IVdro  Vazquez,  who  succeeded  Barrionuevo  as 
oiivciiior  of  Castilla  del  Oro,  little  is  known;  but  of 
Doctor  Jlobles,  the  successor  of  Vazquez,  vuuler  whose 
administration  the  government  was  continue<l  till 
I."i4(l,  it  is  alleo-ed,  and  probably  with  truth,  that  lie 
wiouu'lit  more  harm  to  his  fellow-man  in  a  twelve- 
month tlian  the  malign  genius  of  a  Pedrarias  even 
rould  ;ic('()ni])lisji  in  a  tlecade.  In  his  greed  for  wealth 
lif  \v;is  rivalled  only  by  the  all-grasj)ing  Pedro  de 
hos  h'ios,  and  in  the  astute  cunninu:  with  which  lui 
iloakcd  his  evil  deeds  he  was  without  peer  evcMi  in  a 
'•oimiuiiiity  where  the  prevailing  code  of  morals  taught 
initlici'  liar  of  God  nor  regaril  for  man.  Appointed 
"itlor  of  tlie  audiencia  of  Panama  in  lo.'iH,  he  held 
utlicf  for  several  years,  and  the  abolition  of  that  tribu- 
nal was  jirobably  due  in  a  measure  to  his  malefeasance. 
llu'ic  arc  no  explicit  details  as  to  the  precise  charges 
Nvliich  were  brought  against  Kobles,  but  we  learn  that 

(•J45) 


M::i 


240 


PANAMA  AND  PERU. 


■F 


! 


in  overy  uistanco  lie  contrived  to  \miWv  tlio  serutinv 
of  his  jud^'cs.  The  licentiate  A  aca  de  Castro  u.is 
first  ordered  tobrintx  the  ofFender  to  justice,  hut  c.ilhd 
in  vain  on  his  i'cllow-oidores  of  the  audienci.i  of 
l*anani;i  to  aid  him  in  so  doinj:^.  On  the  estal)li>li- 
nient  of  the  andienciji  of  the  Confines,  the  tiial  w.is 
yet  unfinished,  and  as  the  aggrieved  ])arties  .-till 
clamored  that  it  he  brought  to  a  conrhision,  llaniiiv;^ 
one  of  tlie  oidores,  and  the  first  alcalde  mayor  if 
Pananut,  was  ordei'ed  to  take  his  residcncia.  Jvolilcs 
a[»j»ears  to  have  escaped  ]>unishment,  for  he  soon  iiftcr- 
\vard  figures  as  senio]'  oidor  of  the  audiencia  of  Jiiiua. 
He  returned  before  long  to  Panama,  an<l  we  Ica.M 
that  on  the  capture  of  that  city  in  1550,  by  Heriiamld 
and  Pedro  do  C\>ntreras,  some  of  Gasca's  tre;isi;i;' 
was  captured  at  the  house  of  Robles,  who  tliencei'i>rtli 
disappears  from  the  p.ige  of  history.^ 

Wlien  Pedro  de  los  Pios  set  out  for  Nicaragua  lii> 
left  orders  with  Captain  Hernando  de  la  Sern.i  jiiid 
the  })ilot  Corzo  to  make  a  survey  of  the  Pit)  de  los 
Lagartos,  now  known  as  the  river  Chagre,  for  the 
}>ur[)osc  of  facilitating  communication  between  the 
two  seas.  They  were  directed  also  to  cxamiin'  \\\v 
river  Panama,  flowing  in  the  opposite  dircctioiL  and 
to  explore  the  country  between  tlie  highest  na\  igablc 
points  on  the  two  streams.  This  was  done  with  a 
view  of  discoverinn"  the  best  route  for  a  !i'ran<l  tlior- 
oU'»'hfare  across  the  Isthmus,  over  which  tlie  tidenf 
commerce  might  flow  between  Spain  and  the  Spux' 
Ishmds;  and  although  this  object  was  never  reali/cd. 
the  discovery  which  reduced  land  cai'riage  to  ;i  dis- 
tance of  nin(.'  leagues  proved  most  useful  in  the  subsc- 
(juent  intercourse  of  Spain  and  Peru. 

The  project  for  interoccanic  connnunication  hy  way 
of  the  isthmus  of  Pananul  was  first  mooted  more  tliaa 
three  hunch'ed  and  fifty  years  ago,  and  to  Charles  A. 

'  (t'd.irti,  ('(Ilia  al  Coni^'jo,  in  Col.  Due.  Iiitd.,  1.  107;  see  also  //i/'"«,  il^'^- 
vi.  lib.  V.  caj).  iii. 


i.  I 


ISTHMUS  IIIGinVAY. 


24T 


,1 


|i,iii.;i1»lv  l)el(!n!.;.-;  the  iix-iit  of  its  sno'<:;-os*^i<)n.  'I'lio 
|)!;iii  lirst  pvopost/d  \v;is  to  unite;  the  liio  (iiaiido  ^vitll 
tlir  ('liau'ic,  whicli  c'\t'c[>t  ill  >^oasons  of  (Iroiiu'lit  was 
ii;i\  i^altlc  i'or  vessels  of  liglit  <li'nu;j;lit  as  i\\v  as  the 
i;i(--t'iit  town  of  Cruces,  and  so  ninke  tlie  connection 
(111  tliij  Pacific  side  near  tlic  modem  city  of  J*anain;i. 
Ainlaiiova,  who  lias  already  been  mentioned  as  the 
(iiK  who  in  \i)22  conducted  an  expedition  to  Biru, 
was  (hiected  to  make  a  survey  and  to  I'uniish  estimates 
dt'  ilie  pi-ol)al»le  cost.  His  report  was  unfaNorable;  for 
ill  a  despatch  addressed  to  the  emperor,  about  la.j-l, 
lie  cxiiresses  his  Itelief  that  there  was  no  monarcii  in 
all  iMirope  rich  enou^'h  to  furnish  the  means  to  cany 
out  >\\r\i  an  enterprise." 

In  llie  same  despatcli  Andac;'oya  also  reports  ad- 
vt  r>ely  on  a  question  which  liad  been  for  several  y(>ars 
uiidei'  discussion — that  of  moving"  to  another  site  the 
|ie[iiilatioii  of  I'aiiama.  In  a  letter  addressed  to  Fran- 
cisco ]?izarr(»  in  1.5."»l,  Antonio  de  la  (Jama  declarej 
liis  intention  of  niahing  such  a  change;  for  ever  sinco 
tlh'  ( ily  had  been  founded  by  Pedrarias,  coni[)laints 
had  heeii  made  of  its  unhealthy  climate.'''  A  royal 
•Tiliila  was  afterward  issued  oi'dering  that  the  citixeiis 
sheiild  nu'ct  and  discuss  the  question,  and  Andagoya 
states  that  the  matter  was  decided  in  the  ncsj^ative; 
I'll-,  he  tells  us:  "There  is  no  other  port  in  all  the 
vSeutli  Sea  where  vessels  could  anchor  alongside.'  the 
stiv(  ts/"  ]S[(>'jover  he  atlirms  that  "God  himself 
liaii  selected  the  site." 

The  chronicler  Peiizoni,  who  travelled  in  Darien 
hetwe(ii  1  J4l  and  laoti,  mentions  that  the  road  fioiii 


11 


PI 


■y\ 


.1 


•'  [ii  (I'lii-illd.  Istlinir  )li'  Pfiii'imfi.  4,  it  is  stntcil  that  .VikImjiov.'v  iii.kIc  his 
mi'Vi'v  ill  (ilniliiiicc  (()  a  ct'iliila  issued  "JOth  IVhruaiy  \')'.'A.  Sdiiie  authmi- 
tits  h^tate  tliat  I'hilip  lirst  sinigcstod  tiie  idea  nf  uuitiiig  tlic  two  ociuiis  liy 
liiwnis  of  a  canal;  Imtwlu'ii  tlii^  survey  was  ovdrird  he  was  not  over  mmii 
yiars  (ifaL'o.  lii  //;'.<7.  Cmf.  Am.,  i.  3tiO-l,  this  si-iics,  tlien;  is  a  dcsciiiitinii 
(it  tli>' (liiiiinltics  ovi'i'conic  in  eonstnu'tiiiij;  tiio  liist  road  aci'o.ss  tiie  istinidi.s 
iilwKit  I.'>J1),  and  an  ae(.'ouut  of  till' ol (stack's  encountered  liy  surveying  eNi)e- 
(htinic^  f\rn  ill  the  iiii(Ulle  of  tlic  iiiiicteentii  century. 

'  Miiifiijrd,  liiforiHuaoii,  Lai.  Due.  liial.,  xxvi.  '2(h>,  and  IfdTcra,  dec.  iv. 
(ill.  \.  I'ap.  vii. 


5 


,t:;r 


I 


I 

1 1 

! 


248 


PAXAMA  ANT5  PKRU. 


Pannniii*  to  Notiibro  do  Di^is  was  about  fifty  miles  in 
Iciis^th,  aiul  that  duriii}^  tlio  first  day's  jounity  it  wa-; 
tol<-'i'al)ly  sniootli,  but  the  rouiaindor  of  tiio  route  l.iy 
over  rngi^cd  and  diffiindt  ground,  tlirouj^'Ti  foi'ist  and 
tlirouu^h  .streams  sometimes  almost  impassabK;  din- 
ing the  rainy  season.^  Morcliants  doing  business  at 
Nonibro  do  J)ios  usually  r(\sidcd  at  Panama.  At  the 
time  of  ]kMizoni's  visit  to  tlio  former  town,  about  the 
year  1541,  it  contained  but  tilteen  or  twenty  wlioli'- 
sale  merchants,  the  i-emainder  of  the  population  btiiiL;' 
j)rinc'ipal]y  small  tradesmen,  innkeepers,  and  sailois. 

The  trade  of  Nombi'e  de  Dios  was  extremely  ihictu- 
ating.  Fourteen  or  fifteen  Spanish  vessels  of  various 
sizes,  the  la I'U'est  beini>' about  three  hundi'od  and  si\tv 
tons  burden,  arrived  there  amnially,  with  miseellu- 
Tieous  cargoes,  but  laden  })rinci[)ally  with  wine.  Hour, 
biscuit,  oil,  cloth,  silk,  and  household  merchandise. 
Tbe  pi'iccs  obtained  for  goods  depended  altogetlicr 
u])on  the  supply.  When  the  market  was  overstocked, 
prices  frequently  ruled  lower  than  first  cost  in  Sj)aiii, 
and  cargoes  wore  sometimes  foi'feited  by  the  consigiKo 
us  not  worth  the  freight.  On  the  other  hand,  when 
an  article  was  scarce,  an  enormous  price  could  be  el)- 
tained  I'or  it,  sometimes  its  weight  in  gold. 

When  a  shij)  arrivt'd  at  Nombre  do  Dios  the  caruo 
was  discharged  into  ilat-bottomcd  boats,  and  caiiinl 
l)y  way  of  the  Chagre  as  far  as  Cruces,  about  si\ 
leaLjfues  from  the  South  Sea.     Here  the  mcrchandiso 

*Bcnzoni  goes  somewhat  out  of  his  way  to  make  P.-inanul  appear  in  n  ruii- 
teiiiptililo  liglit.  Ho  says  tliat  it  coiitainud  !il)()ut  4.000  inhaMtiint.s  iiinl  had 
about  I'JO  lioust's  l)uilt  of  rcods  or  \voo(l  and  roofe<l  witli  shingles.  Imtlio 
does  not  explain  how  such  a  population  contrived  to  crowd  themselves  into 
that  n\iniher  of  dwellings. 

^  In  his  deseri|)tion  of  a  journey  from  Ada  to  Panainii  hy  way  of  Xoiiili!'!; 
de  l)ios,  Benzoni  mentions  that  his  party  was  accompanied  l)y  'Jl>  iii'l,to 
slaves,  whose  business  it  was  to  cut  away  the  undcrgrowtli  and  brain'iis  nf 
trees  tluit  barred  their  ])ath.  The  .same  writer  also  alludes  to  tho  (hiiiL'i  r 
incurred  by  travellers  during  the  rainy  season  through  the  frci[uciit  iiossiiii; 
of  tlie  Cliagres  en  route  across  tiie  Isthmus.  He  relates  a  story  of  a  Sii:uii:iril, 
who  w  hilo  fording  the  last  bi'aneh  of  the  river,  mounted  on  a  mule,  and  witli 
gold  and  jewels  in  his  iiossession  to  the  value  of  4,000  ducats,  was  can  icd  diiwu 
stream,  lost  everything,  and  w.ts  saved  only  by  tying  himself  to  the  U-a'mU 
of  a  tree,  arriving  at  Nombre  de  Dios  with  onlj'  his  waistcoat. 


I.MrORTANCE  OV  PANAMA. 


249 


\va^  (Idivcred  to  imilctccrs,  who  eoiu^n'J'd  it  to 
l'aii;im;i,  wht-ix?*.'  it  was  shij)|>e(l  in  various  diroctions, 
tli<»UL;h  the  greater  jtart  of  the  trade  was  with  IV-ru.'^ 

Ahoiit   tlie   iiii(h!le   of  the   slxteeiilli    ceiiini-y  the 

jsthiiius  of  Darien  had  heeoine  the  gate-way  between 

till'  tun  seas,  and  Pananitl  tlu^  most  inij)oi'tant  <-ity  of 

AiiHrica.     Situated    upon    the  world's    higliw.i      and 

ill  the  very  centre*  of  the  Spanish  cohtnial  posst'ssions, 

t!iit)iigli  its  jtortals  must  ilow  tlie  ti'easures  of  l*eru 

tVdiu  tlie  south,  tlie  proiluets  of  Mexico,  Nicaragua, 

and  Guatemala,  iVoni  the  noi'th,  and  the  trans-oci'anic 

tiallic  of   the    Spice  Islands   from  the    west.      Thus 

J'aiiaiiKi  l)ccame  not  <»nly  tlu'  metro])olis  of  tin;  two 

AiiKiicas,  but  the  half-way  house  and   tolhgate  bc- 

t\\''iii  western  Europe  and  «\'ist(n'n  Asia.      Tlierci  the* 

raw  ailvciiturcr  who   at   the    opening  of   his    career 

jUissed  foi'ward  with  eager  expectation  into  a  dark 

iiiiicitaiii    future    met    the    returned    fortuno-sceker 

tlali'd  with  success  or  broken-s])iritcd  through  I'aihire. 

liilo  tlic  lap  of  this  great  central  city  |)oured  untold 

wcallli.     Her  mei'chants  were  jirinces;  her  warerooms 

\:vYr  lillcd  with  rich  merchandise  of  every  kind  and 

liDiii  (Vi'i'V  quarter  of  the  globe.      There  were  to  be 

>rrn  stacks  of  yellow  and  white  ingots  from  the  mines 

111'  Peru,  the  cochineal  and  dye-woods  of  Mexico,  tlu* 

liili'st  wines  of  Sjiain  and  J/ortugal,  the  silks,  vel- 

Vi'ts.  and  laces  of  Fi'ance  and  Italy. 

The  establishment  of  this  commercial  meti'0])olis 
nil  the  shores  of  the  southern  sea  was  the  means 
'if  wiiiiiiiig  for  Spain  many  of  those'  ])ro\inces  whose 
Wraith  was  thus  exchanged  for  th(>  luxuries  of  the 
( )l(l  World.  Without  Panama  Francisco  Pizarro  could 
luver  have  conquered  Peru,"  and  after  his  conquest  it 

''In  coni.nciiting  on  the  statements  then  current  as  to  tin;  comini'fi'c  of 
l'imatii;i,  llcnzdiii  leniaiks:  '  Scnza,  diibio  dioci  Mcicatanti  W'nctiaiii  liastori- 
aiiii  a  (niii|ii;ire  tiitte  le  iiicrcaiitic  die  vi  onliano  vn;i  volta  Fanno,  con  la 
i.~tus.snittii.'  Moii'/o  Xroro,  lili.  ii.  7<). 

I'izaiTi)  sent  20,0(H)  jjolil  castcllanos  to  l*anani;i  an<l  thus  enlisted  in  his 
service  a  munlicr  of  lecruits  which  he  could  not  otherwise  huvu  obtained. 
-Va/ificro,  JJiscubr.  //  Coiiq.,  MS. 


m 


2r.o 


PANAMA  ANT)  PFRTJ. 


is  iiioi'i'  than  [JroluiMc  that,  hut  fiti"  promjit  assistance 
iVdiii  PaiiaiiKL  the  l)i'avo  Maiico  ("apac  would  h.ivc 
succeeded  iu  <'\t ei'niiuat iiiuf  the  Spauiai'ds  ^\it!lill  liis 
tcnitoiy.  While  a  central  [ii>siti(»n  and  a  cdnniiMid 
nj"  hoth  till'  oceans  >^i\vv  t<»  the  city  Imt  wealth  .nul 
inijK)i'tanoo,  the  same  causes  e\jK»sed  her  imt  inl'iv- 
(pu'iitly  to  social  and  jiolitical  convulsions,  and  hi 
attack  tVoni  foi-eit;!!  |)owci's.  An  insuiTed idu  in 
(Guatemala,  a  rehellion  in  J'cru,  a  system  of  ic-tri'- 
tions  on  Asiatic;  trade  weic  iinini'diately  felt  in  Pan- 
ama, and  u|>on  that  city  I'ell  the  heaviest  hlows  aimed 
hy  the  l*]n«^iish,  Vrench,  or  Dutch  against  tin,'  Spani-li 
possessions  in  the  New  ^\^)^ld.  J:Jet\veen  l.Vla  and 
1(171,  at  which  hiter  date  the  old  ciry  of  J'anani/i  was 
hunio<l,  it  was  sacked  and  partially  destroyed  no  K-> 
than  four  times.  In  other  chapters  1  shall  liiin'4 
toH'ether  such  facts  as  I  havi'  heen  ahle  to  lilid  nlatinL;- 
to  the  lives  aiid  fortunes  of  the  S[)aniai'ds  ot  l)aii(ii 
and  (  V'uti'al  Ameriea  during'  the  thre<.'  centuries  w  liirli 
ela|>sed  hetw-eu  the  eon([Uest  of  that  country  hy  tlu' 
Spaniards  and  their  r(>nunciation  of  alleoianrc  to 
parental  authoi'ity.  This  e])och  opened  and  ended  in 
attempted  revolution.  'I'he  first  was  futile,  the  la.-r, 
successful.  The  lirst  was  attenijited  hy  hrave,  stieiin. 
and  dai'ing  men,  but  S[iain  and  Charles  were  stroller. 
The  last  was  attem[)te<l  by  weak,  degenerate  S] lan- 
iards, but  S[)ain  and  Fernando  were  weaker. 

U[)on  the  death  of  Francisco  ]*i/arro,  the  Alnia- 
grist  faction  maintained  the  ascendency  in  Wrn.' 
until  <lispersed  by  Vaca  de  Castro  on  the  ])l:iiii'^  '•! 
Chu])as.  Youno"  ^Vlmagre-  then  lied  to  Cu/co.  wliciv 
he  was  arrested  and  beheaded  .)S  a  traitor.'"^     A  ;na  ih 

**  Aiiumj,'  other  marandiiij;  cxiR'clitidns  planuoil  hy  Aliu.'tuiro  was  a  r;iiil  mi 
raiiaiiid  ami  Xoiiibri'  di'  Dios  for  tlio  i)ur|)ose  of  jiluiuleriiiu  liotli  plans,  an  1 
making  tlie  foinii'r  a  l>aso  for  future  oj)c'ratioiis  i\t;aiiist  Nicaran'.ia  and  Uia- 
ti'Uiala.  Me  inti'iiiU'd  moreover  to  di'stroy  all  .s1i.|)h  on  tlio  I'arilic  .siilc  tliat 
t-ould  not  111'  utilized.  ]'(i<:ii  i/e  i'lislro  (Lircin'iado  Vrlitahal ),  Cafta  n'  Hiiiji^- 
rridor  ]>oii  Carln/i,  ddnilo/-;  riiciilri  di'  hi  milili  fncioii  ;/  atM'i'jo  de  JJoit  J>ii;l'>'''' 
Atiiiiuim  il  niozo  y  di'utros  imporUuitcK  asiinton  (Cuzeo,  Nov.  "21,  l.")4"2i.  ''h/'/im 
df'-In'dld.'i,  47S,  4S;M. 

"On  tlie  very  spot  where  his  father  met  a  like  fate.  Hcncra,  dee.  \i.  liu- 
vi.  cap.  i. 


,    ! 


TIIK  KMIMinoU'S  IXDIFFKUi:\(  i:. 


281 


C'l-iio  li"<l  ''111  just  arrived  in  Pci'u.  He  lii'oiiulit  with 
liiiii  a  riiiniiiissioii  I'roiii  the  crown  in  arl)itrat»;  n|ion 
;iimI  M'ttlc  tlie  (liscoids  hctwc'cn  tliciival  lactions;  and 
ill  \\\f  event  <>r  I  lie  decease  of  J''rancisiM»  I'izaiTd,  Ik; 
\\,i-  iii^tiucted  to  assuino  tlio  o-ovornineiit .  (ion/alo 
l'i/.;,i  it»,  wlio  liad  Itc'cn  a[t|»()intc'd  o(»vern(ii'  of  (^Juito, 
\\;i-<at  the  time  of  liis  brother's  murder  ahseiit  on  an 
(Spedition  of  (hscovery  to  tho  river  Amazon.  ( )n  iiis 
iviiirii,  irarninn'  of  Francisco's  trai^ic  late,  he  oll'ei-ed 
liis  sei  \ici'S  to  \'aca  de  ( 'astro,  hut  they  Wfre  (U'dined 
li\  tliat  uiiicial,  who  was  feaiful  lest  the  tini)ulent  and 
()\tiht;irini;'  (hs[)ositioii  of  the  last  of  the  J'izari'os 
sliMild  interten;  with  his  administration  of  th<!  j^'ov- 
(iiiiiirjif.  (h)n/al'>,  ani^ered  at  the  rehuft',  retired  t<t 
L;i  I 'lata  and  engaged  in  working  the  rich  silvei-mines 
ill  that  locality. 

I  |i  to  this  time  Chai'les,  occupied  l»y  the  all'airs  of 
lii>  \a>t  empire  at  home,  had  paid  l)ut  little  jittention 
\n  the  Welfare  of  the  colonies.  In  general  terms  the 
S|i,iiiisli  govermnent  had  set  limits  U)  the  cruelty  and 
eii|ii-ession  of  the  natives  by  the  compK/rors.  The 
iiitentiuns  of  the  sovereiu'iis  and  their  councils  were 
iVnin  the  hcLiinnini'-  humane  and  praiseworthv  as  I 
Ji.iNc  nfteii  observed.  ].^ut  as  new  issues  were  con- 
stantly growing  out  of  these  new  conditions,  and  as 
\<iv  many  of  the  royal  decrees  coiK'eriHiig  the  all'airs 
if  the  Indies  were  impracticable  und  theielbre 
iiin|ieiative,  the  contpierors  were  left  in  a  measure  to 
lay  down  their  own  rules  of  conduct  according  to 
ihiir  iumiediato  necessities;  or  rather  to  act  indepen- 
•  I'lit  of  all  rule,  l)einix  SJfoverned  bv  the  dictates  of  their 
juiluiiient  or  interest.  If  success  attended  these  law- 
lt>s  I  Hurts,  the  misdeeds  of  these  adventurers  were 
iilihtii.ited  by  their  gold.  If  unsuccessful,  tlu'V 
Usually  fell  victims  to  their  cruelty  or  cujiidity,  and 
tinii-  hunts  were  left  to  moulder  in  the  wilderness;  so 
that  ill  the  early  history  of  the  Spanish  colonies  it 
\vas  only  at  rare  intervals  and  in  aggravated  cases 
that  anv  notice  was  taken  of  chsobedienco  of  the  laws. 


'ir 


,    til 


2.V2  TAXAMA  AND    PERU. 

Tn  one  crime,  liowevei'— tliat  of  (lisloynlty— tlio 
Spaiiisli  nioiiai'clis  wei-e  never  iiisensihle.  SoloiiLi'  a.> 
tile  prerogatives  of  the  crown  were  strictly  I'egarded, 
excesses  were  ovei'look(>tl.  The  next  most  iieinoiis 
oifenee  was  ei\il  strife.  Native  Americans,  a  laco 
inidway  hetwec-n  C'astilians  and  hrutes,  niiglit  he 
slauo'litercd  by  the  thousand  upon  shght  cause ;^'  hut 
the  lives  of  Sj)anisli  marauders  wcn'e  iar  ton  Aahi  iMr 
to  be  given  up  to  internecine  strife. 

In  J*ei'U,  how(n'ei',  it  was  diflen'iit.  The  ]iassiniis 
of  the  p()])ulace  had  been  rousi'd  b_y  contending  fac- 
tions, and  the  license  liithei'to  grant(Hl  to  t!ie  coii- 
quci'ors  rendered  them  all  tlic^  more  im])ati(  nl  of 
restraint.  Although  the  pt'oplo  were  worse  ])rc]i;.;vd 
ior  stringent  measures  than  tlu'  more  orderly  colonists 
of  j\K'xico,  the  ])ersou  upon  whom  devolved  th" 
execution  of  the  obnoxious  laws  lacked  the  \visc  and 
])olitic  discrimination  which  governed  the  actions  of 
Sandoval  and  Mendoza. 

On  the  4th  of  March  1544,  Vasco  Nunez  A'cla 
lamh'd  at  Tundiez  on  the  Peruvian  coast,  and  iis  the 
I'ame  of  his  high-handed  measures  at  Panama  liad  iii»t 
]»rec('de(l  him,  was  a(,'corded  a  hn'al  rece[)tion.  His 
])ojnilarity  was  s])ortdived,  for  the  vicei'oy  iiiniu"- 
diati'ly  liberated  a  number  of  slavi-s  and  on  his  jt)Hi- 
nev  to  lios  J»eves  would  uo^  even  allow  his  l)aL;''.>;i^o 
to  be  cairicd  l»y  Indians,  or,  if  co  nj)elled  to  do  .•^o,  he 
paid  them  Ijbci'ally.  Sutdi  conduct  caused  Imgc  dis- 
gust throughout  the  province,  but  Xuhcz  was  dcat'to 
all  remonstrance  and  e\'en  caused  the  arr(\st  f  sonic 
of  the  malecontents. 

jVIany  now  |)idding  deiiance  to  the  viceg(M  nt  took 
up  arms  and  urged  (Jo n/,; do  Pizarro,  the  soh' .^  u\i\iii',^ 
brother  of  the  coiKjuci'or,  to  place  himself  at  theii'  luad. 
Nothing  loatli,  ( lonzalo  proceeded  at  once  to  ( 'uioco, 


'"  '  Esjiiinolc's  liiii  qtio  ciiiiii  jicn'os  oarnicoros  y  los  iivozau  A  iiiatai'  Imliiis, 
l.>  iiual  iirtH'Uiaii  :'i  las  vlccs  por  iiasiiticin))o,  i  vur  .si  In  liaceii  hicii  los  jioros.' 
Morales,  Jlclccioii,  MS. 


VASco  xu5;ez  vela. 


2.-)3 


ami  liaviuLj  good  store  of  wealth  aeeinniil;it(Ml  l»y  iniiiiiiLif 
ami  jiillan'e  soon  iiiusteriul  a  imiiiei'ous  haiul.''  'I'lie 
)(iva!  banner  of  Castile  was  planted  bei'ore  his  i|uart<'is, 
and  he  loudly  affirmed  that  he  was  a  true  and  lawful 
subject  of  the  kinji;',  that  the  viceroy  had  exeei-ded  his 
instructions,  and  that  he  (»nly  aimed  to  hold  in  ehofjv 
liis  inii|uitous  |)ur[)()scs  until  tlu-  will  of  tlie  cnipernr 
ciuild  be  ascc'.'tainrd.  A'aseo  Xune/  at  leni^'th  drew 
upon  biniscll'  the  indijj^nation  of  his  own  partisan  ■,  m  bo 
at  tlic  instigation  of  tlu^  bachiller  (^epeda,  a  UKMiibci- 
ol'  the  audieneia,  nnitinied  and  decided  to  placi'  the 
vjiTi'iy  u])on  a  vessel  to  he  conv(>yed  hack  to  Spain. 

Meanwhile  tlii'  colonists  Hocked  to  the  standai'd  of 
ti(iu/a!o  from  every  dii'cction,  until  ho  soon  found 
liiinsch"  at  the  head  of  twelve  hundi'ed  i)i'aAe  and  di^- 
ciprnied  troo[)S.  On  the  "Jsth  of  Ocioher  lul4, 
amidst  the  ac(daniations  t)f  the  poj)ulact.',  he  entei^'d 
Lima'"  at  the  head  of  his  arnty,and  the  royal  audien- 
ria  was  (hssolved.  Scarcely  had  tlic  ship  whicJ!  was 
til  cany  \'asco  Nunez  to  Panama  set  sail  lVt>m  Lima, 
wlieii  Alvarez,  the  official  in  charge,  not  (hu'ing  to 
appeal'  in  Spain  with  a  \iceroy  as  a  ])risoner,  tbrevr 
himself  at  his  feet,  begged  forgiveness,  and  placed  thi' 
ship  and  all  on  board  under  his  command.  .Being 
thus  unexpectt'dly  released,  he  disiMnharked  at  'i'nm- 
lii'Z,  raised  a  small  I'orce,  and  m.  rcdiing  northward  as 
tar  as  (,)uito,  called  upon  :d!  b)yal  subjects  to  rally 
ti'rtli(>  protection  of  till  king's  authority.  He  thi'ii 
niarchecl  at  the  head  of  about  }i\e  hundred  men  tv> 
San  .Miguel.''' 

<Hinzah»  PizaiM'o,  who  had  ])een  nai'rowly  watching 
the  mu\ciiicii(.s  of  the  viceroy,  now  determined   to 

In  //'/•/■'/•((,  di'i'.  vii.  lili.  \ii.  ciip.  x\ii.,  it  is  statfil  t!i:il  ( Inn/ali)  w  :i>i 
I'li'ctcil  r,i|)i!iiii.  iinnuiiitiir  Lrcncriil.  iiiid  i'!!i"l-iiistiii'. 

■  It  \\!is  tiniiy  ii  triiiinpliiil  ciitiy.  i'i/airii  liiiiifclf  \r:iM  clad  in  .-i  full  suit 
"'  i.iiiil,  with  !i  iicld\  (iiilniiiiK'ri'd  .siirciiat,  and  lict'iti'i^  li-.ii  \\i;.s  Ijiiiiu'  (he 
niyaUt.'iiiilaid  <if  CiLslillc.    Xttriil,,  Ills/.  I'liu,  \\h.  V.  cap.  xii. 

^llc  f;atli(ivd  gnat,  istriiijitli  by  tlio  adlii'.sidii  (if  l)icj;ii  I 'tntiiio,  u  l>i;i\i' 
ottii'cr,  \s  111)  ua:<  i'xas|it  rati'd  liy  tiic  i  iinltv  iiud  u|ipi'cs.siipii  nt'  l'i/arn>'s  iicu- 
''•iiiiiit-L'iivi'i'iiur  ill  Ciiari'us,  aiul  tliiu'lmo  ijcilarrd  fm-  Uio  \  iccrny.  /lulu  1 1- 
»"«'-  II  't.  Am.,  ii,  -JiO. 


m 


itl'^'u 


254 


PANAMA  AND  PERU. 


])i'iii<jf  matters  to  nii  i.ssiu>.  On  the  4tli  of  TiJindi 
I.')-!."),  lie  (lt'|)ai'te(l  f'l'oiH  Lima  and  marched  a'^.iiii^t 
]il>;  opponent.  A'asco  Nunez,  learful  of  the  ii.iilr. 
abandoned  tlie  town  and  tied  to  Anaqnito,  \\])iilur 
]io  was  i'ollowed  hy  tlie  I'cvolutionists,  and  on  tlir 
I  Sth  of  January  la.'jG  a  liotly  '.;ntested  battle  was 
iou^lit,  residtinj^'  in  the  deieat  and  death  of  tin; 
viceroy." 

lC\'en  before  tliis  event  Cionzalo  Pizarroliad  assmn. d 
tlie  (lictatorshi[)  of  Peru  an<l  I'esolved  to  mak(j  hiiii^i  ll' 
master  of  i^inama,  Ids  di'cams  of  conquest  extending' 
e\(_'n  to  the  ])rovinces  north  of  Tierra  Fii'ine.'"  Iln- 
]istin'4'  in  his  service  one  llerniuido  Jiachicjin.'''  he 
])laced  him  in  conunand  of  six  hnn(h'ed  men  and  a  tlnr 
of  twenty-si>ven  ships.''  ArriviiiL;-  at  "J'umbez.  Jladii- 
eao  landed  a,  liundred  ti'oops,  \vhereU[)on  A'aseo  Xuin/, 
thou'^h  in  command  of  two  lumdred  well  trained  vd- 
i-raiis,  ded  to  Anacjuito,  a  |)ortion  of  his  forces  dr-cit- 
inn'  him  and  joinin^u;  the  standai-d  of  the  revolutionist,-. 
i*rocc>edinL>'  thence  to  J'uerto  N'iejo  and  elsewhei'c,  \w 
seized  several  vessels  and  eidisted  a-  hundred  ami  lil'ry 
recruits,  ('allinii;'  at  the  Peai'l  Islands  he  was  nirt  ly 
lv»()  nu'ssengers  from  Panama,  sent  to  recpiest  that  \\r 
would  forb(.'ar  to  land  an  armed  force  in 'I'ierrii  I'iiiiK. 


"  N'iisjfo  Niiiirz  wii.s  decapitiitod  l)y  a  ucl'ii)  (in  tlio  hiittU' liclil,  .iinl  liis 
ln'iiil  liMi'iu'  on  a  jiikc.  Sonic  of  tlif  suldniH  wnv  lirutnl  cunUL;!!  to  jilibli  tlic 
givy  liiiiiM  iVoni  till'  lifiird  ami  wcnv  tlicin  iu  tlnir  iR'liiii't.s  as  tro[iliic,s  of  tlio 
vii'toiy.  Ilirnni,  ilcc.  viii.  lil).  i.  cap.  iii.  Sou,  aliso,  i)  niiinil :,  //•'•■I.  J'l.ru, 
]it.  i.  lil).  i.  oaj).  liv. 

'lie  ordiTcil  ^.'alloys  to  be  Imilt  at  Arcr|ni|ia,  Mliiili  with  tli<^  xis^il^ 
idiraily  in  lii.i  postjossion  would  make  liiin  niastiT  <jf  tin;  «ca  from  Cliik'  Ui 
.Nitina.;iui.    Zurai.i ,  ll'isl.  Pirn,  lih.  v.  cap.  xv. 

"'  Named  liy  some  authors  Macliiiao,  and  in  Jl<ir.oiii,  Mnmli'  Siii>r\ 
Macliirano.  When  (lon/alo  I'i/ari'o  made  his  entry  into  Lima,  Harliioai 
eau-^cd  the  artillery,  animuiiition.  iiiid  ecpiipments  to  he  carried  on  liie  Iwi'  ki 
of  Indians,  thus  slioNsinj,'  his  contempt  for  \.\w.  new  coilc  of  laws.  II' icuni. 
J/oiii/'i  \iinrn.  -JKI  il/xL:  ,S,„\  ed.)  See,  also,  (luiiKtni,  Hist.  JikI.,  'JI  h  ami 
J)(i/iii  /liii'ir'nii'd.i,  in  Ciir/n.i  il<  /uilins,  7 IS  'JO.  ( lomara  says  of  liiai:  'l.'i 
I  scojeran  entre  mil  jiara  (piali|uicraiifi'enta,  perocnuarde  como  lielirc,  y  a>isiili:i 
ei  (h'xii':  ladrar,  |iese:'i  tal,  y  no  morder.  V.in  honihi-o  l)a\o  mal  acostiualnink'. 
liitian,  presumpdioso,  rcneL.'a<lor,  ^^  so  ania  cncomciiiido  al  J  >iahlo, . .  .Iumi 
lachon.  .  .asi  de  amiijos  como  cje  cnemij^os.' 

'"  On  hoard  Uie  lit  ct  wen'  Maldonado  mid  Doctor  Tn  jada  on  (in  i.'  \\.iy  tn 
Spain  to  I'cnder  to  tlic  i  in])eror  (Jon/alo  I'lzarro's  account  of  the  inatc  r  iiiiil 
.'i^\.lit  his  .Majesty's  further  instructions.  I  Ijirrn,  (,'urla  <il  Hi  ij,  in  ' '■ '.  7>U''. 
Jiiiil.,  1.  lit.")  ]iassiin. 


p 


DISPvUI'TIOX  AND  DEATH. 


2S5 


^)al•lli<^^<>  rcplit'd  that  lu^  intended  l)iit  to  land  liis  pas- 
Miui'i>  and  i'e\ictnal  liis  fleet. 

T'lf  ]>e(>[jle  of  i*ananui  had  been  ri.'j)eatedly  earned 
h\  \',i(  a  <\o  ("'astro  and  (jthers  that  their  city  was  in 
(laii'^vr  ct'  lalliiiLC  into  the  hands  of  (lonzalo  Piza)-ro 
anil  liad  le\  ied  i  i\>vrr  of  seven  hundred  men,  thou'jh 
ill-(i|ni])|H'd  and  williout  experience  or  discipline. 
Tlii'own  oif  their  unaid  lioweNcr  hy  l^achicao's  answei- 
ill.  \  alloW'.'d  Jiini  to  enter  the  liarhor  witliont  oj>po- 
>itii'ii.  lie  landed  a  poi'tion  of  his  forces  and  alnn'st 
\vitli<iut  resistance  sii/ed  all  the  arms  and  amininiit ion 
ill  the  arsenal  ainl  delivered  up  the  city  to  pillaiL;-e. 
The  ship-masters  in  port  were  ordered  to  join  his  ilcet, 
ami  ihnsr  wild  refnsed  wvn.  han,i;od  at  the  yard-arm. 
A  ra|'laiii  naiiied  Pedro  (j!alleL;"o  was  als(t  executed  for 
(li-ehi  \  ;iiu;   his   oi'tk'r  to  shorten    sail    and   crv  A'iva 

]»iz„!T     ?' 

.':  !i  '  -r  and  order  were  for  the  t  ime  at  an  I'lid.  Men 
wciv  jHit  to  death  without  the  formality  nf  a  trial,  and 
ii  is  (N,!!  >.;iid  that  I)achiciio  heljeadrd  some  of  ]iis 
cwii  nllic.  IS  (111  tlie  merest  suspicion  of  their  disaifec- 
tioii  or  I Acii  for  })astinie.^'' 

( )ii  i'ec(;i\  iuii"  ni'ws  of  his  lieutenant's  miscoiHliict 
ai'i  niii])anied  with  letters  of  remonstrance  from  tho 
liti/.riis  of  Panama,  i  loii/.al  >  at  once  deposed  him  iVoni 
the  '  "iiimaiid."'  Ill'  wa>  resolve(f  ]iowi'\-ci',  to  i;ain 
cnmiul  of  thi'  Isthmus,  and  despatched  foi-  (his  ])Ui'- 
]His.'  JNiho  de  lliiiojosa,  at  the  head  (»f  two  liimdi'eil 
ami  Mlty  men.  with  iiisl  ructions  to  seix.e  and  hold  hoth 
.I'aii.iiiKL  and    N'oiiilire  de    1  )ios.      |linoio-.a,  wlio   iiad 


'  'i^ 


"■'.'  iHfi/vf,  //;.,/.  //((/.,  ii.  14.  llcnzdiii  states  tluit  tlic  rii]itiiiii  wjis  liiiii;.'c(l 
lit  til'  ii.ti-hor  111'  N'coi'liii.i  ill 'l'iil)(>;^a.  '  I'l'i'c  alrmii  .--oMati  in  jinrti)  N'crrliin, 
'•  M'  iiiii  'i'aliona  |)i^'lill  una  iiaiU',  c  ]utcIu'  il  )iatiiiiiL'  nun  aliassu  Ic  \ilic  <■(..  1 
[lie  -tn.  |..  iiianilo  il  ini[)iciiMii',  c  tuA  L'iiinto  a  I'aiiaina,  c  non  Milcnijii  ( iiiiiianni 
ili  lliisiii.iii  cliL'  iiitra.ssi'  in'Ua   ritla.  ili|Uair  tii^  I'lia  u'l'lltf  ]»  r  1"  \  ivnc.'     ///.v7. 

.1/   •/..  .V ,•„,•,.,  \r,\. 

'  Il  N/'ini,  //'.i/.  Moinlii  A'nico,  'Jl  1.  Soc  also  thiulu,  iv,  4(10.  In  /tirntc, 
11'^'  !'■  '■■!,  HI).  V,  call.  •'^^'■'  it  •'<  ><tati'il  tliat  tlio  (injir  fcir  an  cxi'iutiun  was 
pH'  u  III  lln'  woriN  '  Manila  liariT  el  caliitali  llnnaiiilci  ISarliic  an.' 

■ '  O]  I'.ialiic  aii'N  siil'r<ti|iii'nt  liist(irv  ur  Irani  that  In'  was  ra|itiiic'il  wliir 
n'.ti  laiiliii!.'  til  ill  sirt  tn  tln'  inyalist  jiaity.  ami  cMiutiil  liy  l'"iiiin  i.^'n  ( 'ailia- 
jal,  1.1  ,  iii'  tion/iilo'»  olliciTH.   JJalus  B'n'ijnijinitu,  in  Vniiun  ilv  Jiitlin/t,  TIH-'JJ. 


r ! 


2.j6 


PAXAMA  AXD  PERU. 


first  landed  in  Peru  in  1534,  and  liad  done  good  service 
under  Franeiseo  and  Hernando  Pizarro,  was  a  man  of 
no  mean  abilities.  Endowed  by  nature  with  a  clear 
intellii^ence,  honest  of  purpose  and  faitliful  to  Lis 
trusts,  with  a  judgment  sharpened  by  loni^  intercourse 
with  the  stirrino'  scenes  of  the  Xew  World,  he  was 
eniincntly  fitted  for  connnand,  and  enjoyed  in  no  small 
deiijrec  the  confidence  of  his  soldiers. 

The  expedition  sailed  northward  as  far  as  Pnorto 
Viejo,  wlience  a  vessel  was  sent  in  charge  of  Poclii^o 
de  Carbajal  with  letters  from  Gonzalo  to  the  principal 
lesidents  of  Panama  begging  their  favor  and  coopera- 
tion, disclaiming  all  connection  with  Bachicao's  (uit- 
rages,  antl  stating  that  Hinojosa  was  now  on  his  way 
with  means  sufficient  to  indemiiify  all  who  had  suli'orod 
loss.  If  the  force  by  which  he  was  aceom])anie(l  aii- 
}>eared  to  them  somewhat  large  for  the  purpose,  it 
.should  1)0  i-emend>ered  that  Gonzalo's  enemies  were  ow 
the  alert,  and  that  it  would  be  unsafe  to  navigate  the 
ocean  with  a  smaller  fleet. 

Acconi])anied  by  fifteen  men,  Carbajal  landed  at. 
Ancon,  a  small  cove  two  leagues  from  Panama.  There 
he  was  informed  by  some  planters  residing  in  llic 
vicinity  that  two  captains  of  the  viceroy,  Juan  de 
Guzman  ancl  Juan  de  Illanes,  were  in  the  city  eidist- 
ing  tr(>()})s  under  a  commission  from  their  cliic  f,  who 
awaited  their  coming  at  Quito.  They  had  tlul^  I'ar 
succeeded  in  raising  a  com[>any  of  one  hundred  i  leii 
and  in  collecting  a  considci'ablo  (juantity  of  arms,  iii- 
<duding  six  jtieees  of  field  artillery,  "  l^ut,"  continued 
Jiis  intoi'UU'rs,  "although  tluy  liaA  e  been  ready  to  sail 
for  many  days,  they  appear  to  be  in  no  haste  to  de- 
jiart,  and  it  is  now  Ixdieved  that  it  is  their  intent ieii 
to  remain  and  tlefend  the  city  against  the  insurgents." 
lender  the  circumstances,  ( 'ai'bajal  did  not  think  it 
]>ru(lent  to  land.  He  theretbre  despatched  an  emi>^;uy 
^^'cretlv  bv  niodit  with  the  letters  from  Pizarro. 

The  citizens  to  whom  tluy  wen*  addressed  were  imt 
to  I)e  duped  however,  and  at  once  placed  them  teroiv 


niXOJOSA'S  ACHIEVEMENTS.  2" 

tlio  antlioritios.  Tho  messenger  was  arrested,  and 
lurccd  to  disclose  all  he  knew  respecting  llinojosa 
uiid  his  visit.  The  guard  of  the  city  was  increased, 
and  two  well  armed  hrigantines  were  sent  to  capture 
tlic  vessel  then  at  Ancon.  But  Carbajal  was  too 
(|ui(k  lor  them;  suspecting  Irom  the  delay  of  his  mes- 
^ciiuer  tlie  true  state  of  affairs,  he  slipped  away,  and 
hiding  his  vessel  among  the  Pearl  Islandy,  there 
awaited  the  approach  of  his  commander."'^ 

Ill  the  mean  time  Hinojosa  continuing  his  course 
iKii  thwaid  touched  at  Buenaventura.  There  he  learned 
that  A'asei)  Xuncz  Yela  was  then  engaged,  with  the 
assistance  of  Benaleazar,  in  recruiting  his  army  in 
that  neighborhood.  Landing  a  party  of  soldiers,  he 
captured  eight  or  ten  of  the  inhabitants,  who  gave 
ini'(iin)ation  that  the  viceroy  was  at  Poj)ayan,  and 
that  owing  to  the  delay  of  his  captains,  duan  de  Illa- 
nes  and  Juan  dc  (iuzman,  he  liad  determined  to  send 
liis  ludtlier,  Ca})tain  Vela  Xuhc^z,  accompanied  by 
tliirirnt  officers,  to  hasten  the  arrival  of  troops  from 
Panama.  ^Moreover  he  had  ascertained  that  the 
vicrruy  was  building  a  brigantine,  now  almost  com- 
jikttil,  on  board  of  which  he  intended  to  jdace  his 
l)r()ihri',  ill  charge  of  all  his  treasure*,^"  and  to  send  tn 
Panain.i,  in  the  hope  of  obtaining  a  heavy  I'ansom 
tVoni  some  of  Hinoj(»sa's  partisans,  an  illegitimate  son 
nt'(i()nzalo  Pizarro,  tlun  a  captive  in  his  hands.  Vela 
^ullez,  togethei-  with  liis  officers  and  a  detachment  of 
i:kii  in  charge  of  young  Pizarro,  \\ere  then  marching 
to  the  coast  by  ditierent  routes,  to  endjark  on  board 
the  Vessel.  Hy  a  clever  stroke  oi'  strategy  Hinojosa 
laptui'ed  both  ])arties,  seized  the  treasure,  and  placed 
A  ela  Nunez  and  his  command  as  ]>risoiieis  on  board 

■'III  ii'lilition  to  (jtlior  procautidiis,  IVdro  ili'  Casjios,  tlu'  corri'iritloi-,  or 
iiwyof,  of  I'.iiiimia,  cnissod  the  l.stlinms  to  \i)iiiliie  dc  Dios,  and  I'xliurtod  aU 
lii.Vi'l  lit  izriis  t(j  rally  for  tlic  dofiiioe  of  I'aiiaiiia.  (latin-'riiig  all  tlic  ari|ti(> 
'nucsaii'l  otluT  arms  which  *»»■  could  lind,  ho  returned  to  the  city  and  caUcd 
'ip'"i  tlic  captains  ot  the  \  Wroy  to  plaiv  themselves  under  his  hanncr.  This 
t.KV  ulistinately  refused  !H)  do,  thereby  sowing  discord  whiih  was  to  ted 
S.i«itly  ill  favor  of  the  itt^iirgentx  Znr'i'<,  Hist.  l'(rii.  lilt.  v.  caji.  xxx. 

•■Twenty  thousand  ilucats  ivvordaii;  to  IJtir.oiii,  Moitilo  Xrofo,  Mi. 
Jlisr.  Cent.  Am.,  Vol    U.     V 


%^W 


■  ni' 


I 


th 


1 

S         i',: 

■r, 

ii  vv.:  ; 

iii 

mm 

1, 

i 


258 


PANAMA  AND  PERU. 


the  floot.  Tlieri  takin_<^  Avitli  him  young  Pizarro. 
whom  lie  hberated  uiid  treated  with  marked  eoiisidciu- 
tion,  he  set  sail  for  Panama,  and  after  l)eiu<jf  joined  hv 
Carbajal,  cast  anch(»r  in  the  hay  with  eleven  sliijis-' 
and  the  two  I'lindred  and  iitty  men  already  mentionttl. 
This  was  in  October  1545. 

The  city  was  dividi'd  as  to  the  policy  of  adniittiiin' 
the  insuru^ents.  The  merchants  and  all  who  derived 
profit  fj'om  the  Peruvian  trade  saw  everything  to  gain 
l)y  the  arrival  of  a  large  and  richly  latlen  fleet.  Many 
of  them  furthermore  held  pro})erty  in  Peru,  and  tiaiis- 
acted  business  thiough  their  factors,  upon  wliom 
Gonzalo  Pizan\)  would  not  fail  to  inflict  suuiinaiy 
])unishment  if  he  lieard  of  opposition  at  Paiiaimi. 
On  the  other'  hand  J)octor  Robles,  the  governor,  with 
hi.>  |)olitical  adherents  and  all  who  derived  place  and 
profit  from  the  crown,  loudly  disclaimed  against  the 
rebels,  and  called  on  the  peo])le  to  assist  him  in  the 
defence  of  the  citv,  under  iienaltv  of  the  roval  di>- 
jdcasure.^'  In  the  end  the  governor's  party  pr^'vailed, 
the  opjiosite  faction  yiedding  in  appearance  at  ]ea>t, 
and  the  corregidor  Perlro  de  Casaos  receivinn-  thi' 
a))pointment  td"  captain  goncraP'  marched  foilli  tn 
oppose  the  iaiuli'M'-  of  Hinojosa.  The  entir*'  leivt's 
of  the  royalist  j»arf  y  now  nmsteri'd,  aj)art  from  seiuc 
small  leeid'oi'cement.-  from  Xombi'e  de  ])ios,  iieailv 
eight  hundretl  men,  only  ninety  of  whom  wei'e  dis- 
ciplined troops,  the  I'emainder  being  an  ill-arnit  d  eiew 
of  citizen-s(ddiei's.  The  army  was  well  sijppli(  d  with 
iiidd  artillery.-" 

■'•''  Kii,'l\t  ships  autl  tliree  hrigaiitines.  Briizotti,  Matulo  Nnor/l, 

'■"  Jiimi  <k'  llliiiiL's,  iiH  HDOii  iis  lie  Hiiw  tho  .slupM,  oi'icd  out  witli  pi  I'tV'l  voiV 
to  the  (.iti/viis,  '('i)iiic  out  of  yo\ir  houscis,  ye  tiiiitors,  <o);)i'  nli'i  I'lftiiH  tlu' 
king's  (h)i'  lin  fi'oin  these  tyriiiits!'  When  I'edro  de  ('iisi(i>8  scut  wi'hI  t' 
}iii)ojosa  to  in(|niie  tlie  eause  of  hi.s  coming  he  answered  i\mi  'he  'unie  '" 
pay  tiie  (h'l)ts  of  Machieano.'  Jiciizoiii,  J/o/c/o  A'roco,  1-J4-5. 

'-'■'  //<rnni,  dee.  vii.  liW.  x.  eap.  ix.  (I'diri/tixo  ilr  la  Vi'ja,  in  //('■''.  /'')"Mi. 
244,  styh'H  Hinojosa  goveiiior,  and  Zai'ate,  lli^t.  I't  nt,  lib.  v.  cap.  xx\.,«*'""' 
'  V^  el  go\ernador  de  a(|UeUa  Provinci.-i  Haniiido  i'e(lro  ch' Casaos,  Xiitiinil 'M' 
SeviUa,  fue  eon  gran  diligi neia  a  hi  (  iiniud  de  Nondire  <!e  Dios,  i  uiiiinl"  ii]ii'i 
eeliir  toda  hi  ( ieiite  (jiie  en  ilhi  estaha,  i  jnntanihi  todas  las  Armas,  i  Ariuhiuw 
<|Ue  pn(h)  iiaver,  los  )h'\o  eoi).siiii(  a  ranama.'  'f'lie  ei)rregidor  of  a  town  wa* 
often  styh'd  'govennido; '  liy  eoiirtesy.     Heuee  perhapH  the  nii»tal>e. 

'"^Jltrnid,  dee.  vii,  lib.  x.  eap.  ix. 


CASAOS  LOSES  GROUND. 


2^9 


J)io])plni[if  down  with  his  fleet  to  the  cove  of  Aneon, 
Hiiinjosa  (hsembai'ked  two  hiiiuircd  men  uikUt  cover 
(iC  liis  c'uinoii,  laiKhiii^  them  on  a  rocky  projection  of 
the  >liore,  inaccessible  to  the  enemv's  cavalry.  Ho 
then  hcgan  his  march  on  Panama,  orderin;^  the  fleet 
to  k"(|>  liim  company  at  a  short  distance  from  the 
slidit'  with  !:«uns  trimmed  read}'  for  action.^' 

At  this  juncture  the  ecclesiastics  of  tlie  citv  issuinuc 
t'nith  in  a  body,  with  mournful  chants  and  sad  coun- 
tciiiiiiccs,  their  garments  covered  with  crosses  and  the 
iiisi'iiiia  of  mourninij,  l)eo'an  to  expostulate  with  both 
Miiiiirs.  " Is  it  necessary,"  they  cried,  "for  Christians 
til  imbue  their  liands  in  each  othei'"s  blood!"  At 
Icii^Hi  an  armistice  of  one  day  was  ai^rced  on.  Host- 
;il;('s  wri'e  given  on  either  side,  and  the  efforts  of  the 
|iri(sts  to  bring  about  an  agreement  between  the  [)ar- 
tirs  wcix'  redoubled. 

lliiiojosa  declared  that  he  could  not  see  why  he 
was  (lijiiied  entrance  into  the  city.^^  He  came  not  to 
iiiakr  wai-  but  restitution.  Gonzalo  Pizarro  harbored 
iiii  ivil  (K'sign;  but  he  was  master  of  Peru,  and  he  in- 
tiii<l(<l  til  \)v  master  of  the  only  thoroughfare  to  l*eru — 
that  wiiich  traversed  the  continent  from  Nombre  do 
Dios  to  Panama.  If  the  pco[)le  of  the  Isthnms  would 
I'l'sig?!  themselvx's  to  the  sway  of  Pizari'o  while  he 
wid-K'd  supreme  power  in  Pern,  or  until  matters  were 
Milled  l)y  the  crown,  all  would  be  well;  otlierwise  war 
must  inevitably  follow. 

l*»'<lr()  de  Casaos  and  the  men  of  Panama  were  not 
sat istii '(!.■'  I'liey  had  just  experiiMiced  a  foretaste  of 
what  they  nnght  ex[)ect  shoiuld  anotln'i'  of  (Jonzalo's 
i'a]itains  obtain  pos^  ssion  of  the  eity.  but  their  oidy 

Ff  i-  said  tlmt  a  'mfctlc  now  appoariit;.'  iii<'\  itaVili",  tlio  iifliciT  in  clinr;.'i'  of 
\  ila  Niu'ic/.  was  ordi'ivl  u<  Itany  liini  and  the  utluf  initwint'is  to  tiieyai'd-arni. 
/tii-'it',  ll'i-ii,  /'nil,  lilii.  V,  .M[).  xxxi.    'riiis  slatii.uiit  is  vory  iiiijirolialili'. 

"  llf  infiiniicd  the  jiiwiiili^  of  ['atmina  tliut  if  tiioy  had  ircoivi'd  a  w  rctuli 
like  .Nhuiiirao,  they  cL-rtaiidy  ought  to  admit  him.  Jffireru,  d«c.  vii.  hli.  x. 
caf'  i\-, 

i  licy  hail  no  faith  in  Hinojosa's  prondsos.  'Aunquc  Oon/a o  Pizurro 
(.'uvciiiasr  jui-idicauicnto,  conio  i'IIom  di-cian;  y  «|Ur  no  touiun  oolor  nini'uno 
iwii  rnti'ductciix'  en  distrito  aguiio;  y  (pn'  las  misnias  proniesas  iivia  lioclio 
w»<;liir«o.'  Uanikud  dc  la  Vajo,  J I  iff'.  I'ud,  ii,  'i-M. 


i  :m 


ov  Ii 


200 


PANAMA  AND  PERU. 


I  1 


altornatlvo  was  ooiuproniiso,  or  tho  arl)itration  of  <lio 
sword.  ]t  was  tinally  agreed  that  the  loyal  eoioiiist.s 
who  had  come  over  from  Nombre  de  Dios  to  i-eiidor 
assistance  should  return,  and  that  Hiuojosa  should  lie 
allowed  to  enter  the  city  with  a  guard  of  thirty  men, 
thc'ie  to  remain  for  forty-ii\'e  days.''"  His  ships  mcaii- 
whil(j  were  to  retire  to  Tahoga  or  to  the  Pearl  Islands, 
to  be  revictualK'd  and  repaired.  The  articles  of  agivo 
ment  \vere  drawn  up  bv  a  notary  and  signed  bv  the 
res))ective  parties  wlio  bound  themselves  by  oatli  tn 
adhet-e  faithfully  to  the  terms  stipulated. 

Although  Hinojosa  Avas  thus  restricted  by  tin' 
terms  (»f  his  compact  and  for  th.c  moment  could  strike 
no  blow  i'or  the  conquest  of  Panama,  he  was  by  im 
means  idle  during  the  interval.  Maintaining  a  stiict 
watch  agninst  surprise  and  assassination,^^  he  t<»nk  dj) 
his  (juarters  in  a  comfortable  well  furnished  hoiisi', 
loaded  his  table  with  choice  viands,  and  thmwiiiL;' 
()|»cn  liis  doors  entertained  all  comers  with  l;i\i>-li 
b<ispitality.  His  apartnients  soon  became  the  icMUt 
of  soldiers  and  adventunn'S  of  every  clique,  (ioii- 
zalo  Pizai'ro  and  the  affairs  of  Peru  were  discussed 
over  brinunin'*'  u'oblets.  Brilliant  stories  conceniiii'^' 
the  discovery  and  ojiening  of  mines  of  faljulcMts  lidi- 
ness^^  fired  the  cupidity  of  tho  listeners,  while  a  he;' 
|tassage  was  offered  to  all,  and  liberal  pay  j)ronnsed 
from  the  first  day  of  enlistment. 

By  these  shrewd  measures  Hinojosa  had  the  satis- 
faction of  seeing  his  forces  daily  increase,  whilc^  those 
of  Pedro  de  Casaos  proportionately  diminished.  Tho 
soldiers  of  Juan  de  Illanes  and  Juan  de  Gu/.ninii  did 


'•'"  f/irn  rii,  doc.  vii.  lib.  x.  cap.  x.,  and  Dehzoni,  Monilo  Kvova.  14.'i.  In 
dnviniri,  lli-^t.  Intl.,  "JIH,  it  is  stated  that  40  'ncii  were  allowed  to  lami. 
Otiier  authoi'itien  give  50  as  the  number  of  the  <.;uard  and  'M  dajs  m  the 
jioi'ioil. 

"'  'Con  estc  conciovto  Hinojosa  inand6  recoger  la  j.;entc  a  ias  naos,  y  liw ilt' 
I'aiianiit  lo  liablaron  y  tiataron  eon  inuclia  eortcsia,  y  le  anosentMinn  en  l:t 
eiiidad  y  di/ieiidi>le,  i)iie  .si;  ti'atiuia  do  preuderle,  o  nu  taile;  aiuii|Uf  no  io 
ereyo.  todauia  se  lii/o  fuerte  en  la  casa  adodo  poHaua,  y  |.'ie(>  dcspiies,  I'lmn) 
line  Capitan,  ]>or  ijuitar  ocasiones  de  tnu:uUos  se  I'lie  a  sus  iui-<.*,  y  |iie.stose 
entenilii'i  ("(  aquel  rumor  no  fiie  palabras.'  I/irr-  rn,  ilec.  vii.  lib.  x.  -iip.  lO- 

'-  It  was  during  this  year  that  the  wealth  ol  i'olosi  began  to  bo  kiiv^'^'U. 


success  OF  IIINOJOSA. 


set 


not  ]>r(»ve  insensible  to  the  wiles  and  genial  hospitality 
lit'  liiiidjosa,  anil  those  captains,  seeing  themselves 
ill  i;i  IK  lolled  hy  the  greater  part  of  their  recruits,  sei-ietly 
;,tnlc  tVoni  the  city  and  seizing  a  vessel  atteni[»te(l  to 
iii.ikt'  tliiiir  escape  to  Peru.  They  were,  however, 
raiitiued  hy  one  of  the  watchful  captains  stationed  in 
tlif  li.iibor,  and  not  long  after  voluntarily  joined  tlii'ni- 
mIvcs  to  l.linoj(jsa  and  became  his  iaithful  adherents. 
Sucii  was  the  inihience  which  Hinojosa  ac(|uired  i»y 
his  cireluss  and  ap]>arently  unintentional  display  of 
wealth,  and  by  his  skill  in  throwing  tem])ting  baits  to 
lucii  who  ncner  Hincheil  i'rom  danger  when  they  saw 
jiinsp(M't  of  gain,  that  in  a  few  weeks  and  Ity  a  silent 
and  hloodless  revolution  he  became  master  of  tlu'  city. 
At  the  expiration  of  the  forty-five  days  he  seized  the 
hatteries  and  made  a  formal  entry  into  Panama  at  the 
liead  of  his  entire  force,  amidst  the  acclamations  of 
t!iv'  greater  p)art  of  the  inhabitants. 

lliiioiosa  took  no  advantage  of  his  easily  won  vie- 
tory.  JTe  strove  to  maintain  the  strictest  disei[)line 
aiiieiig  hi.s  i'ollowers,  treated  the  citizens  with  the 
utmost  lil)era]ity,  and  ordered  that  the  s(»ldiers  should 
iL'spect  their  rights  and  in  no  wise  interfere  with  their 
aftiiivs.^'  lie  then  despatched  his  son-in-law,  Her- 
nando Mejia  de  Ciiuzman,  in  com[)any  with  Pedro  de 
Cahr.  ra,  to  tak(!  [possession  of  Nombre  de  Dios  and 
L;Uard  the  interests  of  Gonzalo  Pizarrt)  in  that  quarter. 

^\  hile  the  province  of  Panama  thus  (juietly  [»assed 
into  the  hands  of  Hinojosa  the  partisans  ol"  the  vice- 
roy \ver<'  not  idle.  jNIelchor  Verdugo,'"  to  whom  as 
"lie  lit'  the  c<»n(]Uerors  of  Peru  had  be'en  assigned  the 
I'l' i\  ime  of  Caxamalca,  ])i'otiered  his  ser\  ices  to\'asco 
Xuiiez  Xchx   on  his  first  landing  in  Pei-u.      J>ec(jmin<_'- 

■III  /lirirrn,  (li'c.  viii.  lil>.  i.  ctip.  ix.,  it  is  stntnl  that  lliiiiiinsa's  diru'ers 
tniiiiiiittiMl  iiiiuiy  l'(ili))('rics.  tiikili<i  cai'c  to  liidc  tliciii  I'ruiii  tlicir  >  uiiiiiiaiuli!!-, 
wl'i  !<ti-utly  I'mliadc'  iiiiytiiiiij,'  of  tiie  tciinl  ami  gino  cinlfrs  tliat  all  .such 
i.tliiiiliTs  sliDula  liL-  haiuluil  ()\fi-  til  tiie  civil  aiitluuitichi.  ( iasra,  in  ('aiia  nl. 
'"iistjv,  1.    l().S-<),    says    that    Ifiimjotia    forctd    thu    jaiinlc   of    ranaina    riid 

Hiii>i)it-it  ,L.  I\:,...  +,.  ♦'-.'..1   1 I.; 


Nuiaiiiu  lie  Dios  to  feed  and  iiuaitcr  liis  inun. 

'A  native  of  Alava,  and  a  fidlow-townsinan  of  the  vii'tn-oy.  Ziirrilr,  //.■ 
l''rii,  lil).  V.  cap.  xxxiii.    See  iihi)  Gonilttno  dc  la  Vcjti,  JJinl.  l\ru,  ii.  244. 


t.-v 


//;./. 


1 1 


2(1: 


PANAMA   A\l)   PKRU. 


jiftLTwai'd  iiiH)lieatc(l  in  a  ])l()t  devisiKl  l)y  tlio  I'oy.ilist 
])arty  to  gain  possession  of  Jjinia,  Ik;  was  anvstcd  in 
that  city  by  order  of  (jlonzalo  l^izairo.  J']sc;i|iiii'4- 
thence  lie  proceeded  to  TrujiUo,  whei'e  Ik;  was  initn- 
nate  enoumh  to  seize  one  of  ]^achicao's  Nesscls,  LuKn 
•\vitli  tlie  spoils  of  I'ananui.  With  the  proceeds  nf 
this  captvu'e,  and  with  luiids  realized  from  his  (.\\ii 
estate,  he  eidisted  a  company  in  the  service  of  the  \  ice- 
I'oy.  lie  then  sailed  for  Nicaragua  and  i'e(|uest((I 
IVom  the  <n)vei'noi',  as  a  loval  servant  of  the  kiii'^.  incii 
and  means  to  assist  him  in  (jiielling  th(;  iiisurrectinii 
on  the  Isthmus.  Failing  to  draw  IVom  him  a  h<  .iity 
j'csponse  he  next  applied  to  the;  audiencia  ol'the  (  nn- 
iines.  With  the  magistrates  of  that  tribunal  lir  was 
more  successful.  Licentiate  llamirez  de  Alarcoii,oinj 
of  the  members,  took  an  active  part  in  recruiting  iiuii 
and  collecting  arms  and  horses. 

In  the  mean  time  tidings  of  Verdugo's  doings  in 
Peru  and  Nicaragmx  and  his  intended  exjierhtioii  t.» 
the  northern  coast  of  ])arien  reached  Pannnui.  lli- 
nojosa,  fearing  that  Verdugo  might  i-aise  a  Icid" 
sutticii'iit  to  cause  him  trouble,  sent  .hum  AIoiiso 
l^alomino  with  two  vessels  and  one  lumdrt'd  ami 
twenty  arquebusior^i  in  pursuit.  Arriving  at  Xica- 
lagua  I'alomino  captured  Verdugo's  vessel  without 
ditliculty,  but  on  attempting  to  land  found  hiiiisclt' 
confronted  by  all  the  available  men  in  the  ])ri)viiiii' 
arrayed  under  the  royalist  bamier,  under  the  coiiiniaiHl 
of  A^erdugo  and  the  licentiate.  After  hovering  alioul 
the  coast  for  several  days,  watching  in  vain  foi-  a 
chance  to  disembark,  he  seized  all  the  shijis  on  tli'' 
coast,  and  burning  those  which  wei'e  unserviccalili'. 
retui-ned  with  the  remainder  to  Panama,  not  knnwiiij;' 
that  his  design  was  sus[)ccted.  Verdugo  made  H'ady 
(»n  Lake  Nicaragua  three  or  four  frigates,  and  wiili 
two  hundred  choice  and    well   armed    troo[)s''   sailed 

^''  'I''t  noil  luolti)  ilcipo  ]\Ii4iIii(pr  A'ci'clu;^((  caliito  iii'i'  lo  Scolntio  ili  N'iL"ii"i- 
giia  con  iliiciMit"  tiiildati  cim  aniiiii)  di  otiV'iiiloro  la  gciiti'  di  I'i/zarid.'  />'■ '(•.imi, 
Mmiilii  Nnivo,  140.  In  Zaralr,  Hid.  /'irii,  lib.  v.  ca)).  xxxiii. ,  tli'  uuiulivr 
is  slated  at  100. 


MELCIIOIl  VERDUGO. 


2^ 


tlir()H.;li  the  river  Sail  Juan  to  tlie  Xorth  Sea,  and 
(■iv(|iiiiL;"  stealthily  alon^'  the  coast,  hoped  to  surprise 
the  ivhuls  before  his  presence  in  that  <|Uarti'r  hecanie 
kiiDWii.  At  the  llio  Chairre  he  caj)tnred  a  vessel 
iiKiiiiHil  hy  negroes,  from  whom  he  obtained  valuable 
iiititi Illation  as  to  the  condition  of  alfaii's  at  Nond)rc 
(K'  I  )i()s,  the  nuujber  f»f  men  stationed  there,  the  nami's 
nt'tlii  ir  commanders,  and  a  minute  description  of  the 
biiildiiiiL?  in  which  the  othcers  were  (juaitered, 

Jliiiojosa  was  on  the  alert,  but  not  so  his  ca[)tains. 
Tlimi'^li  warned  of  the  approach  of  the  loyal  ])arty, 
(!)( y  wei'c  taken  by  surprise.  Landing-  at  midnight, 
A'(i(!ui^o  stole  (juietly  to  the  house  M'hei'e  Hernando 
)hji;i,  Pc(h'o  Cabrera,  and  other  officers  were  ])eace- 
I'ully  slumbering',  suri'oundetl  the  ])remises,  and  tired 
tlic  (IwellinL,''.  The  dilatory  captains,  maddened  at 
tliiis  Ix'iiii^  entrapped  in  their  own  beds,  s[)i-ang  u|), 
and  sciziiin'  their  weapons  rushed  out  of  the  l)lazin_uf 
(■(lilicc,  and  cutting  tlieii-  way  through  the  eniMuy 
made  tlieir  escape  to  the  wood.s  and  finally  to  Pan- 
aiiii'i.'''' 

1  lad  A'(>rdugo  thenceforth  conducted  his  affairs  with 
tlic  skill  and  discretion  which  characttjrized  Hinojosa's 
uitivcineiits  at  Panama  he  would  have  caused  that 
(■niiiiiiander  no  little  troubh;,  Init  he  had  none  of  the 
tact  <))•  gcneralshij)  of  (^onzalo's  officer.  He  im})riH- 
eiicd  tlic  alcaldes,  levi(3d  arbitrary  assessments  upon 
till'  iiurchants,  demanded  heavy  ransom  for  his  pi'is- 
iiiii'rs,  and  soon  made  himself  so  obnoxious  to  the 
]X'i]il,.  tliat  with  one  accord  they  |)etitioned  JJoctor 
Hilu'ia,  the  mayor,  to  ask  protection  from  Ttinojosa. 
flic  a;  ])eal  was  not  in  vain.  Kibera  at  once  entered 
into  negotiations  with  Hinojosa,'*'  and  it  was  agreed 
tliat  wiiilc  the  former  levied  troo])s  at  Nombre    de 

'''Tin:  (liLvkiU'ss  of  tlio  night  favored  tlii'in,  but  Vt'iihii^'d's  men  might  have 
itfoiU'i  1  tliiii'  eaiitiii-u  if  they  hail  not  Ix'en  too  intent  in  plundering  tiie  house. 

Cui-.jln-intlf  In    Viijd,   llht.   I'll-H,  ii.  "-'4."). 

"  llitiera  .says  that  Hinojosa  expecting  to  he  attacked  placed  the  city  of 
I'^uiaiiKi  in  a  tlio'niugli  .state  of  defence  and  told  his  oHicer.s  tliat  Verdugo  liclil 
'lilt  til,,  .uithoiity  giiuited  him  liy  the  audieiiuia  dt'  I.'"  Conlincs  and  knew 
ii'jI  I'Mu  whether  tile  viceroy  were  ulivo.  dec.  viii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  iv. 


wn 


,.*^.. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0    Siaia 


I.I 


1.25 


m 

iin 

2.0 
^ 

1.4    III  1.6 


% 


<p> 


/5 


'?. 


C^'      <>>       >  .V        ^/ 


^ 


y 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WMSTER,N.Y.  MSM 

(716)  •73-4S03 


0 

4i> 


f/j 


I 


I 


I 


984 


PANAMA  AND  PERU. 


Dios,  the  latter  should  at  once  inarch  from  Paiiaiiul 
with  a  stroiii^  lorcc  \V'r(luj,n>  iiupressc*!  into  hissci- 
vico  t'ViTV  available  man,  and  withdraw  in*'  from  tlh' 
town,  took  u|>  a  position  on  the  shore,  where  hi!  was 
to  some  extent  covered  hy  the  j^uns  of  his  vessels. 
Tlwro  lie  awaited  Hinojosa,  who  with  a  small  luit 
j)icked  company  of  veterans''"*  was  now  cros.^in;L;  the 
Jsthmus  to  join  battle  with  the  royalist  tbrces. 

As  soon  as  the  relte!  tr<K»|>s  dehouched  from  Ww 
woods  surnumdinjjf  Nombre  do  Dios,  Uibera  s.illicl 
from  the  town  and  opened  a  lively  tire  on  the  I'oiccs 
of  Venhr'-o,  the  citizens  takin*;  frijjfht  at  the  tirst  iiois' 
of  the  fiav  and  scami)erini'  to  a  hill  neai-  bv.  Iliini 
josa's  brijj^ade  a<lvanced  meanwhile  with  the  stiadv 
nieasun'd  tramj*  of  trained  soldiers,  whereupon  (li- 
nun  of  Nicarai^ua,  led  by  Verdugo,  t(M)k  to  tlieii-  lie  I- 
also,  leavin;^  but  one  of  their  number  wounded  on  tin 
held,**  and  re«ijained  their  ships,  whence  a  brisk  cmh 
M(»iutde  was  opened  on  the  town,  l»ut  without  visililc 
icsult  save  loss  of  aMMuunition.  The  i-oyalist  ca|ttiiiii 
then  set  sail  for  ('arta^eiia,  there  to  await  n  in'iv 
favorable  op|)ortunitv  to  serve  his  kin*;".  I  y'sii 
severely  rejirimancK'd  JNtejia  and  the  othei'  i  ;itivi' 
o|fic(M-s,  and  leavin«(  them  at  Nombre  de  Dios  in 
charge  of  a  str<»nger  garrison  returned  with  Jxihtia 
to  Panam;l, 

Nothing  could  have  hap|)ened  that  would  diiiw  tli 
attenti<>n  of  the  court  of  Sjiain  to  the  ali'airs  of  tin 
New  Woild  more  etfectually  than  rebellion,  as  I  have 
before  intimated.  The  «liscovery  and  concjiu -t  <  t' 
America  cannot  be  classed  as  an  achiev(;ment  ol  tlu' 
nation.  It  was  a  magnificent  accident,  in  the  l>u>v 
reigns  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  and  Chailes.  Tlmx' 
sovereigns,  absorbed  in  wars  and  involved  in  aml'iliiU' 
intrigues  at  home,  with  a  vast  continent  thru>t  u))iui 

•'"' Oiip  lmii<li/J<l  ntul  liftv  nniuclmsiurs.  liemoni,  I  fist.  Momlo  Xr'i- ;  MV- 
4(J;   140;  aoniani,  Ulitt.  Iml.,  '-M!». 

'"  '  V»'r(lu>,'i>  fii  il  pi'iiiio  ti  miltaiv  in  vii  Itiigantino,  et  solo  vii  soMiiti)  ii'«tH 
ffiito,  e  tjufiitu  fu  d  line  ilellu  Iji-uuutc  di  Vcidugo.'  Jimzuiii,  Mi,mU'  Svv<j, 
14a. 


PEDRO  DE  LA  GASCA. 


'JC3 


tluii  I'.v  a  Gonoosc  imvijj^ator,  0(ml(l  scaivily  fiiul  tiint* 
tit  till  iiKirc  than  ^I'aiit  juTiiiits  to  adveiiturLT.s  to  siil>- 


|ili:a!t 


:it  tluii'  own  cost,  now  tonitoiics  in  tho  wt'st- 


.111  world,  and  to  rofi-ive  wlion  icniittt'd  to  tlioni  tlio 


r(»v;i 


1  tilth  of  the  returns.     But  lehi'llion,  of  what 


so- 


fvcr  niai;nitude  or  shaj»e,  is  always  distastel'id  to  a 
s(tvrrri;^ni.  Tlierefore  when  tidin;;s  reaehed  Spain 
tliiit  the  rniperor's  representative  in  Peru  liad  been 
iii.iltivated,  and  that  a  powerful  hody  of  insuri^eiits 
lit  1,1  |n>ssissittn  of  that  province,  the  UKtiiarrh  and  his 
iiiiiii>ttis  Wire  arousi'd.  The  affairs  of  iV'rn  occuiiied 
i'.ir  M  tiiiK-  th(.ir  eareful  consideration.  Lengthy  de- 
liatis  and  dose  et)uneils  ft»llowed.  At  lirst,  the  kinij^'s 
ciiuiisilltds  in  their  dclilu'rations  etmsidted  oidv  tln^ 
hnjiiir  t»f  the  nation  and  stron<dv  advttcated  sendin"' 


d   I 


III  aiiiu'd  lorct'  against  i  izarro 


t  1' 


hut 


Hisurrection  at 


Imiiu'  ;iiid  insurrection  in  IV-ru  weie  two  very  difirr- 
1  lit  tilings.  The  Spanish  government  could  more 
1  asiiy  make  war  aoairi.st  a  hundred  thousand  men  in 
Sjaiii  tti' ( jJermany  than  against  one  thousantl  in  the 
wiliU  t»f  that  distant  |ti't>vince.'" 

rttlii*  de  la  (Jasea,*'  a  <'ounsellt>r  of  the  iiKjuisition, 
hut  a  man  hoUling  nt>  pul)lie  otlice,  was  the  oiw  se- 
ll tctl  ;is  the  fit  instrument  for  the  occasitm.  lie 
iiiiitfd  amililand  insinuating  disposition  with  icmark- 
itMi'  tinimess  and  tiMiacitv,  and  a  cotil  and  l)lan(l 
r\tt'ni>r  with  a  sti'euj'th  and  sauacitv  hut  littK^  >us- 


I'lfii  il  hy  most  of  his  countrymen.     None  \i\u 


■w 


Lett 


er 


liiiw  to  foiahine  a  subtle  hiunilitv  and  b(/ld  caution 


'"'Iji  <!ilii\iltail  lie  tiiiito  n  para  to, .  .Aim. is,  y  Caviilio^i.  .\[iiiiii.'im  y  !'^.■l^<ti■ 
int'iiti".  y  1,1  Navfmiiiiiii  tiiii  lar^;ii,  yiivir  tie  |iii.>i;ir  <Iips  .Mans  lus  fiiiriiva  ,i  int 
liiiii.ir  (:.:<•< 'iins(j'«.'  (liirrilititii  ill'  III  \'i'j<i,  lli-l.  I'ini,  ii.  "Jil.S. 

"ti.'iMii  \va  1  liiiiii  in  I  lilt  ill  llic  Caliitlli  ria  ilr  .N.narrcyailiila.  a  snuijl  tow  ii 
iii'iii' the  llaicM  lie  A\  ila.  HiM't-cfivfil  a  liliiTal  tilucatiiin,  l>fiiiu'  |iiai'»il  liy 
liin  uiuli'  at  till'  fainiiiK  nfiiiiliai-y  of  .\li'al;'i  ili'  nniaris,  ainl  ^^^l^s(■c|li(■lltiy 
trunstirn.i  to  (lie  imivi  rsity  nf  Sa),miaiica.  He  w.i.oiniaiiuii  a  jiriisf.  in  l.'i.'il, 
i:ilil  ill  j.'ill  wa.s  a|i|MiiiitiMl  coiinHt'linr  of  tiif  iiii|iii.siti<iii,  lie  ai'ijiiirnl  ^Tiat 
itiHiwii  liy  liis  ^.'allaiit  (iilt'iicn  tif  tlif  I'ity  of  Vali'iu'ia,  iil  a  time  v,  luii  itt 
iiiliiiiiit.iiits  Were  iiaiiic-i^tritkoii  at  tlie  aiiproai'li  of  a  f"iii),'n  fof.  'Viiiitiun  a 
ticnii  lie  .\vil;i  la  I'aiiiilia  il(>  (iiiHi'ii  iiiiiiliiiiiloNo.  .  .Ia8  tins  It'traH  cniimiiuiiiU.i 
•'y '1  il  iiKiiiliri'  (If  ('a»i'a  I'li  (Jasi'ii.'  IIUl.  <lr  Ihni  I'lilr  i  i.'iisni,  MS.  Ilvi  li 
wlifii  ,'i  stiii|"iit  III'  sliowod  the  jiower  tif  IiIh  will  ami  ilefisimi  of  fliaiiu'ti  r  in 
•lialliii.::  pnlitical  dialurbancea.  JJaton  iiio<jr({/icoii,  in  Curtua  de  Jialui.*,  7(i3-7. 


m 


986 


PANAMA  AND  PERU. 


Avith  iiuproti'iidiiifLf  inaiiiiers  and  a  iilcasant  addicss, 
aixl  no  man  (*<)uld  liavr>  lK>i>n  found  Ixjttcr  <|Ualiii('(|  tn 
iindtitakr  tlu-  task.  IJo  olun'od  the  summons  ot'  the 
('<iuit  with   r('lnctan<'*\  hut  oikh'  liavini,^  cmnji'^id   ii, 


tlic    undcitakiiiLT,    his    wliol 


.s<  )U 


1   was   ahs(»il»i(| 


its    (Xfcution.      J^Jd'oiv    sottiuiUf    out    he   dcchncd    ,iii 

oircrc'd  hishopiic;  In*  would  a<'ci'|»t  no  salaiv,  noi-  imv 

title  except  ti»at  of  president  ot*  tin-  i-oyal  au(h<  hcm 

of   Lima.^^      He  was  empowered   with  t\\v  authi>iitv 

of  a  sovereiijn,  heiiiLf  allowtid  to  levy  troojjs,  dei  Imiv 

war,  apj>oint  and  remove  otfieers  at  will,  mak«'  r(|iiii- 

timientos,  e<(ndemn  to  death,  condone  (ttlenees,  L^r.mt 

nnestii's,  and   mi<^ht  stiid   hack  to  Spain  if  i 
....  ........  *i...  ,.; w  i.:....,.H'i:i 


ui 


It'lVS- 


saiv  even  the  viceroy  limise 


( )n  the  'J(;th  of  May  l.')4(»,  (iasca  set  sail  lV«»ni  S; 
IjiH'iir  with  a  small  letinue,  consistini^  (»f  two  oidnit 


UI 


and  amoi 


I'jr  other   cavaliers   the   maiiscal    Aloi 


ISU     (If 


Alvarado  and  the  a«lelantad(»  l*ascual  dc;  Andii4My;i 
Had    the    emissaries    of   Charles    jippeiired    olf  tin 

ise,   the   captains   of  (Joiiziilt 


imus   m  wai 


lil 


•mi 


ls( 

Pizarro  would   have   opposed   them   to  the  last,  hut 

what  had  they  to  feai'  from  a  humhle  priest  with  l>ut 


ti 


score  or  two  of  attendants  if     Xeveithel 


ess. 


II 


rV 


nando  Meji'a  was  not  without  his  susj)ieions  of  Alva 

1....I..44        II.,    1,.^J    K,,f    ,.,...,„,fK^  , .,,,,,,, ,;f4... I   .„,..  I.I,, ,„i.„. 


I'ado 


H. 


Iia( 


I  hut 


itl 


lecentlv  commi 


tted 


one 


hmihT 


in  allowing-  him.self  to  he  <»utwitti'd  hy  Melchof  \<i- 
<hnjfo:  hut  after  .some  hesitation  he<li('ided  that  il'tln 


1 


)i 


iest  <'ame  ai'ined  with  such  a  <'onimission  fioiii  tl 


kiiiLT  as  Alvarado  aflirmed,  itweri'  hetter  to  treat  liiiii 
Vtith  tlie  lesjtcet  due  to  a  royal  envoy.      On  the  I7t!i 


'•' '  Kl  Titiilo  inK!  Uovi'i,  fill!  ik'  I'n'Hiilcntc  do  la  Audicnciu  lU-iil  d'  1  I'rin  ' 
Jiiiriili,  lli.-'i.  I'irii,  ill  Itiiri'iii,  lili.  \\.  cup.  vi. 

*■*  '  l.lrvii  \x\»  Ciiiiilas,  y  Hci'iuidos  lu'ccHuritis.  en  caNo.  ipu'  chiin  iiiisc  liinii" 
( Iriitrilt*  liUTi'!!,  aiiiii|iH'»'sti>«  fiii'roii  Mccrt'tus,  ])cii',|iic  im  |iiilili>-alia.  iii  tr.itali,i. 
fiiid  df  los  pricloiit's,  i  dc  liiM  (itl<i«  lin'diiw  |ia('iliciiM. '  Xnniti .  Ili-i  /'irn.iii 
Jliii-rii,  lil>.  \  i.  fa|).  vi.  iiiifiilriKii  ill  III  I'li/ii,  lli-^l.  I'll  II,  ii.  "Jli!!.  s;i\>:  '  I-'' 
tlicsi'ii  iilisolutii  I'odfi'  I'll  tt)dii,  \  jior  tiido,  tan  ciiiiiplido  y  lia:-tjmtr.  .  rjincisii 
Ma^fstail  lit  ti'iiiii  I'll  las  liidi.'is.'     See,  alN^),  /'ninill'K  I'l  rii.  ii.  'X\\. 

*' '  Aivaradd  lml)lt»  ii  lliTiiaii  Mcxia,  i  Ic  dii>  lioticia  dc  la  vtliida  ili  !  IV.'-i 
dilitc,  dit'iciidiil)'  iplit'li  era,  i  ;i  li>  ipic  Vi'iiia,  i  dcNpiU'W  dt'  I  ir.u'a.M  plitii'iin  w 
di'Spidii'i'tin,  Hill  liavi'i'sf  dcclaradu  rl  viio  iil  otni  hum  aiiiiimH,  jiiin|iic  aiiilxi* 
cuUibiiii  Hi)HiK.'rlnmo8. "  Znrnli ,  IHkI.  /'ini,  in  llair'.a,  lil).  vi.  iu]i.  \i. 


A  TLEVKn  rniKST. 


207 


..f  .Inly  (J;isea  intiiuat*'*!  liis  intention  to  land,  and 
Ml  jii  i^avf  liini  a  loyal  n'«v|)tion.  Drawiiii;^  u}*  his 
iiirii  oil  the  iH-acli,  lu'  j)ut  out  tor  tlic  |)r(>si(|cnt's  v 


illi  a  LTiiard  of  twenty  anjUt'lmsitTs,  I)roui,dit  Irni 

ji-lMUt  ,  iind  amid  the  roar  of  <'aini«»n  and  musketry 

(•uiidueted  liim  to  Ills  own  ("luarters  within  the  town. 

Ml  ji'.i  was  not  loULj  in  the  eomiumy  of  the  unpre 


tcli(hli;^f  ec( 


lesiastic  hefore  lie  heeame  eonvineed  that 


1)1  IK  at  li  his  calm  demeanor  slundx-nul  ji  j»ower  that 
Wdiild  sodii  make  itselt'  felt  in  the  land,  (jlasca  ex- 
jiliimd  the  ohji'ct  of  his  i'rran<l  and  the  scope  of  his 


jiutliiifit  V 


II 


IS 


puri 


»os(»  was  iieaei 


an< 


I  1 


us  eonnms- 


>\nu.  which  was  dattMl  after  the  hattle  of  Ana(|uito 
;iii(l  th.'  death  of  the  viceroy,  authorlzecl  him  to  j^rant 
]);ii<liiii  for  all  offenct's,  no  matt«'r  how  heinous.*'  It 
iiiiw  ilnrefore  hecame  all  l<»yal  suhjects  to  o|t[)osc  no 
lMii.>(r  tile  em|K'roi'"s  messenj^ei'.  ATejia  hesitiited. 
At  III  ;irf  he  was  htyal,  thouufh  in  com.non  with  others 
lir  Ii;i(l  (sj loused  the  cause  of  the  chivalrous  eon(|ueror! 


^ition 


to  th 


M!  austei'e  and   unpopular  ru 


le  of 


\  ;ii;i  lie  ( 'asti'o  and  V'asco  Nuhe/  \ela.      Not  even 
<iiiii/alo  IM/arro,  much  less  his  sulxtrdinates,  admitted 


llniii^ilves   to   \}v  I'ehels.      ( Jasca  did   not   pi 

lii;i 


•ess   th 
try.      lie  soon  read  the  honest  soldier  couiiiletely 


ill  II I 


;iii'W  Ins  man. 


illnUlliI   liiose    over  wljom 


II 

h 


IS   policy  W 


as  lather  to  throw 


he  d< 


d  t 


esiiecl  to  Lram  asceiu 


1- 


I my  the  suhtle  iiitluence  which  a  man  of  his  kei'ii, 
iii(i-i\i'  piiietration,  invested  with  the  »j^arl>  <»f  author- 
ity, iiiid  M'fsed  in  all  the  w  ily  craft  and  casuistry  of 
liis  iinlci'.  knew  Well  how  to  e\ercis(»,  than  to  force  an 
t!ii\\  illiiiM-  assent  to  measures  which  were  distasteful 
Jiiiil  iiii'^lit  afterward  he  li^htlv  disclaimed. 


/; 


iniiliz.  Hist.  /'(>•»,  )it.  i.  lili.  ii.  i'«]>.  .\xi      (Jnsra  iliil  not  lii^iir  of 


llif  ilijiih  111'  till'  \i(iri)V  iiiilii  iiftir   liis  laii'l 


it    \iiml 


liililr  I 


li'    hici.s,    liiit 


niiitlniKJ  lii.x  icscntiiitiit,  mill  t'Vt'ii  i|<'i  liini!  tliiit  it'  I'izaiiu  wniilil  imt  ii'ci'ivi 
luMi  lie  vuiilil  iftiini  t.i  tlif  tiiipcriir.  il<in':liis,t  it,  hi  I'lj/if.  //i*/.  I'l-rn.  ii. 
I|i'.  ^ir.  al-iii.  (liiiiinni.  Ili^l.  I  ml ., 'I'lS.  (lasca'.s  IcttiT  to  N'cnliiyo,  linn 
u«;iitiii.'  till' ciiiiKinr's  urilrrw  at  < 'aitaLrciiii,  \*  also  cliann'trri.stii'of  tin-  siilitlr 
iliiinliiMaii:  ■  j'liiiliio  a  ilicir  -X  Mcli'liinr  N'cidu^'o.  (|ui'  vciiia  ion  cicrtos  ( 'mii 
I'iilnTiis  :'i  srrviric,  im  viliifsf,  xiiio  (jiic  cstiivirx'  a  la  iiiira.'  (Inrrihisn  i/.-  /i 

'|./'i,  Ulat.  /'nil,  ii.  •_»()!».     .Sco,  ul.si>,  /Inn  lit,  ik'r.  viii.  lil).  ii.  cap.  v. 


PANAMA  AND  PERU. 


I 


!M(jia  iK'iuiLf  loft  to  draw  liis  own  conclusions  niul 
to  act  i'or  himself,  at  Icni^^th  thus  declared  his  resdlii- 
tion  to  (iasca:  "I  am  a  loyal  subject  of  the  enipcior. 
]f  (ionzalo  Pizarro  is  such  he  cannot  (juestioii  my 
course;  if  not,  1  choose  not  to  follow  the  fortunes  of 
tiaitors."  lie  then  placed  himself  and  his  men  at  tlic 
j»riest's  dis[)osal,  jLjave  him  a  correct  statement  of  tlic 
niilitary  Jind  naval  strenj^th  under  llinojosa's  cuin- 
mand,  an<l  even  offered  to  march  ^m  Panama  and  si  i/o 
the  lleet.**  The  envoy  citULjratulated  him  upon  Iijs 
decision,  and  assured  him  that  the  kiny^wouM  Jewaid 
him  for  his  l«)yalty,  but  declined  any  service  \h>in 
liim,  other  than  kei'itin<^  his  resolve  for  the  present  a 
secret. 

On  leceiving  news  of  the  jaesident's  landing-  iiiid 
of  his  courteous  reception,  llinojosa  was  soiily  ilis- 
]>leased.  His  lieutenant  lia<l  been  placed  in  conuii.iihl 
at  N(»nibre  de  Dios  for  the  express  purjKjse  of  ^uanl- 
iui^'  tile  noi'thern  coast  aiLjainst  the  ajtproacli  of  any 
expedition  hostile  to  the  intc^rests  of  Gonzalo  Pi;canv; 
and  Jiow,  after  bein;^  surprisetl  by  a  band  of  men  lidni 
Nicaragua,  anil  compelled  to  ilee  to  Panama,  he  \V(  1- 
coined  with  royal  honors,  and  without  even  coii>iilt- 
i\\>f  his  commander,  a  man  commissioned  to  assuiiir 
authoiity  over  all  the  affairs  of  Peru,  (iasca  shi(  udly 
surmised  that  ]\Ieiia  while  clearin<j:  himself  from  the 
imputation  of  treachery  would  plead  the  cause  df  tln' 
kin<^  more  etfectually  than  he  himself  could  do.  iji- 
therefore  ordered  him  to  acconjpany  i\lvara<l"  \'> 
J*anani:i  and  lay  the  whole  matti'r  bel'ore  lliii<ijii>;i. 
The  latter  was  pacified  with  no  i^reat  difficulty.  It 
was  pointed  out  to  him  that,  if  it  was  the  convit 
policy  to  allow  the  envoy  t(»  land,  all  wouhl  ha\i  tin 
benefit  of  it;  whereas,  if  an  error  had  been  connnilfrd 


'  ii 


<*  '  ftTfxiiv  If  ropoiKlio,  r|ui'  la  viiniU'ia  <|tio  nlli  cstnlnio,  la  tenia  jxif  <  I  Hi  \ .  y 
no  jior  i'i/arro,  y  i\  hiiriai'n  hu  st  ruicio  t|iianti»  If  niaila.s.so.'  Ili  rr<  m.  il'i'-  ^■''i- 
li'i.  ii.  i.:\\\.  V.  'I  <[W  .si  <|ni'ria,  (jni-  llanamt'ntc  i-o  alralr  ^'an^ll'la  imr  .-n 
Ma^csUid,  lo  liai'ia,  i  |Miiliaii  ir  ii  I'anania,  i  tuniur  la  Ainiiuln,  Ici  i|ii,.I  si'iii 
fi cil  lie  liaccr.'  Z'lruli \  IliM.  I'tru,  lib.  iii,  l;>a.  Sue  also,  Uunilu-'j  dc  /'i 
Ycj'h  II'"'-  ^'t'".  •'•  -7l>- 


OASCA  AXD  THE  REnnLS. 


:;',o 


it  \vi>  a  s'iin|)lo  iii{).ttor  to  order  thf  priest  and  liis 


(•II 


ii!i;i(Ks  oil  hoard  their  vessels.      Tliiis  reassu 

escoi 


ed  h 

^;i\i  j'iriiiission  to  liis  oflieer  t(»  return  and  escort  the 
|iiv>iil'iit  across  tlie  Isthmus. 

M(  Iclmr  A'er<hjufo,  in  the  mean  time,  haviiiff  tired 
(iriip^lmiDiis  ease  at  ( \'ii-tatj^ena,  liad  landed  at  X»)m- 
Itiv  dc  J)ios,  and  there  laid  his  liumhle  duty  at  tlie 
t, .  t  III"  his  ^lajestv'.s  envoy,  (jlasca  informed  him  that 
till  hcst  scrvio^  he  could  render  his  sovereii^n  would 
lie  to  letuni  to  Xicarai^ua  and  there  dishand  his  forces. 
The  meddlesome  captain  ))rotested  vehemently,  hut 
111'  was  not  of  tlu!  metal  with  which  the  priest  pro- 
|Mi>.(l  to  cnish  the  rehellion.  A  band  of  hlatant,  dull- 
uiitcd  adventurers,  whipped  into  fury  hy  the  superior 
j^ciK  lalship  and  sohllerly  <jualities  of  llinojosa  and  his 
viti  laiis,  could  he  of  no  assistance  to  him.  Findinj^' 
iit  ltii.;-lh  that  the  |)resident  was  dctei'inined  to  ijj^iiorc! 
liiin.  \  I'l'duL^o  withdrew  his  troops,  and  soon  after- 
ward ii'imned  to  Spain,  there  to  lay  his  j^rievanees 
IkIuii,'  the  enijK'ror. 

On  the  loth  of  Auiifust  ICt-iC)  (iasca  makes  his  e 


n- 


traiicr  ill 


toP 


mama,  and  is  receivec 


1  witl 


I  mucn  cere 


iiKniy  Ity  the  commander-in-chief,  the  governor,  and 
iifistrates  of  the  city.     Hinojosii  with  all  his  keen 


111 


]ioiittratiiiuf  conimon-siMise,  his  practical  experience, 
and  his  thoroujj^h  knowledi^e  of  the  world,  is  no  more 
|iinof  ai^^aiiist  the  seemiiij,'  candor  and  miUl  winnintf 
(l(|ii»itiii»'nt  of  tlu;  unjiretendinj^  priest  than  was  ^fejia. 
A  (luwiiii'jjit  foe  is  his  deliji^ht.  ]Ie  will  match  his 
wit  111-  skill  in  military  or  political  affairs  aj^ainst  those 


't'  aiiv   man   in  the  Indies.      ]]ut  when  th 


e  sovereiL!^n 


|Mi\V(  r  of  Spain  appears  in  rohes  of  sacred  humility 
and  '4i\iii^-  utteranct;  in  hland  accents  to  <loctrines 
Worthy  of  the  prince  of  peace,  tlie  sau^acity  of  the  sol- 
dier is  at  fault.  The  foe  has  heconie  a  phantom,  pow- 
'  I'I'ul.  nay  invincihle,  but  intanufible.  Opposition  to 
the  •^uhtle  inlluence  i>f  the  i)riest  is  like  wa<(ing  coii- 


Ihct  with  tl 


le  powers  of  air 


At  h  iigth  llinojosa  calls  on  the  president,  and  be; 


870 


PANAMA  AND  I'KniJ. 


I  ■ 


liiin  to  sjM'cify  tli»'  nature  of  tlic  autlioiitv  with  \vliir!i 
lit'  is  vi'sti'd.  (iasi-a  rcplifs  that  he  is  tlic  he.iic  i  <  l' 
^la<l  tichiiijs  t<»  the  S|)aijish  si.'ttleis;  lor  his  M.ijtstv 


has  1 1 


K-eii  pieasiu  It)  rcvo 


I  t. 


•ke  th 


le  luoi'c  (>l)M(i\i()tis  nil 


ur(!s  ('(intaiiied  in  tlie  im-w  laws,  and  to  eiii|H.\\(i' 
liiiii  to  i^raiit  a  lull  |>ar(Ion  lor  all  that  has  occiniril 
in  l'(;ru.  Iliiiojosa  tlnii  asks  il"  (loiizalo  J^ziiim  i> 
iii('lu«le(l  ill  tliis  aninestv,  and  whether  he  will  \>r  am- 
finned  in  hisjiosition  as  iLjovtrnor.  (Jasea  evadt>  thr 
(juestion ;  whereupon  the  eonnnan<ler's  suspicions  Im  ino 
roused  he  at  once  orders  a  shij)  to  l)e  made  read\ .  :iii;| 
sentls  a  despatch  to  (Jonzalo,  ^ivin_n"  an  account  of  tlu' 
piiest's  arrival,  of  his  rc'ception  hy  Mijia  at  Xomlnv 
<le  j)i<»s,  and  <»t'  the  nature  of  the  envoy's  niissinii: 
assuriniL(  his  former  chiertain  that  he  may  rely 
him  to  execute  t'aithrully  any  instructions. 

Hy  the  same  vessel  (iasca  despatches  a  Domiiiicaii 
moid\,  Francisco  <h;  Siin  Mijj^uel,  to  proclaim  throui:!!- 
ont  l*eru  the  arrival  of  the  royal  connnissictiier.  and 
his  promise  to  <*ondone  the  ofl'ences  of  all  who  rttiiiii 
to  their  allej^ianee.  He  also  ad<lresscs  letters  to  many 
inilueiitial  p<'rsons  in  whom  he  had  conlidence.  Initially 
ho  forwards  to  (Jonzalo  a  «lespatch  from  (he  enijiciKr, 


ull 


<l  I 


tie    fl 


•If. 


acr-ompamed  hy  an  ejustle  li'om  hnnseir,  a  | 
masteipiece  of  diplomacy,  in  which  he  touch* 
liirhtl; 


'rfcct 
Imt 


y  on  tlu!  oveithrow  ot  tin;  viceroy,  avows  that 
if  he  he  not  loyal  there  is  not  a  soul  whom  1m'  <'iiii 
venture  to  trust,  and  l)e<^s  him  an  a  Christian  and  ii 
true  Spaniai'il  to  persist  no  lo!i|Mrerin  rehellion.  Miaii 
while,  the  crafty  envoy  sends  a  niessenujer  t«>  tln' 
viceroy  of  New  Spain,  ur!L;in;L(  him  not  to  allow  aini< 
or  horses  to  he  sent  to  IV'iu,  and  to  hold  his  na\  v  in 


readmess  tor  war. 

The  arrival  of  this  unwelcome  lunvs  from  Rinaina 
caiise<l  no  sli;j^iit  annoyance.  A  'dincil  of  nllicns 
was  summoned:  the  principal  inhahitaiits  of  Liiiiii 
were  invited  to  attend;  the  letten.  svere  read  in  juil'li^ : 

"  /'irihiHifrz,  /,'i'f.  /'rrii,  pt.  i.  lili.  ii.  oiij'.  xxviii.  Sec  also //<''''""• ''^''^' 
viii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  vi.,  uiul  Uouiam,  I J  int.  ImL,  '2'2S. 


r.ASCAS  SUCTK.SS. 


•-'71 


aiiil  ill  wc'ic  invited  t(M>x|>ri'ss  tlu'ir  o|)ii. ion.  rfascu's 
i|i-|i.it(li  piovoki'd  luucli  iin'ii-iiiK'ni^"  an<l  many  Ji 
tliK  ;it.  liut  they  knew  not  tlit-  man  tlicy  had  to  (lual 
witii.  Sonic  (U'claii'd  tor  killinj;  liini  outri^lit;  others 
toe  X  iidiiiL(  liim  hark  to  Spain;  an«l  only  a  voir«>  Ikto 
iiiid  I  111  IT  was  heard  in  I'avoi-  of  aihiiittiii;^-  him  to 
J'l  111.  After  l(»niL,'  discussion  it  was  finally  drtermiiud 
til  stiid  an  einhassy  to  Spain  and  lay  the  matter  het'ore 
i|n  I  iiipeior,  and  that  a  resolution,  sij^ned  hy  seventy 
nttiif  Itadiii^  cavaliers  in  the  city,  should  he  foiwarded 
tu  the  env(ty,  statin^'  that,  civil  dissensions  huvini^ 
iiuu  itrniinati'd,  th«'  nation  was  eniovinijf  the  hlessin<j^s 
of  |.(  ace  under  the  rule  of  (lonzalo  JM/arro,  and  that 
the  |tr»sence  of  his  Majesty's  representative  wouKl 
iH.t  only  tend  to  distract  the  province  hut  might  cost 
liiiii  lii>  lile. 

Al<laiia,oneof(ironzalo'slieutenauts,thou<;h  .secretly 
a  traitor  t<»  tlu;  revolutionary  cau.se,  was  despatched 
\n  i'aiiania  with  the  missive.  Ariiving  in  that  city 
nil  tlic  I'ith  of  Xovemhrr,  luirepairetl  to  llinojosa's 
iidiix'  lirfoi-e  calling  on  the  president.  Then,'  heing 
alliiufd  to  lead  the  governor's  |)rivate  despatches  he 
tliicw  them  into  the  Hames.  Proceeding  thence  to 
the  iiiisident's  (juarters  he  offered  him  his  services, 
and  if  was  agreed  that  llinojosa  should  he  o|)enly 
iiivitrd  to  join  the  rovalist  partv.  Fernando  ^[ejia 
also  tried  Ins  pow(;rs  of  persuasion,  arguing  that  as 
tile  tiiijiiror's  will  had  heen  madei  known  it  was  their 
duty  to  ohey  the  president  without  awaiting  the 
ivsiilt  »»f  the  appeal  to  the  throne,  that  matters  were 
now  ill  a  fair  way  for  settlement,  and  that  if  tJiis 
'i|i|M.rtiniity  should  jiass  unheeded  they  might  wait 
li'ii-^  fin-  another  chance  of  escaping  the  c«>nse(juences 
"t  til.  ir  treason.  llinojosa  was  unwilling  to  accept 
this  \i«\v  (»f  the  case.  Jle  hclieved  that  the  action 
<il  till-  levohitionary  party  was  so  far  justiHahK-.  \\v 
tlui.  t..|(.  irphi>(l  that  he  had  already  informed  the 

'■  U  hill  I'jiiiiii^iin,  (JiiscaH  ciiiissary,  first  calkMl  oil  (ionaili)  ho  was  «Us- 
courtv>.u>ly  ticuUii,  the  governor  not  cveu  luikiug  liim  tu  In;  ucatcd. 


PANAMA  AND   PERU. 


oiivoy  f)f  Ills  intentions,  that  if  his  ]\Ijijost\'  sIkhiM 
ii(»t  Ik-  ))h'Msi'(l  Ui  <^rant  tlie  petition  of  (ion/alo  l*i/c;u  in 
he  \v(>nl<l  at  once  roiulor  his  olKMlicncu  to  the  ciiiun. 
]^iit  Ilinojitsa  was  at  lonj^th  entangled  in  tlic  nt  t  ut" 
tljc  wily  [niest  an«l  in  ronipany  with  liis  Heuten.uit 
(•all('<l  at  the  president's  Ijouse,  nieekl}'  swore  .illi . 
j^ianco  t<>  liis  cause,  phiced  his  fleet  at  his  dis|)i)s;il, 
and  lioisted  tli(»  royal  hanner  of  Spain  from  tlie  nuiin- 
niast  of  his  fla<(-ship. 

(iasca  now  answered  the  resolution  sif^ned  hy  tlif 
seventy  cavaliers,  inditing  his  letter  to  (ionzalo.  aiul 
ex])ressini^  his  wonder  that  such  an  insii^niHcant  ckrino 
us  he  should  be  refused  aihuittance  into  Peru,  llu 
hegjj^ed  them  to  rid  their  minds  of  all  apprehiiisidii 
as  to  any  hostile  intent  on  his  part.  Then  i)iii(liii.j 
his  ofHcers  hy  oath'*''*  not  to  reveal  his  purpo.sf,  lie  im- 
jiiessed  into  his  service  every  available  man  <in  the 
Isthmus,  obtained  loans  of  money,  wrote  to  the  i^nv- 
ernors  of  all  the  Spanish  provinces  for  assistaiicc. 
despatched  [)owerful  squadrons  to  secure  the  jtoit  of 
Lima  and  capture  Gonzalo's  vessels  ou  the  coast  nf 
Peru,  and  on  the  13th  of  Juno  1547  lantled  at  Tuiiiln;', 
in  conunand  of  uiore  than  one  tlxnisand  troops.'" 

"Surely  the  devil  must  l)e  in  their  mi«lst!"'  cx- 
(•!aime<l  <tld  Carbajal,"  asA^aldivia  reccivini.r  tliis  <(iiii 
pliuient  to  hi.s  <jfencralship  put  his  army  in  array  at 
Xaquixanuana,  and  (iasca  withdrew  to  the  rear  with 
his  train  of  ecclesiastics.  The  rout  of  the  rebel  t'nicis 
could  hardly  have  been  more  complete  had  his  satanii- 
uiajesty  been  present  in  person,  and  almost  within 
slight  of  the   capital   of  the    incas   the   last  of  tho 

*'Tlie  cniitains  so  sworn  signed  their  namea  before  the  notary -luaii  ■!c 
liarntiii.  J'dniniui,  J'/cito  llomvumjp,  in  Cnl.  Doc.  Iiivd.,  xlix. 

*"In  ('(irlii  ti  Miijiif'l  J)irz  Ariiii'iid'irh,  in  Carlnn  <li'  Iinliai*,  Oascu  st.'itis 
tliat  since  tlie  1st  of  I>ecenil)er  l.VKi  1,000  soldiers,  incliiiling  .scvcr.il  imiii'f 
nink,  iiad  been  asseniMeil  for  tlie  king's  service;  that  ho  hail  at  his  (li-pHsil  ;i 
fleet  of  fr<)ni  '2.1  to  'J."»  ships,  two  of  which  were  huilt  ut  Pananui;  ami  that  tluie 
had  not  yet  heen  tiiiicfor  the  ariival  of  reenforeemcnts  from  (iuatcniiilii.  ilmi- 
dnrns,  Aiexico,  Kspaftola,  or  Nicaragua,  at  wliicii  latter  province  tliiiv  vmic 
•230  horsemen  ready  to  embark. 

*'On  seeing  the  masterly  disposition  of  the  royalist  forces,  Carbajul,  Hon- 
zalu's  lieutenant,  remarked,  'Vulduia  rige  el  cani^w  o  vl  diablo.' 


A  niASSED  BIOORAPIIKR. 


273 


riz.iiios  was  liaiidc'd  over  to  Uw  cxociitionor,  upUraid- 
uv^  with  liis  last  breatli  tliosi-  who,  «^i'owii  lich  \>y  his 
hiDthcr'.s  l)oiintv  and  his  own,  had  deserted  to  his 
CHiiiii's,  and  wi'i'e  now  ^athere<l  around  his  seaft'old,"'' 
V,  hilf  he  hiniselt'  was  Id't  witliout  tlie  means  of  |)ur- 
r!ia>iii;^f  a  mass  tor  the  welfare  of  his  abandoned  soul.  '^ 

'•' AiiiciUL!  those  j>rrst'nt  nt<i<)nzali>'s  fiinoral  wii.s  Hinf)jo8a,  who,  after  scrv- 
iii!,'  fiiitlui'  tht;  I'livul  ciiusL',  wiiH  u.sKiiMHinatcil  in  1.">.V.I. 

■■^'I'lic  most  jiai'tial  l)iogrii|ih<'r  of  the  I'izjirros  is  I'ernaiido  I'izarro  y  Orc- 
llaii:i,  initliKr  of  Wiroiiin  llrnlrci  <ld  Svrvo  Mrinlo,  Math'iil,  UVM),  folio.  'I'iio 
l)(i()k  r(iiit:iiiis  the  iivi's  of  CohiinliUM,  Oji-da.  Cortt's.  thi^  four  I'ixjiiros,  .\hii.i- 
(.To,  mill  (laii'i.i  ill;  I'aredcs,  Imt  the  greater  j)art  is  <levoteil  to  the  aiitlior'ii 
nanicsjikcs  ami  Uiiisiiieii,  by  the  siticof  wlioin  the  other  henKvs  appear  in  eoin- 
)iaraUvtly  faint  outline.  Kvery  incident  that  can  in  any  way  redoiMxl  to 
tliiir  I  Tcdit  is  made  toHiiine  with  a  lustre  unsurnassed  even  liy  the  pearls  and 
(.'ulil  for  wliirli  they  so  recklessly  Btuked  their  lives.  The  hrillianry  indeed 
is  SI)  strmi^'  as  to  merge  into  complete  obscurity  the  bloody  deeds  and  shame- 
ful traits  wiiich  characterize  the  name.  This  is  intentional  on  the  jiartof  tlio 
wrilcr,  who  not  only  8up))re8sc9  facts  most  notorious,  but  in  gIo.'<8ing  over  the 
later  iiMilt  of  <  Jonwilo,  even  attemjits  to  justify  it.  His  object  is  to  advocate 
fur  till'  heirs  of  Hernando  I'izarro,  the  restoration  of  his  estates  and  titles  of 
iiiari|iiis  as  more  fully  .set  forth  in  the  l)iscurxn  Lnjul,  i  /'oliiirc,  ptiblislied  tlio 
Mine  year,  iiiim''diately  after  the  Varniics.  The  work  is,  in  brief,  the  j)lead- 
iiii;  I't'  a  liarnicl  lawyer,  as  the  author  i>roves  himself,  supplemented  with 
ijuuiiit  and  abstruse  notes  aiul  profuse  niurgiuuk  chiclly  from  classic  writei's. 


nuT.  Ceht.  Am.,  Vol.  n.    18 


CHAPTER  XVI. 


REVOLT  OF  THE  CONTRERAS  BROTHERS. 

1550. 

Causk  of  the  IJkvolt— PnErAiiATioNs  of  the  CoxsrinATOits— A.s.sas.<ixa- 
Tio.v  OF  Disiioi- VAi.niviEsc- The  Rebels  Defeat  the  Mev  ok  IJiu- 
NAr>A — Tmeiu  I'i.ax  of  Opekai ions— The  ExPEt>iTi()N  Sails  foii 
Nata— (JAscA  Ai:uivES  at  the  Isthmts  WITH  THE  KiMj's  Tuiamue— 

C'AlTfUE   OF  TaXAMA— ULCNKEItS   OF  THE   ReBEI.   LeADI'.KS  — IIeKNAMio 

i)E  C'oxTiii'UAS  Mai:chi;.s  io  Cai-uia — He  is  I'ollowlk  iy  his  I.iki 
texaxt  1>i:i;miuo — Gasca's  Auiuval  at  Nomdiie   di;  Dios— Irnisiso 
OF  THE  Inhahitaxts  of  Panama — Beumejo's  Attack  ox  the  Citv— 
His  Reimlse— His  Fokce8  Axmuilatei> — Fate  of  Heuxanuo  axu 

Hlli  FoliLOWEUS. 


Afthu  tlie  downfall  of  Roilrijjo  do  Contrcms,  his 
pons,  Jlcrnando  and  l*cdro,  the  fornior  a  licciitiutt.', 
and  both  hold  in  lii'^h  ostocni  anionij:  the  colonists  of 
Xii-arai^aia,  resolved  to  regain  by  I'oice  of  aims  tlio 
wealth  and  station  of  which  thoy  dcei;  jd  tluiiisi  hrs 
unjustly  deprived.  Of  noble  birth  and  rcarcid  in  lux- 
ury, they  found  themselves  in  early  niaidiood  ri(hi(i<l 
,to  comparative  poverty  antl  their  ancient  nani<'  ^ullitd 
by  their  sire's  disgrace.  They  knew  well  that  tluv 
had  the  sym|)athy  of  the  greater  portion  of  the  su- 
tlers, and  in  the  province  were  many  exiles  from  IViu. 
veterans  who  having  fought  under  C^arbajal  ami  («i>ii- 
zalo  Pizarro,  were  always  really  for  fresli  entriiuiM'. 
no  matter  how  dangerous  or  treasonable,  provicKJ 
only  that  wealth  were  in  prospect.  Chief  atnoiiu  iIm  in 
were  Juan  Bernieio  an<l  Ilodriijo  ►Sal'meio.  nvIioih 
(Jasca  had  banished  for  attempting  to  raise  an  insur- 
rection after  the  execution  of  (lonzalo.  Bernn  jn  was 
an  old  friend  of  the  Coutroras  family,  being  a  iiativc 


ItKDKLLIOX  I\  NICARAGUA. 


275 


(,f  ilif  s.njK!  fity  in  Spnin,  uiid  it  was  at  liis  instliLra- 
tiuii  tli;it  tlio  two  liiotluM-s,  who  at  first  wore  l»oiit 
niilv  oil  recoveriiii^  their  i'ather's  ri^'hts  and  prnpcrty 
ill  Nic.irai^ua,  ikjw  deteriniiicd  U;  ;  ''ciiij>t  a  feat  the 
;ui(Iii(ity  «>r  which  has  no  jviralKl  in  ,.;'j  history  of 
S|i;iiii>h  colonization.  This  was  nothinj^  loss  than  tho 
.•(,ii.|ii(>t  of  Tic-rra  Firnio  and  IV'rii.  In  the  event  of 
siicct  >-^  Hernando  was  to  be  [)roclaimed  monarch  of 
the  liittor  |)rovin<'o,  which  was  htjHeved  to  contain 
niure  wealth  than  all  the  world  besides.  IVeparations 
were  Hiade  at  (iranada;  men  were  .secretly  enlisted; 
arms  and  ammunition  were  j)rocured;  and  when  tho 
iiiws  arrived  that  the  sentence  of  the  dejio.sed  j^ov- 
(iiKi-  was  coniirme(l  by  the  council  of  the  Indies  tho 
ciiiisiiiators  removed  to  Leon,  th(?  vounujer  brother 
rciiiniiiiiiLT  at  his  mother  s  residence  in  (iranada  to  con- 
\ry  ill ('  impress;  r  that  they  had  de[)arted  on  some 
jii'.Kct'ul  ei'rand. 

Jbrnaiidc)  with  his  companions  took  a  house  in 
licoii,  and  thence  mes-senufers  were  despatched  to  in- 
vite those  who  wen;  thoui^ht  mo.st  likely  to  join  them 
tn  ;i  jii'ctended  merry-makinu^.  When  all  were  assem- 
M((|  the  youthful  rebel  pointed  out  how  hard  was  their 
|iri  sent  condition  in  life,  and  how  hopeless  their  chance 
111'  hetterini,'  it.  Ho  denounced  the  ccmduct  of  the 
audiciieia,  by  whose  onlinanccs  those  who  had  con- 
<|Ui  ivil  and  peopled  the  ])rovince  wi-re  now  well  nij.^h 
ii'diicil  to  beijfi^ary.  He  n^presented  to  them  thaty 
Ik'  was  entitled  to  the  [government  of  Peru,  which 
]ii()vince,  he  claimed,  belomj^ed  to  his  family  by  cer- 
tiiii  li^fhls  inherited  fn^n  his  sj^randfather  Pedrarias 
IViviLi;'  and  he  concluded  by  invitinijf  them  to  j(»in 
liiiii  ill  an  expedition  by  which  wealth  in  abundance 
iiiii^lit  fall  to  their  lot  if  tliey  had  but  the  courajj^e  to 
l^rasp  it.  No  further  persuasion  was  needed,  and  all 
at  I  nice  ^rave  their  assent,  electing  Hernando  as  thuir 
••aptaii). 

'  l'iil;;iri;i.s  never  li;ul  tlio  shallow  of  a  ri<;lit  to  the  province  of  IVni;  but 
it  \\A.\  iMiib.ibly  liu  easy  iiiuttcr  for  llcnioiidu  so  to  pcrsuudo  his  uudieiice. 


m^^ 


np 


t 

U  — 


270 


ni:VOLT  OF  THE  CONTIcKRAS  krotiiers. 


Bislioj)  Viildivieso  was  tlic  only  man  wlio  was  li'>i  Iv 
to  ollci'  sfi'ioiis  (»|)])osltion;  and  as  a  nicasuro  ot"  |.iii- 
(Icncc  as  Wfll  as  t(»  avcnLfc  the  tlis^MiU'u  of  liodii'^d 
do  Contivras  it  was  ri'solve-d  that  lio  should  ho  |nit  to 
(Uath.  The  conspirators  niareiu'd  in  a  hody  to  tlu; 
i'])iscopal  residence.  Sonic;  who  hold  rolii^ious  sen !|ilc.s 
liicd  to  oxciiso  thonisolvos  undor  protonce  that  tin  v 
woro  without  arms,  but  woro  co:ni)ollod  hy  thoii'  I  adi  r 
to  a('oomi)any  the  rosl."  Hernando  in  company  with 
an  apostat  friar,  named  Castahoda,  ontorod  tho  lumsi', 
Avhilo  ono  stood  <;uard  at  tho  door,  and  tho  roniiiimlir 
of  tho  hand  surrounded  tho  huildini^.  'I'he  hi>lin]i's 
conijianion,  Fray  Alonso,  who  had  noticed  tlu  ir  iip- 
])roach,  at  once  notified  the  prelate,  hut  his  fate  wa.s 
Healed,  lie  endeavored  to  cijiiceal  himself,  suspect iii!,' 
tho  intention  of  tlu'  intrudeis,  hut  was  discovered  and 
instantly  stahbed  to  death  in  the  ])resenct'  (tf  his  ji-nl 
inotho!',  tho  point  of  Jloi'nando's  daijfuvr  breaking'  otl' 
in  tho  victim's  breast.""*  The  dwelliiii^  was  then  phui- 
dered;  several  boxes  containinn'  i^'old  and  jewels  wtiv 
stolen,  and  the  party  mai'ched  to  tho  plaza,  where 
Hernando  was  proclaimed  "captain  jjjenoral  of  lihei  ty." 
A  niossonf(or  was  dos|)atchod  to  JV'dro  do,  Conticms 
to  inform  him  of  his  brother's  success,  and  the  lehrls 
j)rocoeilod  to  tho  treasury  buildini^  at  Leon,  and  hicak- 
intj^  o}ion  tho  royal  chest  divided  among  tliomsolves  its 
contents. 

Tho  loaders  of  tho  revolt  separated  th(ur  forces  into 

'  'V  porqiK'  iiliiuiios  (|tu  riaii  yr  A  iirinarsc,  y  otras  do.  inula  g.aua  li-  .stuiiiin, 
Ina  rcprc'lu'iidia,  y  amciiazaiia,  ilificdo.  que  los  liaria  <'astii;ar  coma  a  lUliu- 
qiu'iiti's,  di/ii'iidi ill's;  i|uu  no  aniaii  nicni'sttT  otras  arnias,  i  inandn  a  luaii 
llai'mcjo,  (jUe  niata.ssc  al  ipio  no  It;  Ni,'llic'sf.'  lli  rn  rii,  dec.  viii.  lib.  \  i.  i  ap.  v.; 
see,  also,  JicdiimiI,  //(>/.  ('.'ii/iijhi,  4!)I. 

''  '  Hoclio  csto  I'ndiio  a  (iianaila  a  dai-  auiso  ii  I'ldio  de  Contivras  kii  lier- 
nano,  iMnliiandoU-  la  daj,'a  con  qnt'  tuna  nnicito  al  Oliispo,  sin  ]ninta,  que  w; 
Ic  ania  <lo.s|)untad()  al  ticnqio  i|ni'  ic  niato.'  J'fmi.-ml,  lll.-J.  Cliitaim.  I'.'-;  ^"' 
also  III  mm,  di'o.  viii.  lii).  vi.  cip.  w,  and  (I'ltsra,  ('(nid  in  Col.  />'"•  /""'-i 
I.;  lint  Ziiiati',  l/lxl.  I'lrit,  \i\>.  vii.  cap.  xii.,  does  not  attribute  tin-  lalliii'.' I'f 
the  liisliop  to  Ilornandi)  liiniscif.  sayiiiL',  'i  vn  Dia  cntiaion  cicitos  .'^cjlilailns 
dc  su  Coinpania,  adondc  cstaha  el  Ohi.'^po  jiii;ando  a!  Axcilro/,  i  Ir  niatainn.' 
Tliis.  Iiowcvri',  i.s  not  likuly,  as  llirnando  was  tliii.stin;.,'  for  poisonal  rtviii'-'i' 
a;,'aiiist  tin'  pri'luti',  and  the  apostate  friar,  luohalily  exconinimiicul'''l,  may 
also  have  had  his  secret  motives  for  participating  in  the  nuirder. 


GRANADA  TAKF.X.  CTT 

time  compaincs;  and  it  was  decided  tliat  Sali>'uero 
sliniiM  lie  desjiatched  witlt  a  small  Iiaiid  t(;  Xicoya  to 
M  i/.c  till'  slii])-^  and  enlist  all  the  nun  ]n'  c(»uld  find 
tliei^.  while  1  fernando  inarched  with  the  main  hody 
tci  Jualejo  I'di'  a  similar  juirpose,  and  l^erniejo  with 
i;li(iut  thirtv  men  returned  to  (jiranada  to  •nither  re- 
ciiiits  and  destroy  all  the  vessi'ls  on  liako  Niearan'ua, 
thus  ]ii-eventin!^"any  tidings  ot'the  rehellion  from  reaeh- 
iii'i  Ticria  I''ii'me  Ity  way  of  Xombre  de  ])ios. 

le  cons])iracy  was  known   in 


A-  soon  as  news  of  tl 


(liMi!,i(!a,  a  ci»r[»s  of  (»ne  hundred  and  twenty  men  was 
lia^tilv  organized  undei'  ( 'attain  Jjuis  Carrillo,  and 
when  l>ennejo  ajijiroadied  the  <'ity  he  found  himself 


]i|inv((l  hy  a  !L;reatly  superior  l<^rce;  hut  so  ski 


Ifully 


had  yntuiL;  Pedro  won  over  most  of  the  settlers  to  lii.s 
hinihei's  cause,  that  maiiv  (tf  the  loval  iiartv  deserted 
tiiiir  ranks  and   joined  the  revolutionists.      After  a 


illil  coiitc 


■t,  ill  which  (Virrillo  and  sext'ial  of  his  me 


n 


Were  killed  and  others  wounded,  ])ermejo  t<»ok  posses- 
sion of  the  city.  All  the  shippinir  <"'  ^'i''  l-''^*'  '^^'•>^ 
(k  >triyed,  and  the  rehels  marched  to  ]{ealejo  accom- 
jiaiiitd  hy  I'edro,  who,  notwithstandinuf  the  eiitrt'aties 
liis  mother,  had  resolved  to  join  the  e\|)edition. 
ndo,  meanwhile,  had  ca])tured  there  two  vessel- 


ci'iia 


H 

laden  with  merchadise  for  l?eru,  and  im]>ressed  their 
Ileus  into  his  service.  SalLHUero  had  heen  e(|ually 
t'l'itnnate  at  Nie-ova,  havin'jf  entered  the  town  with- 
i>ut  opposition  and  enlisted  some  sixty  reci'uits.  The 
rni'rcs  of  the  revolutionists  now  musteri^d  mor(^  than 


tl 


livo  llUlK 


Ired 


men. 


KiiwwiiiM-  that  success  depended  on  promptness  of 


the  rebel  leatlers  determined  to  emhark   iin- 


arlh 

nil  dial  eh    lor   Tierra  Fin 


ne 


aiK 


I   at 


once   arraii'_;e( 


tliiir  |ilan  u['  operations.     From  c(>rtain  exih's  recently 
ai!i\!'(I   fi'oiii  Feiu  it  was  ascertained  that  the  liceii- 


tlatrt 


a  SI 


{  was  then  on  his  way  to  S)tain  wi 


th  a  I 


ir''i! 


;ininiiiit  (if  tr(\nsure.     To  seize  it  was  to  he  their  first 


clHleavi)]' 


If    tl 


lis   were    success 


ful   ( 


jasca   a  IK 


I    tl 


le 


p»v.  nioi-  of  raiuuiui  were  tvj  be  put  to  death.     An 


:'y 


f 


278 


REVOLT  OF  THE  CONTRERAS  EROTnERS. 


anny  of  at  least  si\  liiindrcd  men  was  to  Ix;  l<'\i((l 
at  the  Isthmus.  Ships  were  to  ho  iitted  out  and  a 
8quu(h'on  despatched  to  er'isc  oil'  the  coasts  oi'  Ni(;ira- 
gua  and  Guatemala  and  destroy  all  th(j  vessels  iIk  y 
could  capture.  The  settlers  who  were  unlit  lor  mili- 
tary service  were  to  he  plundered  of  their  j^oods  iuid 
sent,  together  with  all  the  wt)men  and  children,  to  (  ai- 
tai^ena.  Panama,  Nombre  de  J3ios,  and  Nata  \vi  i(^ 
then  to  be  burned  to  the  j^round.  The  cattl(>  v.crr  to 
be  killed  and  the  crops  destroyed,  so  that  if  an  aiiiiv 
should  be  sent  aj^ainst  them  from  Spain  there  should 
be  I'ound  neither  means  of  subsistence  nor  ships  for 
trans[)ort.  The  expedition  was  then  to  sail  for  l\  in, 
where  Hernando  was  to  be  proclaimed  kinn';  and 
Spain  was  thus  to  lose  the  richest  portion  of  Ik  r  do- 
minions in  the  New  World.* 

Soon  ailer  the  cons[)iratoi's  liad  taken  their  d(|init- 
ure  I'rom  Granada,  the  alcahU's  ordered  a  bark  to  1*.' 
built  with  the  intention  of  sendiui^  news  of  the  tliicat- 
ened  invasion  to  Nombre  de  Dios;  but  alarniod  hy 
the  threats  of  Dona  Maria,  who  declaivd  that  Ik  r 
sons  had  information  of  their  purpose,  and  were  (■V(  ii 
now  returning  to  destroy  the  (;ity,  thc^y  r(M]Ucsted  licr 
to  assure  them  that  no  tidings  of  the  revolt  should  In' 
sent  to  Castilla  del  Oro.  IMeanwhile  the  revolution- 
ists, having  com])leted  their  pre])arations,  set  sail 
I'rom  Nicoya  for  Puuta  de  liigucra,  in  the  distrii  t  of 
Natii. 


On  the  12th  of  ^larch  lafiO  Gasca  arrived  at  Pa 
nama,  and  at  once  proceeded  to  land  the  royal  t nat- 
ure, which  was  valued  at  eleven  million  caste!laiios, 
lie  was  bid  to  use  all  cjxpedition  in  shipping  it  to 
Spain,  for  as  he  learacd  from  his  despatrlus  it  was 
sorely  needed  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  (iii|iii(irs 
European  wars.     His  instructions  were  that  ho  hin 

*nw^ra.  Carta  al  liey,  in  Col.  J)oc.  Tnhl,  1  117-23.  Sec,  nlso,  /.'. /im"'. 
Hint.  Cliyapa,  493;  GarcUago  dcla  \'cgii.  Hint.  I\ru,  ii.  371,  mul  //t;  n  / ii,  tloi.'. 
viii.  lib.  vi.  cap.  v. 


ENTRANCE  INTO  PANAMA. 


279 


81  If  should  remain  at  the  Istlimus  to  await  the  arrival 
dt"  tin-  lu'wly  aj)j)ointc(l  viceroy,  Meiuloza.  Tliouu^h 
sniiK'U  hat  uneasy  under  his  responsibihtv,vaiLCUe  rumors 
otihc  cominuf  raid  havinjjf  already  in^aclied  him,  lie  had 
iiM  i^icat  fear  of  being  attacked,  as  ho  had  with  him  a 
fiiicc  «'f  one  hundred  and  fiftv  veterans,  and  the  sea- 
Mini  (111  l)oard  tlu'  shi{)S  mustered  about  four  hundred 
,iiiil  liiiy  men.  No  fleet  from  Spain  had  yet  arriv(!<l 
;it  X()iiil)i"ede]Jios,  but  nineteen  trading-ve.ssels,  lound 
at  aiiclior  off  tht;  town,  were  seized  and  provisioned, 
I'lul  armed  with  the  artillery  brought  fi-om  l*eru.* 
TwcUr  hundred  nmle-loads  of  gold  and  silv(M-  were 
soon  conveyed  to  the  town  of  Cj-U{;es  on  tlu^  Chagre, 
tliriv  In  be  shi|)[)ed  in  barges,  under  Gasca's  charge, 
lor  tiaiiriportation  to  tlu^  North  Sea,  and  still  a  large 
iiiiioiiiit  of  treasure  awaited  moans  of  conveyance  at 
i'aiiaiiKi. 

The  lebcl  expedition  had  now  arrived  at  Punta  do 
liiLTiKia,  where  a  caravel  was  captured,  laden  with 
(iiiii  a  Welcome  pi'ize,  as  the  revolutionists  wave 
uhrady  in  want  of  j)i-ovisions.  Continuing  their  voy- 
ii^;'  toward  Pananul  they  captured  another  v(^ssel 
ivtuniiii''- thence  to  Nicarayfua,  and  were  inl'ormed  by 
li.r  (Tcw  oi'  the  licentiate's  arrival  and  of  the  strength 
i:t'  liis  forces.  It  was  now  determined  to  attack  tlu; 
<ity  at  (load  of  night,  surprise  the  gari-ison,  put  the 
liiivciiior  to  death,  anil  thus  create  a  ])anic  among  tlio 
Mttids.  As  to  (iasca,  "the}'  swore,"  says  N'^ega,  "to 
iiiaki'  jio\v<l(  r  of  him,  an  article  of  which  they  wwo 
iiiiich  ill  need." 

Soiiic  honrs  after  nightfall  on  the  20th  of  vVpril 
1  •">•'•'•  Ibriiando  do  (M>ntri'ras  and  I^c-rmcjo  with  tlu; 
iiiaiii  body   of  the   revolutionists   landed   at  a  small 

■Oil  liiiaicl  tlii'so  vrssrlH  wore  plaroil  all  tlio  vaurants  and  tlioso  who  liail 
''"iiic  Iiniii  S|i;iiii  witliout  licriiac,  to^jctlicr  with  certain  nianinl  imn  wIid  hud 
litt  tluir  \\i\is  in  Spain.  '  I'ani  Ixihii'ilaa  a  Castilhi  \mr  oasadDa.  lidlva/ani'M, 
y  Diitf  (|iu'  antes  aiiia  do  rausar  dcsasosiop)  (jiio  iirouoi'lio. '  llirrria,  dco. 
^iii.  lili,  \i.  cjip.  i.  liio  j,'ovi'iii()r  was  dctmninod  to  leave  on  the  l.slhnins 
ii'iiu!  wlio  woe  not  settleiH  or  traders",  or  known  to  live  on  their  nicuua  or  by 
tliiirialior.  llasci,  Ciirtds,  iu  Col.  Doc.  IniU.,  1.  111. 


'}>     :';y 


i 


!    1      . 


:• 


280 


REVOLT  OF  THE  CONTRERAS  BROTHERS. 


iiik't  al)out  one  lea<^uo  from  tlie  citv,  nud  uikUt  rover 
of  tlu'  (larknoss  iiiudc  tlicir  t'litiuiu-c  without  (ipiK  si- 
tioii,  slioiitiiijjf  "Dentil  to  the  truitorl"  and  "  J.oii'^  live 
J^ince  Coiitrei-us,   eaptain  jj^eiieial  of  liherty."     The 


Lr< 


)vei'iioi''s  lioine  was  surrounded,  hut  as  lie  had 


))arte<l    for    Xondjre    de   Dios    the    i'c>l)els    cdntciiid 
themselves  with  plunderinj^  his  resideiiee,     A    ji.iity 

o  secure  the  treasuivr  Aniaya  ami 
easurv,"  while  the'   remainder  dis- 


was  now  ordered  to 


He 


ize  tl 


le   ro 


al   tr 


persinu^  themselves  throu^'h  the  stri'ets,  seized  all  llic 
arms  and  annnunition  tluy  could  discover,  l)eiii.^  in 
structed  hy  Bermejo  to  tell  the  people  that  they  li,;  I 
come  not  to  sack  the  town   but  to  seize  the  kiii:j> 
treasure  and  to  inauu^u 


U'ate  a  reinn  <)f  liln-rtv.     S 


I  line 


of  them  nevertheless  broke  open  the  stores  and  h<)ii>i  ■<, 
an<l  hel[)ed  themselves  to  whatever  they  most  com  ted. 
A  laru^e  stock  of  rich  apparel  was  Ibund  amoni;  <itlier 
merchandise,  and  many  of  the  lawless  .^'ann'  nnw.  \'i>v 
the  lii'st  tinu^  since  they  had  arrived  I'rom  Spain,  at- 
tired themselves  in  .^  suit  of  new  <>armeiits.* 

A  force  was  stationed  in  the  plaza  in  fn mt  e)' 
the  cathedral,  where  the  bishop  had  taken  icl'iii^v. 
As  he  refused  to  show  himself,  beinL?  in  fear  ol"  ;i--a- 
sination,  Hermeio  entered  tlu^  sanctuarv  and  din^ued 
him  into  the  scpiare.  Meanwhile  IJuiz  de  MaielK  na, 
tlu'  assistant  treasurer,  had  been  ai'n>sted,  and  ly 
threats  and  maltreatment  forced  to  <lelivei'  up  aiKli- 
tional  treasure  to  the  amount  of  four  hundi< d  and 
iii'ty  thousand  pesos. 

jjermijo  urj^'ed  that  the  l)isho]),  the  trcasuier,  tlui 
rejj^idores,  and  other  principal  oiiicials  Ije  put  to  death: 
but  llernaiulo,  not  wishin*;"  to  shed  blood  nnnece.- 
sarily,  acce[)ted  their  promise  under  oath  to  jein  lli" 


'  So  I'oiifidi'nt  wiTc  tlicy  of  sncoi'ss  tliat  instead  of  rcinoviiii;  tiic  tiva 


to  tluii'  sliips  tlii'v  (lojiositcrl  it  with  tiic  iHi'i-clitiiitH  aii<l  otlicis. 


Ikh'.ii'I 


tin'iiisclvi's  lit'fiirc  a  notarv  to  ilclivoi-  it  when  caliril  for  litlu'i-  to  rn'iiiit|ii  nr 


till'  ( 'oiitrcras  lirolliiTf 


KlVCHTO 


II  cwtoH  (lisjiaratcs,  iiniijiinaiiilosf,  t)iii'  i-iil 


ti'iic  r  contrasti'  alL'imo,  ciaii  yii  Scnori's  tie  toifa  I'l  Niicvo  Muml".'  (/((/''"(/'"'" 
t/c  In  I'lijd,  lll-l.  I'l  III,  ii.  ;{7.'t. 

''  Itiiiiisnl,  IIUl.  C/ii/,i]iii,  4!i;{.  Vo^ra,  Hist.  /'cni.  ii.  IJT-,  sa.vs  tiny  I'""''.'! 
so  imicli  Sjiauiali  iiierchuiulisu  'citu'  y;i  loa  ilava  liuatio,  iior  no  [loili  i li-  Hi'^i"" 
tudus.' 


SEIZURK  OF  SHIPS. 


281 


raiisc  of  tlio  rovolutloiiists,  wluToupon  the  foniicr 
iviii.irkcd  t(»  tlu'  i'cl)('l  Iradcr,  "If  yoii  arc;  in  I'avoi" 
of  vnur  ciK'Hiics  and  ai»ainst  voursc  It'  you  will  lind 
tliai  ilioc  vci'v  same  iiuMi  whoso  lives  you  now  sjtan; 
will  n|t<in  tlu.'  tirst  o])[)oi-tunity  tui'ii  ahout  and  liani;' 
Villi  ;iiid  all  your  IoHowcms/'  jfardly  liad  the  words 
Imcii  uttri-cd  wlu'n  Marclicna,  disi-coardini;"  Iiis  vow. 
(Irsjiatcliod  messengers  to  a])[)rise  Gasea  ot"  the  inva- 
sion. 

W  Iiilc  the  eity  thus  fell  into  the  lionds  of  the  con- 
siiiivitms,  I'edro  de  Contreras  with  tiity  men  had 
sci/.i  <l  all    the  ships    in   the    harhor  of  l*anam;i,  and 


;ilL;ii<'ro    wi 


th    t 


Wl'U 


<y 


nioun 


ted 


u"(iuel)usiers 


had 


1k(  II  desjtatehed  to  Cruoes  with  instruetion.s  to  slay 
till'  lie,  nliate  and  the  governor  and  to  hrinn"  I'^i*'!'^  -'dl 
(lie  tiv;i>ure  tlu'V  eould  seeure.  1'he  latter  ari'ived 
toil  l.iic  to  exeeute  his  intent;  hut  live  hundi'ed 
liai'N  dl'  silver  were  found  stored  in  the  village,  and 
there  Salu^uero's  nu'n  i'emaine<l  till  noon  of  the  fol- 
ImwIii.;-  (lay,  aunisino-  themselves  hy  jilunderin^"  the 
rii>ioiii-liousi'  and  makintjf  nu'n-y  over  hi-inuninn"  ,u'<»l»- 
Kts  (if  choice  win(\  ]»ayin^'  the  merchants  for  tluir 
<,fii()i|s  l'ri>m  the  stolen  treasure. 

Thus  Car  all  had  j^'one  well;  ami  liad  tlu;  rehels  had 
a  s];i!irid  leader  they  mijj^lit  have  aceom])lislu'd  their 
|>ur|M  sr  ahnost  as  etKH-tually  as  did  llinojosa  when 
hy  his  suiieri(»r  stratei^y  he  made  tlu'  con(pU'st  of 
the  ]ir(iviiu-e,  a  few  years  previously,  \\  ithout  tlu'  loss 
"I'  ;i   ^iii'^ie   life.     Jiut  suecess  had   niaif    them  over- 


'•'illlhli'Ut. 


\\ 


readv 


-  i 


liad 


roused 


tl 


w    W 


-wil 


the  ]iin|)l(>  hy  j)lunderin<^  them   of  their   ^oods,   and 


ii'»\v  thcv  wel'e  ahout   to  eommit   the   serii»us 


hlund 


el" 


"i  <li\  idinn'  their  forces  into  small  detaclunents,  thus 
iviiijciiiiu-  thenisi'lves  liahle  to  he  attacked  aiul  o\ei- 
iMiwiivd  in  detail.      ] f ernaiido  with  onlv  fortv   men 


set 


ill  IVoin  Pananiii  for  Xomhre  de  I  )ios,  thinking' 
tlii-  slciidor  hand  sutheient  to  cope  with  (iasca's  coni- 


iiiai 


Ji'ivinjjf    at    a    })lac'e    ealle( 


d    J. 


enta    tie 


i. 


■  TliU  is  the  mauber  given  iu  Iltrrcru,  dec.  viii,  lib.  vi.  cap.  v.,  while 


lU 


282 


REVOLT  OF  THE  CONTRERAS  BROTHERS. 


Cha^jfro  lie  captured  one  Gomez  de  Tapia,  who  liad 
in  lii.s  possei-ision  a  lottcr  informing  tlie  liccntiatL!  of 
what  had  trant^pircd.  He  at  once  caused  liim  to  he 
lian^ed,  attaching  to  his  feet  a  paper  on  which  was 
written,  "This  man  was  hanged  for  carrying  advices 
to  (jlasca."  liy  some  fortunate  chance,  liowever,  he 
was  rescued.  A  mulatto  boy  who  wlien  asked  where 
his  master  lay  concealed  directed  his  captors  to  a 
spot  where  they  found  only  his  sword,  was  put  to 
<leath  in  the  same  manner  by  order  of  u  captain  niuned 
Landa. 

At  Capira,  within  a  di.stance  of  three  and  a  Imlf 
leagues  iVom  the  town,  the  men  were  ordenil  to 
t!ncamp  until  Gasca  with  the  king's  treasure  should 
arrive  at  Nombre  de  Dios.  Bermejo  in  the  mean 
wliiie  di^ternrnuKl  to  leave  Pananiil  unguarded  and 
marched  to  the  supjiort  of  Hernando,  hoping  to  crush 
the  loe  in  a  single  encounter  and  thus  end  all  ojiposi- 
tion.  Believing  that  Pedro's  slender  force  was  more 
than  suiticient  to  prevent  any  uprising  in  the  city, 
he  even  withdrew  some  of  the  men,  and  enlisting  a 
few  volunteers  among  the  citizens  began  his  journey 
across  the  Isthmus. 

On  the  day  after  Bcrmejo's  departure  Gasca  and 
the  governor  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  the  C'liai^ri', 
and  here  were  met  by  a  party  of  armed  men  lidni 
Nombre  de  Dios,  with  news  that  Panama  was  in 
j)ossession  of  a  rutfian  horde,  though  who  they  wore 
or  wdience  they  came  none  coukl  yet  determine. 
Thus  after  cru.shing  the  rebellion  in  Peru,  and  hiini,'- 
ing  the.se  vast  stores  of  wealth  in  safety  to  the  slioie 
of  the  North  Sea,  the  licentiate  found  him.;*  If  in 
danjjer,  at  the  last  moment,  of  losinjif  not  onlv  tlie 
king's  treasure  but  his  own  reputation  as  an  ahli'  nnd 
trustworthy  servant  of  the  emperor.     He  resolwd  to 

(loKca,  Carta,  in  Col.  Doc.  Inid.,  1.,  only  18  or  20  ore  meiitioiicil.  (lasca 
must  be  iu  error,  for  Contrcras  nftcrwurJ  left  2")  nicu  at  Capiia  when  he 
returned  to  assist  Bcrniejo. 


GASCA  IX  ARMS. 


283 


profi*  (1  id  oneo  to  Xombro  dc  Dios,  and  after  ])laein!:^ 
liis  u<>i(l  and  silvor  beyond  reach  of  the  invaders,  to 
(olKct  all  the  n)en  lie  could  muster  and  march  to  the 
ivscue  of  the  capital.  Encountcrin_2f  a  heavy  gale 
jilt(  r  ]  lilt  ting  out  to  s«.  i  he  was  compelled  to  land  at 
a  filial]  inlet  some  leagues  distant  from  the  town,  and 
tliinre  despatched  one  of  his  officers  to  inform  the 
sitil( MS  of  liis  approach  and  encourage  them  to  make 
jiicparations  for  defence.  Two  days  later  he  ar- 
ii\((l  in  person,  and  was  received  with  open  arms 
hv  the  teiror-stricken  citizens,  most  of  whom  had 
ilosid  their  stores  and  dwellings  and  jtlaced  their 
I tUcts  on  board  the  shij)s  in  readiness  for  llight.  It 
was  now  ascertained  that  Hernando  do  Contreras  w-as 
ill  (•(iiuinand  of  the  rebels,  and  that  their  intention 
was  U>  declare  him  k'nvj;  of  I'eru.  Gasca  ordered  his 
trcasiirc-iieet  to  be  brought  round  from  a  neiirhborinu: 
island,  Viherc!  it  had  been  lei't  at  anchor,  and  bv  thus 
showing  that  he  had  no  fear  of  the  invaders  soon 
it'stotvd  confidence.  jVIany  of  the  inhabitants  had 
lied  to  the  mountains,  but  now  returned,  and  others 
liroi!!^dit  their  valuables  on  shore  from  the  vessels, 
saying  that  if  the  licentiate  ventured  to  store  the 
king's  treasure  at  Nombre  de  Dios  they  need  have 
no  liar  for  their  own  property.  Finding  that  no 
attark  was-  made  on  the  town  (lasca  sup[)osed  that 
Hciiiando  had  returned  to  Panama,  and  collecting  his 
loiccs,  amounting  in  all  to  five  hundred  and  sixty  men, 
|irc[)aivd  to  recross  the  Isthmus;  but  when  on  the 
]Miint  of  departure  news  arrived  from  the  capital  that 
the  ic'l)iHi()n  was  already  extinguished. 

Alter  l^ermejo  had  evacuated  the  city,  certain  of 
l!ic  inhabitants,  knowing  that  (jJasca  was  in  command 
•'1  a  sti-oiig  force  and  would  probably  cnerpower  the 
ii.vaiK  IS,  determined  to  take  up  arms  and  attempt  to 
har  their  retreat.  A  mci-senger  was  desjuitched  to 
•iitorni  the  licentiate  of  their  purpose.  The  church 
lulls  were  tolled  to  call  the  citizens  to  arms,  and  tho 


1 


ijKlii,? 


2S4 


^E^'OLT  OF  THE  CONTREHAS  BROTHERS. 


royal  standard  was  lutistod  ainid  shouts  of  "  Long  live 
the  kiiiLr'"  and  "  Doatli  to  tyrants!"  Pedro  de  Coii- 
treras,  wlio  still  remained  with  tlie  fleet,  heitiipna 
sent  a  l)oat  on  shore  to  ascertain  the  cause  of  the  ii]>- 
roai'.  The  crew  \vei*e  instantly  made  prisoners,  ;iii(l 
the  men  of  Panama  now  resolved  to  attempt  the  cjiii- 
ture  of  the  \'essels,  and  thus  cut  off  the  rebels  iVoiii 
all  cliance  of  escape.  One  of  the  ca|)tive  seamtii  was 
placed  in  the  boat  securely  bound,  and  it  was  tin  u 
lowed  back  toward  the  fleet  followed  by  three  oIIk  rs 
tilled  with  armed  men,  the  sailor  beint;  ordered  eii 
pain  of  death  to  answer  ^.he  challenge  of  the  n  hcls 
\vith  the  words  "Hernando  de  Contreras,  the  prince 
of  liberty."  After  a  sharp  struggle  the  assailants 
were  icpulsed,  six  of  their  number  being  killed  and 
several  wounded.  During  the  conflict  <hc  ])ris()ii  r 
managed  to  shake  off  his  fetters,  and  j)lunging  int<i 
the  sea  .saved  himself  b}-  swimming  back  to  his  slii]!. 
l*re[)arations  Mere  n»)W  made  for  the  defence  nl"  tin' 
city;  intrenchments  were  thrown  up;  the  main  street 
was  barricaded:  and  tlii!  women  and  children  Itxlgdl 
in  the  cathedral  where  the  last  stand  would  be  made 
in  case  of  defeat. 

On  hearing  of  this  emeutc  in  the  city,  Bernujo, 
who  had  now  arrived  at  the  villajxe  of  (^ruccs,  detei- 
mined  at  once  to  retrace  his  steps,  vowing  that  ho 
would  hang  and  quarter  every  one  of  those  who  luul 
broken  their  [)romise  not  to  take  arms  against  hini. 
ISIessages  were  sent  to  Hernando  and  Salgui  in  in- 
forming them  of  what  had  transpired,  and  uigin;,' 
theii- instant  return;  but  without  waitini;  for  his  as- 
sistance  the  rebel  leader  mai'ched  at  once  onl'nnaiiia. 
making  the  journey  of  fourteen  leagues  in  a  sint;li' 
(hiy.  Again  he  connnitted  an  unpard<^)nable  errei',  ami 
one  that  soon  caused  the  destruction  of  his  t'nives. 
In  his  foolish  haste  to  join  Hernando  he  had  hit  the 
strongest  city  on  tlie  Isthnms  without  a  garrison.  aii<l 
now  while  his  men  were  worn  out  by  then'  hdccd 
march  he  resolved  to  make  the  attack  that  very  night. 


DEFEAT  OF  DERMEJO. 


285 


II;ul  lio  l)ut  waited  for  tlic  arrival  of  rccnforccmonts, 
t:i(\(ij  allowed  lii.s  (soldiers  time  for  rest,  all  iiiiL^lit 
vrt  li.ivi'  Ifccii  well;  Imt  aiii^er  overcame  his  judiL^inent, 
Mill  ill  l.is  thirst  lor  veiij^eance  he  would  hoar  of  no 
«l(liiv.  J'Jiterin;^  the  iiiaiii  street  he  found  the  people 
I'lillv  ]irc])nred  lor  defense,  and  on  arrivin_L(  at  the  bar- 
licaili'  J'oeks  were  hui'led  down  IVoni  the  house-tops, 
v>liilt  Itownien  and  ar(|Uel)Usieis  ojjened  a  sharp  liri-, 
caiisiiiLC  him  to  retreat  and  devise  other  j>lans  of 
ti]ur;!ti(m. 

Alter  consultincf  with  his  officers  it  was  resolved 
to  s(  t  liie  to  the  city  at  several  points  during?  the  fol- 
lowiii!^  niij^lit,  and  to  fall  on  the  inhabitants  while  thi'V 
\w\v  (  niraged  in  extinj^uishinL?  the  llamcs.  No  (juar- 
ter  was  to  be  shown,  and  orders  were  ^iven  that  every 
iiilialijtant  over  twelve  vears  of  a<>e  should  be  slauiih- 
tti  'I  without  regard  to  sex  or  condition.  While  the 
ivliils  were  in  council  one  of  the  ca|)tives,  overhearing; 
tin  ir  conversation,  secretly  desj)atched  his  nei^ro  ser- 
vant to  n'Lve  information  of  their  design.  Xotwith- 
staiidiiig  the  advice  of  the  bishop,  who  dixnned  it  best 
to  await  the  arrival  of  Gasca  from  Xombrc  de  Dios, 
tile  nun  of  I'ananui  determined  to  attack  the  enemy 
liLi'oic  they  had  time  to  execute  their  plans.  Their 
Inrccs  nuistcred  in  all  550  men,  of  whom  100  were 
vi'tciaiis  who  had  fought  in  l*eru,  200  were  raw 
Kriniis,  and  the  remainder  negroes,  armed  with 
lancrs  or  cross-bows,  under  command  of  Si)anish  offi- 
(t  IS.  About  noon  they  sallied  forth  to  encounter  the 
loc.  All  knew  that  they  were  about  to  enixajj^e  in  a 
•ionliti'ul  and  desperate  struggle,  but  the  veriest  cow- 
ard among  them  felt  that  it  was  better  thus  to  risk 
liis  Ulc  than  be  tamely  butchered  by  the  rebels;  and 
as  the  battle  was  to  be  fought  in  open  daylight,  none 
coull  shirk  duty. 

])i  iniejo  was  greatly  astonished  at  the  audacity  of 
tlic  litizons,  but  his  discomiiture  of  the  previous  night 
liaij  made  him  a  little  more  cautious  and  he  withdrew 
liis  i'orccs  to  a  neighboring  hill,  where  being  joined  by 


*■;.! 


2S0 


RF.VOLT  OF  THE  CONTRERAS  BROTHERS. 


Salj^Lici'o'.s  band,"  wliich  at  that  inoincnt  ariivctl  fioin 
Cruccs,  he  awaitod  the  onslaught.  Attor  a  dcspciatu 
struggle  the  rebels  were  overpowered.  Ninety  of 
them  were  stretched  dead  U[)on  the  field,'^  {Uuniig 
them  ]]ermejo  and  Salgucro,  the  latter  by  a  hunr- 
tiinist  lioni  the  treasurer  Amaya,  who  during  tlio 
tight  managed  to  escape  from  his  guards.  The  ii- 
luainder  were  captured  to  a  man  and  conductid  in 
shiukks  to  the  jail,  where  the  alguacil  mayor,  llud- 
rigo  de  A'illalba,  caused  them  all  to  be  stabbed  to  tlu; 
heart,  i>lunmng  his  own  dagger  into  many,  and  not 
even  allowing  them  the  consolations  of*  religion. 

On  the  very  day  that  Bennejo's  conunaiid  was 
defeated,  Hernando  receiving  news  of  his  pro[>()sc(l 
attem])t  to  recapture  Panama,  sent  a  message  apjjiov- 
ing  (jf  his  intention,  and  lor  the  purpose  of  causing  a 
panic  in  the  city,  ordered  him  to  spread  the  report 
that  Nombro  de  Dios  had  been  taken  and  Gasca  and 
the  governor  slain.  Leaving  twentv-five  men  uiidrr 
the  connnand  of  Landa  to  guard  the  passes  at  C'ajiiia, 
he  set  forth  with  the  remainder  to  support  his  lieu- 
tenant. Arriving  the  first  night  at  Venta  de  Cliiigiv, 
he  found  that  one  Lozano,  a  settler  in  that  district, 
had  gone  to  warn  the  citizens  of  his  approacli,  and 
ordered  all  his  property  to  ho  destroyed.  On  the  fol- 
lowing day  he  was  informed  of  the  disastrous  result 

'  When  S;ili,'ncro  received  the  niossagc  from  Rermojo  some  coiifutiiuu  tn- 
sucil,  ami  most  of  the  silver  bara  v.liieh  lie  had  captured  v.erc  lout,  hciiig 
throwji  into  the  liver  or  stolen  by  nc;;rcics,  who  hid  them  in  the  iu(;l;j  and 
8wamj)f!.  Not  only  hail  Salgucro  cajiturcil  the  king's  silver  but  ahu  ii  Iur;.'o 
quantity  of  treasure  belonging  to  private  individuals.  He  ordercil  i;  to  ln' 
liackcd  on  mules  taken  from  the  settlers  at  Crnces;  but  when  he  tainc  miir 
the  city  and  yaw  the  troops  sallying  forth  he  abandoned  his  baggagi'-traiii  .■iinl 
hurried  forward  to  join  Bermejo.  IJa-tcu,  ('rtrta,  in  Col.  JJoc  litnl.,  1.  14!'; 
and  J/i  rrtra,  dec.  viii.  lib.  vi.  cap.  vi.  Rcmesal,  Hut.  (.'hi/ujnt,  -IftT,  .latcs 
that  when  the  silver  was  lost  oidy  a  portion  of  Salguero's  men  manlied  witli 
liini  towards  l'anam;i,  the  remainder  making  for  the  sea-siiore,  v.liiic  llic.V 
Were  t^dien  on  board  the  ships  of  Pedro  do  Contreras.  It  is  cstiiiuitrd  tliat 
thi;  entire  amount  of  treasure  captured- by  the  rebels  would  be  wunh  nt  tlio 
present  day  some  §rj,O0O,0OO. 

'"  (fV(.s.a,  Ciirtiu  in  CoK  Loc.  Jncil.,  1.  14P-r>0.  See,  also,  Ifcrnrc,  dec.  viii. 
lib.  vii.  cap.  vii.  Remesal  gives  82  as  the  nundier  slain  on  the  (icM.  tiasM 
says  ill  his  dcsj)atcli  tliat  only  three  of  the  citizens  of  I'anamii  v.'cro  kilictl, 
thoui.h  many  were  wounded  but  none  fatally;  a  rather  improbable  slattincut, 
cousidcriiig  that  tho  rebels  kucw  they  ucud  expect  no  quarter. 


Tin:  liEDELS  EXTERMINATED. 


287 


of  tlic  battle  before  Pananul,  and  at  ouco  disbanclcd 
his  111(11,  bidding  tbcni  make  their  way  to  the  eoast, 
uIk'Iv  tbcy  niiiifht,  ]>er<'bance,  bo  rescued  by  bis 
Iji-otln  r's  lleet,  liinisclf  with  three  companions  goinijf 
in  til;'  direction  ot*  Natii.  IVIcanwhile  the  intn  IcCt  at 
Ciiima,  I'ciring  an  attack  IVoni  (jlasea's  troops,  aban- 
(Idiu'd  their  post  and  marched  across  the  Isthmus, 
On  ;ipi>i'oachiniT^  Panamit  they  wore  attacked  by  a 
slroiij;'  lorce,  but  made  their  escape  during*  tlie  nielli 
iinil  also  directed  their  course  toward  the  sea-shore. 


When  Pedro  do  Contreras  heard  of  the  defeat  (tf 
licrniejo,  Ik!  at  once  put  to  sea  with  his  two  best  shijjs, 
iinil.  altandoninj^  the  remainder,  sailed  for  Xatu,  but 
IK)  sixdier  was  his  departure  known  than  four  vessels 
starled  in  pursuit;  and  Clasca,  who  arrived  from  Pan- 
ama a  day  or  two  later,  despatched  a  strong'  foi-ce  by 
land  to  prevent  the  embarkation  of  the  survivoi-s. 
At  Punta  de  Jlii(uera  the  rebels'  ships  were  overtaken 
and  captured,  most  of  their  cre.vs  escaping'  in  the 
l»(»als,  u  portion  of  them  being  captured  later,  and  the 
nniaiiidei'  dying  as  was  supposed  by  starvation  or 
l)i'inn-  killed  by  the  natives.  Nothing  was  afterward 
hiird  (if  their  fate,  l^anda's  men  were  slain  or  takcMi 
jirisoiiers,  and  he  himself  was  hanged  and  (piartered 
at  the  same  tree  from  which  he  had  suspended  tho 
niiilaUo  bi»y.  The  man  who  had  attemjited  to  stran- 
gle Ta[>ia  met  with  a  similar  fate,  and  the  bodies  of 
these  two  rebels  were  display(;d  piecemeal  along  tho 
road  between  Capira  and  Venta  de  Chagre.  Twelve 
only  among  all  the  captives  were  sparetb  and  thesi.j 
Were  sent  to  S})ain  to  en(.l  their  days  at  the  galleys, 
Hernando  and  his  conu'ades  rea(dietl  the  coast,  and 
lieiiii:;'  hetly  pursued,  put  to  sea  in  a  canoe  hoi>ing  to 
tall  ill  with  Pedro's  shijjs,  but  were  driven  back  by 
stres>  ..f  weather.  After  wandering  along  the  shore) 
tor  two  days,  the  rebel  chief,  now  enfeebled  by  hung(n- 
and  cxjiosurc,  was  drowned  while  attempting  to  ford 
a  liver,  and  thus   probably  escaped   the  hangman. 


.-:f! 


REVOLT  OF  TIIK  COXTRERAS  lUiOTIlERS. 


When  his  IkmIv  was  aftcrwanl  (lisciivi'n'd  it  was  ivr- 
o<jriii/,.(|  only  |,y  tlif  clotluH  ainl  by  a  <j;()l(lcii  (Hii.iiih  nt 
suspcinKd  iVoin  tlu!  iiofk.  The  lioad  wliicli  \v;is  x* 
SMoii  to  wear  a  <r(nvn,  was  scvcietl  tVoiu  the  1j(k1\  .iiid 
l)hicu(l  ill  an  iron  cai^c  in  tlu;  jilaza  at  l*anaiiiil.  Tims 
indc'd  a  ivbollioii  wliicli  under  more  ablo  leadtishij) 
lai^^dit  liavo  subverted  Spain's  t'liipiro  in  tlie  wi.  tiiii 
v.orld  SL'Veral  centuries  before  the  term  of  her  doiiiin- 
ion  was  aeeoniphslied.'^ 

"  Soon  nft<r  flir  supprt'SKion  of  the  ("ontrorns  r<!Volt,  ("Jasca,  Imvini;  roeov. 
ffcd  iiio.'it  of  llii'  stiik'ii  tiVfiMiirc,  finlKirkcil  for  Spain,  wlniv  In:  Wii.-ia|i|i<iiiitt(l 
to  till- bislioprii!  of  Si{,'iu'n/ii  an<l  aftcrwaril  to  tliat  of  I'alrncia.  JIi' ilicd  mm 
tin:  lOlli  of  .\ovi>nil>fr  !.■)(}.'),  leaving  a  history  of  IVrn,  wliicIi  was  piilplisliul 
nt  Seville  two  years  after  his  death.  His  ('aria  iil  <  'diixijn,  in  J)nr,  liiiil.,\, 
\uCt  (i;(,  is  proliahly  the  most  reliable  Honree  of  information  coneeniiiii,'  the 
events  related  in  this  elutpter.  Jlerrera  a^ree.s  with  him  in  all  the  piiiiriiuil 
ineidenti*,  dill'eriim  only  in  the  order  in  which  thi'y  are  lelati'd.  and  ia  Honie 
minor  j)oint.s  of  iletiiil.  Kemesal  is  very  exi)li(it  in  his  nair;itive,  and  aj,'rtT< 
lor  the  most  ])art  witlH  Ja.sea  and  llerrera.  <iomaraand  Z;irate  fjivt  mdy;* 
condensed  st;itement  of  the  matter,  and  in  the  main  indor.-^e  the  |iriiiilini' 
uiithorities.  The  aeeonnt  given  in  Juarros  is  taken  from  Ueme>al,  iiml  tlmt 
of  ]>en/.oni  is  liorrowed  from  vaiions  sources,  while  Cioiizalez  Duvila  itlatis 
uiily  the  assussiuution  of  Kiuhop  V'uldiviusu. 


CHArTEK    XVII. 


AFFAIRS  IX  IlONDLIl^VS. 

FnvN'iwii  111:  Mi>-.Ti;.To  Appointk'  Govkiinoii— Rr.voi.T  ov  Tiir.  Capiqck 
LiMr-iitA  Dastaudly  AuTirur.  ok  tiii;  Spamaiuis— Fstaiilisiimknt 
(IF  Ni.w  ("dUiMi;:;— (.'oNi)iTi(>N  OK  TiiK.  Sktti.k.mk.nt>i  Minimi  in  JIon- 
\>V\:\-<  III  11  UN  tiK  I'l.lfKO  I>K  Alvauaik)  -.MoNTI^Jii  I)i:i-i>si;i>  I  UOM 
OKI  II I     Ai.iiNNO  Di:  Maluoxado  tiik  Fiust  ruicsiDKNT  or  I  III:  Arni- 

KN(  lA    or    Tin:    ('oNIINKsMAl.TItKATMKNT    OK    TIIK     \aTI\  |:S        UlVAL 

l'i:i  I  ATi.s  IN  lIoNDiUAS— TllKiii  liisiTTHs— Las  ("asas  ri;r.si;NTs  A 
Mi.\ini;i\i.  Til  Tin:  AiDiKNci.v — Hk  is  Insii.tkh  dy  tiii:  Oikokks  - 
His  l>i:i'\i:Tri;i:  init  Chiapas — Mai.donado's  (!i:i:ki>-  Hi:  is  Sipku- 
si:iii;i>  r.v  Ai.osso  I^opkz  i>k  Ckuiiato  -Thk  .Skat  of  the  AruiLNciA 
MiivM)  to  Santiago  de  GrAXEMALV. 

In  answer  to  tlie  petition  of  the  .settlers  at  Tru- 
jilld,  the  ciiipeior  aj)))oiiited  as  ruler  of  lloiulnras  and 
iliifurras  l"'raneiseo  iK;  jNIontejo,  the  jL^overnor  of  Yu- 
oataii.     It  is  not  recorded  that  he  ])rou<>ht  with  him 

•  itlit'i'  rceiiioreements  or  .supplies  in  aid  of  the  fa.st 

•  lii-ayiii'^^  colony.  On  his  arrival  he  found  a  .small 
liaiid  <'l  itarving  men,  destitute  of  all  resources.  TIu; 
S|iaiiiai(!s  who  were  able  to  make  their  way  out  of 
till'  |in>\  ince  had  already  taken  their  dej)arture.  ICveii 
.riiaii  (!(•( 'liavez,  appointed  by  Alvarado  as  his  succes- 

"f,  iidl.  liiidint;-  in  Honduras  any  profitable  field  for  his 
iitirpiisc,  liad  abandoned  the  teri'itory  and  returned 
t"  <  Juatcniala.^  The  governor  first  pioceeded  to  San 
I'kIki  (I(  1  Pueito  dc  Caballos,  where  he  at  once  an- 
imik  1  the  repartimientos  granted  by  Alvarado,  be- 

'  III  a  litter  to  the  king,  dated  Ciudad  Ileal,  August  10,  1.j41,  Bishop 
Marroiiiim  .'pii.ka  very  favonibly  of  Chavez,  niul  states  that  he  was  well 
iWiipteii  to  rule.  Ciivla'al  Lm/terailor,  in  Caiias  dc  Iiidias,  430. 

Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  Vol.  II.    19  (289) 


Siif 


200 


AFFAIRS  IX  HONDURAS. 


I  li 


li'! 


ml 


stowiiiijf  thorn  oil  liis  iViriids  or  n})proi)ri;itin'H'  iIkih 
to  liis  own  use,^  and  dcspatcliod  an  L'X[)L'dition  to  the 
iicii^hhorinL"-  sierra  tor  the  pinposo  of  pacityiiiL;  the 
Indians.  As  no  attempt  was  made  to  enslave  or  mal- 
ti'eat  them,  many  retnrned  volnntarily  to  the  si  ttlf- 
nient.  Montejo  then  visited  (iracias  a  Dies,  uIkiv 
lie  ascertained  that  certain  Spaniards,  journeyiiiL;'  I'ldiu 
('omaya^'na  toward  CJuatemala,  had  been  iiimdeicd 
hy  the  natives  in  the  ])rovinoe  ot"  Cercjuin.  lie  iv- 
])aired  to  the  spot,  and  arrestin;^  the  rint;K'aders  caiisiil 
them  to  be  punished  in  the  presence  ol"  their  enci(|i!.rs, 
who  were  then  dismissed  to  their  homes,  professinj^r 
to  be  satislied  that  their  penalty  was  deserved. 

But  their  satisfaction  was  only  feiijned,  mid  tlic 
colonists,  who  now  imagined  that  they  had  estahlislnd 
friendly  relations  with  the  Indians,  were  (jni(i<lv  un- 
deceived. The  most  warlike  and  implacable  ol'  il  :; 
enemies  was  the  chief  Lem|)ira,  a  name  sii^nilyiii^' ilu 
]jord  of  the  Mountains.  He  liad  long  been  a  tcnm' 
to  the  settlers,  and  a  warrior  of  note  among  his  t)\\n 
countrymen.  With  his  own  liaiul  he  was  reputed  h* 
have  slain  in  a  single  contlict  with  a  hostile  trilu'  diir 
hundred  and  twenty  of  his  foes.  Such  was  the  tcirnr 
which  his  presence  inspired  that  his  enemies  iKd  l)i- 
fore  him  as  fiom  one  bearing  a  charmed  life,  i\>v  in  all 
the  innumerable  battles  which  he  had  fought  lie  had 
never  rt'ceived  a  wound.  Occupying  a  stronghold. 
known  as  the  I'ock  of  Cerquin,  in  close  proximity  h> 
(Iracias  ;ll)ios,''  he  had  bid  detiance  to  Alvarado  win  n 
on  his  way  to  tlu;  relief  of  Cereceda  at  the  lii;id  ul  a 
•strong  party  of  S[)aniards  and  two  thousand  I'l  iriidly 

-'  '  ( 'omo  RU  iict'i'sidail  no  ora  poca.  toinrt  la  incjor  parto  jiara  si,  y  I"  ilii.i:'^ 
(lio  a  sus  aiiiigos.'  Ihrnrn,  doc.  vi.  HI),  i.  cap.  ix.  Soc,  also,  ,1  iiitiri<^,  H^'i'i.. 
i,  4'J,  anil  (imiitirii.  Hint.  /ikI.,  (14.  UiTivra  also  implies  that  iio  a|ipni]iri.iti'l 
vliat  ii'iuaiiiLil  of  the  livi'-stoi'k  anil  8U|)plit's  lirouglit  by  Alviiriiilo  tVinii  <'ii'i- 
ti'niahi  for  the  ri'li'f  of  Uii'  cnli  .list.s.  ilci'.  vi.  lilt.  iii.  cap.  xix. 

•'  In  S</iiii  r'.f  //oiidnro',  S.S,  it  is  stated  that  thi.s  stronirhold  v;is  sitimtol 
in  thi-  pivsi'iit  department  of  (iraeias,  wliieli  borders  on  (luatenial.i  ami  ^m 

Salvudoi'.    LenipLia's  ancient  territory  is  still  known  liy  the  nan t('nii|i;iii. 

tile  M'oril  lieiny  appliei'  to  ii  district  and  town  of  (iracias.  'I'Ih'  v;illiy  >  t 
Seiiseiiti,  encircled  liy  tlie  monntains  of  Sclai|iie,  I'ecaya,  .'ind  Mcrciiilui', 
formed  iv  part  of  the  oucio lie's  dumitiiuti.     See  p.  SI  this  vol.  f(jr  map. 


LEMriRA  AXD  HIS  STROXGIIOLD. 


201 


ti;iiiv(  -.  .Tr.aii  <]o  C'liavoz  Ijcforo  lils  return  to  Ciruato- 
iii;il;i  liixl  altnclaul  L('in[)ira's  forti'css  with  all  tlio 
luiri's  lie  <(nild  muster,  but  was  foiled  in  his  alteuiiit, 
and  the  natives  now  boIicNcil  their  position  to  bo  iin- 
jirei4'iialile. 

I'ii'i  il  with  the  ambition  to  deliver  his  eounti'V.  tlio 
ciciiiiir  asseu)bled  the  nei<xhi)orinijf  <'Iiiettains  -their 
Inlldva  rs  mustcrin*'  in  all  some  tliirtv  thousand  war- 
liiirs-  and  invited  them  to  join  him  in  an  effort  to 
ixtcnimiale  the  invaders.  He  [)')inted  out  tlie  dis- 
niiHTdt'  allowinsj:  themselves  to  be  held  in  subjeetion 
Kv  a  handful  of  strangers,  urged  them  to  take  ai-ms 
against  tlie  S})aniards,  and  offering  to  place  himself 
at  tilt  ji'  jiead  ])i'omised  to  lead  them  to  victoiy  or 
lay  (low  n  Jiis  life  in  the  attempt.  It  was  resolved  to 
(i[ieii  liostilities  at  once,  and  a  nutnber  <tf  settlers 
wi'iv  killed  before  any  tidings  of  the  revolt  reached 
( Iracias  ;i  1  )ios.  Ca])tain  Caceres  with  a  w  '11  e!|uipped 
tnivr  was  despatclu.'d  by  Afontejo  to  (juell  the  insur- 
1  ret  11  (11.  wliiTeupon  ]jenipira  retired  to  his  strong- 
Imld  and  put  to  death  the  messengers  sent  to  require 
liis  siinciidei'.  stating  that  he  acknowhulged  no  master 
and  (iIm  ved  no  laws  other  than  those  of  his  own  peo- 

(Vict  res  then  laid  siege  to  the  jdaee,  but  although 
assistance  was  summoned  from  Comayagua  and  San 
]'t'diii  till  l*uerto  <le  Caballos  the  Indians  made  good 
tlicii' tit  Irnci".  For  six  months  the  S))aniards  belea- 
uutifil  till'  ft)rtress,  their  nundjcrs  raj>idly  diminishing 
tii'iii  want,  ex])osure,  and  ceaseless  fncounteis  with 
tlif  iiatixes.  So  untiring  were  the  latter  in  their 
ttliiits  that  the  besiegers,  who  were  disidi-d  intt)  eight 
I'artifs.  luiuid  little  tiuie  to  rest,  being  harassed  day 
iiiid  iil',ilit  bv  sorties  from  the  uarrisou.  At  leU'-'th 
'  ;iti  iv>,  seeing  no  [iros|)ect  of  taking  the  stronghold, 
its(,l\,d  ttt  gain  by  a  base  stratagem  the  success 
vdiidi  lit'  had  failed  to  win  by  force  of  arms.  A 
liiirst  iii.iu  was  ordered  to  apjtroach  within  arquebuse- 
shdt  tif  thu  i-(jek  and  sunmion  Lem[)ira  to  a  colloquy 


292 


AFrAIRS  IN  IIOXDURA?!. 


under  j)rotciicc  of  oponiiij^  iicij^otiationR  for  p  pj^'. 
Avliili'  a  foot  soldier  wlio  {vcconijuuiicd  Iniii,  s('ir(  ik  ,1 
from  view  by  the  mounted  man,  wiia  bid  to  take  (1(  - 
liberate  aim  at  the  cacitnie  and  lire  upon  liini  wIkh 
sure  of  bis  mark.  The  artilieo  sueceedt.'d  oiilv  too 
well.  The  unsusiMX'tinijf  ebieftain  enme  forth  t;)  inert 
the  messenger  and  while  held  in  parley  was  l)n)i;L;l!t 
to  the  ground  by  a  shot  from  the  arquebusitr.  Ijjs 
lifeless  body  rolled  over  the  rock,  and  his  followt  is. 
panie-strlcken,  made  no  further  resistance,  most  ol' 
them  taiving  to  llight,  and  the  rest  giving  thciu.  elves 
up  to  the  Spaniards.*  It  is  but  just  to  add  tli;vt  the 
captives  wore  well  treated  and  that  the  goveriHii'.  v.Jio 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  responsible  inv  tlii-; 
outrage,  succeeded  by  his  humane  [)olicy  in  paeiiyiii'^ 
many  of  the  fugitives  and  inducing  them  to  i\'tiini  to 
their  abodes  and  till  the  soil. 

J3uring  the  administration  of  I\Iontejo  the  settlers 
of  Plonduras  again  enjoyed  an  interval  of  n|iiise, 
though  his  conduct  was  distasteful  to  many  nt'  the 
colonists,  who  still  remeuibered  with  reofrct  tln'  time 
when  slave-hunting  was  }>ermitted  throughout  tli( 
territory.  The  arrival  at  (^rracias  ;i  i)ios,  in  IfioS,  of 
the  licentiate  Cristobal  dc  Pedraza,  bearing  the  titK' 
of  protector  of  the  Indians,  was  of  material  service 
to  the  e^ovcrnor  in  settlinof  the  many  difficulties  tluit 
arose  with  t!ic  cncomenderos.  He  was  cordially  wel- 
comed and  received  every  assistance  in  the  dlscliiirgo 
of  his  duties. 

jMontejo  now  turned  his  attention  to  the  cDnstriie- 
tion  of  roads  and   the  development  of  the  resources 


*  //irrrra,  «lcc.  vi.  lib.  iii.  cap.  xix.  Tlic  liistorian  is  of  opinion  tli;\t  tlic 
Spaniards  woulil  liavt;  l)ceii  coiiipelk-d  to  abamlon  tlic  n'lci^v  hail  lii^y  imt  n  • 
Korti'tl  to  this  or  8oinu  siniilar  artilieo,  and  in  that  oasi-  it  is  nut  i'-iiniilniM' 
tliat  Leniijini  would  havo  found  iiinisclf  jiowcrful  cnouyii  to  drive  ilicin  fmiii 
the  province  or  jH'rhaps  to  extcrnnnate  them. 

'•'  On  the  lOtli  of  l>ceeinl)er  ITiUT  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain  np'Tt.;  ti'  tin- 
hinj^'  that  lie  lias  received  advices  from  tlieadelantado  Montejo  ainl  the  lii'tn- 
tiate  Malduuado,  stutiug  that  the  province  \vu8  tit  peace  and  niilciiit;  lutr 
progress. 


INTEROCEANIC  HIGHWAY. 


293 


(if  hi.;  proviiifo  wliicli  liad  already  given  promise  of  a 
]iros|ii'i(>ns  iiituro.  Wheat  luul  been  siiccessriilly  eul- 
livatcl  and  the  prospects  of  a  lari^ely  increased  pro- 
(liictiiMi  were  encouraging,  while  the  same  iavorable 
losults  had  attended  the  planting  of  the  vine.  In 
lj;il>  the  govc'i  iior  addressed  a  letter  to  the  emperor, 
iii'niiiu"  the  expediency  of  constructing  a  road  I'or 
|);i(k-;inii:!ais  between  the  bay  of  Fonscca  and  Puerto 
(U'  (';il);i!!os,  by  way  of  C'omayagua.  The  whole  dis- 
tance was  but  fll"t3'-two  leagues,  and  it  was  j)ointod 
out  that  the  road  mi!>:ht  afterward  be  improved,  so  as 


t(i  lie  a 


vailal)le  for  wheeled  vehicl 


es. 


It 


was  ciaime( 


d 


that  this  v/ould  prove  a  more  favorable  route  ior  the 
t.aiiSjiDit  ol'  merchandise  between  Spain  an<l  Peru 
than  t!ial  by  way  of  Nombro  de  ])ios  and  Panamd, 

ther    side    being   safe    .aid    easily 


the   )iari)ors    on    cituer    sk 

aci'cssi!)!(' 
ii)<>ri'f>\('!' 


The  comitry  through  which  it  was  to  pass, 
possessed  an  excellent  climate,  rich  mines, 
a  iViiiti'iil  soil,  good  pasturage,  and  many  line  streams 


(It  \val( 


nil 


I'.  ]lis  Majesty  was  asked  to  furnish  negroes 
•  lilt!  ))rosecution  of  the  work,  as  the  natives  were 
t  til  be  relied  on  for  such  labor.  A  few  of  thc^ 
iiil()ui..t:,  Were  soon  afterward  induced  to  form  a 
scttloiiiciit  near  the  spot  abandoned  by  Gil  (Tonzales 
J);ivila  and  Sandoval's  party."  To  this  was  given  the 
iiaiueol'San.Juan  d(.'l  Puerto  de  Caballos.   The  site  was 


111 


many  I'cspects  lavoral)le  lor  a  commercial  emporium, 
•ickly  climate  was  already  too  well  known  to 


ma  I'd 


liut  It 
till' Si 

Sdiiii  lii'tor  the  Indian  revolt,  which  terminated  with 
till'  (Irath  of  Lempira,  tlu;  governor  determined  to 
t-tahjili  a  settlement  in  the  district  of  Comayagua, 
and  widi  that  view  despatched  Caceres  to  iiiid  a 
snitahK'  loiation  midway  between  the  two  ocmms. 
A  ;  jict  was  selected  in  the  centre  of  a  fertile  valley, 
M  taut  about  twenty-six  leagues  from  either  sea,  and 

ihage. 


nn 


d    1 


)V  a    o()o(i  road   witli  an    Jiunan    vi 


Ii 


vlniKc  ii  navigable  river  llowed   noi'thward   touard 


•■H9 


U\ 


Ul. 


(\nt.  A, 


i.  .">70,  tliis  tidies. 


204 


AFFAIRS  IX  nONDUPwAS. 


Puerto  dc  Caballos.  IK-rc  v:aH  fonndcd,  in  i:,;',p, 
tlic  town  of  Comayai^ua,"  and  so  prosperous  wcic  tlio 
affairs  of  tlie  new  colony  that  a  few  years  later"  it 
was  raised  to  tiie  rank  of  a  city. 

The  settlements  founded  by  the  early  colonists  df 
Honduras  were  slow  of  jurowth.  In  a  letter  adchcsscd 
by  Pedraza  to  the  audiencia  of  the  Confines,  ihitod 
]\Tay  1,  1  547,  he  states  that  the  seven  Spanish  towns 
which  the  province  then  contained''  "were  al\v;^vs  in- 
creasing as  were  the  villages;"  and  yet  we  find  that 
I'rujillo,  which  had  then  become  the  largest  of  tlum. 
contained  but  fifty  settlers,  while  none  of  the  (itlni.s 
munbered  more  than  thirty.  The  absence  of  cdni- 
munication  with  the  South  Sea,  and  the  distaiicr  (nww 
the  highways  of  commerce  between  Spain  and  tlic 
new  woild,  no  doubt  retarded  greatly  the  incicasc  ul" 
population;  for  the  agricultural  and  mineral  rrsi)iir<>> 
of  the  teri'itory  were  not  infi'rior  to  tho^e  of  (itliir 
]irovinces  whi(di  contained  more  than  ten  tinns  the 
number  of  iidiabitants.  The  want  of  good  roads  and 
of  facilities  for  travel  was  also  a  serious  draw  link: 
and  it  is  probable  that  to  make  a  tour  of  tiu^  dilirrent 
settlements  in  Honduras,  all  lying  within  a  ladiiis  >>( 
less  than  forty  leagues,  occu[)ied,  in  the  middle  ot'tln' 
sixteenth  century,  almost  as  much  time  as  would  nuw 
be  recpiired  t(i  accomplish  the  circuit  of  the  gltlic"' 

'  Montt'jo,  writing  from  Ciracias  il  Pios  on  June  1,  iri.'i!).  n|i'nt-i  to  the 
cinjK'ror  coiK'criiing  the  settleiiieiit  lit  ('(iiii!iya,i;uii  and  tlie  ;i|i|Hiiiii!ii(iit  "I 
iili'jildes  ami  rej,'i(liir<'s.  'J'lie  town  had  at  tliat  time  'X>  \eciiios.  most  I'i  tliiiii 
owning  Imt  few  Imliann.  Jiiarros,  (Inal..  i.  -ll-'J,  gives  ir)4(t  a.s  the  ye;.i' nt 
its  foundation,  as  <lo  Conder  and  Sijiiiir,  while  KeiiU'siid  wiys  the  tnwii  w:i^ 
loiimled  in  l."i4'J.  It  is  eertain,  however,  that  it  was  liuilt  liefore  Al'.iimilns 
return  to  llonduias,  in  lo.SO.  Ilvrrirti,  dee.  vi.  lili.  vii.  cap.  iv;  Vumhn 
Ji<  .rifti  (iiiil  (I'lt'ili  iiiiiht,  li.  'J!)(i:  iSi/nii  r's  yotc,  (.'mf.  Aimi:,  i'JU. 

•*  In  I)eeeinlier  l.V)7. 

" These  Well'  'I'rujillo,  (Sraeias  A  Hios,  (,'oiuayngua,  S:ui  I'ed.vo  vh  1  ri'i'i'?' 
de  Caliallos,  San  >li)r;,'e  de  Olaneho,  liuena  Ksperanza,  and  San  .'i'  ii  ''d 
I'nerto  de  ( 'aliallos,  !'"(lra/a,  in  a  dispaleh  to  tlw  nudieneia  dat'  d  I'kviiiIiii' 
;<!),  I")4.'>,  ijuoted  in  -SV/'n'- /•'■i  .l/.s'.V.,  xxii.  l.'S.'i.  utates  that  one  i>f  .Montijo's  c:|i- 
tains  sent  to  examine  tlie  territoi'y  lyiie;  lietv.ei'ii  Trujillo  and  tin  (ll.iii' i ' 
\:,llcV  extended  iiis  exphnatioiiH  to  the  minith  of  the  |)e:!aguaderoniid  lunnil"! 
in  that  neighli()iliooi|  the  town  of  Nueva  Salanianea,  liut  the  ]iiil.iti;'s  i'k"-* 
of  the  ;;eogra|>hieal  limits  of  the  jirovineo  were  evidently  isomeu hat  y:i;.'iR', 
I'lissilily  he  may  have  hail  iu  mind  ii  settlement  of  that  name  I'lvvioiisly 
founded  in  Vueataii. 

'"  I'ediaxa,  in  describing  the  Jilliculties  of  travel  and  the  eoiuliii"U  ol  tl"^ 


GOLD-MINING. 


20." 


Til''  mines  of  Honduras  had  already  bcijun  to  yield 
;i  iiiiHlc'.ate  amount  of  treasure,  and  but  i'or  the  wholo 
.,;;lc  (Icstiuction  of  the  natives  and  the  want  of  neji^ro 
hiliiir  could  liavc  been  made  to  produce  far  ij^reater 
ivtiii  us.  As  far  back  as  the  days  of  Pedrarias  Davila 
it  was  known  that  those  in  the  Olancho  valley  were 
rxtrcnielv  rich,  but  for  ^vant  of  the  neces.sary  tools 
tli(  V  rould  not  be  worked.  With  <»nly  their  stirru[) 
irons  tlie  Spaniards  in  two  months  scraped  up  o<)l(l  to 
tlic  value  of  sixteen  thousand  pesos  tie  oro,  and  '"  with 
]ii(i|i(  r  iiuplenients,"  Herrera  states,  "  they  mi^ht  have 
takni  out  two  hundred  thousand  pesos,"  The  early 
jiins|Miitv  of  (j^racias  ti  ]Jios  was  due  to  the  discovery 
dt'iich  mines  in  its  vicinity,  and  it  soon  became  one  of 
till' most  J )rosperous  settlements  in  the  province.  TIk; 
liclust  one  was  that  of  San  Andres  de  Xueva  Zara- 
noza.  in  a  mountain  west  of  the  town  and  east  of  the 
Copaii  valley.  Gold  could  here  bo  scratched  out  of 
tln' earth  with  a  stick.  In  another  mine,  belonginiLC  to 
Mile  l)artolome  ^Martin  deSanal)ria,  more  thana))ound 
(if  t;()ld  was  daily  collet^ted  by  himself  and  a  single 
slave,  j^ater  the  yield  became  so  lar<»'e  that  alcaldes 
i.iayores  were  app(jiuted  to  collect  the  royal  iifth,  with 
jiowi  r  to  coni|>el  one  fourth  of  the  Indians  within  a 
rirciiit  ol' twelve!  miles  to  labor  in  them.  "  Xear  (U)- 
iiiavai^ua,"  says  (jviedo,  "they  took  out  and  smelted  oiw 
wliicli  yielded  sixty  thousand  pesos  de  oi'o,  and  foity 
lliniisand  more  were  sup])osed  to  have  been  stolen."" 

liiai'.-i.  .NtMtfs  tliiit  fiDiu  'J'rujilli)  to  Puorti)  tic  Caliallos  tlic  distance  ]>y  sea 
va.i  40  Iritu'ui's,  tlio  journey  licin},'  a  vjiy  (lauLjonms  ouv.  'J'lu-'iico  to  San 
I'llrii  it  was  11  ii'a;^iU's.  (iviT  a  ililiimlt  roail-  csin'oially  liad  in  tlic  rainy 
■  iiMni  n<iw  in  tin'  muil  (hasta  la  liarri^ia),  now  diniliini:  strv]>  roc!;s;  tin  iicf 
t'l  (Inii.ias  a  J>i(jn  '_'■")  kanucs,  tlirct;  or  four  native  sctllt  mcnts  int(i\i.'nin;i: 
Inmi  (liniias  ;i  Dion  to  ("oniayagiia  'J.">  K'auui's  niorc,  witli  tliivc  HcttU'nifnt.s 
l"t\mii;  tlniici:  to  San  .loigo  in  the  Ohunlio  valley  lutwicn  '-'O  anil  .SO 
l<;iu'ins,  no  sittluniunts  hutween;  tliincf  to  \uL\a  Salainanea  'M)  Iiai,'Uts, 
"itlimit  any  si'ttlenifnts  intci-venini,'.  Of  tlu^  iilairuc  of  nioscinitocs  on  this 
1'  'iiicii  of  the  route  he  reniaiks:  'Que  nos  eoniian  \  ivos  ile  noehe  i  «li.'  ili.i,  i 
ii"s  siiialran  los  ojos  que  no  liavia  tienipo  (|ne  pudie.st!  dorniif.'  From  Xueva 
^'uliiii.nii  H  to  Trujillo,  he  say.s;  'Jlai  eercii  clo  40  li;,'Uii.s  infeniales.  i|ne  ni  ii 
I'ie  ni  ;i  caliallo  se  imeden  undar,  sino  la  mas  ])arte  rodando  eou  el  lodo  a  los 
iiit'ihi).s  inuh^los  i  descalzo. ,  i  nnu'ha.s  veees  Huhiendo  hasta  el  eielo,  i  otras  veeeH 
hujamln  hasta  los  ul)isni()s.'  /(/.,  17. 

"  Oviedo  was  tlien  writing  of  what  occurred  in  1J35;  hut  it  is  pruhuLle 


"i      f  ■ 


20S 


AFFAIRS  IN  HONDURAS. 


fi' 


Whiles  IMoiitcjo  was  ciiga^i^ed  in  varioi  s  ])r()jcct>  i'nv 
proiuotiiijj;'  the  woH'arc  of  tlio  province,  l\!(lro  do  Al- 
varado  arriveil  at  ]*ncrto  dc  C'aballos  in  coinniand  of 
hispoueH'ul  and  well  appointed  force,'" and  procccdiu^r 
thence  to  San  l*edro  del  Puerto  de  Cahallos,  soun 
al'terward  despatched  a  nicssenu^er  to  Gracias  a  j)ius 
to  notiiy  the  governor  of  his  arrival.  Montejc-  was  uta 
loss  how  to  conduct  himself  under  this  chani^'ed  aspect 
of  alr'airs.  As  ruler  of  Yucatan  his  career  had  Ih'ch 
unsuccessful,  and  in  Honduras  he  found  hiniself  un- 
p(»j)ular.  With  his  few  and  scattered  followers  ill-fci!, 
ill-clad,  and  oblij^^ed  to  maintain  a  constant  stru-^LrK' 
with  the  natives,  he  was  in  no  |)osition  to  cojte  witli 
a  nowerl'ul  rival.  AlthouLjh  holdiuLT  his  authoiitv  liv 
a])pointment  I'rom  the  crown,  he  was  i^iioi'ant  as  In 
what  extent  the  visit  of  Alvarado  to  8[)ain  alfectecl 
his  government.  He  knew  not  what  re]>resentati()iis 
Iiad  been  made  to  the  emperor  by  his  rival  and  had 
every  reason  t(^  fear  that  the  worst  consti'uctioii  had 
been  placed  on  his  conduct.  He  had  indeed  iiuvcr 
felt  (piite  secure  in  his  [tosition.  ^lore  than  a  year 
bid'oie  it  had  been  the  intention  of  the  crown,  in  answer 
to  the  ])etition  sent  from  Trnjillo,  to  place  l[()ndiii'  ; 
luidcr  the  jurisdiction  of  the  audiencia  of  Espafiola. 
This  measure  had  been  abandoned  only  on  accnunt 
of  the  j^reat  distance  and  infrequcncy  of  coimuunica- 
tion;  and  now  after  some  previous  negotiation  lor  aa 
exchange  of  territory'^  Alvarado  Jiad  landed  in  pi  rson 
to  demand  the  annexation  of  his  jirovince  to  (ir.ati- 
mala.      He  had  long  before  ex})ressed  his  opinion  that 

tliat  the  100,000  pesos  do  oro  of  which  he  spi-aks  inchulcil  the  aniniMit  n''- 
tiiiiK'tl  ill  Ktvt'r;,!  prccodint;  years.  In  1.").'!!)  Montcjo  i'c|M)i'ts  tli.it  tlni;'  iiif 
ill  ('oinajaiiiui  very  I'ii'l'  minus,  both  tif  gohl  ami  silver,  hut  a:!  lie  would  iii>t 
tiUiiw  the  natives  to  lie  eiii])loyed  in  them  aitainst  their  will  they  v.cie  v.nrkcd 
only  on  a  small  seale.  Manhjo,  ('artti,  Par/icio  and  Cdn/ciirin,  t'fl.  /)'•■■..  \i 
Ml  '22,  2;>.'l,  2.")I.  Tliis  eonsidcration  for  the  welfare  of  the  Imlians  no  (loiilit 
it  lytened  his  downfall. 

'-."'ec  l/ist.  Cotil.  A7)ii'r,,  ii.,and  flisf.  ,1/r.i\,  ii.  pa.ssini,  tliis  jjeriis. 

'■•  l>y  a  royal  cedula  dated  May  ^.l,  l.V.S,  the  viee-oy  cif  MiNJe^i  u:!<i  in- 
Ktriictc'I  (o  allow  Frai.ciseo  do  Montejo  and  Alvarado  nf  (InateiiKi'.i  to  '"<■ 
<  h.an'^i.:  )■  u'tions  of  their  res])eetive  jirovinees,  Puerto  de  Caliallos  and  Ciiulail 
Ileal  de  Chiapas  hi'ing  iiarticularly  mentioned.  I'li'i",  ('Kiiifaro,  I  hi,  it 
would  appear  that  Moiitejo  did  not  givo  his  cuiisent  to  this  propoaiiioii. 


ALVARADO  AND  MOXTEJO, 


207 


Iloiidiiras  could  not  stand  alone,  but  that  if  joined  to 
tilt"  iidjaccnt  province  it  would  contribute  to  the  ein- 
|H  r.n." ;  trc>asury  a  hundred  thousand  castelianos  yeai'ly, 
\vhc!c;is  at  tliat  time  it  yielded  almost  nothing'.'* 
Mtiii'u  jo  on  the  other  hand  had  ridiculed  the  other's 
views.  "'In  the  hour  of  trial,"  he  said,  "when  tlu; 
wIk;!'  country  was  overrun  by  hostile  natives,  he  sent 
many  urgent  requests  to  Guatemala  for  help,  but  aid 
was  n  l\!.^;cd  him,  although  he  asked  only  for  the  as- 
sisl;i:!ce  of  tvv(^  liuudi'ed  I'riendly  Indians,  and  he  had 
to  liuiit  his  battles  as  best  he  might."  He  declared 
Ills  IxTicf  that  if  Honduras  were  annexed  to  (^uate- 
iiiaht.  not  an  Indian  would  be  found  in  the  province 
ill  a  feu-  months,  and  that  in  less  than  two  years  the 
territory  woukl  be  beggared. 

Alter  more  than  a  month  had  ela])sed  since  the 
(iesjiati  Ii  oi"  his  message  without  any  reply  being  re- 
ceiv  ■!,  Alvarado  tletermined  to  set  Ibrth  toward 
(Iraeias  a  JJios;  and,  collecting  his  forces,  marched  in 
the  direction  of  the  ca|>ital.  ATontejo  n)eanwliile  was 
ill  at  ease.  He  knew  well  that  any  attempt  at  intimi- 
dation v»-ould  l)ut  work  his  own  tlesti'uction,  and  yet 
was  n.iiv.ilHiig  to  throw  himself  on  the  generosity  of 
liisri\nl.  ^Veting  on  the  advice  of  his  friends,  how- 
e\ei',  he  icsolved  to  receive  him  courteously,  and  on 
Ids  ajtproatdi  to  tlie  settlement  went  Ibrth  to  meet  him. 
At  a  spot  distant  about  lilteen  b'agues  iVom  the  city 
the  ri\;d  governors  met,  antl  Alonttjo  ibund  that  his 
wdisl  !'( ills  were  more'  than  realizinl.  "  His  ^[ajest}' 
had  heen  inibrmed,"  said  the  con(]ueror  of  ( Juatemala, 
"(if  th'  manner  in  which  he  had  entered  Hon<luras 

".V.;i'(;/o,  <'((/•/'(,  in  Pncfi-co  and  Cdrihiiax,  Col.  Dor.,  ii.  ll.".l  2,  'J-t,">; 
Miiiiii,!,,,  in /(/.,  •_>.").  Ill  ;i,  k'tti^'i' to  the  Iciii',',  .Moiitfjo  siiyM  Ik;  IukI  liuunl 
tliiit  hi -,  .\!;;jc'»ty  luid  l)i'('ii  iiil'oiiiK'd  tliat  Alvarado  wuiiM,  uii  his  rctinii  ti> 
ll'iiid;  ;■;!:<,  I'ind'Uio  aiiiouiit  of  tiir  !;iii,;;"a  liflli  tii  l)o  100,00a  castidlari;!'!,  but 
iliat  tlie  s'.atniK'iit  was  uul'ciuiidod,  tiii'  sum  lit'iiif,'  (miy  I'J.OO  I  casiL'llarKis. 
I  111'  t  ;;•:  '  asyifi-iu'd  fur  the  dclii'ii'iicy  was  tin;  stoppavjo  of  (.•crtuiii  jiiiiiiii;,' 
Willi;;  V.  hicli  had  \)Qv\\  o]U'ratcd  liy  j.raii;j-3  of  Ilidiani  fruiu  Salvador  aii<l  (liia- 
K'iiiiii:i  K.\\  acoor.iit  of  the  gnat  mortality  ;;moiij^  them.  The  order  for  tln^ 
f t(i]i[ia  ,i' of  the  v.ork  etiiaiiated  from  Maldoiiado,  aetin,';;  uovciiior  of  (Inalc- 
iii:!'a,  rail  prcyiiiiKdjlv  oceiiired  hcfore  the  asouniption  of  the  govornnieut  liy 
M..iit.jo. 


1  fi  slUi 


9B9 


AFFAIRS  IX  HONDURAS. 


it  . 


and  of  ]us  subsequent  career,  and  was  furtlier  adviMil 
that  Alvarado  had  at  jj^reat  cost  and  labor  saved  the 
])roviiicc  ironi  destruction.  It  was  thcrelbre  ordc  icd 
that  M<»ntejo  shoidd  inunediately  doHver  up  all  the 
]>ro}>erty  which  lie  had  wrested  from  the  people  of 
the  province  and  all  revenues  received  by  him  since 
his  assum[>tion  of  office." 

Among  the  ecclesiastics  then  resident  in  Honduras 
was  one  already  mentioned  whom  Montejo  styles 
"  The  padre  Cristobal  de  Pedraza,  the  protectni-  of 
the  Indians,  and  lalling  himself  bishop."  His  otHcia! 
appointment  to  the  sec  of  Honduras  Alvarado  biounht 
with  him  on  his  return  from  Spain.  When  l\'dta/,:i 
first  arrived  in  the  province,  the  governor  rcccivdl 
him  cordially,  placing  at  his  disposal  his  own  loi- 
dence  and  a  lai'ije  mnnber  of  slaves.  To  him  \n 
now  a])pealed  for  aid  in  this  his  dire  distress,  niid 
tluough  the  prelate's  intercession^' with  Doiia  Bcatiiz 
matters  were  adjusted  without  further  dispute.  The 
revenues  derived  from  lands  and  mines  during  the 
governor's  term  of  office  were  estimated  at  tweiitv- 
eiglit  thousand  ducats,^"  and  '*  of  this  sum,''  says 
Herrera,  "Alvarado  wlthotit  solicitation  immediatily 
remitted  a  moietv,  and  two  months  later  was  easilv 
jtersiiaded  to  forgive  the  other  half,"  It  was  agieeil 
that  ]\rontejo  shouhl .surrender  to  him  all  claim  to  the 

' '  MonUjo  w.is  on  bad  teiins  with  Pedr.iza,  but  gained  his  intrTct'Ssiuu  liy 
niiproac'hing  him  wlion  lie  was  in  an  amialilo  mood.  lie  accuses  liim  nt'  Ijoast- 
ing  that  liis  antlioiity  was  greater  tiian  tliat  of  the  governor  and  tliat  a  Utter 
fioni  liim  to  tlie  emperor  wouhl  at  once  ])rocurchis  (lismissaL  JIc  also  states 
tliat  on  one  occasion  he  was  compelled  to  turn  back  from  an  e.\i)ri|itiiia  on 
which  he  hail  started,  new.i  having  reached  him  that  Pedraza  was  disiuhiiij,' 
the  country  by  liisliarsh  treatment  of  tiie  Indians,  .nnd  that  he  had  snuu'  ilif- 
licidty  in  restoring  qniet.  Moiilijo,  in  Id.,  "J-tS  ."ij,  l2.")S  !).  It  is  not  iiii]>ioli- 
al>le  that  this  may  havelteen  the  case,  for  in  a  letter  quotf'd  in  Sipili  r'.<  MS"^.. 
N\ii.  ■_'!>,  '21.  I'edraza  states  that  in  ir)47  ho  petitioned  for  leave  to  f<iiiiiil  a 
(scLtlenicnt  in  the  Imliaii  village  of  .Tutical,  in  Coinayagua,  and  to  Lriuiit  k- 
jiartiniientos  to  tiiose  wh.>  slionld  funiish  him  tlie  means,  elaimiuLi  that  ln' 
\\as  s|)(.>cially  inspii'ed  liy  the  lioly  sjiirit  to  carry  out  the  pacilicatiou  ut  tlh' 
nati\e;ilpy  prayer  and  ])ersinision.  Tin'  ecclesiastic  was  a  young  man:  viOii. 
i'.ndiitious.  covetous,  and  one  who  would  not  hesitate  to  prostitute  his  i  '"• 
I'e.-ssi'Ui  if  it  would  serve  his  own  interests. 

'"The  amount  was  17,000  pesos  according  to  Ovkdo,  iv.  23. 


ALONSO  DE  CACERES. 


800^ 


(TdVc  rnniont  of  Honduras  and  Ilig'ucras,  and  that 
AKai'udo  sliould  ctxlo  in  return  thu  Ciudad  Real  do 
Chiapas  and  the  town  (»t'  Sucliiniik'o  in  Mexico,  j^ivin;^ 
alxi  a  money  compensation  of  two  thousand  eastc- 
l!;ilHis. 

J II  a  despatch  to  tlio  emperor,  written  soon  after- 
Mard,  the  ex  ii'overnor  ('om]>Uiins  liitterlv  of  the  \vron<'s 
which  he  hail  sufi'erod  throuo'li  the  machinations  of 
lii>  enemies;  but,  as  he  liimself  remarks  in  his  letter, 
"a  little  favor  at  court  is  of  more  avail  than  the  most 
faithful  s(M'vice,"  The  aixi'eement  was  ratified  by  the 
crown,  and  about  the  close  of  l.")u9  Montejo  depai'ted 
fi'diii  the  province  after  a  brief  and  somewhat  inglori- 
iiiis  careci',  while  about  the  same  time  Alvarado  re- 
tiiiind  to  (xuatemala,  leaviuL;'  Alonso  do  Caceres  as 
Ills  lepresentative  in  Honduras,  and  Pedraza  a  yi^ar 
or  two  later  took  ship  for  8[)ain  where,  after  some 
(Irlay.  lie  I'eccived  the  papal  bull  of  confirmation  and 
was  duly  consecrated,  occu[>yin<^  his  timi;  meanwhile 
liv  iiiakiu"''  contracts  for  nesj-ro  slaves  in  the  name  of 
the  crown,  with  a  view  of  utilizinii"  their  labor  in  the 
development  of  the  mines.'" 

On  hi.s  return  to  the  [)rovInce  in  1045,  the  bisliop^^ 
luidi  itook  a  pastoral  torn-  through  tlu;  province,  last- 
iiiL;  liLrhteen  months.  He  complains  bitterly  of  the 
hai(lshi|)s  which  he  eudui'ed  and  of  the  demoralized 
and  p()\ei'ty-stricken  condition  of  the  colonists.  "The 
iiatixcs."  he  says,  "have  nearly  all  fled  to  the  moun- 
tains, iuiiio'  in  terror  of  the  S[)aniards,  who  have  con- 

'•Iu,i  letter  ti' tho  ompei-or,  dateil  Tnijillo,  M;iy  1,  l.")47,  IV'tlraza  statos 
that  lie  wciulil  i^l.'iilly  lia\  e  j^'oiii'  in  |iers(iii  to  aid  •  iasea  in  ^\\\\.  Wen'  it  not  tliiifc 
lii-i  JMui-iiey  to  rortny:il  live  years  lirtore  ami  the  time  he  had  lost  in  Spain 
iiwiiiiie.'  the  iiii]ial  hull,  consnnic'(l  the  ^oeater  [lait  of  his  foitune.  /'•  '/rn-.n, 
On-''!,  in  ^(jiiir/^  MSS.,  xxii.  IS.  It  is  not  jnolialile.  ho««.\  er,  tliat  he  was 
i.i  any  u:reat  danger  of  jxiverty,  for  he  made  lari;e  sums  of  money  by  jiis  trallio 
i'l  A:>\  1  >. 

'  JiiirinL;  this  absence  of  Pedra/n,  llisliop  .Marroriuin  of  ( inateniala  liad 
cliiiVii'  of  the  diocest!  and  made  varions  pastoral  visits  through  the  provinee, 
ea  whirl)  oceasioiKs  he  vas  aftei'ward  accused  by  tlie  former  of  havin.L,' sjient 
iii'i'e  than  li'.dOO  pesos  of  the  episeojial  revenues.  Marrofjuin  in  refuliiij; 
tlii.s  charge  refers  to  Alonso  Maldonado,  president  of  the  iiudieneia,  and  allirui  i 
tliiit  though  he  spent  over  1,0()0  castellano.s  during  his  journeys  going  and 
C'Miiiii','.  he  never  received  one  ])eso  <1e  oro  in  return.  Marroquiii,  Carta  lU 
I'l-iiia^n:  lh,H  I'dqic,  iu  CarUia  ili-  Jiidian,  441). 


J 


'n 


m 


m 


'1 


300 


AFFAIRS  IN  HONDURAS. 


*  ji 


tinuod  to  enslave  them  for  so  many  years.  !Maiiv 
PortiiLi^uese,  Italians,  and  other  IbreiiL^ners  have  ))i'(>|)a- 
gated  disease  and  viecamoni^  tluMii  so  thatt;ven  Indian 
maidens  of  tender  a<^e  are  corrupted  to  a  sad  extent. 
wliile  hiiij'uny  and  polygamy  are  of  fre(|Uent  oeein-- 
rene<'."  Valdivieso,  who  was  residing  at  the  time  at 
(Iracias  a  J)ios,  awaiting  consecration  as  bishop  nf 
Xic^iragua,  also  relat(;s  that  the  church  was  held  in 
contempt,  that  the  S[)aniards  were  as  a  rule  extreuK  ly 
lax  in  their  observance  of  all  religious  duties,  and  that 
they  led  a  more  vicious  life  than  had  ever  been  known 
among  Christians. 

'i'hough  Pedraza  brought  with  him  from  Spain  a 
nundjcr  of  I'riars,  tliev  do  not  seem  to  have  been  V(  rv 
zealous  in  the  work  of  reforming  the  settlers  or  con- 
verting the  natives.  At  times  many  days  passed 
(luring  which  no  divine  service  was  held,  and  the 
oabil(h)  attributed  the  omission  to  the  neglect  of  the 
bishop,  "who,"  they  said,  "was  too  busy  with  his 
woildly  aliairs  to  attend  to  his  duties  properly."  The 
ecclesia:>tics  appear,  howc'ver,  to  have  been  very  ,'UU'- 
cessful  in  selling  pa})al  bulls  among  tlio  Indian  villa-n  s 
a  practice  which  was  continued  till  1  r)47,  when  a  n)\  1 
cetlula  ))ut  an  end  to  this  shameful  trafiic.  Tlielr 
charges  for  saying  mass  or  for  funeral  services  v.eio 
exorbitant.  To  coni'ess  a  person  residing  at  a  distance 
of  one  league  cost  thirty  castellanos,  and  to  watch  I'^v 
a  single  night  l>y  the  bedside  of  a  deceased  caci(|no, 
one  hundred  and  thirty  xiquipilli  of  cacao.  Desirous 
of  making  at  least  some  show  (»f  missionary  zeal  llic 
prelate  reconunended  that  a  cathedral  be  erected  ami 
schools  established  in  all  Indian  towns  which  wen-  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Spanish  settlements.  The  I'oi- 
mer  recommendation  was  ado})ted,  and  notwithstatid- 
ingthe  protestations  of  the  audiencia  of  the  Coniincs, 
the  site  selected  was  at  Trujillo,^'  the  bishop's  salary 


''••Tins  cathedral  was  dcdicatccl  to  the  'Conception  of  Our  Lady'.Tiiil  I'.id 
live  (lignitaiics  with  t^alarics  ranginj;  from  IGO  down  to  40  pesos  a.  ye;,r.  ('i^"- 
zulez  JJuvi/u,  Tealro  EcUs.,  i.  304  ct  scq. 


;li: 


AUI)ir:NCIA  DE  LOS  CONFINES. 


sot 


\h'u)1>;  fixorl  at  five  liiiiu!i-(;.'l  tliousuiid  maravi'd!';,  tlioiiLjh 
Kodii  ut'icrwartl  ho  pL-titiouuil  that  liihs  .stii)L'n«l  he  m- 
(•ivasuil  to  two  tliouyaud  (Uicats. 

AVIicii  tlic  new  code  of  laws  abolished  the  audieiicia 
of  J*aiiaiu;L  and  a[)j)()intcd  the  audiencia  ol"  the  Con- 
lines,-'  Alouso  d(!  Maldonado  was  eK'cted  its  iiist  ])resi- 
(Kiit  '  tlirough  the  reoonnnendation  of  l^as  ( "asas, 
\]\r  I'euiainin^'  oidores  Iieini^  the  licentiates  Jyiei;.)  de 
jinreia,  (»f  whom  mention  has  Ijcen  made  in  connec- 
linii  with  the  province  of  Xicaraniia,  P(Mh'o  IJaniii'ezdc 
tMiiiioiies.  and  J  nan  Iio^el.  ^laldonado  was  diroeted 
tn  cstahlish  the  seat  of  government  at  Comayaijjna, 
whii  li  v/as  thenceforth  to  be  known  as  Xiieva  A'^illa 
(!r  \";dhidolid,  bnt  iindini^'  that  loeation  unsuitable  ho 
srlrcted  as  ii  more  iavoi-able  site  (iracias  a  ])ios, 
where  in  1545  the  first  session  of  the  tiibimal  was 
held."    'fhe  arrival  of  ]\Ialdonado  v/as  celebrated  with 


iiiurli  ri')oi(Mng  amons 


tl 


ttl( 


lo  settlers 


but  tl 


WW  joy  was 


shortlived,  for  one  of  the  first  measures  of  the  audi- 
encia was  the  publication  of  the  new  code  of  laws 
which,  they  declared,  was  to  ])o  strictly  and  immedi- 
ately enforced  so  far  as  it  related  to  the  manumission 
of  the  Indians. 

Jn  Honduras  the  new  code  was  roijarded  Avitli  no 
li  >s  disfavor  than  in  the  other  provinces,  and  it  was 
|)r()h;d)ly  due  oidy  to  the  sparse  popidation  of  this  ter- 
riteiy  that  we  n-ad  of  no  such  outbreak  amouL;'  the 
inli mists  as  that  of  Gonzalo  Pizarro  in  Peru,  and  of 


tile  Contrcras  brothers  in  Nicara: 


jfua. 


T\ 


le  se 


ttl 


ei's 


Wtic  fain  to  content  themselves  Vvith  mal^iuL!,"  ineffec- 
tual protests,  and  with  sendinj^  procurators  to  advocate 

^"Sfo  //;.s7.  Cent.  Amer.jii.,  ami  ///.s'    Mt'.v.,  ii.,  pas.'iiin,  this  series. 

•'  I'lttoic  lii.s  iipiiointiiient  he  \v:>s  an  oidor  of  t!io  ainliciifia  of  iIo.\ifo,  .iiul 
aitiii„'  ucvoinoi-  of  (iiiuteinahi. 

■  1)1  A''»i(.s(i',  /list.  ('hi/a/Ki,  "JOCi,  ami  Cartaa  dr  iiuliU'^,  "i\,  tho  aiitlii'iioia 
w  said  to  hiivo  held  its  opciiiii;^  sji'.ssion  May  10,  l.'")44.  wlieica.s  in  a  li'ttci' to 
tlic  in: juror  datiil  Diccndnr  ;{().  I."')4."),  and  si^;ncd  by  iVcsident  Maldonado 
"■•  I  iill  tho  oidores,  it  is  distinctly  stated:  '  lui  1.5  Marzo  di'seniljarcaron  los 

■I'     l(<.i'i'.>.M>   ;    1> 1         I.'.    1.)  \t'. _.   : i _..     \,.  In     ;   I 


Lice 
uui 


»..^    wiiiv'ivo,     11/     lo    V»IO  tllll.  LI  >      Ot»IH-H.  J. 11     1./     l»lillA»l     1.11  raVIlIMllI  V  »ll  '  Ml     i\..o 

LC.  H('iri'ra  i  Uogel.     En  l.'l  Mayo  nos  juntiuno.s  en  And"   i  liiego  .«o  pre^'o- 
mu  h;.s  Nuevaa  Onlenauzus. '  Audieucia,  Carta,  in  Squicr'a  MUS.,  x.\ii.  loJ. 


I'i 


i 


tiw 


m  i 


1 1- 


n 


ft    n 


'ii 


302 


AFFAIRS  IX  HONDURAS. 


their  causi^  at  tlic  court  <»f  SjKiiii.  It  does  not  n|ip(  ir 
tliat  the  natives  wviv  at  all  iK^iietited  1)V  tlu;  rt'<Mil;i- 
tioiis  i-naeted  in  their  lavor;  tor  a  year  or  two  lati  r,  on 
the  arrix'al  at  (Irac-iasii  Dios  of  I^as  C\isas'an<l  \';iMi- 
vics(»,  the  former  (h-elares  tliat  despite  all  tlu;  iip.al 
ordinances  to  the  contrary,  the  Indians  placed  luidrr 
the  protection  of  the  crown  were  so  grossly  nialtreatc  1 
that  they  preferred  to  return  to  the  service  of  tlitir 
former  masters  rather  than  enjoy  their  now  and  (l(»ul.t- 
ful  liherty. 

On  the  first  of  June  1541)  a  royal  cedula  was  is^md 
ord«'rin!^  that  the  natives  should  not  he  used  as  )i;uk- 
carriers,  I'xcept  in  cases  of  extrenu!  necessity,  and  tliat 
all  employed  in  whatever  capacity  should  receive  pay- 
ment for  their  services.  These  regulations  a[)piai. 
however,  to  have  made  their  lot  still  mon;  giicxoiis, 
for  tin-  Spaniards,  no  longer  owning  them  as  Imiiiaii 
chattels  and  caring  not  for  theii-  lives,  treated  tlieiii 
even  more  harshly  than  before.  A  t  ( j  racias  a  1  )i(»s  w c 
learn  that  they  were  offered  for  hire  at  public  auctinii, 
and  after  being  disposed  of  to  the;  highest  bidder  w.io 
sent  to  the  mines  or  to  the  sea-shore  forty  miles  dis- 
tant. They  were  <lriven  together,  J^as  Casas  tells  us, 
within  a  circuit  of  ten  or  tifteen  leagues,  and  a  guaul 
being  placed  over  them,  were  enclosed  in  a  corral  like 
cattle.  They  were  then  divided  b3'an  alguacil  aiiudij,' 
the  settlers,  and  after  working  h;.t'l  for  a  moutli  ir- 
ceived  two  reales,  sometimes  being  lifpiired  to  hcivu 


an  entire  year  for  a  siii*:lepcso 


W] 


len  used  as  \n 


;ist.> 


of  burden  they  were  compelli-d  ^.o  carry  a  hnul  ')f 
seventy-five  or  one  hundred  pounds  through  a  cnmitry 
abounding  in  swam|>  and  forest.  Their  food  consistnl 
of  a  few  haixl  cakes  of  mai/.e,  and  at  ni<jfht,  theii-  lilaii- 
kets  being  taken  irom  them  to  prevent  their  nuw 
away,  they  were  often  left  to  sleep  in  the  open 
almost  naked  and  without  shelter. 


iini. 


an- 


In  addition  to  Las  Casas  and  Valdivieso,  the  latter 
of  whom  was  sojourning  at  the  capital  awaiting  '  nii- 


CHURCH  AND  STATE. 


303 


secrntion  ost  hisliop    of  Xicaraijfua,  tlioro    wlto  now 
till  ■-riit  !it  (jri'acias  il  Dios  tlio  ])r('latt's  ^[arnxjuiii  of 
(iiiatfuiala,  and  l^t'draza  of  ] [onduras,"'^     It  was  not 
of  ( iiursij  to  1)0  oxi»(M't<Hl  that  all  these  dii^nitarios  of 
tlic  clnirch  should  woi'k  in  harmony  with  each  otlivi', 
ami   much   less  with   the  inomhers   of  the  audieiicia. 
\\liiK'  J.ns  Casas  and  A'aldivieso  strove  to  en  fort  t  the 
uiuniiditional  liheration  of  all  Indians,  Marro(]nin  and 
I'ldi'Mza,  who  themselves  possessed  several  ene(Unii'n- 
(las,  were  exceedinf^  loath  to  ))art  with   them;   and 
wIhii  Las  Casas  threatened  with  exeonnnunication  all 
who  should  I'efuse  to  give  up  their  hondsinen,  ^Earro- 
(jiiiii  assured  the  settlers  that  he  would  grant  them 
(|ni(k  ai)solution.    The  removal  of  the  latter  was  then 
ikiiiaudt'd  by  his  opponents,  who  wntte  to   tiie  em- 
]i(  ini-  (Iriiouneing  him  as  "one  undeserving  of  ro^'al 
i'avur,  having  made  his  fortune  at  the  ex{)ense  of  his 
ImiKir  and  th;it  of  the  people,  in  violation  of  tiie  law 
and    tht!   enmeror's  orders."     Pedraza,  on   the  other 
hand,  while    discussing  the   question  of  estahlishing 
schools  in  the  native  villages,  exclaims:  "Would  to 
(J()(l  that  to  this  purpose  the  efforts  of  Las  C^asas 
wtiv  a[>[)lied,  instead  of  to  the  general  perdition  of  the 
piovince,  his  discourse  being  like  that  of  one  demented 
with  lage,  himself  blindly  covetous  and  ambitious  of 
liniKir  profane.     For  thirty  years  was  he  striving  for 
a  ltisli()[)ric  until  at  length  he  obtained  one  by  the 
force  (if  a  hundred  thousand  lies." 

The  colonists  of  cf)urse  had  no  sympathy  with  Las 
Casas.  K-aving  him  to  complain  and  sometimes  almost 
t(»  .starve  unheeded.  Those  who  were  secretly  his 
iricnds,  through  I'ear  of  exposing  themselves  to  perse- 
cutiiin,  were  unwilling  to  minister  to  his  necessities. 


vliuiic 


iliMzii  liiiil  been  Hunimont'd  from  San  I'cdio  del  Puerto  ilc  ('nl)allos, 
ln'  had  oidy  come  after  repeated  solicitations.  Had  lie  perisisted  it 
Mdiiiil  ii.ivc  Ijccu  necessary  for  Las  Casas  and  Valdivicso  to  proceed  to  that 
town  ill  ((inipany  with  Marricpiin,  fur  it  was  ro(|nired  that  three  j)relatcs 
shouM  assist  at  the  ceremony  of  consecration.  Pedra/a  was  on  liad  terms 
with  the  two  former,  wlio  state  that  they  liave  heard  things  rehited  of  him. 
'Que  iiairceii  no  Imenaa,  y  mnchos  escaudalos.'  Las  Ccuus  and  I'uUlifkso, 
madun  ill  Cartas  de  Indias,  19-23. 


304 


AFFAIRS  IX  HONDURAS. 


The  oidorcs  refused  to  liKtcn  to  liiin  or  to  jifTord  liiui 
redress,  and  on  one  occasion  \vlu'n  a  certain  coltjuist 
threatened  to  assassinate  tlie  })relate  lie  waij  allowed 
to  <jfo  nnjiunished."*  In  a  lettm-  to  the  emperor  ?.i:il- 
donado  states  that  "Las  Casas  has  become  r.o  ]ti;)U(l 
since  his  return  from  Spain  that  it  is  impoi-siblu  td 
deal  with  him,  and  the  best  place  ibr  him  would  ho 
in  some  convent  in  Castile.  '  It  v.'as  proposed  by 
i\Iarro(juin  to  settle  the  lonj^^-vexed  Indian  queiitioii 
by  rel'erring  the  matter  to  a  commission  com])osrd  (if 
the  viceroy  of  Mexico,  the  audiencias,  the  bis!!()[)s, 
and  other  competent  persons  both  l;iy  and  cleric.  ],  or 
to  a  connnittce  to  be  chosen  b}'  them,  and  tlird  liicir 
decision  be  subinittcd  to  the  crown  for  appro\;;l:  but 
Las  C'asM.s  would  admit  of  no  such  c()m])i"oiiii.;c  and 
insisted  that  the  new  laws  be  immediately  eniorccd. 
It  was  hnally  agreed  that  the  bishops  shoubl  pivsoiit 
to  the  autliencia  a  memorial  end)odvin'jf  their  L'licv- 
anccs,  ashing  Ibr  redress,  and  st:itin<''  expliciilv  (heir 
demands  in  I'efercnce  to  the  treatment  and  dispositidu 
of  the  natives.  Soon  afterward  Las  Casas  ix';id  tliis 
document  before  the  oidoi-es,  who,  as  he  now  had  the 
sup[)ort  of  all  his  fellow- bishops,  did  not  ventnre  tn 
refuse  him  an  audience.  They  were  requested  to 
render  assistance  to  the  ecclesiastical  autlio'riti;'s  in 
the  exercise  of  their  jurischction,  and  to  aid  tluiii  in 
punishing-  all  who  sinned  against  C^Jod  and  tlio  (ditnch. 
1)V  committinijf  sacrileLje  or  holdin</  in  contempt  the 
episcopal  dignity.  It  was  demanded  that  tlu'  n;itiv(  > 
should  not  be  forced  to  ])ay  excessive  tribute.  Iiould 
not  be  used  as  Ijeasts  of  burden,  oi"  re(]uired  to  i\  nder 
any  but  voluntary  service,  and  that  all  v.lio  wi'ro 
illegally  enslaved  should  be  liberated  and  placed 
under  the  protection  of  the  bishojis;  for  it  was  ( lainnd 
that  Las  Casas  and  his  c(dleagues  were  tlnir  pro- 
tectoi's  and  held  the  rindit  of  adjudication  in  all  eases 
of  alleged  maltreatment.  It  was  urwd  that  olheiids 
in  charge  of  Indian  villages  should  bo  held  stiictly 


ILL-FEELING  TOWARD  LAS  CASAS. 


305 


rosponsiblc  for  their  trust  and  puiiislicd  in  case  of 
uiaii'l'cusance  as  the  new  hiws  prescribed.'^  The  nie- 
nioiial  concluded  b}'  threatening  tlic  president,  oidores, 
and  other  officials  witii  excommunication,  should  tliev 
iRL^lect  to  obey  these  orders  within  the  space  of  three 

lUdlltllS. 

(Jreat  was  the  indii^nation  of  the  members  of  the 
auditiicia  toward  the  prelate  who  thus  dared  place 
liimsclt'  above  the  hiajhest  tribunal  in  the  land.  Thev 
\\\ic  accustomed  to  roi^ard  the  ecclesiastics  as  men 
whose  presence  must  indeed  be  tolerated  for  appear- 
ance' sake,  but  whose  duty  it  was  only  to  conduct 
rtliii'ious  services  in  which  the  wives  and  children  of 
the  colonists  might  perhaps  wish  to  participate,  and 
to  make  such  progress  as  they  could  in  the  conversi(Mi 
of  the  natives.  That  they  should  presume  to  inter- 
fere with  their  own  schemes  for  self-acfurandizement 
Avas  not  to  be  tolerated.  Maldonado  and  the  oidores 
cave  vent  to  their  ire  in  such  abusive  language  that 
three  tlays  later  Las  Casas  and  Valdivieso  addresse;l 
a  letter  to  the  emperor,  stating  that  neither  in  the 
davs  of  xVlvarado  or  Nuno  de  Guzman,  nor  during 
the  rule  of  any  of  the  former  tyrants,  were  the  min- 
isters of  the  church  so  insulted  and  oppressed,  nor 
were  ever  such  enormous  crimes  committed  as  under 
the  present  audiencia  of  the  Confines.  The  bisliops, 
moreover,  expressed  their  belief  "that  lac  devil  had 
lilKd  the  oidores  with  ambition  and  coveto.isness  when 
they  came  to  the  country.''  and  declared  that  unless 
the  enforcement  of  the  new  laws  were  intruste<l  to 
tht  ir  own  hands  the  province  nmst  go  to  ruln.'-^'^  ^lean- 
Nvhilf  ^tari'oquin,  who  was  in  secret  a  bitter  i'oe  to 
has  ( 'asas,  also  sent  a  despatch  to  the  court  of  S[>ain, 
wheicin  he  speaks  of  him  as  one  filled  with  jir'de', 

''TliL'  al)()vo  are  the  leading  j  ..iiita  contained  in  tlic  niomipiiul,  wliirli  \v:is 
n  siiniiuli:it  Kiijitliy  doi'UliU'Ut,  ooiitainiiig  seven  did'erent  ilMU^es  iiLrciiiliiij; 
t"  y.'(<  ('((,s./.s,  i'tirtn  Aimtticsf.,  and  L'lhirioii  hi  Si/ nii  r',-*  MSS.,  xxii.  IH>-4.!; 
iiiiil  iiiiR'  accdvdiiiL;  to  /'inii'.^d',  lIUl.  Clii/n/ni.  ',\~-i-~i\,  and  Jci.Jiiilr,  /,(.  CJ. 
/''"'.,  i..  Ixxvii.-viii.  Kcmesal  states  that  laeh  hi.-l.oi)  jiresented  a  liieinoriiil, 
tliiit  nt  L:is  Casas  j:'ving  less  <i|I'enee  tiian  the  others. 

'^ L'l.i  I'u'dti  and  I'd/iliririi),  Ciirhi,  iu  iiijuicr'n  MiS^,,  sxii,  11S--0, 
Hist.  Cekt.  Am.,  Vol.  II.    20 


306 


AFFAIES  IX  HONDURAS. 


envy,  and  hypocrisy,  and  denounces  his  assumption  in 
dai'inuf  to  present  so  offensive  a  memorial  to  the  audi- 
encia,"^ 

Las  Casas  waited  in  vain  for  an  answer  to  his  de- 
mands. Not  discouraged,  however,  b}^  the  studied 
inactivity  of  the  oidores  he  pressed  his  claims  with 
untiring  zeal,  exasperating  them  by  his  pertinacity, 
and  frequently  exposing  himself  to  gross  insult  and 
contumely.  On  one  occasion,  while  entering  the  hall 
of  the  audiencia,  he  was  greeted  with  shouts  of 
"  Throw  out  that  lunaticl"  At  another  time  ho  was 
coarsely  affronted  by  the  president  himself;-^  and 
when,  notwithstanding  all  rebuffs,  he  made  a  final 
appeal,  demanding  compliance  witli  the  new  laws,  and 
administering  to  Maldonado  a  public  rebuke,  the  latter 
rc[)lied:  "  You  are  a  knave,  a  bad  man,  a  bad  priest,  a 
bad  bishop,  one  lost  to  all  shame  and  worthy  of  pun- 
ishment!" Though  stunned,  for  a  moment,  by  this 
answer  from  one  whose  appointment  was  due  to  liis 
own  recommendation,  the  ])relate  meekly  bowed  his 
head,  and  with  the  words,  "  I  very  well  deserve  all  that 
your  worship  says,  Senor  Licenciado  Alonso  ]\Ialdo- 
nado,"  (juietly  withdrew  from  his  presence. 

All  now  expected  that  the  president  v.oidd  be  ox- 
conniumicated.  As  the  consecration  of  Valdivieso 
was  to  take  place  two  days  later  and  none  could  he 
present  who  were  under  the  ban  of  the  church,  ^l:x\- 
donado  rcs(dved  to  make  some  effort  at  reconciiiation. 
To  re])air  to  the  house  of  the  bishop  and  there  tender 


^''  ^Inriwinin  states  that  tlie  memorial  wns  'muclio  desacato  i  mnj'or  ilipa- 
tino:  i  Ol,  ooiuo  luas  atrcvido  i  lavoriilo  (por  liavoi'lo  dad  )  c'U'<li!o  i'l  mw  ;iio- 
jio.sioiiiiif:)  i  fiiii(laiiit.'iitu3  saoailos  do  sii  i)ci:lii)  lleiiu  do  lii[V)Ciisia^i,  wjlx-'rvia, 
iuviiHa,  i  avaricia),  Id  preseiito,  rccjuiriii,  i  aniontslo.'  Mi:iro<]iiiii,  (dr'tu  iu 
S<iii'(i  i-'n  MSS.,  xxii.  130-40.  He  speaks  rather  lavdiahly  of  M'.MoiKidn,  liiit 
c(>iii|ilaiii.i  (if  liit)  l)ein;^  remins,  wantiii;L,'  in  vi^'ilaiicc,  nud  scmiowliat  ia;i  less  nn 
ti)  the  wi'llai'o  of  the  colonists.  He  ileelarcs  that  ilii'iv  i.i  dissciiKimi  IpcIwchi 
the  iiuiidiiMs  of  the  aiulieiioia,  and  says:  'A  mi  no  nie  rat:.sla;.en  iinulm  i^i's 
li'tras  ni  su  vida,  aunque  los  he  convei-sado  poco. '  JlarnKjiiiii,  t'ttitu,  in  CaiM 
d<-  Iiii/!,i.<,  lID-l. 

'"  Maldonado  exclaitned,  while  Las  Caaaa  was  protesting  ngniast,  bcin!-'  rx- 
pclhd  from  the  hall  of  the  andieneia:  '  Estos  coeinciillos  (n  satimdidtis  ilil 
eunuento  no  uy  (juieu  ao  pncdu  uueriguur  cou  cUus.'  lidiwMl,  hid.  lIiijUim, 
370. 


EXCOMMUNICATION. 


307 


an  apology  was  a,  humiliation  which  his  pride  would 
not  tolerate,  while  it  could  not  be  expected  that  Las 
Casas,  after  all  the  indignities  he  had  sufiercd,  would 
consent  to  visit  the  other's  residence.  Through  the 
intervention  of  friends  it  was  finally  arranged  that  the 
two  should  meet,  as  though  by  accident,  at  the  presi- 
dent's dwelling.  Uncovering,  and  speaking  in  a 
respectful  tone,  Maldonado  began  to  express  his  sorrow 
fur  what  had  occurred,  but  the  prelate  at  once  burst 
furtli:  "Hence!  Away!  You  are  excommunicated  1" 
and  took  his  departure  without  uttering  another  word. 
While  yi:t  engaged  in  his  controversy  with  the 
audie:  'iM,  ^z  '5  Casas  received  news  from  Ciudad  Eeal 
that  ciis(  nh'f  ,.as  rife  in  his  own  diocese,  and>  wishing 
to  return  tu  Chiapas  as  soon  as  possible,  once  more 
lu'^ed  the  oidores  to  render  a  decision.  In  order  to 
rid  themselves  of  his  ceaseless  importunity  they  at 
length  eompromiseel  the  matter  by  conceding  a  por- 
tion of  his  demands,  but  refused  to  recognize  him  or 
liis  colleagues  as  protectors  of  the  Indians.  As  this 
was  the  nuiiu  point  in  liis  memorial,  and  without  this 
concession  the  new  laws  mu»t  be  inoi)erative,  or  at 
leist  difficult  of  execution,  the  prelate  i'onnd  tliat  like 
(tther  premature  reformers,  he  had  gained  little,  and 
had  added  gre.ctl}^  to  jiis  uni)opularity.  ' 

Toward  the  ch  so  cf  ihe  j'ear  154i3  the  bishops  de- 
parled  for  their  <ovi  rai  prr.vinces.  Of  the  oidores, 
lion'ri  accompanieJ  .'  as  Casas  to  Ciudad  Ileal ;^' 
Quiiiones  was  soon  afterward  en^a'n-d  in  lowing  a 
I'uive  in  aid  of  Gasca's  expedition  to  I'eru;  and  the 


•"  When  tlio  anil icnciii  ri'f used  to  recocrnizo  tlic  bisliopa  na  protectors  of 
the  liiili;ins,  M;Hroi]niii  ti'lilressed  .a  letter  to  tlic  ciiipcror,  vlierein,  (iftcr 
nmrai'iriiii:,'  (ui  the  distnrl unices  caused  by  the  new  code,  he  coiiehicles:  '  Mas, 
li'i  mil  t:Mi  lar;'MS  Lis  juxlel'ea  <lo  los  Oliispos  destas  p.irtes  conio  el  rui(li(  i 
■•-"niili.  l^a  AuilieiiciM-  h  Mianda  todo  i  da  ii  eutemhT  i|ue  no  liai  pai'.'i  <|iie  el 
Ol.i:.io  se.i  i'liitilori  V-  ,,.idor:  asi  han  provi  iilo  \'isit;hli>n  s  a  dendiw  suyos, 
i|i:iinilo  \'.  .\1.  soh)  qv.i'n  .i.irlo  a  Ins  Ohispos.'  ^fun•ulJl(ill,  Caita,  in  iS  /iii(  r'n 
-l/vs',,  xNii.  i;!,V(i. 

^  lly  iiiclercjf  the  aud>'  .'  ■  ■:i  Ho',x\  visited  Chiapas  for  the  ost"nsililo  ]>nr- 
p'l-i'  (ii  a.s-i^iin;,'  Las  Casus  ii.  liheratiny  the  natives  and  settling  the  tiniount 
of  tliiir  tribite. 


f: 


M 

M 


808 


AFFAIRS  IN  HONDURAS. 


i 


I 


president,  who,  together  with  Hcrrera,  still  renifiined 
at  Gracias  tl  Dios,  busied  himself  in  accuinulatiii"- 
wealth,  fearing  that  the  day  was  not  far  distant  wlica 
he  would  be  required  to  render  an  account.  He  nut 
with  little  opposition,  for  the  remonstrances  of  the 
cabildo  were  entirely  unheeded,  and  Pedraza  tho 
bishop  was  a  man  too  much  after  his  own  heart  to 
throw  any  serious  obstacles  in  his  path.  Maldonailn 
with  his  friends  and  relatives  already  owned  about  one 
third  of  all  the  encomioud.as  in  the  province,  and  re- 
ceived besides  his  share  c  "  '^  ■tribute  obtained  by  the 
oidores  from  the  Indian  .  ;es,  the  owners]ii[)  of 
which  was  for  appearance'  sa^^  placed  in  the  name  of 
certain  alcaldes  and  alijuaciles.  The  latter  received 
one  thiixl  of  the  gross  income,  and  those  employed  to 
collect  the  tribute  also  received  a  portion  and  weie 
])ermitted  to  wring  what  else  they  could  from  their 
hapless  victims,  whom  they  hunted  like  blood-hounds, 
day  and  night,  enslaving  all  who  were  unable  to  con- 
tribute their  share. 

The  condition  of  affairs  in  the  province  of  Honduras 
soon  became  known  to  the  council  of  the  Indies,  and 
bv  the  recommendation  of  Las  Casas  the  licentiate 
Alonso  Lopez  de  Cerrato  was  appointed  judge  of  rcsi- 
dencia  and  president  of  the  audiencia  of  the  Confines. 
For  several  years  he  had  presided  over  the  audiencia 
of  Santo  Domingo,  and  had  there  made  tlie  acquaint- 
ance of  the  bishop,  who  well  knew  his  worth  and  the 
zeal  with  which  he  labored  in  behalf  of  the  Indians, 
It  was  one  of  his  principles  ahvays  to  suppose  tlieni 
to  be  in  tho  right  until  the  contrary  were  proven,  and 
little  cared  he  for  the  good  or  bad  opinion  of  tlic 
Spaniards.  Neither  threat  nor  promise  nor  supplica- 
tion could  divert  liim  from  the  execution  of  his  juir- 
])ose.  Being  himself  a  priest  he  was  of  course  a  good 
friend  to  the  ecclesiastics,  and  assisted  them  in  their 
endeavors  to  alleviate  the  suiferinixs  of  tho  natives;  so 
that  the  settlers  exclaimed,  after  he  had  been  a  short 


;ii 


ALOXSO  LOPEZ  DE  CERRATO. 


309 


time  in  the  province:  "  Our  day  has  passed  and  that 
of  the  i'riars  has  begun."'*^ 

Ill  1548  the  hcentiato  arrived  at  Gracias  d  Dios, 
and  at  once  proceeded  to  take  the  residencias  of  the 
jircsidciit  and  ot*  the  oidores  Rogel  and  Herrcra. 
Ai'ter  conchiding  his  investigation  he  reports  to  the 
emperor  that  since  the  cstabhshnient  of  the  audiencia 
no  royal  decree  nor  any  of  the  new  laws  have  been 
txocutcd  or  enforced.  On  the  contrary,  the  president 
and  oidores  have  been  the  first  to  disregard  them 
in  order  to  ingratiate  themselves  with  the  settlers; 
they  liavc  never  thought  of  liijerating  any  slaves  or  of 
abolishing  the  use  of  the  natives  as  beasts  of  burden/^ 

Cerrato  had  undoubtedly  expected  to  find  matters 
in  a  better  condition,  for  he  brought  with  him  none 
to  supersede  the  oidores  who  might  be  displaced. 
MalJonado,  however,  appears  to  have  escaped  all  pun- 
i.siiiiiont  other  than  loss  of  oflSce.^''  Herrera,  although 
Las  Casas  and  Yaldivieso  had  previously  declared 
that  he  alone  among  the  oidores  was  worthy  of  his 
jiosition,  was  the  only  one  that  was  fined,  and  with 
the  exception  of  the  president,  the  only  one  that  was 
not  reinstated.^* 

Although  Cerrato  was  accused  by  the  settlers  of 

"  licmp/fal,  Hint.  Chjapa,  480.  Cerrato  did  not  hesitate,  however,  to 
censure  tlio  bishops  severely  when  4ie  thought  it  necessary.  He  complained 
of  tlitic  uiiiintaiuiug  algnaciles  like  those  of  the  enipcnr  and  of  the  unjust 
arivst  of  persons  '  sin  haver  caso  de  Inquisicion.'  In  speaking  of  the  excoiii- 
iiimiicatiiai  liy  the  bishop  of  Nicaragua  of  certain  roj'al  olhcers  because  they 
\uro  iiiialilc  to  pay  him  his  salary,  ho  says  that  he  and  Pedraza  'were  enough 
tn  turn  the  heads  of  a  thousand  judges.'  Cerrato,  Cartas,  in  Squie.r's  MH-S., 
xxii.  S:i,  7. 

■''('rrmti,  Carta  de  Sdinnltrc  ^S,  15.',S,  in  Squlrr\i  MSS.,  xxii.  80-1. 

''Evil  if  he  had  been  lound  blameless  he  couid  not  have  been  reinstated, 
as  Ceivato  was  appointed  by  the  crown  to  super.ie(''o  him.  He  lost  his  life  at 
i-iaaliout  two  years  later.  Jlvmi'snl,  J/itit.  C/ii/ip'!,  17!). 

"'Ho  was  hnud  for  having  appropriated  a  mine  and  for  having  seized  cer- 
tain iK'groc.s  belonging  to  one  of  the  priests.  Cernilo,  ( 'arias,  in  .Si/nicr'.'i  MSS. 
M:uT(iiniiii  remarks  in  Carta  al  Princliw  Don  Feli/>i',  in  Carta  dc  Indi'in,  44.S: 
'\iry  lew  wlio  have  come  to  the  Indies  have  so  well  feathereil  tluir  ne^ts  in 
i-ii  sliiirt  a  time  as  Herrera  and  Kogcl.'  'Quieren  para  si  un  dios  j'  nil  j)iincipe, 
y  ]iara  los  dcinas  confusion  y  perdicitm.'  I'edi'aza  endorses  Marro(juin's  state- 
ii'i'iit  with  rcfiTeiiee  to  Heirera,  and  accuses  him  of  tialiicking  in  silks,  vtl- 
^tts,  and  cliitii  like  acoimiion  nicreer.  Carta,  inSijiia  r'sMSS.,  xxii.  l-.'J.  The 
statoiiiunt  of  Liis  Casas  and  Valdivieso  in  Id.,  xxii.,  is  doubtless  more  deserv- 
ing' (li  credit. 


ill 

'if 


310 


AFFAIRS  IN  HOXDUKAS. 


partiality  in  tlie  administration  of  justice,  he  eiijovcd 
the  full  confidence  of  the  emperor,^'''  who  <;ave  orcKr.s 
that  all  matters  of  grave  import  pertaining  to  the  gov- 
ernment of  Honduras,  Nicaragua,  and  Guatomala 
should  be  referred  to  his  decision.  Moreover,  tlio 
bishops  of  Nicaragua,  Guatemala,  and  Chiapas  shov  .'d 
their  appreciation  of  his  worth  by  begging  him  to  vi  't 
their  dioceses  and  aid  them  in  their  labors  on  behalf  of 
the  natives,  as  the  oidorcs  sent  to  those  provinces  were 
unable  to  enforce  the  new  laws.  During  the  brief 
term  of  Cerrato's  residence  in  Honduras  nothing  oc- 
curred that  is  worthy  of  note,  with  the  exception  of  a 
revolt  among  the  neg'o  slaves  at  San  Pedro  del  Puerto 
de  Caballos,  which  was  promptly'-  quelled  by  a  forco 
despatched  against  them  by  the  audiencia. 

In  1540  the  seat  of  the  audiencia  of  the  Confines  was 
removed  from  Gracias  d  Dios  to  Santiaijjo  de  Guate- 
mala.  The  former  town,  now  containing  but  eiLrhtcen 
settlers,  was  situated  in  a  neighborhood  where  food 
for  man  and  beast  was  difficult  to  obtain,  and  was  i'ar 
remote  from  the  more  important  colonies.  In  other 
settlements  the  condition  of  affairs  was  little  more 
prosperous.  In  Honduras,  as  elsewhere  in  Spain's 
western  dominions,  the  apathy  of  the  Spanish  num- 
arcli  and  the  disorders  caused  b}"  the  ceaseless  struggle 
for  wealth,  or  the  craving  for  insignificant  authority, 
added  greatly  to  the  misery  and  privation  which  the 
early  his  '^y  of  colonization  throughout  the  work!  sel- 
dom fails  tO  present. 

'*  Bcnial  Diaz  speaks  unfavorably  of  Cerrato.  Ho  says  that  nt  first  lie 
proinisiMl  well,  Init  mibsecniently  acted  in  every  way  contrary  to  Iii.s  instriu'tioiis, 
as  it'  these  lia<l  Iteeu  '  mini  que  todo  lo  bucno  quo  bacaro  y  oUicre  cu  cst;n 
«r()vin(,'iaa  todo  lo  deys  A  viicstraa  parientes.'  lie  accuses  him  of  ^;ivin^'  tiie 
lie.st  ix'partimientos  to  his  two  Iprotiiers,  a  granddaughter,  a  soii-iii-l;i\v,  lUiil 
'u'\!i  followers  and  friends,  and  remarks  that  the  people  feared  the  eoiiiini,' I'f 
another  boat-load  of  Ccrratoa.  Carta  al  Empenulor,  in  Cartas  de  Indian,  oS-i.', 


CHAPTEK  XVIII. 

PROGRESS  OF  AFFAIRS  IN  GUATEMALA. 

1541-1550. 

JIornxiNo  Fon  Alvarado — Grief  of  DoSa  Beatriz — Ax  A.NOJiALors  Gov- 
KRNMEST— A  Female  Ruler — A  Beactifil  but  TuEACiiEuors  Morx- 

TAIN— A  XlGHT  OF  HoRRORS — DeATH  OF  DoSA  BeATUIZ — DeSTRULTIOX 

OF  Santl\go — A  Ruined  City — Burial  of  the  Dead — Gloom  of  Con- 
scienoe-stricken  Survivors — Joint  Governors — Removal  of  City 
Rksolved  upon — A  New  Site  Discussed — Another  Santiago  Founded 
— Maldonado  Appointed  Governor— Action  of  the  Audiencia  Rela- 
tive TO  Encomiendas — Controversies  and  Recriminations — ILemuval 
of  the  Aidii'.ncia  to  Santiago — President  Ceerato  Offends  jue  Set- 
tlers—His Mode  of  Action. 


When  the  news  of  Alvarado's  death  arrived  in  San- 
tiago* during  the  last  days  of  August  1541,  dcmon- 
fitrations  of  sorrow  were  on  every  side;  the  cathedral 
was  draped  in  black,^  and  the  city  put  on  habiliments 
of  woo. ;  for  liowever  bad  the  man  there  are  few  wlio 
do  not  take  ]ileasure  in  conventional  mourning. 

But  the  elfect  of  the  intelligence  upon  the  adelan- 
tado's  wife,  Dona  Beatriz,  was  so  severe  as  appar- 
ently to  aii'ect  her  reason.  She  beat  her  face  and  tore 
her  hair,  weeping,  screaming,  and  groaning  in  a  very 
ecstasy  of  grief     For  days  she  neither  ate  nor  slept, 

'Viceroy  ^Mcndoza  addressed  letters  to  the  bishop  of  Guatemala,  Fran- 
cisco do  lii  Ciieva,  and  the  cabildo  respectively.  In  that  sent  to  tlio  nnini- 
ci[)ality  he  siiys:  'Yoiiwill  learn  that  God  was  pleased  to  take  to  liis  ^loiy 
the  iKl.liiiitiido  Alvarado.'  Anvalo,  Col.  J)or.  Aitlli/.,  IT'J-S!).  'I'elhi  stiites 
tli.it  I  lovfi-nor  Ofiate  nlsv)  send  word  of  Alvarado's  death  to  Guatemala,  //''tf. 
y.  '''('.,  ;ill()-7.  According  to  Renicsal  the  lirat  reports  were  generally  dis- 
oriilitcd,  and  it  was  not  until  the  viceroy's  letters  arrived  that  any  manifcM- 
tatimi  of  sorrow  was  shown.   Jlint.  C/iijaiin,  KJo  et  seq.     A  cabildo  was  luld 

oil  the  •2'Ml  of   .\uf,'U8t. 

■  Ih'iiL;  Carlit  nt  L'mpenulor,  iu  Cartas  dc  Indias,  43'2-3;  llcnial  Diaz, 
llhl.  \'<:rdad.,  230. 

(311) 


,!S 


1^ 


312 


PROGRESS  OF  AFFAIRS  IN  GUATEMALA. 


refusing  all  consolation.  She  caused  her  house  to  1)o 
stained  black,  both  inside  and  out,  and  draped  it  in 
deepest  mourning.  All  efforts  to  appease  her  met 
Avith  passionate  outbursts  expressed  in  language  ac- 
counted impious,'  and  she  repulsed  alike  the  appeals 
of  friends  and  the  religious  consolation  offered  bv  the 
priests — all  of  which  was  quite  pathetic  on  the  part 
of  the  bereaved  woman.  IMeantime  funeral  obsequies 
were  celebrated  by  Bishop  Marroquin  with  all  possiljlo 
solemn  it}',  prayers  being  offered  each  day  for  the  re- 
pose of  the  late  conqueror's  soul. 

But  while  due  observance  of  mourning  was  shown 
for  the  loss  which  the  colonists  had  sustained  in  Al- 
varado's  death,  it  was  necessary  to  decide  upon  the 
important  matter  of  the  government  of  the  province. 
Francisco  de  la  Cueva  had  been  left  lieutenant-i^ov- 
crnor,  but  although  this  appointment  was  approved  by 
the  viceroy*  and  the  cabildo  w^as  ordered  by  him  to 
recognize  Cueva  until  his  Majesty's  wishes  should  ho 
known,  the  members  took  the  matter  into  their  own 
hands  and  elected  Dona  Beatriz  governor.  This  anoma- 
lous proceeding  was  discussed  at  a  special  session,  and 
the  reasons  assigned  for  taking  such  a  step  were  that 
it  was  deemed  necessary  for  the  peace,  security,  and 
interest  of  the  country.  As  soon  as  the  decision  was 
reached  the  cabildo  went  in  a  body  to  the  house  of  I)i)na 
Beatriz  and  tendered  her  the  appointment.  Her  vio- 
lent grief  for  the  loss  of  her  lord  did  not  prevent  lier 
from  assuming  rulership  according  to  the  wish  of  tlic 
authorities.    Thanking  the  municipality  for  the  honor, 

'  An  unknown  author  writing  later  during  the  same  year  states  tliat  1  '(ina 
Beatriz  'dixo  muchas  veces  que  ya  no  tenia  l)ios  masnial  que  Ic  liacev.'  H'ln- 
fioii,  in  Pac/icco  and  C'dnleiian,  Col.  Doc,  iii.  S8o.  Goniara,  U'kI.  Ik'^-^^ 
2()9-70,  and  Torqucmada,  i.  324  et  seq,,  make  similar  statements.  Ooiiiuru'i 
assertion  is  disputed  by  Bernal  Diaz,  Hid.  VcnlmL,  220-7.  See,  iilso,  U>r 
necounts  of  Dona  Beatriz'  grief,  Carta  del  Obixpo  in  Pac/ieco  and  Canlni'if, 
Col.  Doc,  iii.  388;  Bcnzoni,  Mondo  Xvovo,  loU;  Bvriial  Diaz  (e<l.  rails, 
1837),  iv.  4GG-7;  Iteme<al,  Hid.  Chyapa,  KiG. 

'In  his  letter  to  the  cabiklo,  above  alluded  to,  and  dated  .July  1.",  I.'i41. 
Ari'ndo,  Col.  Doc  Anfi;/.,  179-80.  Remesal  gives  July  tlie  5th  as  the  date, 
one  d.ay  after  Alv.arado's  death,  which  it  was  impossiiJlc  for  the  viceroy  to 
know  anything  aI)out  at  th.at  time,  Tlic  friar,  however,  attenii)ts  to  account 
for  the  discrepancy  which  his  error  produced,  Jliat.  Chynpa,  lOu-C. 


DESTRUCTION  OF  SANTIAGO. 


313 


slic  accepted  the  position  and  promised  to  serve  liis 
^lajesty  with  zeal  and  devote  herself  to  the  welfare 
of  the  province  in  the  prescribed  form  of  words.  The 
ceremony  of  installation  immediately  followed  in  the 
iiresence  of  the  bishop  and  Francisco  de  la  Cueva, 
after  which  the  widow  of  Alvarado  took  the  oath  in 
due  form,  and  thereupon  ajipointed  her  brother,  Fran- 
cisco de  la  Cueva,'^  lieutenant-governor,  giving  him 
full  power  to  act  for  her  in  all  matters  pertaining  to 
the  government,  except  the  disposal  of  repartimientos 
of  Indians  which  might  become  vacant;  this  preroga- 
tive she  reserved  to  herself.  Her  brother's  appoint- 
ment was  recognized  by  the  cabildo  on  the  following 
day,  Saturday  the  10th  of  September." 

But  it  was  not  fated  that  this  unfortunate  lady 
should  long  enjoy  her  high  position.     Her  doom  with 


5  Bisliop  Marroquin  was  of  opinion  tliat  Cueva  was  not  a  fit  person  to  havo 
hceii  k'ft  iiy  Alvai-.ido  in  charge  of  the  government.  In  a  I'^+ter  to  the  king 
(liitoil  August  10,  lo4l,  he  describes  him  as  being  too  young  ami  inexperienced, 
viiid  (if  /:o;d  in  fiivor  of  the  natives,  careless  i..  matters  ot  justice,  as  nat  being 
pirtial  to  the  company  of  good  people,  and  olFering  a  bad  example  to  others. 
'((/■'((,  ill  Empoaddf,  in  Cartcoi  tie  Iinliux,  430.  I  entertain  little  doubt  that 
it  \\;is  tliron;.'h  the  bishop's  influence  that  the  appointment  of  Doila  Heatriz  was 
made.  It  certainly  was  countenanced  by  him.  His  control  over  the  lady-gov- 
tnidi-  wciulcl  give  him  great  power  in  the  protection  of  the  natives. 

•'Tin;  extraordinary  appointment  of  Dofia  Beatrix  to  the  government  of 
Guatemala  is  tiius  condemned  by  Gomara,  who  infers  that  she  caused  herself 
t'j  be  elected:  '  Y  se  hizo  jurar  por  Gonernadora:  desuario,  y  presuncion  do 
iiiuirir,  y  cosa nueua cntrc los  Espafiolcs do  Indias. '  I/id.  Iiid. , 270.  Eseamilla, 
Xnti'  id.i  Ciiriomn  de  Gnat.,  i.,  states  that  she  resigned  the  same  day,  referring 
(1  iiilitless  to  tli,?  appointment  of  Cueva.  Remesal,  who  gives  a  detailed  account 
(f  these  |>voeeedings,  also  attributes  the  appointment  to  her  own  desire  for  it, 
ini.'euerourtly  remarking:  '  Y  con  todos  cstos  extrcmos  excedia  su  ambicion  ;i 
la<  lai.'riiiia?,  y  el  dessco  dc  miular  a  la  falda  del  mongil  y  pligues  do  la  toca.' 
The  only  dissenting  voice  to  her  appointment  was  that  of  the  alcalde,  Gonzalo 
Oiti/,,  wIk)  probably  objected  to  it  on  the  grounds  of  her  apparent  want  of 
^ulleuess.  Altliongh  ludf  a  page  was  left  blank  for  the  entry  of  his  opinion  it 
Mas  never  tilled  up.  This  blank  half  p:»ge  still  existed  in  1015.  The  signa- 
tire  (if  tlio  hapless  lady  on  this  occasion  was  written  thus:  La  sin  ventura 
I'^ifia  r.c.itriz.  In  tlio  original  a  line  is  drawn  through  the  words  Dona  IJea- 
triz  whii  h  was  )ir(d)ably  done  by  herself  at  the  time  of  signing  with  the  object 
ef  letting  it  be  known  that  in  future  she  wished  to  be  called  I,a  Sin  Ventura. 
U'lft.  C/ii/ct/Ki,  l(i()-8.  This  same  author  states  on  page  3(57  that  Cueva's  ap- 
l'(jintnient  by  the  viceroy  was  not  recognized  by  the  city  because  it  was  not 
ill'  'iianied  liy  his  commission  as  governor.  I  cannot  agree  with  tlio  abo\o 
liuiiiuiitics  who  attribute  to  Dona  Hcatriz  such  ambitious  feelings  while  in 
the  state  of  despair  to  which  she  abandoned  herself,  but  regard  her  appoint- 
iiiout  as  a  puiely  diplomatic  proceeding. 


314 


PROGRESS  OF  AFFAIRS  IN  GUATEiLVLA. 


that  of  many  others  was  scaled.  The  rains  (lurin^i- 
this  year  had  been  excessive,  and  from  Thursday  the 
8th  of  September  until  noon  of  the  following  Suiidnv 
it  rained  continuously,  while  an  unusually  violent 
wind  prevailed.^  The  reader  is  aware  that  the  citv 
of  Santiago  was  situated  on  the  slope  of  the  lof'tv 
volcau  do  Agua.^  This  mountain  is  a  beautifuHv 
symmetrical  cone  nearly  fifteen  thousand  feet  aljovo 
the  sea,  and  in  its  enormous  crater  was  a  small  lalce, 
which,  owing  to  the  heavy  rainfall,  had  risen  to  tlic 
top  of  the  enclosing  sides.  On  the  10th  of  Scptoiu- 
ber,"  about  two  hours  after  nightfall,  a  volcanic  erup- 
tion dislodged  an  immense  volume  of  water,  or  the 
imprisoned  lake  burst  its  barrier.  However  that  may 
have  been,  at  this  fearful  moment  down  came  the 
impetuous  Hood  upon  the  doomed  city%  ten  thousand 
feet  below,  and  not  more  than  a  league  distant  from 
the  top,  bringing  great  trees  and  masses  of  rock''  and 
hurling  them  upon  the  inhabitants.  The  wind  and 
rain  and  darkness  rendered  the  disaster  all  the  more 

'  The  l)asf)  of  tho  following;  account  of  the  dcatruction  of  Santiajjo  City  is 
taken  from  Bishop  ^IaiTO(iuiirs  narrative  in  Pachero and( 'drd< ncf,  Vol.  J-i'i-:, 
iii.  .S8G-8,  and  from  another  and  fuller  narration  without  signature  in/'/., 
.S78-S0.  Ovicdo,  iv.  '27-IJ-,  gives  an  almost  verbatim  copy  of  it,  ami  states: 
'Estaa  nuevas  truxo  A  la  isla. .  .Cuba,  Johan  do  Alvarado,  sobrino  del  iiR'siiio 
adelantado  don  I'edro,  quo  nportii  al  puerto  do  la  Habana,  desde  domle  el 
capitan  Johan  do  Lol)ora,  sii  amigo  6  imo  de  los  niilites  que  un  tieiiipo  an- 
duvierou  con  cl  niesmo  adelantado,  mo  escribio  todo  lo  quea  diclio  {nir  su 
carta  fcclia  A  quatro  do  cnero  de  mill  6  quinientos  6  quarcnta  y  doa  nfios.'  it 
must,  however,  bo  remarked  that  tiio  letter  in  Pac/uco  and  L'lirdouui  bears 
iinquestionable  evidence  of  havinf^  been  written  in  Oruatemala.  Juan  tie  Alva- 
rado, who  had  been  recommended  by  Marroquin  to  the  emperor  for  tlio  gov- 
ci-norship — Pochico  and  Cdnleiian,  Col.  Doc,  xiii.  271 — was  on  his  way  to 
Spain.  I  conjecture  that  he  was  the  bearer  of  this  anonymous  account  of  tlio 
calamity  and  alloweil  Loljera  to  transcribe  it,  who  merely  changed  tlie  lii'st 
person  into  the  thiid  and  forwarded  it  to  Ovicdo  in  Santo  Domingo. 

*The  town  unfortunately  occupied  a  site  in  a  uaturalhollow  running  clown 
the  mountain  siile. 

"JJernal  Diaz  (ed.  Paris,  1837),  iv.  403-4;  Ilerrera,  dec.  vii.  lib.  ii.  cap. 
xiii.;  Ooniara,  Ilint.  IiuL,  1270,  the  records  of  the  cabildo  according  to  7i''"i'- 
wf/,  Uht.  Vhyapa,  ool),  and  Vazquez,  (Jliron.  de  Grat.,  104-."),  give  .Septeiiilier 
tho  litli  as  the  date.  Jjut  Marro(iuin  and  the  anonymous  writer  both  slati) 
that  the  disaster  occurred  on  Saturday  night,  the  first  authority  mciUioniiig 
that  the  preceding  Thursday  was  the  8th. 

""  Porquo  las  jiiedras,  como  diez  bueyes  juntos,  las  llevaba  come  corclia 
Bobro  el  ngua.'  Pel.,  in  Pachceo  and  Cdrdi'iia-i,  Col.  Doc,  iii.  383.  Tlie  iin- 
iiiensc  stones  brought  down  by  this  deluge  were  still  to  be  seen  in  the  city 
when  Bcnial  Diaz  wrote,  (ed.  Paris,  1837),  iv.  403. 


DEATH  OF  D05s  A  BEATRIZ. 


SIS 


appalling.  Many  wore  killed,  not  knowing  what  had 
coinu  upon  thcni.  There  was  no  selection  of  victims; 
Spanish  colonist  and  Indian  servant  were  stricken 
down,  the  gambler  at  liis  dice  and  the  worshipper 
kneeling  at  the  shrine.  In  that  night  of  horror  each, 
as  lie  struggled  solitarj'  from  the  seething  torrent, 
might  fancy  himself  the  only  survivor.  Numbers 
])eiished,  and  many  were  cast  from  its  embrace  upon 
tiriii  ijfround,  with  man<jled  limbs  and  bodies  crushed." 
Dona  Beatriz — truly  La  Sin  Ventura,  the  hapless 
one,  as  she  had  signed  herself  the  day  before — at  the 
first  alarm,  gathering  her  maids  around  her,  hastened 
to  the  oratory.  But  of  what  avail  was  prayer?  The 
Maters  were  upon  them,  and  at  the  second  outluirst 
swept  down  the  chapel  and  buried  beneath  its  ruins 
the  lady-governor  and  her  handmaidens."  Before 
striking  Alvarado's  house  the  flood  had  washed  away 
two  others  with  their  occupants.  There  were  in 
the  dwelling  other  members  of  the  household,  and 
among  them  Dona  Leonor,  the  eldest  natural  daugh- 
ter of  Alvarado.  These  Dona  Beatriz  sent  for,  but 
most  of  them  were  carried  away  by  the  torrent,  though 
Dona  Leonor  and  some  others  escaped.  A  largo 
number  of  Indians  of  both  sexes  belon^nnsr  to  tlie 
household  were  also  drowned.  Two  chaplains  who 
Mere  in  the  house  were  swept  through  a  MindoM'  and 

"'Y  niuchos,  qucbrados  brazos  y  piernas,  (Ic  qwe  nlgunos  dcspucs  han 
muerto.'  Par/uco  iind  Cdrdrmif,  Col.  J>or.,  iii.  .383. 

'-The  liishop  says  that  eight  'donccllas'  perished  with  her,  'entrcllas  dofia 
Anica,  liija  natural  del  Adclantado,  do  o  afios.'  Id.,  3S~.  Cuusult  also 
Vuiiiiim,  ll'mt.  IikL.  V(i:ijuz,  C/iroii.  ile  drat.,  01,  and  lliinc^id,  llisf.  C/i'/dji'i, 
17'i-Sl).  This  last  author  gives  a  vivid  account  of  this  catastioplio,  hut  up- 
pwiis  to  liave  drawn  considerably  upon  his  imagination.  lie  nlhiiiis  that 
roju'iiti'd  vi  ilciit  shocks  of  earthquake  occurred;  that  the  Volcaii  do  Agua  was 
rcihict'd  a  Icngue  in  height — '  I'arccioel  nioto  descabccado  cO  vna  legua  nicnos 
(le  suliiila'— and  indulges  in  general  exaggeration,  ^^'ith  regard  to  the  cai'th- 
'Huikisitiiiiiy  bo  slated  that  Kcniesal,  page .").")!»,  asalso^'az(|Ul■z,  Chrnii.  d  ■Ciuf. , 
l(Ji-U,  (]U()tc3  from  the  Ijooks  of  the  cabildo  with  date  of  Scptend>er  9,  K")  t'J, 
as  tjlluv.s :  '  Que  porquc  I"!  vn  ano  que  por  nuestros  pecados,  vino  el  terroinoto, 
e  tcmpo'stad  a  esta  Ciudad;'  and  again  on  page  .30,"),  from  the  minutes  of  tlio 
same  \vi til  date  of  Septend)er  IC,  lr)41,  ^Qiic.  par  qiuuito  l>'ios  vii<Mfo  Sciior 
Jif  firiihlo. .  .{[q  embiar  tempcstad  6  torro  molto  a  esta  Ciudad.'  V>\\t  as 
iiiiUicr  liishop  Marroquin  nor  the  Anonymons  Writer  makes  mention  of  any 
c,uthi;':u!;".  I  can  but  conclude  that  none  took  place,  notwithstanding  an  entry 
lu  tuo  books  of  tiio  cabildo  a,  year  after  the  evcut  to  the  contrary. 


816 


PROGRESS  OF  AFFAIRS  IX  GUATEMALA. 


3- 


'■;! 


carried  for  some  distance  to  the  plaza  where  they  wore 
rescued.  Several  attempts  were  made  during  tho 
night  to  reach  Alvarado's  house,  but  only  one  person, 
Francisco  Cava,  succeeded.  Dona  Beatriz'  apartiiuiit 
which  she  had  left  was  the  only  portion  of  the  build- 
ing left  standing.  Had  she  remained  there,  instead  of 
rushing  to  the  church,  she  and  those  wnth  her  would 
have  been  saved.  Many  supernatural  horrors  wuic 
reported  to  have  occurred  during  the  night,  the  par- 
ticulars of  which  are  related  by  Bernal  l)iaz. 

While  this  blow  was  falling  upon  Alvarado's  house 
and  household,  his  kinsman  Francisco  de  la  Cueva  was 
in  extreme  peril.  At  the  first  roar  of  the  descending 
flood,  heard  al)ove  the  raging  tempest,  he  imagined 
that  some  violent  disturbance  had  occurred  in  the 
town  and  rushed  out  lance  in  hand,  only  to  be  driven 
back,  however,  by  the  avalanche  of  water.  Retiring 
with  the  Spaniards  of  his  house  to  his  study,  he  es- 
caped the  danger,  though  that  apartment  was  tlio 
only  portion  of  the  building  left  standing." 

When  day  dawned  the  scene  of  desolation  was  heart- 
rending. The  water  had  passed  away,  and  on  all  sides 
the  ruins  of  the  city  were  exposed  to  view.  Most  of 
the  houses  had  been  overthrown  or  swept  away,  and 
the  few  which  remained  were  so  filled  with  mud  that 
they  were  untenantable.  Whole  families  had  per- 
ished." The  streets  were  choked  up  with  accumula- 
ted debris,  trunks  of  mutilated  trees,  and  huge  rocks. 
Scattered  in  all  this  wreck  lay  disfigured  corpses  and 
carcasses  of  drowned  cattle.^'' 

"  One  Spaniard  and  GO  Indians  who  were  outside  nil  perished.  Such  is 
the  account  given  by  the  bishop.  That  of  the  anonymous  writer  ditlcrH  from 
it.  lie  states  tliat  Cueva  escaped  from  tlie  liouse  and  saved  himself  by  getting 
iipon  IX  wall  wliich  had  remained  standing. 

'*  Tlie  anonymous  writer,  pp.  381-2,  gives  the  names  of  eight,  and  says  that 
more  tluin  40  Spaniards  of  ))oth  sexes  lost  their  lives.  The  bishop,  pago  3S8, 
mentions  the  names  of  twelve  settlers  whose  houses  were  eonipletoly  over- 
thrown or  washed  away,  adding:  'Si  bicnalgunos  destos  se  salvaron;'  iiiul  fur- 
ther on  informs  us  that  'Murieron,  sin  los espauoles dichos,  masdo  000  imlios. 
^'az(luez  states  that  about  100  Spaniards  and  over  200  Mexiciin  and  ThxsLalan 
allies  escaped  unharmed.  Chron.  de  Gvaf.,  98. 

ij  'E  gran  suma  de  ganado,  que  tom<i  en  el  monte  y  otra  que  toino  lu  la 
cibdad,  que  se  vinieron  d  ella  huycado.'  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc,  iii. 


GATHERING  UP  THE  DEAD. 


317 


And  now  began  the  sad,  sad  search  for  the  dead, 
full(»\vod  by  mournful  burial.  Many  of  the  lost  were 
iiivt  r  found.  The  bodies  of  Dona  Beatriz  and  those 
\vl)(»  perished  with  her  were  recovered  with  one  ex- 
ception. Her  remains  were  interred  with  due  solem- 
nity near  the  high  altar  of  the  cathedral,"  and  those 
(it  her  companions  in  death  were  reverently  laid  side 
Ijv  side  in  one  common  grave."  While  the  last  rites 
of  the  church  were  duly  performed  for  the  behoof  of 
this  linpless  lady,  the  stricken  community  regarded 
the  catastrophe  which  had  befallen  them  as  a  mani- 
fistation  of  divine  wrath;  and  though  most  of  the 
snivivors  looked  upon  it  as  a  merited  punishment  for 
tlair  own  sins,  there  were  not  wanting  those  who 
attributed  the  cause  of  God's  anger  to  the  intemperate 
laiiijjnage  made  use  of  by  Dofia  Beatriz  in  her  freii  icd 
giictV^  So  much  insane  foolishness  can  be  wrapped 
in  words  of  wisdom!  The  bishop  endeavored  to  en- 
courage his  flock  though  in  such  deep  dejection.     A 

3S8.    The  mud  in  the  streets  reached  almost  up  to  the  highest  windows.  Id. , 

3sa-4. 

"*  Xo  mention  is  made  of  the  church  having  received  damage.  A  portion 
of  the  bishop's  residence  was  destroyed,  causing  the  death  of  'un  baciiillor 
t'ljutriras.'  Id.,  3S8.  According  to  Relue^•al  the  remains  of  Dona  Beatriz 
WLie  sulwoquently  transferred  to  the  cathedral  of  the  new  city.  From  the 
(lay  oil  wiiich  she  perished  the  bishop  ordered  three  masses  to  be  said  weokly 
for  tlie  ri']i()se  of  her  soul.  Hid.  <  'hijapa,  181.  Benzoni  describes  this  Lady  as 
'awiiiiian  truly  proud,  vain,  and  haughty;'  while  Alvarado,  in  a  letter  to  tlie 
caliibh),  ihitud  Puerto  de  Caballos,  April  4,  1.j39,  assures  that  body  that 
'Dofia  l>Liitriz  esti'i  muy  buena.'  Arivulo,  Col.  Doc.  Aiiti;/.,  179. 

''  Tliiii-  remains  were  removed  in  I'lSO  to  the  Franciscan  convent  at 
Almoliiiig.i.  The  inscription,  in  l(il5-17,  said  that  there  were  buried  Juan  de 
AitiaL'a  and  twelve  lady  companions,  all  of  whom  perished  with  Dona  Beatriz 
ill  1541,  RuniKdl,  llixt.  Chyapa,  181.  This  inscription  is  confirmed  by  Vaz- 
quez. Vliron.  de  Gvnt.,  90. 

'"  Tlie  liishop,  however,  thought  otherwise.  In  an  address  to  the  people 
for  the  iiuiposeof  encouraging  them,  he  said:  'Que  ;l  los  buenos  habia  Ucvado 
I'ios  ii  sii  gloria  y  A  los  que  los  habia  dexado,  nos  habia  avisado  para  (pie 
fuOscnios  tales.'  Parlieco  and  Curdniax,  Col.  Doc,  iii.  385.  Rcmesiil  uncom- 
inoiiiisiimly  attributes  the  catastrophe  to  blasphemous  language  of  Dona 
I'lcatiiz.  and  ailds  that  so  exasperated  were  the  inhabitants  that  they  wi.-.hucl 
to  cast  iii'ibody  to  the  dogs,  as  that  of  another  Jezebel,  //(.s/.  Chyapa,  1T9-80. 
^ iizijiuz  treats  this  charge  as  an  absurdity  and  intimates  that  it  is  an  iiiven- 
ti<'u  of  lli'iiiesal,  who  he  says  was  the  first  to  publish  such  a  story.  Chroii. 
il'!  <!vnl.,  111.  But  this  last  author  also  errs,  since  the  belief  xmdoubtedly  pre- 
vailed, as  is  proved  by  the  anonymous  writer  on  the  obove  quoted  page  of 
rwhim  and  ('lirdciiuK.  Mendieta,  while  inclined  to  excuse  the  language 
uttrilnited  to  Dona  Beatriz,  implies  that  it  M'as  a  punishment  from  God  wlio 
Wiis  ilispleasod  with  Alvarado's  iiregular  second  marriage.  Jlist.  Edts.,  390. 


31S 


PROGRESS  OF  AFFAIP.S  IN  GUATEMALA. 


penitential  procession  was  lieltl  and  the  litany  cliantod 
before  the  high  altar.  Ho  enjoined  them,  moreover, 
to  fast  and  pray  on  Wednesdays,  Fridays,  and  S.itiir- 
days.  Further  to  cheer  them  he  recommended  all 
mourning  to  be  put  aside. 

Nevertheless  the  gloom  which  had  fallen  upon  the 
community  was  not  soon  dispelled,  and  at  every 
threatening  change  of  the  sky  tlie  panic-stricken  set- 
tlers sought  safety  on  the  hills.  A  unanimous  desire 
to  abandon  the  spot  prevailed ;  many  of  the  inhabitants 
left  it  and  went  to  reside  on  their  farms,"  while  those 
who  remained^''  expressed  their  determination  to  go 
elsewhere.  To  arrest  total  abandonment  and  (lis 
persion  the  cabildo,  on  the  22d  of  October,  is^^iicd  a 
decree  prohibiting  any  citizen  from  leaving  under  a 
j)enalty  of  one  hundred  pesos  do  oro.-^  And  long  after 
the  capital  had  been  removed  to  another  site,  a  [)eniteii- 
tial  procession,  attended  by  the  civil  and  ecelcisiastieal 
orders,  lel't  the  new  city  at  daybreak  on  each  anni- 
versary and  visited  the  former  capital  in  mournful 
conunemoration  of  this  calamitv.  liearin'Tf'  ci-osses  in 
their  hands,  chanting  the  litanv,  and  praving  i'or  the 
sai'oty  of  their  city,  the  j^eojilo  marched  in  all  huniility 
to  the  former  cathedral."  There  mass  was  celoljratid 
and  the  graves  of  the  dead  were  decorated,  after  which 
the  procession  dispersed.^^ 

The  death  of  Doiia  Beatriz  liad  left  the  province 
without  a  ruler.  Cueva's  position  at  the  head  of  the 
government  was  nolon<>errecoL'"nized,  and  In  the  crisis 

'*  I'rrntil  Diaz,  Hist.  Vfnlwl.  (cd.  Paris,  I.'-'IT),  iv.  4(17. 
■-''  Nniio  <l;irc;il  to  occii])v  tho  few  houses  Icl't.  and  a  lar"o  I)aii'a('l;  vai  cr.r- 

lU  duclliii'^-placc.  J'wiico 


sti'iictcd  (111  tho  outskirts  of  tlw  ti 


own  as  a  (.'oiuuu 


auii  '  'dnh 


Col.  J)o 


id.  'Ml 


ToniULiur.da  atti'iidt'd  on;.!  (jf  those  jiroccrsions.     ]Ic  writes;  'Hniii  cailii 


//,  /llsf.  ('!ii/(ipi.,  .S(i(>. 


Afio,  cii  cl  i.iisi 


L)i 


la,  fiuo  h"  corp'snoiuU:  al  du  ol  aiii"';iuiK'nlo  iv  >"  ii''>J 


ill: 


ru  c'lia  vu 


Ann 


y  pcrdou  dc  avi'rlo  otViidido.'  i, 


))idii'iidn  h  Dios  scguviKud  en  hi  sog 


inula 


laoioa, 


:dth 


'Simn  after  tlie  death  of  liishop  Marroi|uin  the  eustoni  was  (h'scmitimic 


he  left  a  fund  to  su 


pjiort  its  ol)ser Vance, 


JJrninl  JJltr.,  Ilisf.  I '<;•.'>"/., 


(eil.  Paris,  IS.'iT).  iv.  4()8-!».     It  was  estal.Ushed  at  a  meeti 


till 


:il'il<l 


n\  Se|)tend>er  it,  1542.   /i 


i/,  //(V.  <■/< 


i/i  1,1(1. 


.m!».    After  the  old  rhmvii  wm 


liulled  do\.     *'iu  procession  inarched  to  tho  Franciscan  cuuvent  in  the  eld  M)'. 


l\tz 


'jiic:;,  enroll.  < 


le  a  vat.,  1G4-0. 


CUEVA  AND  MARROQUIN'. 


319 


(if  afrairs  the  cabiklo  met  on  tlic  IGtli  and  17th  of 
Sojit<inbcr,  and  after  some  discussion  elected  Cueva 
and  ])isliop  Marroquin  joint  governors  provisionally.^* 
Tlio  l/isliop  in  a  letter  addressed  to  the  king,  dated 
Fcliruary  20,  1542,  informs  his  ^lajesty  that  in  ac- 
ccjitiiig  the  appointment  he  had  not  been  inlhiencod 
1)V  any  desire  of  wealth,  honor,  or  power  but  by  the 
actual  state  of  affairs,  and  at  the  same  time  urgently 
lirinn's  before  his  notice  the  necessity  of  his  a] (point- 
ing a  governor  of  great  influence  and  ability.  He  had 
liuviouslv  sucfufested  certain  individuals,-^''  whom  ho 
(K'Liiicd  fully  capable  and  worthy  of  filling  the  office. 
These  recommendations  he  now  reiterates,  holdiu'' 
liinisclf  responsible  should  the  king  be  j)Ieased  to  act 
in  accordance  with  his  views.  The  bishop,  moreover, 
intimates  that  the  nmnicipal  government  had  fallen 
into  unworthy  hands,  owing  to  the  resignation  or 
(K'atli  of  honorable  regidores  who  liad  been  members 

The  necessitv  of  selecting  men 


[iivvious  cabildos. 
u'ood  judu'ment 


tl 


I 


nd  zealous  m  tac  royal  service,  is 
linlod  out,  and  of  such  vital  importance  is  the  cloc- 
ti.)U  of  such  men  to  the  wehare  of  the  province,  that 
^iFarro'juin  implores  his  Majesty  to  oi-,lcr  that  those 


\\'l\n 


had  resiLTued  should  resuii 


oliice 


V\'liile  describing  the  coiuitry  a.-^  tranquil  he  pict- 
iins  the  colony  as  almost  in  a   state  of  dissolution. 


The  1; 


ito  calami 


ty  had 


involves 


I  tl 


le  si 


.•ttl 


ers  in  Lire; 


piivirty,-"  and  the  contrast  betv;een  tlieir  present  con- 
ditidu  and  the  state  of  prosjierity  to  wliich  they  had 
arrived  under  Alvarado's  rule  induced  them  to  medi- 


•'/■/.,  SGO;  EgrnmiUa,  Nof'iciwiCurioKH^ilc  fliiat.,  MS.,  I. 

•''I'lio:,!,' wore  the  oulor  Maldonailo,  Juan  do  A!v:u;!(lii,  ;v  noplicw  of  tho 
i1('ci';hi'(1  iKk'lantiidii,  niul  Jnaii  (.'liavoz,  a  re.  iduiit  of  ^^a^ua'•o.  MdrfO'/ioii, 
ill  J'li-lirTt  and  Cicrili  ii(f.t,  Cnl.  ])oi\,  xiii.  "JVl.  .Iiusii  do  AU.uadu  was  it 
11' plu'wcf  tlio  adi'luiitado,  and  aocDixliii;^  to  llornal  l>i:i/  wtiit  toNn.-iiii  vitli 
IV.Ii-o,  a  ii:it\iial  s'mof  tho  coiiqiU'TDr,  iioiLlur  hi.iug  I'viT  h.  aril  uf  aftcrwanl. 

"''llo  rc'i'oiiHiioiids  as  honoralilo  ijciitli'iiifii,  Sanclio  do  I'araonn,  a  coii- 
<l!ii4,idiir,  Ijiriia  i  Moiidoz,  mid  Doctor  Ijla.s  Cota.  J'l.,  ,"70-7.  Cuiisult  also 
^'•/,/.v../,  //^^  rlnjajui,  ,-)S-!t,  S(i."). 

■'  'lli/o  luiuhcj  dafiv  I'll  las  tiouchis  y  iiuroadoiias.'  /'nrln'co  and  Cdn/'  im-f, 
'■"'•  /''«■.,  iii.  :!SS.  'I'ho  oal.ihh)  in  u  litt^  :•  lo  llio  idii;,'  dalo'i  Si[>tcinlM'r  1(», 
luloii-ays,  'purdinioscasi  todoa  lo  4110  touiuinos."  ArtC(il--,CJ,Dor.Aiitiy.,'20, 


■( 


1 


!:■  ; 


320 


PROGRESS  OF  AFFAIRS  IN  GUATEMALA. 


,.     -1      "      '      ^'      '      "  "     "     A-     .,      , 


Ancient  ani>  Mohkun  Glatemala. 


THE  XEW  SANTIAGO  CITY. 


321 


tatr  leaving  the  province  ultogctlicr.  To  oljviatc  this 
evil  MaiToquiu  distributed  a  portion  of  the  Indians 
uliicli  had  belonged  to  the  adelantado  among  a  lew 
of  the  most  deserving  who  were  thus  induced  to  re- 
main.-^ 

After  the  election  of  the  joint  governors  the  impor- 
tant ([uestion  of  removal  was  discussed  by  the  author- 
ities and  citizens.  That  the  interests  of  the  country 
dcuiandcd  such  a  step  was  the  almost  unanimous  o})in- 
ii)ii,"''  and  the  selection  of  a  new  site  at  once  occupied 
gciiei-al  attention.  On  this  matter  opinions  were  more 
varied  and  several  localities  were  proposed.  The  ar- 
MUiiient  in  favor  of  the  valley  of  Tianguez  in  the  i)lains 
of  Chinialtenaniijo  was  agam  revived  and  found  sup- 
porters,  while  by  others  the  valley  of  Petapa  or  that 
of  Mixco  were  preferred.  There  were,  however,  objec- 
tions to  the  removal  of  the  city  to  any  great  distance 
from  its  existing  site.  It  was  borne  in  mind  that  the 
viilliv  of  Almolonga  was  already  cultivated,  and  that 
in  its  vicinity  were  cattle  farms  which  owing  to  the 
prevailing  poverty  and  the  necessities  of  the  inhjibi- 
tants  should  not  be  abandoned;^"  and  after  a  canl'ul 
inwstigation  of  the  advantages  offered  by  dilr'erent 
lucalilies,"'  those  of  the  valley  of  Panchoy  were  con- 

•'  It  V,  ill  1)0  vomcmbcred  that  Alvarado  appointed  Marroquin  his  cxecntdr. 
The  liisli.ip  jusiiiics  this  ]iroi'ci.'aiiig  by  tho  necessity  of  the  (icei.sim!.  ]Lid 
tli(Mlist'ilimiim  not  huen  iniulo  he  assures  the  king  that  two  thirds  of  tiio 
iSi'aiiiard.-i  wuuld  Ik.vo  left,  hilt  he  adds  that,  nevei-tlieless,  the  (.'leatur ];ortiua 
of  Alviuadi/s  liidians  liad  been  reserve'  to  hii  ehildrcn.   Id.,  xiii.  'JfiS-O, 

'■"■'At  a  fipeciid  nieotinj;  held  on  the  'JTtii  of  Septendier,  4;)  eitizens  Mere 
pi'c'si'iit,  nialvin.,'Mith  the  aiithoriti  s  oo  persons  in  all.  t)f  tins.'  -l.'J  voted  lur 
riiuuvid,  live  awunst  it,  and  seven  were  without  choice.  Jua/'run,  Ciiaf.,  ii. 

2o;t. 

'"Rrmi'ml,  Ilht.  Chijapn,  3(!G.  Bishop  Marrorpun  was  at  first  in  favor  if 
rfnioviiiLf  to  some  liiudi  )ilains  two  leagues  oil',  hut  I'ortho  rcasonsahove  staled 
and  also  in  order  t(j  lessen  the  labor  of  the  Indians  he  changed  his  opinion. 
/^ic'/inT)  and  dinlriKis,  Cuf.  ])(><:.,  xiii.  KTO-l. 

"  At  an  open  meeting  lield  on  the  '2d  of  October,  at  which  7'^  persons  wiro 
swDHi  in  to  vote  without  fear  or  self dnt  rest,  41)  vided  for  ninosid  to  (liiiiud- 
ti'iiango  and  'J!)  to  the  valley  of  Alotciiango,  and  the  former  pliiee  \\a>,  fnr- 
inaily  iliclareil  the  future  site  of  the  city.  At  this  juncture  .luau  llautisuv 
AnteiaHi,  11  riiyal  emrineer,  arrived  with  instructions  to  sujierintend  the  lay- 
ing'nut  lit  towns.  He  made  an  examination  of  various  loealitiis  and  ga\e  in 
a  tuU  ri|iort  ujion  the  vidleys  of  J.as  \'aoas,  (dumaltenaugo,  Alotenan^o, 
Milpasdr  I.uisde  Alvar.'ulo.  and  the  valley  of 'J'uertoiU'  ramhoy.and  strongly 
icwmuaa.kd  the  se!relion  of  tlie  latter.  Juuiion,  Oual.,  ii.'-JOo-U.  iltdpij 
illsr.  CENT.  .\M.,  Vol..   11.     '.il 


322 


PROGRESS  OF  AFFAIRS  IX  GUATEMALA. 


sidcrcd  to  lie  so  superior  tliat  in  cabildo  held  on  tlie 
22d  of  October  it  was  ordered  that  the  future  city 
should  be  there  erected.^" 

At  no  t>-reater  distance  therefore  than  half  a  leng'iio 
from  the  ruins  of  Santiago,  on  the  site  oceu})iecl  by 
tlic  present  Antigua  Guatemala,  the  Spaniards  once 
more  laid  out  a  city.  The  customar}'  assignment  of 
lots  was  made,  town  commons  set  apart,  and  the  na- 
tives agjiin  made  to  toil  in  the  erection  of  buildiii^-.s 
lor  their  op[)ressors.^"'  Nevertlieless  the  work  did  not 
progress  with  the  rapidity  which  the  authorities  sociu 
at  lirst  to  have  expected,"*  and  though  during  1542 
some  progress  was  made,  even  the  house  of  the  ca- 
bildo had  not  been  completed  in  April  154.3.  The 
exact  date  of  the  formal  removal  of  the  municij)ality 
to  the  new  city  is  not  known,^'  but  on  the  10th  (if 
JNIarch  1543  a  session  was  held  there. ^^  On  tlie  12th 
of  Juno  I'ollowing  the  host  was  transferred  from  the 
church  of  the  ruined  town  in  solenni  procession,  at- 


snspccts  tliat  Aiitonclli's  report  had  reference  to  some  other  occa  ion  iuhI  dis- 
cnHlits  it.  >7/.  Com/.,  iii.  liiM.  For  general  map  of  Giuiteuiahi  see  p.  lloiiii^ 
vol. 

'^'-Juarr::^,  \\\n  sup.  Iici'nal  Diaz  considered  that  cither  the  valky  of 
Petapa  or  C'hinialtenang(3  would  luivo  been  a  more  favo-.aljle  situaUiia  on 
neeonnt  of  t!ie  frequent  ovurllowin,'.;  of  the  river  and  the  earthquukos  tivpcri- 
eneed  fit  I'anelioy.   lihf.  I'cnl'id.,  iv.  led.  Paris,  l,s;i7),  407. 

"■'  'J  he  eahildo  considered  it  their  duty  nioro  tlian  once  to  pass  laws  to  pre- 
vent the  liidi;!!!.-!  from  lieing  ovei'loaded.  JiCiiiisnl,  JJist.  <  /ii/hjki.  ;jiJ7-S. 
I'^very  month  the  Caliehiiinels  of  the  dependency  of  tlie  Ahpozoii'.il  were  cuia- 
pelleil  t^»  fianifdi  l,tlu;)  laljoreis  (jf  \>oA\  bcxe.s  to  aid  the  piisiuiers  of  «ai'  ill 
the  lini;<l;ii','  of  (In;  city.  CdL'r/iiqiu/,  JIS.,  JJ/'riy.-'inr  i.e  Jl-inhou  ij,  ll'i-^l.  Xat. 
('/('.,  iv.  7'.'v>.  Tiie  andicncia  and  vireroy  of  Mexico  ordered  the  Indiiais  (if 
Alvarado'.i  estate  to  he  employed  in  the  ereclioii  of  the  new  city.  The  hidpip 
iipp(.'alcd  againtt  this  order  on  the  ground  of  the  distribution  which  lio  luul 
made  already,  tlie  annulling  of  whicli  would  cause  great  dissaiitifuution.  Oala, 
in  I'ii'Ikh)  and  ('(lrd<iifi<,  (Jul.  Doc,  -xiii.  -70. 

^'  On  IS'ovemlicr  18,  l.i41,  the  caliildo  issued  a  decree  ordering  Ints  to  1* 
enclosed  wiih  adobe  walls  l)efore  St  .John's  ilay,  June  lo4i.',  nnder  i)eiialty  of 
fiiri'ciam'.  The  time  given  being  fotnid  to  be  tipo  short,  ii  was  cxtcut'cd  (^'i 
Jlay  "J I,  b"4_',  to  caster  in  the  following  year.  Hciiic^dl,  lli.^t.  Chyitim,  :i(l.V7. 

^'  Iklj's,  who  is  given  to  looseness  in  his  statements,  without  ipiotiii.',' iitiv 
authority  in  thi.*  insiance  liohlly  states  tiiat  'the  4l]i  of  Decemlicr  l.)4li  was 
tiiC  day  vi\  which  the  Spaniards  took  pos.jession  of  tiieir  new  (piarters.'  <'>/i. 
Cuiiff.,  iii.  o'M. 

^"  Itcmesal  asserts  that  the  entry  in  the  l)o<  ks  of  the  cabildo  mi  that  date 
is  the  lirst  to  indirate  a  session  iiehl  in  the  new  city;  'esc!  ]iriniero  (|iii!  w 
escriuo  en  esta  foiiiia.  L'li  lit,  niifhul  dc  SaiUiuyo  de  UuaUiiuda,  ca  d  imchIo 
liuiuu  dclln,'  etc.    J/l-'t.  C/iyiqxi,  IJliS. 


ALOXSO  DE  MALDOXADO. 


323 


tondod  by  the  civil  authorities,  and  all  the  people  pres- 
ent ill  the  city. 

At  a  session  held  on  the  21st  of  May  1543  a  decree 
was  passed  by  the  cabildo  that  the  city  sliould  retain 
thu  title  of  the  one  destroyed,''''  and  the  notaries  were 
didrivd  to  use  in  all  documents  the  heading  Ciudad 
(Ir  Santiago  and  no  other,  under  penalty  ot"  a  fine  of 
till  pesos  de  oro.  This  decree  M'as  publicly  pro- 
tlaiuicd  on  the  13tli  of  June  foUowinj''.^ 


^Meantime  another  change  had  taken  place  in  the 
gowrnnient.  On  the  2d  of  ^March  1542  the  vicen^y 
(if  Xc'W  Spain  appointed  the  oidor  Alonso  de  Mal- 
(l  iiiado  provisional  ruler  of  Guatemala,  ])ending  in- 
SLriielions  from  the  crown,  and  on  the  17th  of  ^lay 
I'nllowing  the  new  governor  presented  his  conunis- 
siun  to  tlie  cabildo  and  was  placed  in  office  the  same 
day.^' 

Duiin;;'  the  following  year  excitement  pi'evailcd  in 
(^iiiateuuda  owing  to  information  having  boon  received 
in  October  of  tlie  new  code  of  laws  and  the  establish- 
hiLiit  of  the  audiencia  of  the  Confines.  It  was  at 
onre  resolved  to  make  an  appeal  to  the  throne,  and 
•  m  the  12th  of  the  same  month  the  cabildo  met  to 
a[)i)()int  procurators  to  Spain.  The  o])inion  of  the 
inlialjitants  having'  been  taken,'*"  a  connnittee  invested 
Miih  power  of  electing  representatives  Nva;_i  appointed," 
l>ut  it  was  unable  to  agvee,  and  on  tlie  2'.^tli  of  Feb- 
rnavy  1.144  IJei'iian  Alemlez  pi-esented  a  jietition  to 
tlie  (^aliihlo  ])roposing  that  a  mass  meeting  l>o  lu'ld  in 
lac  principal  church  in  order  that  the  general  vote 


ii  ii 


k 

J!     Ii 

f  & 

A  'y' 
;:■  I'll 


u 


'"Callcil  lii'ncofortli  riudnd  Vicja. 

^' L'l  iiii.-,il.  hist.  ('Ii>i(tjiii,  ,'>(iS.  Tliis  author  w.'is  prL'st-nted  v.ilh  a  ixiiiit- 
iii;.'ot' lliL' city,  (.'Xi'diU'il  )py  Caiitaiii  ]MiL,'ucl  iK;  ()rti';ra  :it  tl'.c  ri"|Uc.st  uf  tlio 
lUulioiKics.     ][(.  (li'seril)(M]  it  as  roinv.scnting  a  sct'iio  truly  ncautil'iil. 

"'■' A'mhiv/',  //;.,7.  C/i,i,ipa,  'JOD,  :Mu. 
It  um  llio  {ri'iiciiil  wish  tliiit  (idvcrnor  M;ililonai1o  h'houlil  be  chosen, 
I'lit  this  \v;iH  iiiiiliii'il  imi)ossil)lo  hv  liis  npiioiiitincnt  as  prcsiilout  of  the  new 

I'uaiviicid.  ;>,».. w/,  /list.  cfii/iii'a,''.yx\. 

Tlio  iiicuiliei's  wi'i'u  the  lii.sho]),  (,'ristiil)al  dc.  !a  Cui'\a,  (iahriel  ilo  C'a- 
wvm,  SiUKJii)  IJarahoiia,  and  llenian  Mcndez  du  Sutoniayur. 


-i-' 


321 


PROGRESS  OF  AFFAIRS  IX  GUATEMALA. 


of  tlic  people  iniglit  be  taken. ■*^  Xevertheless  con- 
siderable  delay  occurred,  and  it  was  not  until  the  I'ol- 
lowing  August  that  the  appointments  were  decided 
upon,  when  an  examination  of  the  votes  showed  tli;it 
Ilernan  Mendez  and  Juan  de  Chavez  were  elected. 
The  latter,  however,  declined  to  accept,  and  a  still 
further  delay  was  caused  by  INIendez  insisting  upon 
proceeding  to  Spain  by  way  of  Vera  Cruz  instead  of 
til  rough  Puerto  de  Caballos.  At  length,  on  ]\Iairli 
IT),  1545,  Mendez  received  his  papers  and  instruc- 
tions, and  departed  for  Spain.^^ 

The  bitter  controversy  which  took  place  during  the 
sessions  of  the  audiencia  in  1545  has  been  desciihed 
in  the  preceding  chapter,  but  it  remains  to  be  added 
that  Maldonado  and  the  oidores,  althouijrh  thcv  had 
a\<)wed  their  intention  of  enforcinof  the  new  laws, 
practically  discountenanced  their  enforcement  so  far 
as  they  related  to  repartimientos.  In  a  letter  ad- 
dressed to  the  king  dated  the  oOtli  of  Deccinl)er 
1545  they  state  tliat  if  all  Indians  were  liheiatrd 
whose  owners  had  no  loLi'itimate  title  none  would  bo 


*^  In  tills  document  tlic  petitioners  especially  broucjlit  fonvard  r.s  an  i:i- 
justice  a  regulation  previously  ])assed  that  only  married  settlers  could  liull 
ivpartiniientos.  /(/.  The  cabildo  had  as  early  as  February  1. mo  iikuIc  a  rep- 
re:  entatiou  to  the  crown  on  this  matter,  in  which  they  explained  the  diiii- 
eultyand  expense  attending  the  procuring  of  wives  from  Spain.  Air  rain,  CJ, 
J):ir.  Aiitij/.,  l.'J-I4.  It  is  evident  also  that  in  lo-i'.l  the  caliildo  aifuiii  ii;i- 
<lr('ssed  his  ^lajesty  on  the  suliject  of  their  claims,  as  the  viceroy  Mcii.l'.ia 
acknowled.nes  receipt  of  'el  pliego  que  venia  con  ellas  para  S.  M.,'  and  iiJi!?: 
'yo  escribo  ;\  S.  M. .  .hacii'ndole  relaeion,  como  convieno  al  servicio  do  .S.  M. 
nlargar  las  mcrcedcs  y  no  acoi'tallas.'  A/.,  ISO. 

^^  llemesal  states  that  Mendez  under  various  pretexts  delayed  his  jouni'y, 
and  that  on  the  8th  of  June  the  cabildo  revoked  his  appointment.  No  o'Jki' 
pt'DCurailor  appears  to  have  been  appointed  up  to  Septendier  10,  l.'tl),  when 
reri'ipt  of  the  revocation  of  the  new  laws  as  regarded  the  repnrtiniiciito.s  i\n- 
dc  red  such  an  appointment  no  longer  necessary.  On  this  later  date  Ihccaliilil) 
I'l  sdlved  to  send  a  coinmi.ssion  to  the  audiencia  to  solicit  its  enforoeiHeiit.  Hi  '■ 
('lfi(ij)ii,  ;{0-4— .").  ]jut  I  lind  that  on  May  7,  lot,"),  the  authorities  of  (liiali- 
Hilda  wrote  to  the  king  ro(pu'sting  that  their  procurador,  wlio  h:id  been  sciit 
to  jirotest  against  the  new  C(h1c,  nn'ght  be  given  a  hearing.  Si/rii  /if  MS:'., 
xxii.  l.'!8.  And  IJisliop  Marnxjuin,  writing  on  September 'J. >,  I.VIT,  iiKiiti'iis 
tli.it  many  letters  had  been  sent  with  Ilernan  Mende;;  to  llie  council  of  ImlivS 
r(dative  to  his  action  with  the  audiencia  in  l.")4.").  ('aria  a'  Priii'-'pc,  in  CnrUii 
(!r  fiidiiiH,  44(J,  lie  also  states  that  Mendez  was  prejudiced  against  the  \n\h\x 
will  and  ]iartial  to  Herrera  and  the  bishops  of  Xiiaragua  and  Ciiiapa^^,  iviA 
tliit  there  m-;is  idso  another  procurador  luimed  Olivero  in  Spain  at  tiiat  tiino. 
iS:jHkr''<  J/iS'.b'.,  x.\ii.  44-r). 


INDIAN  rOLICY. 


3-2J 


left  to  serve,  and  many  Spaniards  would  be  reduced 
to  poverty.  The  same  result  would  occur  to  those 
\vho  were  married  and  had  families,  if  encomiendas  as 
tliLV  became  vacant  were  transferred  to  the  crown.^* 

Ill  1545  the  new  laws  were  repealed,  and  at  a  scmie- 
wliat  later  date  the  concession  of  perpetual  reparti- 
luiriitos  was  granted  to  the  colonists  of  Guatemala.^' 

Meanwhile  the  controversv  relatinij  to  the  treat- 
niciit  of  the  Indians  was  bein<x  vio-orously  carried  on. 
The  tribute  which  had  been  imposed  upon  them  by 
^huroquin  and  Maldonado  was  a  ground  of  complaint 
a;4aiiist  those  functionaries,^'^  and  I  find  that  Marr<»- 
(|uiii  considered  himself  obliged  to  explain  that  it  had 
been  levied  without  sufficient  knowledge  of  facts,  and 
that  some  changes  were  necessary.*' 

AuKJiig  other  suggestions  made  by  IMarroquin  for 
the  amelioration  of  the  condition  of  the  natives  was 
thut  the  authority  of  the  bishop  over  them  should  in- 
clude the  right  to  inflict  corporal  punishment  and  to 


1  H 


"They  also  recommciulcil  that  Don  Juan,  the  cacif|uc  of  Atitlan,  anil 
others  who  had  aided  in  the  pacification  of  the  country  shouhl  be  aUowud  to 
retain  tin  ir  Indians.  It  was,  moreover,  suggested  that  alcukh^s  niayores  slioukl 
he  niipiiiutiil  in  (Juateniahi,  Nicaragua,  and  Chiapas.  /'/.,  l.')2-3. 

'■■Tho  c;il)ihlo  on  March  'AO,  1548,  thank  the  cni]icror  for  this  concession 
whii.'h  had  liLcn  notilicil  by  their  procurador  Al'.'  de  Olivcros.  J<1. ,  Ul-'J.  Tliid 
piiviicgo  di<l  not,  however,  last  long.  In  l.")!)-!  the  iiroeiirator  at  co\irt  souglit 
to  procure  the  passage  of  a  law  establishing  encomiendas  in  perpetuity,  but, 
owing  to  the  jirejudice  of  the  existing  council  against  the  colonists,  he  dared 
not  ovL'u  liroacli  the  subject.  In  loGJ  there  were  in  Guatemala  7-  encomicn- 
ihis  wiiith  ))roduccd  ,SO,(I()0  ducados  annually.  A  royal  cOdula  dated  Xoveni- 
lier  "JS,  ITiGS,  ordered  encomiendas  to  bo  granted  solely  upon  merit,  tlic  descend- 
ants of  discoverers  and  eomiuerors  being  especially  considered.  ]]ut  in  l.">7- 
t!ie  cabihloc(jniplained  of  the  incessant  arrival  of  persons  provide<l  with  royal 
L'tihilas  granting  tlicm  enconuendas  as  they  became  vacant,  to  tiie  detriment 
of  dcsinving  re;?idents  who  had  been  long  in  the  country.  U'he  attempt  to 
obtaiiuin.'(;niienda;jin  perpetuity  was  abandonctl  in  loiS."),  and  a  ]ictition  made 
for  their  e.Ntension  to  a  tiiird  life.  This  was  also  defeated  in  l.^iDo.  J',  lac:, 
Mnii.  l.'iiaf.,  ii.  '2,  ',].  IJcrnal  Diaz  in  the  latter  years  of  hiii  life  represents 
liiiiiself,  in  connnon  wiih  four  others,  the  sole  survivors  of  Cortes"  soldiers,  a'^ 
11. ed,  iulirm,  very  poor,  with  a  large  family,  and  small  income.   Hixl.  \'<  nlail., 

"^  Pa  lire  Cancer  writing  to  the  bishop  of  Chiapas  October  f'^  ''A7\,  meii- 
tioiui  that  the  cacique  of  1'ezulutlan  and  other  Indii'.ns  were  goin;,'  to  present 
to  iiim  a  petition  against  the  enornum.s  tributes  wliich  had  been  imi)osed  upon 
tlieir  ]ico|ik'.  Cartd,  in  Pdrltivo  i\in\  Curtlitm^,  CuL  l>oi-.,  vii.  •_';>;>-'). 

*'.V'/"(V;-',s  J/,i'.v.,  xxii.  I'.Vi.  In  Scptendicr  l."i47  Marnjipiin  had  heaid  tliat 
tile  oidor  Itogcl  'csta  nondirado  para  liuccr  la  retasacion,'  and  adds,  'Ojalil  no 
seauora  cunio  lo  pasado.'  Id.,  4j. 


f^ 


i- 

I 


ii 


3-20 


PROGRESS  OF  AFFAIRS  IN  GUATEilALA. 


settle  their  difficulties.  He  moreover  strongly  rcfDni- 
meiided  that  for  the  purposes  of  better  instruct  idii 
and  government  Indian  towns  should  be  consolichitiil 
and  subjected  to  a  system  of  police.*^ 

Meanwhile  Alonso  Lopez  Cerrato  had  been  ap- 
]»ointcd  president  of  the  audiencia  of  the  Confines. 
It  was  already  admitted  that  Gracias  d  Dios  was  iiot 
a  suitable  place  for  the  seat  of  that  body,  and  both 
Cerrato  and  bishop  Marroquin  made  representations 
to  the  king  advising  its  removal.^'  Accordin'-lv  his 
^Majesty  by  royal  cedula  authorized  the  president  and 
oidores  to  move  to  the  city  of  Santiago,'"'  where  thcv 
arrived  in  1549,  and  according  to  Ileniesal  accepted 
Bishop  Marroquin's  offer  of  his  palace  for  tlieir  use/' 

Cerrato's  administration  as  president  of  thcaudim- 
cia  caused  grievous  offence  to  the  settlers  of  Guate- 
mala, and  in  a  representation  to  the  king  they  chaii^o 
him  with  being  ungenerous,  undignilicd,  wanting  in 
zeal  for  the  honor  of  God,  and  unconscientious."-  The 
grounds  of  their  objection  to  him  naturally  originated 
in  his  action  regarding  the  protection  of  Indian!^,  and 
they  bitterly  complain  of  his  nepotism  in  assign! nu' 
encomiendas  to  relatives  of  various  degrees.  Justice 
at  his  hands  they  could  not  obtain ;  consequently  many 
of  the  best  colonists  had  left  the  province  and  others 

*^TIie  crown  acted  upon  tliis  suggestion  and  issued  two  decrees  relating 
thereto,  iliinwiuin  on  Febrimry  4,  1548,  reports  that  the  consolidation  'if 
native  towns  was  ah-eady  iu  progress  and  tiiat  it  was  a  liighly  iicccssiiiy 
measure,   /d.,  89,  '.)'2. 

^Tresitlent  Cerrato  describes  Gracias  A.  Dios  as  occupied  liy  fu'v  b 
vecinos,  witli  neither  physician,  surgeon,  nor  (h'uggist,  wliile  a  great  scaivii." 
of  both  meat  and  fish  prevailed.  lie  adds  that  tlie  niajoiity  wcie  in  favnn.f 
removal  to  the  city  of  Santiago.  C'ar/«,  in  iVf/K/Vc's  J/N.V.,  xxii.  87-S.  Mail"- 
(jiiin  urgently  advocated  this  city  as  the  future  seat  of  the  audiencia.  Jil.,  4."i, 
Sit,  !»4. 

•"' The  removal  doubtless  took  place  in  l.")49.  The  letters  of  (\rrato  m:  1 
^larro(iuiu  above  t|Uoted  Itear  ilates  of  Octoljcr  .'J,  1.j4S,  and  Septtinlnr '.' ', 
l.-|47,  Februarys,  I'AS,  and  August  1,  1.-j4S,  res])ectively.  Keinesal  ^.'ivcallio 
date  of  the  cednla  as  May  1,  ir)4'J.  Jiint.  t'/iyajxi,  oOll.  Va/ijue/,  Cltrun.  if'- 
Ortit.,  2-2-2,  .)uue  Hi,  loiS. 

•■' Tiio  king  l)y  roya.  ci'^duLa,  dated  .Tidy  7,  l."i.")0,  approved  tlie  ]MU\ha.sc')f 
the  episcoj>al  jialace  for  the  use  of  th(!  auilieueia.  J/l'<f.  (Ji'iiiajta,  'M'l. 

^-Tlie  document,  found  in  Anmlo,  <')>(.  Doc.  Aii'i;!.,  -i -4,  is  ilrfittivo 
and  without  date,  but  was  probably  wiittuu  soon  after  the  establislinitut  ul 
tile  audiencia  de  los  Conliuea  in  Santiago. 


ATTITUDE  OF  THE  SI'-TTLERS. 


3-27 


were  preparing  to  do  so.  Bishop  ^larroqniu'.s  remon- 
strances with  Ccrrato  only  developed  hostile  feelings 
ill  the  latter,  which  were  publicly  evinced  by  hi.s  ab- 
sentinLT  himself  for  a  long  time  from  the  services  of 
the  cliurch,''^  conducted  by  the  prelate. 

]]ut  the  settlers  in  Guatemala  were  ol)stinately 
opijosed  to  any  measures  which  clashed  with  their 
own  views,  and  consequently  represented  matters  from 
tluir  own  point  of  view.  Under  the  first  audiencla 
of  the  Confines,  divided  as  it  was  against  itself,  they 
liad  to  a  great  extent  maintained  their  previous  posi- 
tion relative  to  the  natives;'*  but  in  Cerrato  they 
perceived  one  who  recognized  them  as  merciless  task- 
masters,^^ and  possessed  both  the  determination  to 
arrest  the  existing  destructive  system,  and  the  courage 
to  iiilhct  punishment  upon  them  for  any  gross  infringe- 
ment of  the  law."" 


^■'  •Foi-ino  gnm  oneiiiistad,  y  estuvo  muclios  dias  que  no  quiso  ir  i\  misa  a 
la  I:,'le.-ia mayor. '  /(/.,  \1'2.  Tliu  ilisagrecincnt  l)ct\vet'ii  Man'0(|iiii)  and  CVr- 
I'.ito  was  alieaily  lircwiug  in  I'AS,  fur  on  November  tlie  3(1  of  that  year  tlic 
liitt(?r  iii!'oii:)S  the  c-rown  tJiat  ho  and  the  licentiate  Itaniirci!  were  in  Sau  Sal- 
vailm' eiiiraued  in  libeiating  slaves  and  reforming  tributes,  'que  cran  ineoni- 
lioitaljles  las  (|ue  havian  hecho  el  Opo  i  (d  Liu.  5laldonado;'  and,  lie  adds,  'i 
iiii'L'o. .  .no3  paituvmos  aGnatemala  ise  hara  lo  niismo.'  Al Empr,  in  Squlrr's 
M>S.,  xxii.  'Jl. 

'••'  I'ri'sidcnt  (^'vrato  reported  to  the  emperor  Septemlier  'JS,  ir)4.S,  that  t!ie 
In-st  andii_iiLia  had  observed  neither  new  nor  old  laws,  that  the  Indians  %\ero 
tiiatijil  as  previously,  and  no  steps  taken  to  liberate  them.  Carta,  in  Sqnkr^x 
J/.S.V..  SO. 

"'  lb:  stated  to  tho  king  that  the  tributes  levied  were  intolerable  and  eonld 
I'l't  111' sali>lii.'il  even  if  the  Indians  were  twice  as  numerous,  remarking,  'ni 
li'>  Kiu'iinicndcros  giiardan  lei  ni  tasacion  i  los' — the  Indians — 'destruycn  sin 
liirila.].'  J.l..  hO,  82. 

•''Tlic  punishment  of  certain  Spaniards  of  Comayagua  by  Cerrato  for  load- 
in,'  Iiiiliaiis  hud  called  forth  a  gi'iieral  storm  of  abuse  and  denunciation  by  tlic 
i^ittUrs.  ],[,,  h2.  At  this  time  iiishop  ^larroquin  was  the  oidy  one  who  had 
k'ttirs  patent,  and  consequently  jurisdiction,  as  protector  of  Indians;  t!u; 
(itlii'r  bishops  had  to  apply  to  tho  audiencia  to  obtain  such  authority.  /'/. , 
S.'!-4.  Man-iiquin  in  Vclauary  1,">48  re(iue;iteil  the  king  to  allow  him  to  have 
an  ulyuacil  fur  the  service  in  connection  \\ith  his  protectorship.  /(/. ,  DO. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 


THE  ECCLESIASTICS  IN  CHIAPAS. 
1550. 

A  COXVF.N-T   FotTNDED   BY  THE    MeRCED    OrDER— CiUDAD    Rf.AL  ArPOIXTED 

A  Cathedral  City — Las  Casas  a  Bishop — He  Attempts  to  lO.vFDKfE 
THE  New  Laws — He  Refuses  Absolution  during  Holy  Wi:i:k— His 
Controversy  with  the  Audiencia  of  the  Confixes — He  Di:i>akt.s 
for  Spain — His  Dispute  with  Sepulveda — His  Appeal  to  the  Cox- 
science  OF  Philip — The  Audiencia  Transferred  from  PaxamA  to 
Guatemala — Death  of  the  Apostle  of  the  Indies — His  CiiARAcrEK— 
The  Dominicans  in  Chupas. 


The  province  of  Chiapas  was  at  first  included  in 
tlic  sec  of  Tlascala,  and  paid  tithes  to  that  bishopric 
till  it  was  transferred  to  the  diocese  of  Guatemala  in 
153G.  When  Ciudad  Real  was  laid  out,  under  the 
dii-ection  of  Mazariegos,  an  allotment  was  assigned 
for  a  church  building,  and  its  erection  was  begun 
almost  immediately.^  The  first  parish  priest  of  Ciudad 
Ileal  was  Pedro  Gonzalez,  who  was  appointed  by  the 
cabildo  in  1528,  with  a  salary  of  three  hundred  pesos 
do  oro.  On  his  death  Pedro  Castellanos  succeeded  to 
the  benefice  in  1532.'^  In  1537,  through  the  exer- 
tions of  Bishop  Marroquin,  a  convent  of  the  order 

•As  early  as  May  28,  1528,  fines  were  appropriated  to  the  bnilding  of  tiie 
chiircli.  I'emesal,  Hist.  Chi/apa,  277;  Jiuirron,  Hist.  Gnat.,  U;J.  It  wiw  dwli- 
catcd  to  Nucstra  Sefiora  de  la  Anuiiciacion,  but  afterward,  when  tlio  name  of 
the  city  was  changed,  San  Cristobal  was  chosen  as  the  patron  saint,  and 
this  name  was  retained  after  it  was  erected  into  a  cathedral.  ItnneMtl,  Hi"!. 
C'/iya/ia,  274;  Nueva Eajiana,  Breve n<s.,  MS.,  ii.  390;  Calle,  Mi»i.  yXvt.,  ]'.*2. 

^  L  jth  these  priests  were  army  chaplains,  the  latter  receiving  liisj  a])|)nint- 
mcnt  from  Pedro  de  Alvarado  in  the  name  of  his  Majesty.  The  religious 
fervor  of  the  Spaniards  at  Ciudad  Ileal  was  to  say  the  least  lukiwarni.  In 
lo28  Pedro  Gonzalez  was  ordered  to  say  mass  daily  ou  jiain  of  forfeiting  liis 
Balary.  Another  ordinance  was  that  citizens  were  to  attend  ehureh  in  jiroiier 
time ; '  El  Espaiiol  que  desde  el  Euangelio adelante  estuuiere  f uera  dc  la  Ygk'sia, 
tiene  pena  do  tres  pessos;'  while  a  third  was  to  the  effect  that  no  citii;eu  was 

1  328 ) 


CIUDAD  REAL. 


829 


of  La  ]\Icrcccl  was  founded  by  frailcs  Pedro  do  Bar- 
rientos  and  Pedro  Benitez  de  Lugo.  On  the  18th  of 
^liiy  these  friars  petitioned  the  cabildo  for  an  allot- 
ment of  land  on  which  to  found  a  monastery,  hut 
though  their  request  was  granted  they  remained  but 
a  short  time.'  In  1539  Fray  Marcos  Perez  Dardon, 
as  superior,  in  company  with  Fray  Juan  Zandiano 
took  possession  of  the  deserted  building.  Finding 
that  it  was  situated  too  far  from  the  settlement,  the 
former  petitioned  for  a  new  site  and  for  contributions 
and  assistance  in  erecting  a  new  convent.  His  re- 
quest met  with  a  liberal  refiponsc,  and  the  friars  who 
arrived  in  after  years  were  well  supplied  with  the 
means  of  support.* 

By  a  papal  bull  issued  on  the  19th  of  March  1538,^ 
Ciudad  Real  was  appointed  a  cathedral  city,  the  dio- 
cese to  be  subject  to  the  archbishopric  of  Seville,  and 
the  pope  reserving  to  himself  the  appointment  of  the 
first  prelate.  The  salary  of  the  bishop  was  fixed  at 
two  hundred  ducats  a  year,  payable  from  the  revenues 
of  the  province,  while  the  privileges  and  revenues  of 
the  bi.sliopric  were  to  be  based  on  the  system  prevail- 
ing in  Spain.  The  church  patronage  and  the  choice 
of  diji'nitaries  were  conceded  to  the  crown  of  Spain. 
The  limits  of  the  see  were  also  left  to  the  decision  of 
the  emperor." 

to  lie  absent  from  the  city  during  Christmas,  caster,  and  vhitsuntide,  under 
a  heavy  penalty,  which  was  inflicted  on  those  absei.u  at  chri.^tnias  in  l.Vi.">. 
]!('in(jsitl,  Jlist.  Clii/apa,  27o-0;  Mazaricrjos,  Mciii,  Cliiapa,  44;  Pineda,  JJe- 
S'-rij).  (iVoj/.,  1'28. 

^Friiy  Pedro  de  Ban-icntos  was  appointed  superior,  and  accordin!^  to 
riiii(l;i.  12'.),  by  Bishop  Marroquin.  The  cabildo  granted  the  friars  their  choice 
cf  an  alloUiient,  and  they  selected  one  near  the  Ccrro  do  la  Cruz  on  the  road 
to  Clia]inltepcc.  An  additional  piece  cf  land,  lliO  puces  square,  was  also 
given  tlieni  for  their  church  and  convent.  I'cnicnn/,  J I  int.  C/ti/ajia,  430-7; 
Junn-n.-!,  Hi.4.  G((a^.  (3.3-4;  Pineila,  JJe-<rrl/i.  C!<o<,}.,  129. 

'In  1.j40  Fray  Marcos  was  succeeded  by  I'riar  Hernando  de  Arbolanclm. 
Ihe  fui'iner  established  a  c.ittlc  farm  near  Copauabastla,  where  he  also  built 
a  eountiy -house  and  a  sugar- mill. 

'Aeeording  to  Iteimml,  Hist.  Chi/npn,  202;  Govzalcz  Ddvila,  Tcnfro  Erfp.f., 
i.  IW),  April  14tli.  C'tille,  Mem.  y  'Not.,  122,  May  lOth;  L<irrai:izar,  JIIM. 
'^ifoiiiifC',,  20,  April  14th;  I'arJieco  and  Cdnti- nn'i.  Col.  Doc,  viii.  2(1,  May 
Ijth.  All  these  dates  are  wrong,  as  may  be  seen  from  a  copy  of  the  bull  iu 
A"«rr<(  K^jiuna,  lircre  /•'w.,  M.S.,  ii.  ;i'J2. 

'Xicca  Eqxuut,  Breve  lies.,  MS.,  ii.  389-92. 


i 


330 


THE  ECCLESIASTICS  IN  CHIAPAS. 


On  the  14tli  of  April  1538,  .Tuon  do  AitcaLja  y 
Al)en(lan(),  a  friar  of  the  order  of  Santiti2fo,  was  ;ij). 
jjointc'd  to  the  diari^c  of  tlic  iiowly  created  bishopric, 
hut  it  Avas  not  until  nearly  three  years  later  that  liu 
\vas  consecrated  at  Seville,  wlienco  he  issued  a  docu- 
ment franiinix  the  constitution  of  liis  diocese.'  The 
})relate  did  not  like  to  take  possession,  for  on  liis  arrival 
at  Vera  Cruz  in  1541  he  was  attacked  with  a  severe 
i'ever,  and  thoucfh  he  succeeded  in  reachin«''Puel)la  do 
los  Angeles  he  died  there  shortly  afterward,®  his  dio- 
cese remaining  in  charge  of  the  bishop  of  OuateniMla 
until  the  arrival,  in  1545,  of  Bartolonid  de  las  Casus. 

Lying  between  the  territory  under  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  audiencias  of  New  S[)ain  and  the  Coiilines 
were  the  provinces  of  Chiapas,  Soconusco,  Yucatan, 
and  Tczulutlan,  so  remote,  even  from  the  latter  court, 
that  a  strong  hand  was  needed  to  enforce  therein  the 
new  laws.  In  1543  the  apostle  of  t'le  Indies  after 
refusing  the  bishopric  of  Cuzco,  lest  his  avowed  disin- 
terestedness should  bo  doubted,  acccjited  the  prelacy 
of  this  extensive   diocese,"  one  fourth  of  the  tithes 

^In  Nuera  Espnila,  Brere  Pen.,  MS.,  it  is 
remarked  that  a  cojiy  of  this  (lociiiiMiit  is  no- 
where  to  bo  found,  liiit  that  rLeiiiesid  nuikts 
mention  of  it  as  being  identical  villi  that  of 
the  Guatemahin  bishopric,  except  in  the  cxur- 
dinm.  In  the  cathedral  of  Chiapas  no  accdunt 
of  it  exists.  Seo  lictitcml,  Jli>-t.  (Iii/tjia,  'JO.'. 
The  personnel  of  the  cathedial  was  to  cuiisit 
of  a  dean,  archdean,  precentor,  chiuiccllur,  and 
treasurer,  Ijesidea  two  canons  and  oilier  ecckoi- 
ustics.  Coiizitlrz  DdvUn,  Tciilrn  Eih^.,  1.  IM). 

^Kcniesal  states  that  tiie  innnediatc  ciiiisc 
of  hiscUath  was  taking  jioison  durin,^' t!iciii;;iit 
in  mistake  for  watei'.  Mazariegos  inclines  to 
the  opinion  that  tiie  fatal  draft  was  taken  wliile 
Arteaga  was  delirious  with  fi'ver.  M<iii.  I'lu- 
a/ja,  4.'),  According  to  C'ul/c,  Mini. »/ A'o^,  I--, 
Abendano  was  a  native  of  Estcjia.  Sonu'  "i 
the  niend)crs  of  his  chajiter  went  to  ■Santiai^o, 
and  others  remained  at  Ciudad  Ileal  in  a  destitute  condition,  ))ut  were  pioviJed 
for  by  Marroquin.  They  asked  that  their  allowance  be  given  them  truni  tlio 
revenues  of  that  church,  but  this  was  refused  by  Marroquin  until  the  ( niperor'a 
decision  should  be  known.  J^achccound  Cunkmis,  Col.  JJoc,  xiii.  ^'7'S-!I. 

•  In  his  memorial  to  the  audiencia  Oct.  'J2,  1545,  Srjnii  r'n  J/SS.,  xxii.  ITii, 
Las  Casas  claims  Yucatan  and  Tczulutlan.  .Tune  4,  ir)4.">,  IJishop  Mairoi|uiu 
acknowledges  receipt  of  the  prince's  letter  assigning  Soconusco  to  Las  t'aias. 
Jd.,  1:21. 


Arms  of  the  City  op  Chiapas. 


ARRIVAL  OF  DOMINICANS. 


881 


lb  nu- 

i;it  (jf 

txcir- 

ccmiiit 

•JO.'. 

,  iiinl 

I  while 
( III- 

iim.'  "t 
iitiusi". 

1111  tlio 
liuror'a 

ii.  ITij, 
■r(H|iiiu 


of  Ills  l)islioprie  and  an  additiontd  sum  of  500,000 
niaiavcdis  payaUlo  l»y  the  ci-owii  boinuf  as;sljxned  liim 
as  salary.  Ho  vas  consecrated  at  Seville,  on  passion 
Sunday  of  1544,  and  having  by  virtue  of  a.  ro^-al  de- 
crro  caused  the  lil)eration  of  all  the  Indian  slaves 
hi'oun'ht  to  Spain  from  the  New  World  he  embarked 
at  San  Lucar  on  the  11th  of  July.^°     He  was  accoiu- 


ri  1 


CuiArAs. 

panicd  by  his  constant  companion,  Father  Rodrigo  do 
l^adrada,  and  forty-five  Dominican  friars,  including 
Fallier  Tomds  Casillas,  their  vicar,  and  his  successor 

'"  ntiiicsiil,  f/ist.  dni'ipa,  '223,  snvs  the  Otli;  Las  Caaas,  in  Qu'intana,  Yidas, 
lb4,  thu  lOlli;  Helps,  SiKui.  Cuiiq.,  "iv.  302.  thu  4th. 


T? 


1    i 


ii 


li! 


m 


3^2 


THE  ECCLESIASTICS  iN  CIIIArAS. 


to  tlic  blsliopric  of  Chiapas.  After  touching  at  Saiito 
Domingo  whore  he  was  detainc:!  over  three  nioiitli.s 
awaiting  a  vessel,  he  sailed  for  Canipe^hc,  wheio 
he  arrived  on  the  Gth  of  January  1545.  Las  Casus 
soon  aroused  the  opposition  of  the  colonists  by  insist- 
ing on  the  enforcement  of  the  new  laws,  so  exasj^cnit- 
ing  them  that  they  refused  to  acknowledge  him  as 
their  bishop,  o.i  the  ground  that  his  pajicrs  were  de- 
fective. They  could  not,  indeed,  prevent  him  from 
takir.g  possession  of  the  bishopric,  but  they  could  and 
did  withhold  the  tithes,  thus  compelling  him  to  seiul 
to  Ciudad  Ileal  for  money  to  defray  his  expenses. 
His  messenger  reached  Ciudad  Ileal  early  in  Feb- 
ruary and  the  cabildo's  answer  is  dated  the  l-th  (if 
the  same  month.  They  sent  him  a  few  hundred  pesos 
which  had  been  advanced  by  the  public  aduiinistni- 
tors  on  the  security  of  one  of  the  citizens.^^ 

From  Campeche,  Las  Casas  despatched  by  sea  to 
Tabasco  ten  of  the  friars,  but  the  vessel  hcluif 
overtaken  by  a  storm  foundered  off  the  island  of  Ter- 
minos,  and  nine  of  the  ecclesiastics  together  with 
twenty-three  Spam"ards  were  drowned.  Las  Casas 
and  the  remainder  of  the  Dominicans  soon  aftei-waid 
departed  for  Ciudad  Ileal,  where  his  reception  was 
cordial  and  enthusiastic.  He  was  escorted  into  the 
city  under  the  jiallium;  a  house  had  been  prepared 
for  his  reception,  and  thither  all  classes  Hocked  to  })ay 
him  homage.^'" 

The  cathedral  chapter  consisted,  on  Las  Casas'  ar- 
rival, of  the  dean,  Gil  Quintana,  and  the  canon,  Juan 
de  Perera,  besides  which  dignitaries  there  were  three 
])iiests  in  the  diocese.  Tlie  Dominicans,  who  were 
also  kindly  received,  having  reported  their  arrival  to 
the  provincial  in  New  Spain,  established  a  teni[)orary 
convent  and  began  their  lalxjrs. 

In  the  enslavement  of  the  natives,  the  settlors  of 


i:.7. 


"  Parlirro  iwulCdnleiias,  Col.  Doc,  <\\.  211-14. 

'•'  Laa  Camn,  Jletucion  ik  tiUradu,  in  I'achico  and  Cdrdeiias,  Col.  Dic,  vii. 


I 


ARBITRARY  ISIEASURES. 

Chiapas,  if  wo  are  to  Ijclievc  Las  Casas,  committed 
nianv  excesses/''  and  tliere  is  abundant  evidence  tliat 
ill  tlieir  subsequent  treatment  of  them  there  was 
imicli  liarslmcss  and  cruelty.'*  Daily  appeals  were 
made  to  liim  by  the  Indians  for  protection,  but  the 
liitility  of  any  exhortations  to  the  settlers,  where  the 
natives  were  concerned,  ho  well  know,  and  therefore 
resolved  on  viuforous  measures,  firndv  belioviiii;  that 
liis  efforts  wo'ili  be  seconded  by  the  audiencia  in  thi'lr 
ciifoivement  of  the  new  laws.  Las  Casas,  however, 
had  iiiisjudjjifod  the  character  of  the  oidores,  as  we 
shall  see  hereafter. 

Upon  the  approach  of  holy  week  he  took  the  bold 
but  injudicious  step  of  refusinc^  absolution  to  all  who 
sliduld  not  forthwith  liberate  their  slaves,*''  and  made 
this  the  chief  of  certain  sins  for  which  he  I'oscrved  to 
himself  the  rig'lit  of  grantiiig  abs<»lution.  The  publi- 
cation of  this  measure  caused  oreat  excitement  amon'jr 
the  settlei's,  which  was  further  increased  by  his  refusal 
to  listen  to  any  compromise.  Li  their  tlespair  they 
applied  to  the  dean,  who,  failinn'  to  inlhieiice  tho 
iiisii(.j\  took  upon  himselftho  responsibility  of  ,L;"ran{:ii>!^ 
al)soliition  ill  certain  cases.  Liis  C/asas  sent  for  the 
(lean  purposinj^  to  j)laco  him  under  ai'rest,  but  t!io 
latter  susi)ectinfi:  his  design  refusc.'d  to  obev;  where- 
upon  the  I'ormer,  determined  not  to  be  thus  tiiwarted, 
bLiit  his  bailirf  and  a  few  attendants  with  orders  to 

"'nmiilc  nu'is  oxoosoa  y  desordcn  ha  linl)i(lo  en  linccr  injusta  ('■  iniciiii  y 
ni:ilviiil:;iiiciit(.'  I'ls  iiulios  cscliivoH,  li;i  siili)  on  ( liuitonialayChi.iiui.''  /,■/.<  Cii--'i<, 
Jr/inst i.ffK'in.i,  in  /'.ivlicin  :md  ( 'drilriins,  Cal.  })o(\,  vii.  1(1S-'I. 


''Dii'ijo  ]!iiinii(/,  jm'Z  visitiuloi'  to  Cliiiiiiiis  in  ITj-IS,  v.ritos?  Las  O.sj'.st 
iiiilcr  (liilc  of  Ajiiil  •_'(),  l.")H),  that  so  cxci'Shiw  luiil  Ixcn  tlio  tril)uto  inijin.  »(l 
•y  till'  ii'ttlors,  tliat  inany  of  tlio  natives  liail  nothing  lift,  not  ovrn  a  niriilli', 
mill  t'ldr  LMiidition  was  that  of  siavfiy  or  even  worse.  I'lirhrcn  nn<l '  'iiril<'fri.-i, 
'■')'.  !>■,  ,  vii.  'J',)4,  Ci'ri'ato,  writin;,'  to  tho  fniiicror,  Sept.  '2S,  l.".JS,  says 
tii.it  ill  (iu.'trniala  ami  Chiapas  tlio  LMU'cinu'iulcrns  oliscrvcil  neither  tlii'  law 
iiT  tliL' pit's  riliuil  trilnitc,  Imt  ik'stroycd  thu  nativi.s  witlioiit  pitv.  S-jiiir/'i 
•l/.v.S'.,  x.\ii  «•_', 

'■•Liis  Casas'  opponents  contended  tliat  this  inchidod  all  slaves  however 
nci|Uiieil.  y„w  Cosffv,  /,',/.,  in  /Vc/cro  and  < 'dn/ciins,  CI.  Jinc,  vii.  l.",S; 
'  '•'  ';.  Aiiii;,;;-;a,  ,/iil!f..'(i,  /.;.;.7,  in  S(/ifiir'.i  M>SS.,  xxii.  Ill  TJ.  Las  l^isas, 
tLit  it  (inly  concerned  ijiose  nnlawfully  enslaved.  ( 'riiiK,  Oct.  ;,'.'>,  Lk'/I,  in  A/. , 
l-L'-I!.  Hut  jiractically  it  eiiiliraced  all  slaves,  foi'  their  IclmI  eiisla\enient  was 
(hllieult  of  pro  .f.  Caiiif,  AtidUncia,  Utc.  JO,  lo.',.J,  in  /(/.',  VM-l. 


m. 


834 


THE  ECCLESIASTICS  IX  CniAPAS. 


bring  tlic  contumacious  dignitary,  if  necessary,  1)v 
force.  The  dean  resisted,  and  with  tliis  object  (hew 
a  sword,  with  which  he  wounded  himself  in  the  liaud 
and  the  baihfFiii  the  lesf.^*' 

At  this  juncture  an  alcalde,  who  among  others  luul 
been  attracted  by  the  disturbance,  added  to  the  ex- 
citement by  loudly  shouting:  "Help  in  tlie  name  ^f 
the  king!"  Thereupon  the  citizens  hurriedly  gathered 
from  all  sides  with  arms  in  hand  and  [)revente(l  tlie 
arrest  of  the  dean.  Las  Casas  was  l)eside  himself 
with  rage,  and  the  settlers  were  equally  exasperated. 
That  throughout  holy  week  the}'  sliould  be  deprived 
of  the  sacraments  for  no  other  reason  than  that  tliey 
held  slaves  was  a  measure  without  precedent  in  tlici 
New  World,  and  their  indignation  was  increased  hy 
the  numerous  let-ers  of  sympathy  and  condoleneo 
received  from  all  parts  of  Xew  Spam.  The  dean  in 
the  mean  time  had  escaped  to  Guatemala  where  lie  was 
absolved  by  Bishop  Marroquin  and  permitted  to  say 
mass.  Las  Casas  made  a  requisition  for  liim,  l)ut  it 
was  ignored,^'  and  he  was  obliged  to  content  hin^self 
with  declaring  him  anathemttized  and  exconnnuiii- 
cated.^^ 

Lms  Casas  was  bafUcd  but  not  defcatod.  lie  rc- 
ceivc^l  an  in\itation  to  assist  in  the  consecration  of 
I>isho})  Valdivieso  at  Gracias  a  J^ios,  which  it  will  lio 
remend)ered  was  then  the  seat  of  the  audieneia  oi'tho 
Confines,  and  tliither  he  repaired.  The  news  of  the 
occurrences  at  Ciudad  Real  had,  liowever,  jMvceded 
him,  and  with  tlui  exce])tion  of  Ilerrera  all  tlio 
oidores  were  prejudiced  against  hini.^" 

Las  Casas  found  little  synqxitliy  from  his  brotl.er 
pi'clates, Bishop  Marroquin, as  lias  already  been  siiowii, 
entertaininsjf  a  bitter  dislike  toward  liini.     Indeeil,tlio 

'«/.'(.>.•  C<)sns\  I!iL,  loc.  cit. 

'■  /.ri.i  C'ii!<its  y  i'ahlU'k'so,  Carta,  Oc'.  ™J,  I'.'/'i,  in  Sfjuicr's  J/N'S'.,  xxi'., 

^'^  Ln.'*  CasftK,  /,V7. ,1()C.  cit. 

'•'  'u  a  li'ttiT  (liitc'il  .July  "JD,  1545.  tlio  andipiici.a  iiifuriucil  tlio  ciiipcror  of 
Las  t'asas'  (loiii.i;s  at  Ciudad  Jlcal,  and  iliar;,'i  il  liiiii  wiili  nsui'ping  tlic  juris- 
diction  of  thu  crown.  Carta,  in  >(/(«'(■/•'«  MSS.,  xxii.  1 1 1    l'_'. 


EEVOCATIOX  OF  THE  NEW  LAWS. 


335 


apostle  of  the  Indies  was  in  some  respects  ill-fitted  for 
the  iiolile  V'ork  to  which  he  litid  devoted  his  life,  his 
inipiiiious  j'earless  character  and  ardent  zeal  blinding 
liis  jiulj^meiit  and  making  liim  impatient  of  opposition 
iiDtl  lieedle.-^s  of  the  riujhts  of  others.  Thus  he  made 
(nieiniey  where  the  interests  of  his  cause  demanded 
tVieiids  and  active  supporters.  Few  if  any  of  the 
jironiinent  ecclesiut5tics  in  the  New  World  viewed  the 
(|ui'sti()n  of  slavery  as  he  regarded  it,  and  they  re- 
sented his  unqualified  condenmation  of  it  as  a  rellec- 
liiiii  on  their  learning  and  piety. 

Under  these  circumstances  it  is  not  strange  that, 
as  bercre  stated,  his  appeals  to  the  audi<Micia  were 
i'isit'!;arded  and  that,  meeting  only  with  rebuffs,  he 
(!r|Kiiti'd  in  disgust  for  his  diocese.  In  the  mean  time 
tlic  settlers  of  Ciudad  Ileal  had  by  their  im|H)rtuni- 
tles  driven  the  vicar  general  of  Las  Casas  from  the 
city.  The  bishop  was  not  disposed,  however,  to  renew 
till'  struggle.  liis  faith  in  the  efUcaey  of  the  new  laws 
liad  rtceivtid  a  severe  shock,  for  by  this  time  he  had 
lioai-d  of  the  determined  resistance  to  them  throughout 
the  [)i'()vinces.  lie  had  ex])ected  that  they  would  be 
ojiposod,  but  not  to  this  extent,  and  nov\'  there  was  no 
mistaking  the  hostile  attitudt;  of  the  settlers. 

Over  tlie  turbulent  inhaljitants  of  Ciudad  Real  he 
liad  no  further  desire  to  rule,  and  had  already  for  the 
lliiid  time  asiced  the  emperor  to  allow  him  to  be 
transferred  to  Vera  Vnz,  and  that  bishops  be  appointed 
I'lr  tlie  jn'ovinces  ol'  h'ocomiseo,  Chiapas,  and  Yuca- 
tan.-" Xo  further  troubles  appeal'  to  have  occurred 
iietween  the  bisliop  and  tlie  colonists.-^ 

In  15-17  Las  Casas  end)ar]ced  forSj);!in.  Tii(;revo- 
cation  of  the  new  laws  of  which  he  must  have  heard 

_  '''L'i.A  Ca.in.'',  Ciirtfi,  Oct.  JJ,  a;.;.7,  in  S,pi;>  r's  J/,9s'.,  xxii.  IJl ;  /7.,  \„r.  ;>, 
ti!.'/i.  in  Ciu-lun  ilr  linl'na,  o(i. 

•' Lis  Ciisiis'  JKistili^  reception  nm\  iiis  suhsoquent  icc  liniliiitiiin  witli  tlio 
Rcttlci's  (Ii'sltIIumI  1i_v  lUiinMiI,  III  t.  l'/ii/'i]iii,  ;i7a  S7,  I  lun  inrlinnt  to  ilis- 
I'lVilit,  i)wiii;,r  ti>  the  well  known  tondencirrt  of  this  writer,  ami  thu  fact  that 
t'.o  k'tti'r  (  f  Father  CasiUan.  /V(r7((  -o  anil  ('(IrdniriM,  <',,/.  Jio,:,  vii.  |S|  •_', 
wiittiu  «lien  l.iiH  CasaM  wa.s  on  liis  return  I'nini  (iiaeias  a  Dio.s,  iloes  not  indi- 
ciiti;  such  hostility. 


!(;{ 


i'h 


J     ll'j 


336 


THE  ECCLESIASTICS  IX  CHIAPAS. 


!!■  '■ 


before  lii.s  departure,  was  a  dcatli-blow  to  Lis  hopes 
ill  the  )k;\v  world.  ])driii!nf  tlie  first  two  years  after 
liis  arrival  his  efl'orts  in  behalf  of  the  natives  ajtpoar 
to  have  i)rodiiecd  nothing  more  than  a  few  decrees, 
comparatively  unimportant.  Later  he  resiojned  liis 
bishopric,  and  retired  to  the  college  of  San  Gi-egorio 
de  Valladolid,  still  continuing,  however,  to  talie  an 
active  interest  in  Indian  afiairs,  although  he  had 
already  passed  liis  seventy-fifth  year.  From  this  re- 
treat he  soon  issued  to  defend  the  principles  which  it 
had  been  his  life-long  labor  to  maintain. 

The  conquerors  had  found  a  champion  in  Doctor 
Juan  Gines  Scpulveda,  who  contended  that  it  was 
lawful  to  make  war  on  the  natives  and  enslave  tlieiii 
in  order  to  promote  their  conversion  and  [)reveiit 
human  sacrifices.  Las  Casas  presented  thirty  [tn (po- 
sitions in  refutation  of  this  view  in  which  he  iiiaiii- 
tained  that  over  a  nation  whose  only  sin  Avas  idolatry 
no  authority  could  be  justly  exercised  save  by  peacet'ul 
conversion.  Th(mgh  this  was  clearl}'"  a  condemiuiticu 
of  the  policy  of  Spain  in  the  New  World,  the  sincerity 
of  Las  Casas  and  the  justice  of  his  cause  prevented 
the  king  from  iakinsjf  olfence  at  his  boldness,  and  in- 
duced  him  to  permit  the  unrestricted  publieatiitii  <it 
his  works  wliiie  those  of  his  opponent  were  forltiddci 
to  be  printed.  Henceforth  ho  continued  to  be  con- 
sulted on  all  questions  of  im])ortance  concerning  t!io 
Indians,  his  time  being  devoted  mainly  to  the  writing' 
of  his  history. 

In  ];■),").")  Philip,  M'ho  had  lately  ascended  tlso 
throne,  and  was  then  in  1  "England,  proposed  to  sell  t]:o 
rigdit  of  the  crown  to  the  reversion  of  the  encoinici:- 
this.  Las  Casas,  ever  on  the  alert,  saw  tliat  ll '-^ 
meant  perpetual  slavery,  and  determined  to  exert  all 
his  ])owers  to  prevent  the  measure.  Through  tlio 
king's  confessor,  wlio  had  written  to  him  on  the  ,-ai.i- 
ject,-""'  he  made  a  bold  and  earnest  apjieal  to  the  royal 

■''■  VoY  a  t'()|iy  (if  Hid  letter  see  Parhcro  lilid  C<irihi>rt.«,  C'll.  7'')''..  ^i'-  '■'"■i 
338;  also  Lan  (.  asaa,  Octirnn,  ii.  120-180;  this  latter  version  ia  dettcUVf. 


DEATH  OF  LAS  CASAS. 


sn: 


oonsc'loncc.  The  appeal  was  not  in  vain,  and  lie 
thus  paved  the  way  tor  the  final  emancipation  of  the 
natives. 

His  last  service  to  tlio  New  World  was  his  repre- 
sentation to  the  coancil  of  the  Indies  of  the  great 
iiiediiveniencc  and  |)rejudice  caused  to  the  settlers  and 
natives  of  (luateinala  by  the  removal  to  Panama  of 
the  atuHencia  of  the  Contines,  In  15G9,  paitly  owinjj^ 
til  liis  inihienco,  the  audioncia  was  ree8tal)lished  in 
(luateinala.  He  did  not  live  to  see  this  accomplished, 
liowever,  for  fallinj^  ill  at  Madrid,  he  died  in  July 
IJCiii.  ill  his  ninety-second  year.  He  was  ])in'ied  with 
heeoMiiiiL^  honors  in  the  convent  chapel  <;f  Our  Lady 
of  Atoclia. 

-Tudu'ed  l)y  his  works  Las  Casas  was  the  ii^reatest 
])hi!.iiithro[)ist  of  liis  age.  Like  all  vigorous  retbrmers, 
lie  was  treated  as  a  visionary  by  most  of  his  contempora- 
I'h's,  a  conclusion  which  tliey  deemed  warranted  l>y  tlie 
iintrmcliiiig  courage  and  tonacitv  with  whicli  ho  main- 
tallied  his  opinions.  His  compassion  for  the  natives, 
and  his  alihorrence  for  their  oppressors,  were  increased 
tVini  year  to  year  by  his  failure  to  alleviate  their  sii."- 
t'riin'4s, until  it  had  become  the  all-absorbing  idea  which 
inldivd  liis  every  act  and  word.  In  pui'suit  of  this 
anihition  no  obstacle  could  intimidate  him.  To  resolve 
was  t(»  act.  He  hesitatetl  not  in  tlie  advocacy  of  his 
'■ausc  to  hravo  the  anger  of  an  emperor,  or  tluit  of  an 
cxcitid  |iopulaco,  and  for  this  cause  he  cmhnx^d  ])or- 
^criitioii,  insult,  loss  of  friends,  tlie  enmity  of  counti'V- 
iii.'ii.  It  must  be  admitted  that  he  was  I'csentful,  and 
1  veiil)ittci'againsthiso])ponents,an(l  tothis  reason  may 
also  lie  attributed  his  trequent  exaggeration,  his  mis- 
ii'pfe^ciitation,  the  readiness  with  which  his  judgment 
was  hiassed,  his  inifitnt>ss  for  dealing  jiractieally  with 
tliecdiiditiou  of  affairs  then  existing  in  tlu>  New  World, 
by  his  coutemporarii's  he  is  accused  (jf  harshness, 
inTi)'4-an(c,  micharitableness,  but  it  must  not  b-  Ibrgot- 
I'li  that  this  was  probably  due  to  the  intolerant  relig- 
i"Us  aihl  scliolastic  spirit  of  his  times.     The  purity  of 


''3 


Uisr,  Cknt.  Am.,  Vol.  11.    23 


338 


THE  ECCLESIASTICS  IN  CHIAPAS. 


his  motives  none  can  doubt,  and  while  no  defence  can 
vindicate  the  name  of  his  adversaries  from  the  ciuiri^r.- 
of  injustice  and  cruelty,  the  errors  of  Bartoloinu  (!(• 
Las  Casas  are  forgotten,  and  his  spirit  of  noble  sdl'- 
devotion  and  high-souled  philanthropy  will  make  him 
known  to  all  posterity  as  one  of  the  greatest  benetae- 
tors  of  his  race. 


u 

I  I 

I  <i 


The  establishment  of  the  audiencia  of  the  Confiiit  s 
and  the  attempted  enforcement  of  the  new  laws 
produced  the  same  excitement  in  Chiapas  as  in  other 
territories,  but  the  transfer  of  this  province  to  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  new  audiencia  caused  no  cliaDtro  in 
its  local  government.  The  alcalde  mayor,  liowevii', 
still  the  chief  authority,  ruled  with  greater  rigor,  and 
by  the  appointment  of  deputies  in  all  of  the  native 
towns  greatly  increased  the  burden  of  their  inhabi- 
tants.-'' 

Through  the  solicitation  of  Las  Casas,  Diego  Ram- 
irez, of  whom  mention  has  been  made  in  connection 
with  the  history  of  Mexico,'^*  was  sent  to  investigate 
the  alleged  oppression  of  the  natives  and  theii-  oppo- 
sition tv)  their  Dominican  teachers.  He  a])})eai's  to 
have  been  an  upright  judge,  and  favo^'ablu  to  the 
Indians,  but  even  his  eflbrts,  supported  as  they  were 
by  various  decrees  in  their  favor,  did  not  aceompHsh 
the  desired  object."'^ 

After  the  departure  of  Ramirez,  matters  i-elapscd 
into  their  fomner  condition.  Within  less  than  a  yeai'. 
however,  Cerrato  having  taken  charge  of  the  audi- 
encia determined  to  remedy  these  abuses,  declarinn' 
that  the  natives  continued  to  be  destroyed  witiioiit 
})ity,  the  previous  official  visits  having  accoui[)lished 
nothing.-" 

«■'  liohlrs,  f'hiapa,  27-8. 

-'  /lixf.  Mcx.,  ii.  570  ct  seq.,  this  aeries. 

'''^Jhmi )•<-.,  C'iDifM,  A/n-il  M,  1'>4S,  Aitril  20,  154'),  i'«  /Vr/uvo  nnd  ''//• 
dfiias,  Col.  Doc,  vii.  'JOl— i,  Fr  Torre,  Carta,  Atuj.  3,  l.J.'fS,  in  Si/h'k !■'.■< MSS., 
xxii.  1)4-6. 

'^  Carta,  Stpt.  ^S,  W^S,  iu  Squier's  MSS.,  xxii.  81--2. 


ANTOXIO  DE  REMESAL. 


330 


BcAtrc  the  arrival  of  the  Dominicans,  little  seems 
to  liavo  been  done  to  improve  the  religious  and  social 
(omlition   of  the  natives,  except  to  baptize  such  as 
Wire  encountered  by  the  ecclesiastics  in  the  principal 
towns,  or  during  their  journeyings  from  point  to  point. 
Indeed,  if  we  are  to  believe  Remesal,  and  in  this  in- 
stance we   may   certainly  do    so,   the    Indians   were 
morally  and  religiously  more  degraded  under  Christ- 
ian  than    under   pagan    domination.     Idolatry    was 
openly  practised,  and  to  their  former  vices  were  added 
those  of  the  Spaniards,  which  their  chiefs,  now^  de- 
prived in  great  part  of  their  authority,  were  jiower- 
less  to  restrain.     Little  cared  the  encomendero  for  the 
souls  or  bodies  of  the  Indians  if  the  required  tribute 
were  l)ut  promptly  paid.     The  labors  of  the  Domini- 
cans were  of  course  interrupted  by  the  persecution  to 
wliich  they  were  subjected  because  of  their  bold  sup- 
])ort  of  Las  Casas.     Alms  were   refused  them,  and 
tlieirsupplies  soon  becoming  exhausted  they  abandoned 
their  tenijiorary  convent  and  proceeded  to  the  native 
town  of  (Miiapas  whence,  having  fixed  upon  this  point 
as  their  base  of  operations,  they  gradually  extended 
tlieir  lal)ors  over  the  province.     The  settlers  placed 
in  tlu'ir  way  every  obstacle  that  self-interest  and  in- 
,!,'enuity  could  devise,  but  the  energy  and  devotion  of 
the  i'liars  overcame  all  opposition,  and  when  in  1549 
Cerrato  came  to  their  support  they  had  already  es- 
tahhslied  several  convents  including  that  of  Ciudad 
Heal,  and  had  visited  and  carried  their  teaching  to 
the  remotest  parts  of  the  province.-'^ 

''  Fray  Antonio  do  Remesal  began  the  history  of  the  Dominican  province 
'|f  San  \i(int('  do  Chiapas  y  (iiiateniala  al)out  the  nii<hllc  of  April  Kil."),  and 
tinislicd  it  in  Oajaca,  Sopt.'iiO,  1017.  Tlie  sccuhir  history  of  (luatemahi  and 
tlif  iitlur  |ii()vinccs  under  tlie  jurisdiction  of  the  au<liL'ncia  de  los  Confinea 
H  iniiiv(jvt  r  iiicident'dly  given,  l)ut  not  in  a  detailed  manner.  Tiic  author'.s 
•liligi'iR'o  and  perseverance  in  having  completed  in  so  .siiort  a  time  a  folio 
vuluine  (if  7S4  pa^'es,  and  one  displaying  great  research,  are  reniarkahlc.  and 
tlic  nioiv  prMisc\v(,rtiiy  for  the  reason  tiiat  it  was  accomplished  nnder  vitdent 
"lipi'sitidii  jind  many 'iliflicultiee.  It  is  to  he  regretted  that,  having  bestowed 
^•>  iiiiuh  lull,,)'  „i,  investigation,  he  did  not  snpi)ly  a  bibliographical  list  of  his 
autliciritiis.  These  lie  informs  us  consisted  of  archives,  books,  nianuscrifits, 
nicmovials,  narratives,  wills,  and  statements,  wliieli  he  asserts  were  docu- 
ments Worthy  -jf  credit  and  autlicntic,  but  omits  enumeration  of  them  'in 


i   ill 


h 


340 


TPIE  ECCLESIASTICS  IX  CHL\PAS. 


order  to  avoid  a  very  long  list.'     He  was  indebted  to  Conde  dc  !.i  Conicrri, 
president  of  tlic  aiidiencia  of  (iuateniala,  for  access  to  the  areliive.saud  dlijciia 
jjapers  of  dill'erent  eities.     To  liini  he  dedicates  his  book.     Tlie  iidvaiita'^cs 
enjoyed  by  Jieniesal  in  this  re.spcct  render  the  \vorlc  an  excce(liii:,'!y  viihi- 
able  eontribution  to  Central  American  liistory.     Its  value,  liowevir,  is  h's^- 
ened  by  the  great  nnnil)er  of  typograpliical  and  otlier  errors  whieli  it  eon- 
tains.      Tiiese   are  very  important,  especially  wlicrc  dates  arc  eoiii:criifcl. 
While  a  largo  number  of  tlicm  are  quite  obvious,  very  many  inciili'iits  t,{ 
great  importance  nnist  be  A'erified  as  to  time  of  occurrence,  by  nfcrtnco  t) 
other  authors.     In  the  portion  of  his  work  whicli  relates  to  the  con(|U( ■^t  "f 
(Juateniala,  many  inaccuracies  are  oljserved.     lii  fact,  Ramcsal  was  hiininl, 
and  often  l)iassed.     His  style  is  clear  and  pleasing;  free  from  tlio  rrchiinLint 
and  inliated  form  so  common  a  century  later.     He  submitted  his  nuuniM  rjpt 
to  Tonjuemada,  by  whom  it  was  highly  approved  and  its  publication  udviscil. 
I'liis  occurred  in  tiie  city  of  Mexico.    But  meantime  a  storm  was  ItreuingiUi- 
wliere.     The  work  was  by  no  means  to  the  liking  of  certain  parties  in  (Jiiati- 
mala.     By  means  of  letters  addressed  to  ditlerent  parts  of  ^Iexieo,  Imt  iii:)!' 
particularly  by  a  special  messenger  who  preached  a  crusade  against  the  mw  liis- 
tory, these  enemies  laised  up  a  tempest  of  indignation  against  Iteuusal  aiid  his 
Iwok,  especially  in  Oajaca.     Through  the  inlluence,  however,  of  .scihiIiIc  jiiiil 
powerfid  friends  in  Mexico  and  Guatemala  all  oppo.-.ition  was  ovcivuhic.    Sto 
pages  747-.')l  of  his  work.    The  author  was  born  in  the  town  of  Alhai;:  in  ( la'Jcia, 
and  on  the  flth  of  October  1(513,  nearly  five  months  after  he  left  .Spain,  arrived  at 
<  Juateniala,  wlierc  he  was  most  kindly  received  by  the  Dominican  onlir.    1  Mn- 
ing  the  time  he  remained  in  their  convent,  lie  failed  not  to  observe  tlic  exoil- 
lent  system  of  government  under  wh'  b  tlio  society  worked,  and  dcciiiiici! 
his  time  in  ])erusing  the  acts  of  tlie  ehaj^ters  held  in  the  convent.    He  was  m 
impressed  witli  tlie  excellence  vi  these  laws  and  regulations  that  he  ]ir<jeeeiiel 
to  make  a  kind  of  summary  of  them.     Wliile  thus  employed,  a  work  on  tin; 
origin  of  the  province,  written  by  Friar  Tonias  de  la  Torre,  fell  into  his  liamls. 
This  suggested  to  him  to  undertake  a  history  that  would  embrace  hotii  siea- 
lar  and  ecclesiastical  matters.     With  uneoiuiuerable  diligence  and  anlor  !ii' 
prosecuted  to  the  end  tlie  work  tlnis  pi'ojccted,     On  one  occasion,  when  niif- 
fering  from  n  fibrous  abscess  in  the  face,  he  carefully  perused  in  a  siiij,'le  day 
the  whole  of  the  first  book  of  the  archives  of  (Inatomala  city,  after  haviiii; 
submitted  to  a  severe  surgical  operation  on  his  right  ejieek.     Twice  lie  joiii- 
iieycd  over  all  Xew  Spain,  collecting  information  and,  in  ]iartiruhir,  stnilyuv; 
the  books  of  the  cabildos  of  diirerent  cities  and  towns.    The  evidence  lie  tlitis 
obtiiined  was  in  many  instances  at  variance,  he  states,  with  printed  liooks 
and  histories  of  his  own  I'cligion.    The  authoi's  of  these  —whose  names  lie  dot  s 
not  mention — he  would  not  condenm,  however,  )jut  excuse  on  the  {.Mound 
that  later  research  will  necessiirily  produce  dilT'erent  accounts  of  events.    Sic 
his  preface,     llemesal  was  a  fearless  writer.     Perhaps  ho  had  some  Icaniiiu' 
t )  tlie  descendants  of  the  conquerors,  yet  he  docs  not  hesitate  to  iIciiouihc 
the  acts  of  tiie  first  colonists,  to  deal  with  Alvarado  in  a  manner  .'-severely 
condemning  him,  and  to  endorse  Las  Casas  witli  regard  to  the  cruel  oiiprcs- 
sion  of  the  Indians.     But  his  statements  are  to  bo  accepted  witli  caution, 
especiallj'  wiiere  Las  Casas  or  the  Dominican  order  is  co\icerned.     Xoetloit 
is  spared  to  hold  tiiem  up  to  the  gaze  of  an  admiring  postei'ity,  and  to  expose 
the  errors  and  jierverseness  of  their  enemies.     To  this  end  all  sorts  of  prol'- 
able  and  iniprol)ablo  situations  and  adventures  arc  describeil,  wherein  the 
religious  eventually  triumph.     jNIany  important  facts  arc  glossed  over,  or 
omitted,  the  true  versions  of  which  it  is  evident  must  have  come  within  lii-* 
observation.    Xumcrous  speeches,  sermons,  conversations,  even  the  thoiiirht^ 
and  feelings  of  the  loading  actors,  arc  descrilied  with  a  minuteness  ot  detail 
tliat  is  astonisliing  considering  the  lapse  of  time — over  7">  years.    The  aconuiit 
of  the  prosecution  of  the  religious  by  Baltasar  (tucrra  may  be  looked  upon  '■• 
a  fiction,  while  the  author's  inventive  faculty  has  had  much  to  dn  uilh  tli..t 
of  the  opposition  to  I^as  Casas  in  (,'iudad  Real.     His  version  of  has  Last. 
doings  in  Crracias  d  Dios  seems  also  greatly  exaggcratecL 


CHAPTER  XX. 

MARROQUIX  AND  LAS  CASAS  IN  GUATE^Ln^A  AND  VERA  PAZ. 

1541-li350. 

A  Nr.w  Cathedral  Wanted— A  Poor  Prelate  and  Unwillino  Titiie- 
Paveus — Two  Contentious  Pisiiors — Charitable  Institutions 
pdrsDED— Dominican  Convent  Organized— Franciscan.s  Aurive — 
TiiEiii  Labors — Motolinia  FocrNDs  a  Custodia — Disputes  betwef.n 
FiiANciscANS  and  Dominicans— La  Tierra  de  Guerra— Las  Casas' 
iSvsTKM— His  First  Efforts  in  Vera  Paz— He  Goes  to  .Si-ain — De- 

C'UEES    Or.TAINKD    BY    HiM    AND    AN     INDIGNANT     CaBILDO — LaS    CaSAS 

Retii.ns— Puo(!RESs  IN  Veua  Paz — Peaceful  Submission  and  Heavv 
TuiiiiTEs— Cancer's  Expedition  to  Florida— Ominous  Opinions — An 
Inuifferent  Captain — A  Dominican  Martyr. 


Aftku  the  destruction  of  Santiago  and  the  removal 
of  the  city  to  a  now  site  the  erection  of  another 
("itliedral  and  episcopal  residence  was  necessary.^  Tlie 
means,  however,  for  the  construction  of  these  edifices 
could  not  he  inunediately  procured.  The  bishop  there- 
fore caused  to  be  built  a  hermitage,  called  Santa 
LiKiii,  which  served  temporarily  as  the  parish  church 
in  the  new  city.'^  The  removal  of  the  episcopal  seat 
Mas,  moreover,  a  matter  which  did  not  depend  u})on 
eitlier  the  decision  of  the  cabildo  or  the  prelate,  and 
liotli  liis  ]\Iajesty  and  the  pope  had  to  l>e  consulted  on 
so  momentous  a  question.  The  necessity  of  permis- 
sion to  make  such  a  change  was  pointed  out  to  the 


'  Tlic  (lid  clmrcli  had  cost  more  than  10,000  pesos,  and  the  bishop  had  not 
only  cxp(  nded  hia  own  means  upon  it,  but  had  also  borrowed  ,"),()0U  or  0,00  ) 
iiiuiv.  Ho  rci|ne;it.s  the  king  Fel)ruary  "JO,  l.'i4'_*,  that  the  pronijit  and  fidi 
puyiiiciit  (if  tithen  be  enforced,  and  tiiat  he  aid  him  with  ;(,000  or  4,000  jiesos 
tor  till'  (instruction  of  the  new  church  already  being  built.  Carta,  in  I'uchicit 
and  Ctir'liiirt.i,  I'ol.  iJoc,  xiii.  'J7--3. 

*  Wr.qiii-.,  Citron,  de  Goat.,  loU. 

( 311 ) 


342 


MARROQUIN  AXD  LAS  CAS^VS  IN  GUATICMALA. 


cabildo  by  the  bishop,  who  chiiin^  a  visit  to  Acnjulla 
was  informed  by  that  body  that  the  roof  of  tlic  oil 
church  liad  been  removed."  With  regard  to  the  hiiild- 
in<^  of  the  new  cathe(h-al  few  j)articuhirs  are  known, 
other  than  that  tlie  bishop  was  cronipelled  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  to  appeal  to  the  king  for  aid  in  its  coiu- 
pletion.* 

IMarroquin's  bishopric,  indeed,  was  not  a  ricli  one. 
In  1542  he  represents  to  the  king  the  objection  of 
the  settlers  to  pay  tithes,  whic)  they  regarded  a.s  an 
uidicard  of  demand,  and  implores  his  Majesty  to  en- 
force the  payment  to  the  church  of  one  tenth  of  all 
tributes/'  He,  moreover,  assures  him  that  his  salarv 
of  five  hundred  thousand  niaravcdis  was  not  suiHcieiit 
to  meet  the  demands  of  hospitality  and  charity,  and 
requests  that  a  portion  of  the  revenues  of  Honduras 
and  Soconusco  be  granted  to  liim.*' 

But  the  colonists  were  not  easily  compelled  to  pay 
their  tithes  of  cacao,"  maize,  and  feathers,  and  in  ir)45 
the  bishop  again  brought  the  n)attcr  before  tlie  notice 
of  the  throne,  declaring  that  the  frequency  of  dis[>uto:j 


••Although  !Marroquin  expressed  acquiescence  in  the  wislics  of  tlic  ciiliililo 
he  ilitl  not  approve  of  tlie  pulling  down  of  the  cliurcli,  and  ordoicd  it  to  lio 
rc-roofcd  at  his  own  expense.  Airnilo,  Col.  Doc.  Aiitiij.,  190-1.  WiZ'iucz 
states  that  the  old  cathcilnil  was  taken  down  and  the  materials  ui<id  in  the 
construction  of  the  new  one.   t'hron.  i/c  Ural.,  105. 

^In  March  1345  Marroquin  petitioned  the  king  that  the  sul)si.ly  of  the 
novenos  for  the  erection  of  the  clnii'ch  be  continued.  The  grant  was  cxtcinlcl 
for  four  more  ywirs.  In  accordance  with  a  second  rcipiest  made  in  Scptiiii- 
bcr  1547  the  giant  of  two  novenos  was  extended  for  six  years.  A;,';iiii  in 
Marcii  1.548  the  bishop  asked  for  aid  in  addition  to  the  hdvchos  ahvaily 
granted.  Squlcr's  MSS.,  xxii.  45,  01,  138.  Vazijucz  sfaitcs  that  the  building  of 
the  church  lasted  only  tiiree  years,  ('/mm.  dc  (I vat.,  1.5;i. 

»He  also  complains  of  the  government  officials  who  maintain"d  thnt  lio 
had  no  right  to  tithes  during  his  absence  in  Mexico  with  Alvarado  in  1.540-1. 
Carta,  in  Pachcco  siaA  Cdrdman,  Col.  Doc,  xiii.  274-5. 

''/'/.,  27;{ -4.  In  May  1547  Bi.shop  Pedraza  asked  the  kinj:  fm-  an  in- 
crease of  salary  from  500,000  maravodis  to  2,000  Jucados,  the  stipend  giv  ii 
to  the  bishop  of  (iuatenialii  and  others.  Sqi(i<  r'x  J/iS'.V.,  xxii.  2!).  Tlio  royal 
ollicials  were  ordered  in  1540  to  investigate  the  question  of  salaiits  aii'l 
amount  of  tithes  received  yearly  in  each  bishopric.  If  they  fell  slmrt  "f 
500,000  maravedis,  the  deficit  was  to  be  supplied  out  of  the  royal  tivasnry. 
Jtcro/i.  ilf  IiuL,  i.  (i;i-4. 

"  Cacao  formed  the  chief  and  most  valuable  tithe  in  the  diocese.  /(/..!'l. 
The  payment  of  tithes  on  pita — the  fibre  of  tlie  agave  maiinfacturcil  intn 
articles  of  clothing  etc. — and  balsam  and  the  carrying  of  tithes  to  tiic  clmrclics 
was  under  consideration  by  the  audieucia,  December  20,  1545.  Id.,  l.'J'J. 


QUARRELLINGS  OF  THE  BISHOPS. 


343 


IxtwfOi  the  ck'rgy  and  the  colonists  on  this  account 
was  prcjiKHcial  in  the  extreme,  lie  represented  the 
iioverty  of  his  eliurch  and  liis  own  indebtedness,  and 
jiskcd  that  some  compensation  nii<:*'lit  he  made  him 
\\>v  his  services,  and  the  expenses  wliich  he  had  incur- 
ivd  in  his  visits  to  Honduras  and  Chiapas.  Never- 
tliclcss  the  cohmists  maintained  a  stubborn  opposition, 
and  in  ir)48  matters  liad  so  little  im))roved  that  Mar- 
roqiiin  once  more  asks  for  aid  from  the  crown.^ 

The  effort  (jf  Marroquin  to  obtain  Soconusco  as  a 
district  of  his  diocese  widened  the  breach  between  him 
and  L;is  Casas,  the  particulars  of  which  have  already 
hceii  i^iven,  and  was  one  of  the  causes  of  the  abuse 
which  these  prelates  heaped  upon  each  other.  The 
piiiK'c  recent  had  issued  a  cedula  assigning  Soconusco 
to  the  bishop  of  Chiapas  on  the  ground  of  its  prox- 
imity to  that  province.  Tliis  decision  Las  Casas 
coniinuiiicated  to  Marroquin  in  1545,  and  hence  arose 
mutual  vituperation,  charges  of  grasping  after  terri- 
tory, and  misrepresentations,  if  not  untruthfulness,  on 
cither  side.  The  bishop  of  Guatemala  writes  to  the 
jH'()j)le  of  Soconusco  urging  them  to  appeal  against 
the  loyal  cedula,  and  in  a  letter  to  the  king  dated 
June  4,  1545,  describes  the  diocese  of  Las  Casas  as 
cxtoiKhng  from  sea  to  sea,  and  broad  enough  to  con- 
tain liah'  a  dozen  bishoprics,  while  Las  Casas  reports 
that  tlie  bisliop  of  Guatemala  had  appropriated  dis- 
tiicts  extendinuf  almost  to  Nicaragua,  and  states  that 
ins  .s(H'  is  the  asylum  of  vagabond  clergymen.^ 

But  tliough  Marroquin  was  thus  involved  in  diffi- 
'■uUit's  with  his  flock  and  disputes  with  his  brother 
liishop,  lie  labored  hard  for  the  welfare  of  the  former 
hy  founding  various  charitable  institutions.     Under 


•f^: 


v\ 


i 

!    9'!. 


'  Siiuicr'.i  MSS.,  xxii.  92,  4.  In  December  l.'j.}!  the  viceroy  of  Mexico  ad- 
(Irossfil  tlic  culiililo  on  this  (|uestion  and  expressed  his  astDiiishinent  at  tlio 
outi'iy  ii;;aiiist  tlie  payment  of  titlies,  '(jue  dc  dereclio  ilivino  y  huniano  son 
obli.-ndusaiwf^allos.'  Arrmh,  Col.  Doc.  Aiilii/.,  ISl-'i. 

'.V.yw/pyj*  jy,S'6'.,  xxii.  4-1-5,  1-20-1,  l'-'3,  Ui6;  Vartus  dc  hulias,  19-23,  442. 


'W 1 


i 


344 


MARROQUIX  AND  LAS  CASAS  IX  GUATEMALA. 


lii.s  aus[)ices  was  ostublislied  between  154G  mid  ir)-l,9.'" 
the  convent  of  La  Coneepcion,  the  iii'st  lady  su|).ii(ii' 
being  Dona  l^eatriz  tie  Silva,  a  nun  of  the  Doniiiiicui 
convent  of  jVIadre  de  Dios  in  Toledo. ^^  This  institu- 
tion was  liberally  aided  by  the  crown. ''^ 

About  the  same  time  the  hosj)ital  of  San  Ahjo  was 
founded  by  the  Dominicans,"  and  in  1849  ]>is!i(i[( 
Marroquin  founded  that  of  Santiago.  This  latter 
establishment  was  designed  for  Spanish  and  native 
patients  of  both  sexes.  It  was  a  spacious  biiiidin'^ 
(.'ontainirig  four  wards,  so  that  the  races  and  scxc-; 
could  be  kept  apart.  Marroquin,  retaining  the  oflici' 
of  administi'ator,  ceded  the  })atronage  of  this  iiiNti- 
tution  to  the  crown;  hence  it  was  known  as  the 
royal  hospital  of  Santiago."  While  the  bisiioji  thin 
studied  the  temjjoral  welfare  of  his  Hock,  its  spiritual 
good  was  ever  in  appearance  at  least  his  anxious  carr. 
and  1  find  his  recpiesi^  for  more  ecclesiastics  almost 
as  lie(|Uent  as  his  petitions  for  moi-e  money.  I'^i-oiu 
both  Franciscans  and  Dominicans  he  re(H>ived  great 
assistance.  This  last  named  order  had  with  the  rest 
of  the  settlers  removed  to  the  new  city,^'  having  iv- 

'"  In  \')-U]  according  to  Goinnlrz  Ddvila,  Hint.  Er/t-i.,  i.  140.  Vii/(|iic7 
states  that  the  convent  of  La  Concepcion  was  not  founiled  uiit'l  l.")77.  t'luv:'. 
df,  Gntf.,  l.")3. 

"  liciiK-m!,  Hist.  Chyapn,  441.  Vazrjuoz,  as  previously  fiuotiil.  Iinwcvor, 
states  that  ilic  name  of  the  first  lady  supenor  was  Jiiaiia  de  San  I'liiiicisi.  >, 
implying  that  she  was  a  Franciscan  and  not  a  Dominican.  'J'lii.s  autiior''* 
whole  account  is  a  contradiction  of  Ivcniesal's  version. 

'-  The  emjK'ror  contriliuted  2,000  ducados  toward  its  founding.  O'oiizal''. 
Ddvilii,  Tvatro  Kclrus.,  i.  15'2. 

'^  lii'inc-ici/,  Hist.  Chiinpa,  .'jS.').  Gonzalez  Ddvila  .says  thiit  .>li!!nMiuiii 
'Dio  principio  al  Hospital  do  S.  Aloxo,  dondc  so  cur;\  Indios  y  lisp;iiiiilcs,  ipU' 
oy  e.s  Hospital  lieal,  en  ano  H)47' — a  misprint  for  ir)47 — Tcatni  Ei-lc.^.,  i.  I.nl. 
'I'liis  hospital  was  founded  for  the  benelit  of  Indians  who  weic  no  l(!imii' 
capable  of  service,  and  whom  the  S]ianiards  were  v.ont  to  turn  out  into  llic 
streets  to  die  like  <logs.   Gtint.  Sdiito  lhiniii<io  en  171},  .">. 

^*  I'tr^f/iicz,  Citron,  ile  Graf..  l.VJ.  Consult  also  /''»,•(>>/'/,  ///V.  Chi'ipn, 
584-0,  where  a  somewhat  ditl'erent  account  is  given.  In  claiiiiini,' merit  iVr 
his  order  this  author  represents  the  Indians  as  unwilling  to  enter  tiie  hnsjii*;! 
of  Santiago,  preferring  that  of  .Sau  Alejo.  Both  liospitali  received  IIIhm.iI 
support  from  the  crown. 

'■'  The  .second  opening  of  the  Dominican  convent  took  place  nhout  July 
1"):^.  Though  Kcmesal,  on  pages  111,  115,  states  that  Las  Ca^as  ;iriive(l  iit 
Santiago  in  1535,  there  is  positive  evidence  that  I5.S(i  is  tlie  i-i^'lit  year,  hi 
the  deposition,  taken  in  Leon  on  the 'J.Sd  of  August  15;!(),  relative  to  tlio  pi'e- 
ceeding  of  Las  Casus  iu  Nicaragua,  the  witness  Martinez  de  Isagrc  in  his 


FRESH  ARRIVALS. 


345 


Lcivcd  from  the  iiiunic'l|)allty  an  assignment  of  four 
lots  of  n'l'ound  wliereon  to  rchuild  their  convent."^  In 
1547  tlu!  })rovincial  eliapter  of  the  order  in  Mexico 
ivcoi^iiizcd  and  a('ee[)ted  the  convent  of  Gnatcniala  as 
ivLjularly  organized,  and  a[»[)ointed  Friar  Toniiis  Ca- 
sillus  as  a  prior.  At  this  date  there  were  thirteen  nienj- 
l)eis  of  the  conninniity  besides  tl»e  prior.  In  IojO 
Fi'av  Toniiis  de  la  Torre  .succeeded  Casillas,  1)V  which 
tiiiK'  the  number  had  increased  to  oidy  fifteen.^" 

Meantime  the  rival  order  of  the  Franciscans  had 
;i|i|)(iired  upon  the  field  c»f  labor.  When  the  first 
iiiiiiil)(i's  arrived  it  is  not  possible  to  decide.  Accord- 
iiiL(  to  Torquemada,  Fray  Toribio  Motolinia  was  sent 
in  15.'^).'],  by  the  custodia  of  the  order  in  IMexico,  to 
t'ouiid  monasteries  in  Guatemala/'*  but  the  first  perma- 
iiiiit  establishment  of  Franciscans  in  Santiago  wa.s 
due  to  the  efi'o'fts  of  ]Marro([uin.  At  the  entreaty 
(if  that  prelate  six  friars  were  sent  from  Spain  in 
I  ;")■'!!),'■'  and  arrived  at  ^lexico  in  1540,  their  expenses 
liaving  been  paid  by  hin).^^  After  remaining  six 
iiionths  at  that  city  they  j)roceedecl  by  land  to  Guate- 
mala, but  at  Tepeaca,  six  leagues  from  Puebla,  their 
])ivlate  Casascca  fell  sick  and  died."'     The  restcontin- 

cviclciicc  iiiontions  that  the  pa(h'o  left  Leon  nhout  two  months  previous  to  that 
datt'.  1  nh.niKirioncx,  in  i'cuhcfo  awA  Cdrilcnux,  Col.  J>ur.,  vii.  141,  14;$.  (Jon- 
Kiik'z  I):ivila  makes  the  same  error  as  Keniesal.  Tentro  Krh't.,  i.  14;{.  .luarinH 
is  concrt.  Clint.,  'H'A.  Ton|iK'ma(hi,  iii.  .'{:{8,  states  that  friars  I'edro  de  An- 
pilti,  .liiiiu  du  Torres,  and  Matias  de  I'az,  were  sent  from  Mexieo  in  1J38  to 
lutiinl  the  |iro\  incc  of  the  order  in  <!uateniahi. 

"'  A  iiilsiiiulerstandinp;  oeeurrcd  between  the  cahihloand  the  friars  relative 
t!i  the  j:i'oiiiids  of  the  latter  in  tho  oKl  eity.  These  the  Dominicans  had  sold, 
iiut  the  lahildo,  which  had  declared  th(!  site  of  the  old  an  cyido,  deemed  the 
iii'w^'niiit  an  ciiiial  exchange  for  the  former  lots,  declared  that  the  friars  had 
lii)  ri^rlit  to  make  such  a  sale,  and  ordered  the  inclosurea  which  had  heen  built 
to  he  |iii11im1  duwn.  liimcmJ,  Hist.  Cfii/n/Ki,  .S(i!)-70. 

'■  I!'  uusal  !.;ivcs  the  names  and  grades  of  these  members.  IiL,  4.")7,  ">'2."). 
^'Tiii'qm iniiihi,  iii.  489.     On  the  18th  of  Januaiy  l.">.'i;{  I  find  that  Moto- 
linia was  in  'JVhuantepec  with  Fray  Martin  de  \'aleiicia  and  others  of  the 
order,  who  siL;iicd  at  that  place  a  letter  to  the  emperor.    Ti'inaiix-Com/iaii.t, 
rij.v,,j-(-|-ieii.  tom.  V.  '2'_'8. 

''•'Tlie  names  of  these  friars  were  Alonso  de  Casaseca,  called  txho  de  las 
I'.nis,  l)ie^(^  Ordonez,  (ionzalo  Mendez,  Francisco  de  lUistillo,  |)iego  de  .\lvn, 
mill  a  lay  brother  Francisco  A'alderas.  Toniiii'iiiai/a,  iii.  8.'J8;  Viiz'/ikz,  Chruii. 
'/|'';^';"/..4-_'-:),  l.-)4,  .->i8-l!);  Coiiznhz  Ddriln,  Tcuiro  Evh:'^.,  1.  14,'). 

■"'Jim  expense  <if  each  friar  from  Seville  to  Vera  Cruz  was  70  dncados. 
Ill;  M.:.,r„in,  llixt.  Eden.,  .•;S4. 

iJie  ;ju  Orduiiez  was  choscu  to  succeed  him.    Vazquez,  Chron.  de  Gvat. ,  51-5. 


■5  *« 

i 


i 


w, 


I 


m 


340 


I    ii 


MAEROQUIN  A^TD  LAS  CASAS  IN  GUATEMALA. 


iictl  tlicir  journey  and  were  received  at  Santinoo  with 
cveiy  demonstration  of  weloonie.  By  private  ton- 
tributions  and  with  the  assistance  of  tlie  l)is]iop  tlu'V 
were  enabled  to  erect  a  liunible  dwelling',"  in  wliich 
tbey  dischai-gc;d  the  duties  of  tlieir  calling  with  as 
punctual  and  strict  observance  as  if  it  had  been  a  con- 
vent of  the  liiixhest  order.  After  the  destruction  nf 
Santiago  appropriate  ground  was  allotted  to  thnn  for 
the  erection  of  their  convent,  church,  and  other  biiilih 
ings,-^  and  by  June  1542  an  unpretending  monastery 
liad  been  built.  When  the  Franciscans  had  acquired 
some  knowledge  of  the  native  tongues,  they  engaged 
ni  missiona'-y  labors  throughout  tli<j  country.-^ 

The  need  of  more  friars  was,  however,  urgcsnt,  and 
ere  long  Fray  Valderas,  with  the  ap[)roval  of  the 
bishop,  went  to  Spain  in  order  to  procure  more  mem- 
bers of  his  order.  He  soon  accomplished  his  mission 
and  returned  with  twelve  brothers  to  Mexico.  I  ii- 
hapj)ily  in  their  haste  to  engage  in  their  labors  most 
ol'tlieni  broke  down  on  the  long  and  toilsome  journey 
to  Santii'go,  and  died."''  At  a  later  date,  however, 
the  want  was  somewhat  relieved  by  the  arrival  of 
J*dotolinia  with  a  considerable  nund^er  of  his  order.-" 

The    Franciscan  order  was   now  firndy  established 

'*' \' :ty<]\u'7.  utiiti's  tliiil  they  occupied  ii  small  r(mvciit  liadly  out nf  r(|i:iir 
Imilt  liy  l'"i;iiici.sci!iis  tiMincily  in  tlic  count'"..  'CoVLiilico,  ijuo  jinr  ciit'a'LS 
ii]icn:i.s  tcni.i  \ii  lieii/o  de  lioiconcs.'  /</.,  !)'.). 

''■^  Vii/iiiu'/  t;ivcs  a  copy  of  the  order  for  tiie  nllotinent  siL'Ued  iiy  tlir  J'liiit 
g  ivernor.s  MaiToimin  and  ( 'ui'va.  Jt  is  witliout  date,  liiit  \'azi|Ue/,  iiitns  that 
it  was  j,dveii  durin;z  (K'toher  1,'itl,  when  lots  were  bciiii;  distriliiited.    /•/.,  JiiT. 

'■'♦They  «ero  en.t,'aj,'ud  in  the  ditiienlt  task  of  colleetin.n  tlii'   Iniliaiis  in," 
towns.      Fr;iy   Oidonez   remained  in  eii.«r(.'f  of  the   inonastei'y;  (ion/.do  "  ■ 
went  anionj,'  tlie  /ntuf,'ils;  linstilio  and  Aha  to  tiie  (^Uiii  lies  and  Cake! liijuel 
rcs])cctively.  A/.,  ('»<)  7.  77  S-,  KM!   II.  !•_".). 

'^''  Miiii/ii  /ii,  l/ist.  J\rlis,,  :{S1   5;    'rtiniiiitniiihi,  iii.  .'?I!.S-!I. 

'*'"  lioth  the  date  and  nundier  of  friars  , 'ire  niatter.s  of  disjinto.  Tor(|iienin  i 
slates  that  Motolinia  was  sent  in  \M'2  to  (iuateinala  liy  .facoho  ile  Ti -ti  . 
condsai'io  p'lieral  of  the  tuxhr,  vith  twelve  of  tlie  I."i0  friars  wiioni  Ih!  Ii  i 
lironght  to  iMcxico  thatycnr.  Tdn/iiciiKn/'i,  iii.  ;{.'{7,  •'!;{!).  He  follows  .'/■  inliil'i, 
J/is/.  Jy'lt,-!.,  3S.5.  Figiicroa.  in  /'tiji.  J-'nuirifcai/os,  .M.S.,  i.  Xo.  I,  ;!7  et  sc(|.. 
sii)i|iorts'l'on]iu  inadaas  to  date  lint  maintains  that  the  numlierof  friars  was 'Jt. 
\'azi|ue/,  (111  the  authority  of  In  ml.  ilc  hi.  Prm:  ilc  S.  Friiii"' </■•  Cihii.  .MS., 
l.VSIi.  /.r.iniii,  Jll.<l.  Yiir.,  a,  letterof  .Motolinia  dated  <  )ctolier '-M,  i.-|4.i.  and  tli< 
liiiniites  of  tiie  c.'iliildo,  coiieludes  that  Motolinia  arrived  at  ( iiiateniah  in 
l.')4t,  with  tiOor-Jt  friar.s.  V/uvii.  di:  deal.,  4-_'-:{,  102,  lU.Vd   440. 


'  i  .J 


I:  Jitil 


THE  FRANCISCANS, 


347 


-■r, 


wo. 


piur 

I'lCl'S 

lint 
luit 
HiT. 

iir." 

iiii'l 


-r.|.. 
S  'H. 
MS., 
I  tllr 
la  ill 


ill  (luateinnla.  Motolinia  erected  the  convents  which 
liiul  been  founded""  into  a  custodia,  despatched  friars 
ti)  Yucatan,-^  and  visited  different  parts  of  the  coun- 
t!v.  Jle  then  returned  to  Mexico  and  was  succeeded 
ill  iiis  office  of  custodio  by  Fray  Gonzalo  de  Men- 

Tlie  jealousy  wliicli  existed  between  the  Doniin- 
icaiis  and  Franciscans  was  exhibited  in  Cniateniala  as 
stiDii^'ly  as  elsewhere,  and  the  bickerings  which  or- 
curird,  and  opposition  offered  by  the  earlier  estal/- 
lislicd  order  to  the  new-comers,  were  so  discouraging 
that  many  of  the  Franciscans  left  the  ])rovince.'""  13ut 
tor  the  efforts  of  Bishop  Marroquin  they  would  have 
abandoned  the  field. ^' 

In  1  r)47  the  comisario  general  states  tliat  there 
wvvc  only  twelve  Franciscans  in  Guatemala,  and  re- 
quests that  young  members  of  the  ordej',  capable  of 
iiniuiiing  the  native  language,  be  sent  out.*'"  lie  also 
iiiiinrsses  upon  the  emperor  the  necessity  of  assigning 
scjiaiate  fields  of  labor  to  the  two  orders,  and  it  is  to 
be  noted  that  the  Franciscans  were  inimical  to  the 


-'"TliP  convent  next  fDundcd  after  that  at  Santiaco  \vt\n  the  one  at  Atitlan 
liy  Fray  (innzalo  in  1")41;  then  followetl  otliers  at 'l'ec])anatitlan  and  Conia- 
lipa.  III.,  SA-'y,  lUO.  Tlii^re  is  sonic  doubt  as  to  the  date  of  the  foimdiiig  of 
till!  iVaneisean  custodia  in  (iiiateniahi.  Tor(|UCMia(hi  Ktati's  tliat  it  was  cs- 
talili^luij  ill  1,mI,  foHowing  Meiidieta.  Va/i|iU'Z  is  e(intradi<'toiv,  giviiifj;  the 
yi'ars  l.")44  and  ir)4!)  as  tlie  dates.  Cro)).  dcdnit.,  li'..',  l'_';{,  and  fuithcniiorc 
(|iiiit('son  i)p.  144-(i,  Finn/.  Prnr.  S.  FrKurism.  MS.,  ]  'S.'{,  as  follows:  'l)igo, 
<|iU' Id  i|  ay  en  el  caso  es:  (|ue  esta  Iniviiicia  I'le  veinte  alios  Cn.stcidiii  ile  la 
I'loviiHJa  del  Santo  l']va!i;^elio  de  Mexico.'  As  this  refers  to  tiic  erii  tioii  of 
the  oiij'i- into  a  jirovinee  in  l.VJil,  it  would  appear  tiiat  there  was  a  Franeis- 
laii  eiutodia  in  (iuateniala  in  lo;!!).  Figueroa,  in  /'u/i.  Frtufisciinw,  M.S.  i. 
^||■  I.  liT.  ;;ives  l,")4'2  as  the  date. 

•■"Tile  nuniher  of  friars  sent  to  Vueatan  as  iaiionsly  ;,'iveii  hy  the  authori- 
ties already  ipioted,  Mas  fcmr  (U'  .si.\.  r.,it  .Mai'i'oc|uin.  wiitini;  to  the  emperor 
Ik'teiiilKT  1.  |,",4,"),  states  that  Fray  Yillafiaiido  Mas  mi  'S'uiataii  Mitli  ei^'lit  of 
tin  (inlei-.  whom  he  had  taUeii  from  (Iuateniala.  .V'/.v/i /•'.>.■  J/.s'.s',,  xxii.  140. 
Fit  iiiiiitinu  (if  N'illapando'.:  labors  in  Yinatan  sec  .'li.sf.  Mr.r.,  ii.  4."rJ  et  seij., 
till.-  series. 

■■'  '/'■■rri/iPninilii,  \'\\.  ',]'.][).  The  cabildo  of  Santiago  in  I  >e(Hiiilier  l."i4."i  juti- 
tiniied  tliat  Motolinia  should  be  sent  back.  'I'lie  <'oniisario  general  in  Mexico 
Viplieil,  in  I'eliiuary  b'»4."'>,  that  more  friars  '. ould  be  sent  but  that  Mololinia"s 
H'rvue.s  weie  nu>re  neidi'd  in  Mexico.    l'(r.,iitt  x,  I'liroii.  (/c  li'riif.,  lO.'Mi. 

'"/''(';  AiiiliiiicUi  III  Fiii/ii  rmlor,  in  Si/i  i<  r'n  MSS..  x.xii.  l.'i'J. 

"7'o,,y,/, »„„/„.  iii.  :,;{<),  .•{74-.");    Mnid'iili:,  Hi.;.  Frl'.s.,  ;tS."i. 
■' Many  thrnngh  inability  to  master  the  dillicnltics  of  the  languages  had 

h'ft.  i<i]u;.  /•',.  j/ivv.,  xxii.  ;iy-40. 


S  >'r., 


.i'n'ii"« 


■M 


348 


I^IAKROQUIX  AXD  LAS  CASAS  IN  GUATEMALA. 


■    a 


Mcrcenarios,  wlio  arc  described  as  being  deti-iiiiciitai 
latlier  tliaii  beneficial  to  the  cause  of  the  church. ■'' 

Tlie  disagreement  between  the  "two  highest  rcLjuhir 
orders  was  not  based  entirely  upon  a  struggle  I'nr 
.supremacy.  Each  had  its  distinct  views  with  icg.inl 
to  the  method  of  implanting  Christianity  in  Anici  ira. 
The  Dominicans,  led  by  their  unyielding  chic  I'  Las 
Casas,  would  not  rcK'ognize  wholesale  baptism  as  ])ia(- 
tiscd  by  the  Franciscans,  and  they  would  not  ailinit 
that  the  interests  of  the  conquerors  were  com[)alilil(j 
with  the  welfare  of  the  conr[uered  i-aces.  The  Fran- 
ciscans, with  ]\[otolinia  as  their  leader,  iniagin<'(l  that 
a  system  of  ecclesiastical  and  civil  policy  could  he 
adoj)t('d  which  would  conduce  to  tlie  interests  of  hotli 
the  douiinant  and  con<|uered  races.  This  order  d'ul 
not  object  to  the  sword  being  called  into  operation; 
tlie  Dominicans  denied  it  as  a  means  of  advaming 
the  gosjiel.  The  Dominicans  were  uncompromisingly 
op])osed  to  slavery;  the  rival  order  not  so,  and  I  am 
inclined  to  think  that  the  Franciscans  honestlv  hi- 
lieved  that  under  the  pressure  of  tlie  encomendcios 
and  the  ini])ossibility  of  ra|)id  manumission,  mere 
benefit  could  bo  obtained  fm' the  natives  by  a  toK  lant 
system  of  servitude,  su})erviscd  by  the  religious  ordeis, 
than  by  a  sudden  change.  It  is  unnecessai-y  to  I'elate 
the  bitter  denunciations  that  each  leader  uttifed 
against  the  other.  While  it  is  to  be  regretted  that 
Motolinia  in  his  fici-co  attack  on  l^as  Casas  appears 
to  have  been  guided  by  a  spirit  not  altogethei'  iVee 
I'l'om  jealousy,''*  it  cannot  be  disputed  that  the  indis- 
creet zeal  of  Jjas  Casas  gave  dis.satisfaction  to  eminent 
men  evt'ii  in  his  own  order.^' 


It  was  throu'jfh  the  exertions  of  Dartolome 


(le    I. 


Casas  that  the  pacification  of  A'era  I*az  was  achieved 
Vvitliout  tlie  aid  «d'an  armed  foi'ce.      The  native  name 

"^  Ziipri/n,  Ciirtn,  ' Ih'.ifnifirii  i  iin  idilicKii.^  LI.,  <I0, 

•"  l.iis  (';is,iH,  in  (^>iiiii((iii(i,    \"nl(t.i.  'JOT   H. 

"^  Aitdiuiii,!,'  to  Mii/nlliilii,  //'V/.  7vA .-.'. ,  'J.'iO,  'JOS,  Fray  lVt;ni/(w  vrote 
a  li'ltor  to  J^is  Ciiwis  attributing  imu'li  evil  uiiil  acundul  to  his  inuJo  ij' 
jnocuL'diiig. 


I  'i 


MEARURi::-;  coxcerxint;  xAxrv'ES. 


340 


of  iliis  iorritory  was  Tuzulutlaii.  The  Sjiaiiiards  after 
thrii'ciitraiico  into  (Guatemala  niad(>  several  nnsueeess- 
I'iil  attempts  to  sulxliie  it,  and  I'roiii  this  cause  and  tlio 
ticri'i'  eliaracter  of'tlie  natives  tlioy  eallcd  it  Tierra  do 
( liicrra.""  Its  dimensions  at  the  time  the  ])ominieans 
I  iitci'cd  it  nearly  eorf'spondc'd  with  its  prc^sent  limits. 
Ill  1,.7  t  iViars  of  tlic  convent  at  Cohan  r(^[)ortcM|  that 
\rr;\  I'az,  as  already  hounded  l)y  I'oyal  deer(,'e,  ex- 
iriiijcd  sixty  leajjjues  from  east  to  west,  measured  from 
ihr  I'ivcr  Nito"'  to  the  river  Zacapulas,  and  fifty 
l(;i;4iics  from  south  to  north,  commencing'  from  the 
iiMi'thern  slope  of  the  ('anal  and  Ivahinal  mountains/''* 
The  surface  was  niuu'ed  and  mountainous;  roads  w -'re 
;i!iiiM>t  unknown,  and  the  inhal)itantsa''tive  and  v^-ar- 
likr.  '  Nevertheless  ]jas  Casas  proposed  to  penetrate 
it  ill  (Iciiance  of  dan'j;'i;i",  exposure,  and  hardship. 

l'iv\i(> :,  ,  to  i,")oG  he  had  puhlished  a  treatise,^"  in 
wliiili  111'  i'(indenuied  conquest  hy  force  of  arms,  and 
ui';vil  tliat  to  civilize  and  convert  the  Indians  was  the 
liiio  system  of  suhjujj^ation.  These  precepts  he  inces- 
santly upheld  in  Santia;;'()  hoth  iVom  tlu;  pulpit  and  in 
(iiuviTsalion,  and  his  trachinn's  onlv  di'ew  upon  him 
;.;vncral  ridicule  and  (Mimity,  and  eventually  the  j)eople 
(if  Saii'iian'o  darc:d  him  to  [)ut  his  priucipU's  in  practice 


'''Mciiiiin;,'  l.iiiil  of  win;  tlio  name  Vi'ia  I'm/,  .signifying  true  peace  was 
givi'M  it  liy  the  J)(Piiiinif;ius  heciiise  tliey  hail  fieconipli.-ilied  l>y  jieaeeful 
liH'ii>ine.s  wiiat  foreiMit'aiins  liail  faileil  to  do.  Minnn/it,  in.V7"''f;''.s'  J/.S.V.,  xv.  2; 
Jiiiirro.i,  <!ii((t.,  ii.  ;{'J()-I.  'i'lii ;  last  autlioi-.  tjuotiii!;  I.an  Casas,  statcH  tliat 
tlii.i  name  was  CDiifrntd  )>y  (liarle.s  V.  i.  l.iJl.  Consult  also  I'<ni<:.-<(il,  llisl. 
I'ii/liijKi,  IIS  -Jt.  'J'lio  native  name  is  written  l>y  ilill'erent  authoi'.iTnzulutlaii 
mulTe/.nhitan. 

»"  Now  called  Dnleo. 

^^Si/iii'i-'.-i  .1/,"5,S'.,  xiv.  \-2.  Miranda  in  1.">7">  re]iortedto  tlieoidor  I'alacio 
"f  the  ( liiatenialauudiencia  that  the  livei'  Zarapulas  separated  \"era  I'a/  from 
t!ie  imivinee  nf  (luateniala,  and  that  the  distance  thenco  to  the  gulf  of  Dulce 
was  ahoiit  -IS  leagues,  its  greatest  width  lieini,'  -7  leagues.  'I'he  inliahited 
t'ortidii  was  only  one  tliird  or  one  fourth  of  its  .snrfare,  for  the  friars  had  eol- 
k'cted  llie  Indians  into  towns,  and  estalilishcd  a  system  of  commerce.  iS'/idrr's 
•V.V.s'.,  XV.  .'i.  At  the  time  of  these  ri[)orts  the  northern  part,  (i  wild  and 
lieavily  wooded  country,  was — and  still  is— iuhaliited  liy\\ild  tribes,  being 
tiieii  arcfuge  for  fugitive  Indians  from  N'ncalan. 

"'•'(,'uiiitana  conjectures  that  lack  of  mine-  and  other  valuabh'  resource  h 
I'p'V'iiti'l  their  being  enslaved.    I'iihts,  -Jn  jiarte.  17."!. 

'"  lliititleil  J)r  I'liicn  \'nriif!oii/.i  ,\fiiili>.  and  abounding  in  co])ions  legal  and 
thrnlojiral  iirgnuieiits  in  favor  of  iiis  sy;item  of  ]ieaeeable  coiicpiest.  I'<  ini'-iil, 
lii-t.  Chijiiiin,  IKS-'il;  J,(is  Cumn,  ill  (jiiinlduii,   I'c/a-,  "Jn  parte,  17--3. 


n  i 


27)0 


MAEROQUIN  AXD  LAS  CASAS  IN  GUATEIMALA. 


i-u. 


by  accomplishing-  the  conquest  of  Tiizuhitlan.  Tho 
undaunted  padre  accepted  the  challenge,  and  in  con- 
junction with  Fray  Kodrigo  de  Ladrada  and  i-'inv 
Pedro  de  Angulo,  agreed  to  undertake  the  pcrilou-; 
enterprise  on  the  condition  that  the  natives  slioulil 
never  be  assigned  in  enconiiendas,  and  that  i'nr  ;i 
period  of  five  years,  dating  from  the  entrance  of  tin; 
iViars  into  the  province,  no  Spaniards  should  l)e  pci- 
niitted  to  enter  the  country."" 

Las  Casas  at  once  [)roceeded  to  put  his  designs  in 
execution,  and  bv  the  emplovnjent  of  converted  Ind- 
ians  and  the  establishment  of  frontier  posts,  (ipcnt d 
friendly  relations  with  the  hitherto  exclusivt'  inhalii- 
tants  of  Vera  Paz,*^  and  laid  the  basis  of  the  i'uturc 
acknowledgment  of  the  sovereignty  of  Spain/' 

*'  Lis  Casas,  in  (jiiiufdiKi,  Viilan,  23S-0.  Tlicscj  terms  were  p^iinvintoi'il  liy 
Maldoniido  in  .May  l.").S7  acuonling  to  Keniesal.  Jlitf.  d/i'/apn,  1'Jl.'-.'{.  'ilny 
were  iipprtyved  l)y  the  amlicneia  of  Mexico  in  Fthruary  I't'.i'.),  ami  liy  tlio 
emperor  in  November  1540.  J>eal  t'rdula,  in  I'ac/ieco  and  Cunknun,  Col.  IJu<:., 
vii.  \U)~r>(',. 

*■  /'riaiz,  Mem.  th  Giiaf.,  i.  133. 

■■^Itemo.sal  j,'ives  an  interesting  and  romantic  account  of  the  mctiiod  first 
.adopted  l(y  Las  Casas,  but  one  which,  I  apprehend,  is  more  an  iuviiiiioii 
than  . a  true  statement  of  facts,  lie  represents  Las  (,'asas  and  his  ccllra^.'ties 
as  ooniposing  verses  in  the  Quielni  tongue,  narrating  tlie  principal  uiystLiits 
of  the  (,'atholic  faith.  Tlieso  were  .set  to  music  and  taught  to  four  liidinii 
mcreliauts,  who  were  in  the  iiabit  of  journeying  into  Tuzulutlan.  'J'lic  luiil 
of  Zaca])ulas  ^\as  a  formidal)lo  and  powerful  chief  called  by  lieimsd  L'ou 
Juan.  To  him  the  four  merchants  were  instructed  to  go  and  sing  tiuir  can- 
ticles, having  lieen  ))rovided  with  various  articles  from  Spain  .sucii  as  would 
excite  curiosity.  'J'lieir  reception  was  favorable,  and  the  interest  awaiiiiuil 
by  their  songs,  the  novel  presents  which  they  brought,  and  their  dcsciiptioii 
of  the  ]ieace-loving  men  induced  a  wish  in  the  haughty  chieftain  to  be  visited 
by  the  friars  themselves.  Accordinglj'  a  second  expedition  was  planned  ami 
Fray  Luis  Cancer  was  selectetl  to  accompany  tiie  Indian  traders.  His  mis- 
eiou  was  successful.  The  caei(|ue  was  persuaded  to  embrace  ehristianiiy, 
destroy  his  idols,  and  be  baptized.  On  the  return  of  Fray  Jaus,  l.as  CasuH 
determined  still  further  to  extend  the  work  in  person,  and  in  ])ec(iiili('i' 
1  ."ill"  visiti'd  Don  .hum  accompanied  by  Fray  Angulo.  They  then  exlciidLil 
their  journey  into  the  more  remote  districts  of  Tuzulutlan  and  ( 'oban,  luiiij,' 
jM'ovided  with  an  escort  by  the  cacique,  who  vainly  tindeavored  to  dissuade 
tliem  fi'oni  tlieir  ha/.ardotis  nndei'taking.  The  treatment  they  met  with  was, 
however,  generally  favorable,  and  though  tliey  i?x|ierieneed  some  opjio-iitiim 
among  the  .subjects  of  l)oth  l)on  .luan  and  the  lord  of  Coban,  they  cmiiplcted 
tlu'ir  journey  ami  returned  early  in  l.'),'{8.  /lint.  <'/u/(i/j(1,  I'J'J-'-t.  Ill.'p  10. 
Consult  also  Frnidiiili-,  ll'ixt.  IJrhs.,  passim;  Las  Casas,  in  (jKiiitniin.  I  oAk, 
174(1;  and  llraxseiir  ilc  lloiirlxiiirn,  /lis/.  N<il.  Civ.,  i\.  I'MA't.  N'nw  tins 
acciiunt  savors  at  least  of  inaccuracy.  The  efl'orts  of  Las  Casas  anil  his  iinii- 
)iani(ius,  |)i'o\ious  to  his  departure  to  Spain  in  1.").'!!)  40,  were  conlinril  tutho 
frontiers  which  were  to  a  certain  extent  under  subjugation.  Ju  I'cbruniy 
lo42  Bishop  Marroquiii,  writing  to  tho  emperor,  after  mentioning  the  anivul 


!'  ! 


PEACEFUL  CONQUESTS. 


351 


Xovortliclcss  the  work  of  conversion  could  not  be 
straightway  acconiplislieil.  Thougli  Las  Casus  was 
cdiiviiiced  of  the  practicability  of  his  scheme,  the 
small  number  of  friais  in  the  country  rendered  its 
iiiiiiK'diate  execution  impossible.  Moreover  much  op- 
iMisilion  was  offered  to  his  broad  and  uncompromising' 
views,  and  although  the  work  was  begun  undei-  t])e 
best  auspices,  so  far  as  the  action  of  the  native  chiefs 
was  concerned,  he  felt  himself  compelled  to  suspend 
operations  until  he  had  had  a  personal  inter\  ii;w  with 
the  emperor.''*  Accordingly  he  left  (jruatemala  and 
pruceeik'd  l)y  way  of  ]\Iexico  to  Spain.^' 

of  sonic  Dominicans  who  broiic;ht  with  tliem  'ilos  scnores  do  hi  raya  do  tien\i 
(le  j^iieiia,  <|uc  h;s  salicroii  al  camino,'  and  dcscriliing  thu  excitement  caused, 
liy  tlio  leading,' of  a  rnyal  provision  'eshivida  il  contcnii)laci(in  t\\i  tray  Bar- 
ti)liiiuO  de  Li.s  Casas  y  por  sii  rehieion,'  uses  these  words:  'K.sto  conliado, 
(luc  (str  jiedazo  do  tierra  ([iio  esta  i1  hi  mar  del  Norte,  enya  cabeccra  os 
Tocuhillan,  ha  do  vcidr  en  eonoeimiento  de  nuestra  santa  fee,  sin  ri(!sgo  iii 
sangrc  ni  nmertcs,  y  cuando  no,  antes  gananl  ([uo  peider;i.'  Ptn-hi'ro  and 
('iir(.('im<.  Col.  Jhc,  xiii.  "JT'S-O.  This  clearly  proves  that  hut  little  progress 
liiiil  luen  made  in  tlii'  spiritual  conquest  of  Vera  I'az  u|)  to  the  dat«  of  Xlar- 
rii(|iiin.s  letter.  The  mention  of  tho  two  lords  of  the  Tierra  <h.'.  ( luerra  and 
Fray  liomin^o  do  Vico's  custom  of  composing  verses  on  tlni  llio  of  Cliri.st  and 
siriiitural  subjects,  to  bo  sung  l)y  converted  Indians  at  feasts,  as  mentioned 
by  lleiuesal  on  pages  (ill-  I'J,  may  have  suggested  to  tlii't  wiiter  his  story  of 
till' nil  ivhants  , aid  Don.Tnanand  the  hjrd  of  Cohan.  ^Moreover,  in  Deccni- 
l)ur  l.')4,")  tlie  aiuliencia  informed  tlio  emperor  that  two  Dominicans  hail,  pre- 
vious to  May  preceding,  left  (Uiatemala  for  the  provinces  of  Tuxulutlau  and 
Licamloii,  aud  that  their  lives  being  leported  in  danger  I'ray  Angulo  had 
gone  Vi  their  aid.  The  oidores  also  expressed  their  disaiiproval  of  tho  j)ropo- 
sition  to  exempt  l)on  .Juan,  the  caciipie  of  Atitlan,  and  others  from  the 
enconiicnda  sy.;tem  as  a  reward  for  tlie  assistance  rendered  liy  tliem  in  the 
patillcatinii  of  tliose  districts.  St/iiiir's  MSS.,  x\n.    I'M. 

*' In  addressing  tlio  emperor  from  ^Madrid,  December  1."),  l.")40,  Las  Casas 
roports  tlie  cominencemeiit  of  tiie  work,  and  that  tho  lords  of  the  ])rovinces 
liail  already  treated  with  the  Dominicans  secretiy.  Ho  expresses  the  convic- 
tion tliut  tho  country  would  bo  brought  to  iickiiowlcdgt^  the  sovereignty  of 
Spain  '  por  via  do  paz,  amor  y  biienasobras. '  ('ol.  Jtnr.  IhkI.,  viii.  ").">.>-'!. 

^^Tlic  i\:\U\  of  his  de[iarture  fi-oiii  \ew  Spain  and  of  hisarrival  at  tho  penin- 
sula arc  alike  nncertain.  Jtuniesal  states  that  he  nttended  a,  provincial  eliap- 
tur  of  hii  (jider  iuld  in  Mexico  on  tlie  '24th  of  -Vugust  l.'ili.S  at  which  the 
ipicstiou  (if  Ids  mission  to  Spain  was  discussed  and  jiormission  given  to  him, 
l.ailraila,  and  Cancer  to  go  thither.  At  tho  same  meeting  tin'  title  of  vicai'  of 
the  ])oininic!in  conv(.'iit  ill  (iuatemala  was  conferreil  upon  i'ray  AiiLrulo.  Hint. 
Vhj'iyi,  1 17,  b"iO.  Las  Casas,  in  (Jiuiifdiin.  l''-/.»s,  ITS,  cuiiclude's  that  lie  arrived 
in  Spain  in  b">;!!).  ]Iel[is,  Sjnin.  ( 'om/.,  iii.  ;i(l4  7,  ami  fJ/c  ij  Las  (  '.(.sm.s',  ITS, 
livers  tlnit  lie  returned  from  Tu/uliitlat>  to  Santiago  in  May  l.'iliit  and  pro- 
tiTili'il  to  Mexico  to  attend  tlic  chapter  hehl  on  AuKUst '24,  b").'i!t.  .According  to 
Icazhaheta,  T,,/.  /)oi\,  i.  pp.  Iv.  Ixii.  :J.'»S,  Las  Ca.sis  was  in  Tli>cala  in  tlie  early 
part  of  b"i.';!(,  I'or  particulars  i'<  _a.rdiiig  the  s;iiling  of  the  lleets  to  and  from 
Spam  Sic  /,/,,  p]i.  ixi\  V.  Felii-t.iiry  l."it!»  wasthe  day  of  leaving  \'era(  riu  aa 
Vi'.'.'ulated  byd'creeof  l.")(i4.  b'  riio.sal  stat'-  tliat  previous  to  his  de].arture  Las 
t-asas  fuiuKled  Uubiiuil  after  mature  u»ililH;i'atwu  us  to  the  choice  of  a  site  lavor- 


Ifli 


W     'H 


m 


'tejIiiM^^^ 


3--2 


MARHOQUIX  AND  LAS  CASAS  IX  GUATir.IALA. 


'i1 


■  ■  M 


Oil  liis  arrival  at  court  bo  advocated  liis  system  of 
]K'acciiil  conquest  with  liis  usual  vijj^or,  liut  liis  action 
^avv  groat  oilbiico  to  tlio  cabildo  of  (jruatoinala.    Two 
indignant  letters  were  addressed  to  tlicoiii[)oror  attribu- 
ting to  him  the  existing  troubles  and  turmoils.^''    The 
diieet  cause  of  these  despatches  was  the  receipt  of 
two  decrees  obtaiised  by  the  representations  oi"  J^as 
Casas,  the  first  of  wiiich  was  addressed  to  tlie  hishoji 
and  gowrnor  of  Guatemala  and  intended  to  renicdv 
the  prevailing  neglect  in  the  religious  instruction  of 
the  Indians  and  negroes.     It  ordered  that  at  a  stated 
hour  each  day.  all  such  as  were  not  already  instructed 
should  be  tauiifht  tlieir  religious  duties.*'     The  second 
guaranteed  to  Las  Casas  and  his  companions,  in  ihclr 
laljors   in    Tuzulutlan,  freedom   from   interference  on 
tlie  })art  of  the   Spaniards.''     At  the  same  time  he 
obtained  other  documents  authorizin<jf  him  oi'  his  com- 
])anions   to  take   such   Spaniards  as  they  tluniscK-cs 
miixht  select  into  the  converted  ivgions.     Letters  of 
thanks,  also,  were  sent  to  sudi  caci(pu>s  as  had  aided 
in  the  work  begun,  and  lastly  as  a  f)recautioii  au.iiiist 
the  interference  of  Alvarado,  the  assistance  of  ceitain 
(■aeI(|U('s    was    securc'd    tf)   the    Dominicans,  and   the 
adcdantado  and  his  lieutenant  eoimnanded  n(jt  to  in- 
teri'ere  with  them.*' 

al)le  to  his  design.  Tlic  undertaking  ■vvns  cxtrcDcly  difficult,  liiit  throuiili 
tlie  fui-iosity  of  roiiniing  natives  nnd  tiic  friendly  invitiitinns  of  t!u'  ()i|;,'iiiiil 
settlers,  the  number  of  inliabitiints  increased  before  Ion;.'  to  r>(){),  ineludiir^  iioo- 
l)liyte.s  an<l  uliKr  Indians.  J.;ih  ( 'asa.s  uaw  assisted  in  this  work  l)y  I'riy  l-siis 
< '.■nicer,  who  availed  himself  of  the  op|)orlnnity  of  \  isitiiii,'  tiie  iiittrior  iij"  far 
as  the  towns  of  Colian.    ///■<f.  ('/i>/(t/i(i,  14."{--4. 

^''' These  were  respeetively  diitcd  November  17,  15;)!).  and  April  ■><>  ]'V' 
In  the  lirst  of  theses  he  is  ch;u'L;ed  with  insisting;  u]ion  the  liijeration  i  t  ■  ;  >'  i 
slaves  under  jieiialty  of  thcirowners  being  refused  the  saeranienls.  G''inirri'  , 
Co/i.  J>w.,  11  -•_'.  Ju  the  second  one  itis  asserted  that  he  was  tr  iveliin;.')il)onl 
rather  than  looking  after  the  Indians  '(jue  estiiu  de  giicrra' and  'llU(r/"ii  lus 
vio.  Isi  eieeiiujs  (jue  t  \u  inteligeneia  ningnna  eon  ellos.'  Arivulo,  ('■>'■  /''V. 
Aiiliii.,  l,')-l(i. 

''Copy  of  this  deei'co  which  was  dated  January  !).  I."i40,  can  be  fouml  in 
(I'oir.nlfZ  Ddr'tla,  Tca/io  L'c/ca.,  i.  14(1-7;  and  /'(inr.ia!,  IliU.  <  liijui'U.  I.VJ. 

'"This  decree  ^\ai•.  issued  on  October  17.  1"'4().  It  also  |iiovidi  il  ih:d  in 
the  event  of  the  collection  of  tribute  being  deeidcrl  upuu  by  J^n  Ca-as  the 
governor  or  bishop  t.houUl  appoint  a  proper  ])crson.  /'/.,  l.^l,  et  ;''!•  ^''''"' 
('i<hiJii,  in  I'dclii  en  und  > 'lirdriidn,  l'<il.  hoc,,  vii.   I  Hi  i), 

^''This  duree,  howcvei',  was  nut  issued  until  January  "JH,  l.J4i.  llimtsd, 
Jli'it.  ChyttjM,  15i>-(i. 


SUCCESS  OF  THE  FRIARS. 


833 


r>ut  Las  Casas  was  aware  that  the  proniulj^atioii 
and  execution  of  a  decree  in  the  western  world  were 
two  (lifKcrent  matters.  He  had  learned  by  experience 
that  suI)terf'ugo  was  connnonly  resorted  to  in  order  to 
})ivv('nt  the  enforcenicnt  of  a  cedula  or  delay  its  oper- 
ation until  there  was  no  lono-er  necessity  for  it,  and 
this  witliout  the  cliars^e  of  disloyalty  being  incurred. 
The  coi-cmony  of  kissing  the  royal  order  and  placiii;.,^ 
it  upon  the  head  was  duly  and  submissivt'ly  })cr- 
foniicd,  but  if  it  could  be  alleged  that  his  ^Majesty 
had  been  misinformed,  ground  for  appeal  was  at  once 
cstaldislied,  and  its  execution  postponed  until  a  truth- 
ful statement  of  the  question  could  be  submitted  t) 
the  king.  This  delayed  the  arrival  of  the  iinal  (K'- 
ci^^ion  until  it  became  inoperative,  and  tlie  evasion 
of  royal  orders  was  at  this  time  sevci'oly  felt  by  the 
ccclesjastics.  Las  Casas  consequently  re[>resented 
those  abuses  to  the  council  and  ju'ocured  a  tinal  cedula 
uliiili  entrusted  the  enforcement  of  the  preceding' 
ones  to  the  audiencia  of  ^lexico,  authorizing  that 
court  to  jnniish  disobedience  to  previous  decrees. 

In  l.jJ  I  Fray  Luis  Cancer  returned  to  Guatemala, 
and  continued  in  Vera  Paz  the  work  of  conversion 
inangm-ated  by  Las  Casas.  From  this  time  th(3  ])acili- 
catioii  proper  may  be  considered  to  have  begun.''' 

The  e\erti(»ns  of  Las  Casas  durinix  the  time  he  re- 
iiiained  in  Spain  were,  as  the  reader  is  already  awai'o, 
iiiaiii!\  direct«\l  to  the  promulgation  of  the  new  code 
ot  laws.  In  1545  he  again  arriv('d  in  New  Spain  to 
take  rli;uge  of  his  di(»f;ese  as  will  be  hereafte-r  related, 
iiinl  in  July,  being  anxious  to  witness  tlie  pi'ogress 
that  Iiad  been  made   in   Vera   Paz,   he   visited    that 


1,1    t 


''My  niitlioritj*  for  giving'  tllis  dntit^  is  a  pi*»»auc  from  a  U'ttcr  addri'sspd 
ly  CiiiiL"  r  from  Seville  to  Lii«  <,'ittt»ifl  at  the  eourt  of  Snaiii.     It  is  as  follows: 


t-ont'lea  hic^o  el  tuiKlaiuento,  ijue  fuo  todo  el  siiceso  dr  l.i«  fmn  iiieiiis  <ie  la 
U'rajaz.  y  coiiio  S.  ,M.,  li  iimtiineia  do  viicwtva  Scnoria,  me  envii'i  fill;'!  a,'4ora 
sit'U-  alios  y  lo  (|ue  so  Iiizo  coil  solo  doi  i'eli;,'iosos.'  7 Vo'/c'o  and  '  'tirdi'int'',  < '  il. 
l''"".,  vii.  i,'i.").  This  letter  was  doiilaI<'sn  written  in  l.")4S.  slioitly  hofore  '  '.'ii- 
cer'udei.iiituro  on  his  ill-i'ated  expedition  to  Moridii,  wiii(  h  uiil  ])r<"<«'ni  l,\  l)0 
liiUTiif(d.  See  eo]»y  of  I'oyid  order  dii ted  OrreriilHT  "JS,  !."i47,  e:\i,eii<l!ii'4' jior- 
uiissiyii,  ;d.-o  assi^(;''!nee  to  tlio  exiiedition.  Ikiatud,  Jiinl.  Chi/dpu,  IM-IJ. 
lllsi.  L't.M.  Am.,  Vol.  II.    23 


I    II 


ii 


I  i,  ■  1 


V>   i"i 


83* 


MARROQUIN  AND  LAS  CASAS  IN  GUATEMALA. 


province.  rT(^  found  the  condition  of  affiiii-s  to  lie  so 
satisfactory  tliat  lie  caused  the  depositions  of  six 
S[>aniar(ls  to  be  taken  for  tlic  purpose  of  rcportiiiif  to 
the  eniperor  tlie  true  nature  of  the  conquest  of  this 
formerly  warlilce  re^'ion.  From  the  statements  df 
these  deponents  it  appears  that  previous  to  the  tn- 
trance  of  the  Dominicans  the  inhabitants  of  tlicsu 
<listiicts  ()|)posed  all  attempts  to  subdu(^  them/''  l>ut 
that  by  inlinite  labor  and  care  the  friar.s  had  over- 
come their  ferocity  and  exasperation.  In  his  prooic -,■, 
thr<in;4h  tlio  country  the  bishop  everywhere  met  with 
a  kind  welcome.  Escorted  b}'  Don  Juan,  a  son  of 
the  lord  of  Coban,  with  many  of  his  subjects,  he  pro- 
ceeded i'rom  town  to  town,"^  reccivincT  ofTeriniiS  and 
])res(>nt:-;  at  each  ]ilace.  At  Cohan  he  was  s^Matiiied 
to  iind  that  a  substantial  wooden  church  had  heeii 
erected,  and  that  every  day  many  natives  ca^^'orly  re- 
ceived reli',dous  instruction.  Procecdiii'jf  tlieiiee  to 
the  town  of  '^J'uzuhitlan  he  ther(^  met  Bishop  ]\Inrro- 
fjnin,  v.lio  was  nialdng  a  similar  visit,''^  and  T  .ippre- 
hcnd  th;it  the  two  })relates  did  not  entertain  sueli 
friendly  leelin'jfs  to  each  otliei-  as  had  been  disiduved 
to  both  of  them  by  the  natives. 

^'  llisliop  M.'irroquin  states  that  nearly  the  wliole  of  this  m;ii'ii  to  the 
norlhc'.'a  fca  v.iis  connncrcd  liy  Pie;_;o  do  Alvnradci,  and  t!iat  ti  hur.  rod  S;;iii- 
ianki  fxlLlcd  llicrciu.  They  afterward  abandoned  it  to  f;o  to  Peru,  and  in  tlio 
more  important  al.'airs  whieli  oeeupied  tlie  colonists  this  rugged  jiruv  iiice  was 
for;:iitte:i.    Lrn  (Ji:.srl'i,  in  QiihifitlKl,   Vi'htx,  "J.'iS. 

■■'-Anio:i;r  t'.io  [daces  visited  may  Ijo  mentioned  Zaeapula,  '  nno  do  Ics 
pui'lilos  do  }'.•::'; ijuc  sirven  il  loi  cspanolesen  la  eitidad  de(iuat(niala,'  ai  v.Iiith 
)dace  fonr  c;;i,i.[Ues  of  Tezulutlan  met  the  bitiliop.  Tlien  ho  ijrocreilcil  t't 
I'atal  r:!il  JaJe,  ('ohan,  and  Te/idutlan.  I ■'/■rintuion,  in  Par/icu  tuid  '  link- 
vii'<,  f'uf.  JJ<ii\,  vii.  'JU).  From  the  f;anu!  document  it  may  1)0  frathered  that  :it 
the  lime  of  i'.M  visit  the  friars  in  (iiy  cunntry  were;  I'edro  do  Aii"ul;>,  Luis 
Caneci',  .Juan  do  Sunt  Lucas,  Fray  (Jabriel,  ])oinin;.,'o  do  Vico,  Duuiiii^'o  ilu 
A>:co'in,  and  two  otiiei's  whose  names  arc  not  mentioned. 

•''■'  Marro'juiu  reporting  this  visit  indul';es  in  uniricndl,\  and  (niLrcnerous  ro- 
marks  a'^.-inst  l-,n.s  (."asas:  '  yo  so  (pio  el  ha  ilo  cscrihir  invcicioncs  e  iuiii;,'iii.'i- 
tionefi,  fjuo  ni  rlias  enlieudo  ni  enteuderd  en  mi  concienciu-.  porque  tci(|i)t-ii 
cdilieio  y  fund.amento  va  fahricado  solire  hi[)ociesia  y  avaria,  v  vnA  hi  inn-tr' 
lne,'!0  fpio  lo  'iH'  dada  la  mitra.'  ]>ut  1  do  not  find  tJiat  tin;  iJi^'lop  of  ('iiati'- 
mala  dfi'crs  in  any  mateiial  point  from  the  bishop  of  Chiapas  in  his  aceo.ii;!. 
Hi.'  saya,  'y  media  legua  antes  ()uo  llegaso  salio  todo  el  jiueblo  'mmhrrs  y 
nni'-erci  il  me  reeibir  eon  nmehas  danzas  y  bailes.  .  .y  alabc  mueliu  .'.  iJioscii 
ver  tan  buena  vv)luntad  y  tan  buen  prin':ipi'>,'  and  admits  f'lrthi  r  en  tli-*  tin' 
friendly  rccc])Uoii  was  (hie  to  the  metiioil  adojjted  by  the  fria',.^.  He  ik>.HTiin- 
.the  land  as  '  la  mas  fiagosa  (pic  h:iy  aeii,  no  es  para  (|U(.^  pueblcn  (.'sjwuults  eu 


FURTHER  EFFORTS. 


885 


But  Las  Casas  liad  still  to  loarii  that  however  suc- 
ccsf-lul  his  own  etlorts  had  been  he  could  not  ward  off 
the  oppression  of  his  countrymen.  The  Spaniards 
imw  hei^an  to  enter  the  region,  impose  tiibutes,  and 
iii;ilv(i  sla\'es  as  was  their  wont,  ant!  in  Octol)er  Ibl- 
Idwini;'  Fray  Luis  Cancer  wrote  to  him — the  prelate 
Ix'ing  then  atGracias  a  ])ios — statinjj;'  that  more  than 
sevL'U  hundred  slaves  of  both  sexes  had  been  taken 
iVoin  the  town  of  Tuzulutlan  alone,  and  that  the 
Irilmte  which  the  natives  of  Vera  Paz  were  called 
iiji'ii  to  pay  was  intolerable.''^  ^loreover  he  was  soon 
to  iind,  greatly  to  his  mortification,  tluit  his  ]K\iceful 
sy-tcni  of  conversion  was  not  necessarily  unattended 
liv  i.loodshed,  as  was  shown  a  lew  years  later  by  the 
uiartyrdoni  of  Luis  Cancer  and  two  brothers  of  the 
]yuniinican  order. 

Ill  1.347  Fray  Cancer  and  Las  Casas  returned  to 
Spiiin,  and  by  their  representations  induced  the  em- 
peror to  ccjnsent  to  an  expedition  to  Florida  to  bo 
(■inducted  by  the  former  on  the  system  by  which 
llii'  pacilication  of  Vera  Paz  was  accomplished.  His 
Majesty  extended  every  facility  to  the  Iriar,  sup])lying 
l.iui  Avith  funds  and  issuing  an  order  which  w<juld 
iiiaMo  him  to  obtain  every  encoui'agement  and  aid 
fioiii  the  authorities  in  Mexico.'^^    The  friar  made  his 


''. 


cl!a  jinr  scr  tan  fi'nc;osa  y  pnl)re.'  Lns  CtiKciK,  in  Q>iiiif('nia,  V/iInx,  'J.'iS-O.     See 

uLii .!/((, /'OY'"'/',  CdrUty  in  S'/iiicr'.i  .\/SS.,  xxii.  l.'ill-KI.  Moto'.inia  also  st.-itos 
tliat  L;.ti(  ab:i:!rfpfescntcin'c'r;i  Pa;',  a.sof  j^roat  extent  ami  deiisily  iHijmlated, 
li'.'.;  that  it  waa  not  ciiio  tenth  as  largo  as  icju'esenieil  Ij)  liini.    /^(ih  (  d.-ia-^,  iii 

"''Kl  Inhuto  (juu  tionon  ncrora  cs  intoleralde,  caila  ochcnta  dias  (lo8rienta3 
y  oinLiR'iila  nuintas,  cuarcnta  y  dos  ziqiiiiiiles  ilu  eaeao,  y  lu  de  la  Kenienlera, 
y  I'.co  (luu  Ku  la  cunien  en  las  niinas  los  oliriales.'  lie  states,  too,  that  \\  iUi 
Vaii'iors  taken  fiDni  Tuzulutlan  a  town  dmiMo  its  size  bad  lieeu  founded  near 
tiunleiuala.  Willi  rcyard  to  the  tribute  lie  Imped  that  it  would  at  any  rato 
bo  ivdueed  to  two  payments  a  year,  one  on  St  .lohii's  day  and  the  otiierat 
dirisUiKis.  J'nrhico  and  ('lirdcii'in,  Cot.  JJnr.,  vii.  'Jlil-O.  Xevertiieless  iiu- 
iHoJfiaic  tribute  was  complained  of  for  many  years  afterward.  ]ii  l."i.*il  ii 
leyiil  iKeree  was  issued  for  tiio  jmrposc  of  lessening  the  liuideii.  In  l.")(;S  tho 
nuilicneia  of  (luatemala  was  ordereil  to  moderate  the  tiiliiite  paid  by  tho 
liHiians  of  ^'cra,  I'az,  the  eaei(|Ues  liaviiig  forwarded  a  jietilioii  to  the  erown; 
'ind  ill  1,"77  the  audieiieia  is  again  ordered  to  reduce  tho  tribute.  ltiiiu<(d, 
Ilil.  Cl.irp.i,  702-3. 

"'llie  erown  fuinislied  Cancer  with  800  diicados,  witli  wliieli  ten  tons  of 
gootls  Were  pureliu.sed  for  the  purpose  of  trading  witli  the  Indians.     Tlie  friar 


[ii;^^ 


u 


i 

ilii 


r 


3:.G 


MARROQUIX  AXD  LAS  CASAS  IN  GUATEMALA. 


preparations  witli  jjfrcat  cntliiisiasin;  yet,  lie  iii«t  with 
coiisidc'i'ahlo  dt'l.'iy,  cauHod  by  tliu  uiil'aN'oralilc  li^!it  in 
wliicli  his  dauijfcrous  cntci'priso  was  rcg'ardcd  in  Sji;,iii. 
Ho  liad  great  dilKcidty  in  obtaining  a  pilot,  ami  in- 
deed, althougli  lie  had  hoped  to  procure  the  assistance 
of  four  or  six  colleagues,  two  only  were  loinul  icadv 
to  ]isk  their  lives  in  the  cause,  "All  Seville,"'  lio 
wrote,  "is  surprised  at  this  undertaking;  tliosc  uIki 
most  fear  God  approve  of  it;  others  think  that  wcaio 
Moin''-  to  the  slaunhter-house.""'" 

Writing  these  ])ro[ihi;tic  and  ill-omen(Hl  words  on  tlio 
verv  day  of  his  departure  Fray  Luis  sailed  on  his  ]a;-t 
voj'age  i'roni  Spain.  Few  [larticulars  of  his  cx|X'(li- 
tion  arc  known,  except  the  manner  of  his  death.  On 
his  arrival  in  ^Mexico  heol)taint;d  tlic  assistance  wliich 
the  king  onlered  to  l)e  extendi'd  to  him,  and  aI)out  tlie 
middle  of  1541)  set  sail  i'rom  Vera  (.'ruz,  accompanied 
by  Frailes  Gregorio  de  Beteta,  Juan  Garcia,  J)i(uo 
do  Tolosa,  and  a  lay  brother  named  Fuentes.  Cun- 
trary  to  his  express  desire  the  captain  of  the  v('ss(  I 
landed  him  at  a  part  of  the  Florida  coast  whore 
Spaniards  had  previously  committed  dei)rcdati(iiis 
and  thus  exasperated  the  natives.  Unconscious  <>{' 
this  act  of  carelessness,''"  Fray  Cancer,  acconi|)aniril 
l)y  Tolosa  antl  the  lay  brother,  proceeded  on  liis  mis- 
sion, but  the  ill-fated  ecclesiastics  had  not  advancid 
far  from  the  shore  when  they  were  assailed  In'  J  ndians 
and  inunediately  beaten  to  death  witli  clubs.'"* 

nddjesscd  tliiTe  k'tters  to  Lns  Cjis.ts  pri'vious  to  his  departure,  the  th'st  luiiii; 
d;itc(]  Ffliniary  !)th,  and  tlie  second  Fehruary  14t!i.  Xone  of  tlicin  .u'ive  tl:>.' 
year,  l}nt  there  is  little  doubt  that  they  were  written  in  1,j4S.  Cojiies  of  these 
h'tters  are  to  he  found  in  I'dehcf,,  juid  Cdr'h  iiui,  Col.  Ikic,  vii.  I.S4-"J0l. 

•"^/hiil.  ]{enieisal  states  that  (,'aneer  took  no  conipimions  with  hiia  fniii 
Spain,  liut  that  ho  selected  from  the  DoUiinieau  convent  in  Mi'xii'o  thin' 
friar.s  and  a  lay  hrothe^r.  ///',■</.  C'/iif((/i(i,  i)!").  There  can  lie  no  doiiijt,  Imy- 
e\er,  that  two  of  these  aeconipanied  lii.n  from  Spain.  See  I'w liwo  imd  I'm'- 
(hinis.  Col.  Ih'-.,  vii.  l!l!). 

5' r.oth  Fernandez,  /list.  Erlc'^..  ],")0-l,  and  Remesal,  J/'ft.  Chi/apir.  ril.Vlil, 
attribute  the  catastrn]ihc  which  followed  to  the  action  of  the  caiit:iin.  wIki, 
they  assert,  was  well  awai'o  that  he  ^\•as  not  earryiii'j;  out  the  wisiics  if 
Cancer.  Las  (.'as.is  aI:-o  st.ites  that  the  captain  knew  of  the  daiiLrer,  hut  iv- 
fnsed  to  land  farther  oil'  under  tlie  jiretext  tliat  fiuir  Spanish  armies  had  tli- 
end)arked  at  th;it  jxiint  without  ineetinLTMith  resistance   Oriirn^.  i.  4ll."i. 

""Hienicdal  enlari^cj  on  the  tia;:edy'.     lie  .stutea  that  the  caciiiuu  of  the 


MAniYRDOM. 


857 


This  disastrous  tcrniiimtion  of  an  ontorpriso  fi-oin 
which  JjUs  (Aisas  ami  his  advocates  had  (.'XpL-ctod  .so 
iiiiuli  was  a  hitter  oiip  which  his  op[)()nents  did  not 
I'ail  to  hohl  out  to  him.  Yet  this  stout  ('()nd)ataiit  lor 
I'll'  svstcm  of  hloodhss  pacification  yiuKled  not  an  iota 
ill  ills  principles,  and  ahly  defended  liim.self  aj^'ainst 
S<  pi'ilveda  by  maintaining  that  the  previous  cruel  con- 
(liKl  of  (lie  Spaniai'ds  on  the  coast  was  the  cause  of 
the  tra<^edy  in  Florida.'''  The  career  of  Las  Casas  in 
("liinpas  and  the  aj)})ointment  of  Cerrato  as  governor 
ul  CJuatemala  have  already  been  luentionetl. 


neivrliliiiiiiii:  vill;ic,'p  was  f;ii<'V( d  tli.it  tlic  mnrdcrpd  friars  Iiad  not  liccn  taken 
alive,  ill  ordei'  that  lie  mii^lit  Iiavo  oonvtised  \\itli  them,  and  that  he  eiiiised 
tlichiiiiis  <it  the  vietiliis  to  he  strijiped  <i|}aiid  utretelied  upnii  tiie  walls  oi  liis 
lidiise,  while  their  heads  were  stiilled  witii  eottoii  and  snsjieiided  from  a  tree. 
Jlo  then  adds  'y  comieronse  hi  earnc  eii  vii  gian  oomhite,  ile.-iimes  de  nuiehoa 
li:iy!t.s  y  liestas.'  J/ist.  CLi/ii/i'i,  "(Ki.  Aeecirdiiig  to  tiie  same  autlmr,  lietweeii 
h'ill!i:iiid  l(il)l)  four  uiisuceessf\il  attenii)ts  Mere  made  hy  .Jesuits,  ])(iminicans, 
•iliil  franeiseans  to  ehristiani/o  I'dorida.  In  tliese  ellorts  marly  all  the  mis- 
iiii)iiarie.s  lost  their  lives.  In  a  seecmd  attempt  made  hy  the  I'l'aneiHeaiis  ihey 
^:aiiHd  ii  foothold  in  the  eountry,  and  in  Kil'i  a  imivinee  ealled  .Santa  JOIenii 
v;i»  foundeil  hy  the  ehapter  f^cneral  at  Home.  Iil.,  .")1S-IU.  l)avihi  I'adilhi, 
179-Sil,  states  that  Fray  Louis  Cancer  was  a  native  of  .Saragos.sa  in  .Sjiaiii. 
He  was  of  uolilo  family,  and  jirolieieut  in  various  brain  lies  of  leariiini.'.  Jlu 
lirst  went  to  Kspaiiola,  thence  to  I'uerto  l!ieo,  where  he  founded  a  ccjnveiit, 
•iiul  a  few  years  later  |>roceedi'd  to  Guatemala.  Hoth  this  author  and  Fer- 
iiiuulcz,  JliM.  L'c/c-:.,  l.")0,  assert  that  on  iv  voyage  from  Mexico  to  Spain  ho 
uas  captured  hy  Turkish  ]iirates,  hut  ransomed.  To  judge  from  his  Utters 
Cancer  was  a  siugle-miiuled  and  devout  missionary,  filled  w  ith  religioua  ardor, 
and  siuigiiiiie  of  success. 

"'•'/y((.^■  r«,s'(,s',  Ociicrca,  i.  40.Vfl.  ITis  vehement  opponent  Motolinia,  in  hia 
I'.'ttir  to  the  king,  dated  .January  "J,  \'mo,  while  urging  the  necessity  of  eariy- 
iii;^  the  gospel  into  Florida,  remarks,  '  but  not  after  the  manner  of  Las  Casas.' 
larjj'dcda,  Col.  Doc,  i.  'Jo5. 


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CHAPTER  XXI. 

GUATEMALA    AND   CHIAPAS. 
1551-1000. 

QrESADA's  Administratiok — The  Oibor  Zorita  Gathers  the  Xativfs 
INTO  Towns— Expedition  aoainst  the  Lacaxdones — Its  Faii.iiu  - 
Landkcho  Appointeij  Queseim's  Scccessou — His  Residexcia  Takiv 
itY  THE  Licentiate  liuizESo— Famine,  Pestilence,  and  Eaktiu.haivK 
IN  Guatemala — The  Aiwkncia  of  the  Confines  Removed  to  I'w- 
amA — And  Again  Tuansferked  to  Gcaiemala— Gonzalez  Aitointih 
President — He  is  Si-cceedeu  nv  Villaloiios — Chax«:es  in  ('imik  h 
Affairs — Death  of  IJisiioi'  MARRoytiN — Qpaurels  hktwein  iiik 
Dominicans  and  Franciscans — Bisiioi-s  Villalpando  and  Cordoba— 
F'racas    between    Two    Ecclesiastics— Administration'   of  I'uksi. 

DENTS  VaLVEKDE,   RfED.' .    SaNDE,  AND  CaSTILLA— InDCSTUIAL  CuMH- 
TION  OF  THE   PROVINCE. 

Cerrato's  successor  was  Doctor  Antonio  ilii- 
guez  do  Quosada,  an  oidor  of  the  audicncia  of  M»  xic(», 
and  a  man  of  loarninif  and  ability.  Thousrli  a|)[)()inttil 
November  17,  15513,  lie  did  not  assmiie  ofHcc  until  tlio 
bcijfinniniT;  of  1 555.^  The  rcsidencia  of  the  former  i»!'<'^- 
ident  and  oidores  was  soon  begun,  and  completed  sniin! 
time  in  May.*  Quesada  was  active  in  cstablisjiiii;^' 
reforms,  and  it  was  to  the  Indian  question  that  his 
j)rincipal  eftbrts  were  directed.  The  presitleut  deUi- 
inined  to  complete  the  organization  of  Indian  town-^, 
hoping  thus  to  compel  the  natives  to  ado[)t  a  ci\  ilizid 
mode  of  life  and  establishing  in  them  a  municipal  .Lfnv- 
crnmcnt  similar  to  that  of  Spanish  settlements,  tlio 

'  Jnn.  14tli,  ncconling  to  V<izi]uez,  Chrov.  Orat.,  222;  evidently  lufurc  tlio 
beginning  of  Murch.  iSec  Qianudu,  I'aiia,  May  25,  185."),  in  Siiiiiir'n  J/.Si'., 
xxii.  I   :{. 

'  Uui'Huila,  in  Litt  letter  cited  ubovc,  rcnurts  it  tluiHheil. 

(SMI 


ORCAXIZATIOX  OF  INDIAN  TOX^'NS. 


3o9 


offK^cs  being  confided  to  their  hereditary  chiefs  accord- 
iiii,'  to  I'ank/ 

At  the  request  of  the  bishop  and  the  Dominican 
]in)vii)c'ial,  the  audiencia  ordered  Oidor  Zorita  to  call 
a  mrtting  of  friars;  and  although  we  have  no  direct 
iiiloniiation  as  to  its  object,  we  may  conclude  that  it 
rcliitcd  to  the  president's  policy,  for  it  was  condennicd 
liy  the  settlers,*  and,  as  we  shall  see  hereafter,  the 
tarrying  into  effect  of  Quesada's  plans  was  in  great 
]iart  duo  to  the  eftbrts  of  Zorita  who  was  coniniissioned 
tor  this  purpose. 

The  work  of  organizing  the  native  towns  had 
lilieudy  been  begun  in  Nicaragua  as  early  as  February 
1555,  by  the  licentiate  Cavallon,  appointed  alcalde 
mayor  of  that  province  by  the  audiencia.'' 

In  the  beginning  of  March,  Zorita  set  forth  on  his 
(itli(  ial  tour  through  the  province.  From  the  letters 
of  the  Dominicans  we  learn  that  during  six  montlis 
ho  visited  on  foot  the  most  rugged  portions  of  the 
pioviiice,  moderated  tributes,  and  corrected  abuses. 
Jn  i>atlierin<'  the  natives  into  towns  he  found  nuuh 
(litliculty,  force  being  necessary  in  some  instances  to 
a(eouij)lish  their  removal.  This,  however,  was  not 
the  only  o[)position  encountered,  for  as  might  be  e\- 
]iitti(l  lie  incurred  the  bitter  hostility  of  the  settlers. 
Finding  him  incorruptible  they  had  recourse  as  usual 
to  lalsc;  repoi'ts.  Witnesses  for  an}'^  purpose  could  bo 
(heaply  bought;  and  since  he  would  not  yield  the 
Spaniards  determined  to  drive  him  from  the  province.'* 
Th(i\'  is  no  evidence  as  to  the  result  of  this  hostility, 
iioi-  liave  wo  any  further  records  of  events  which 
occurred  during  Quesada's  admin i.strat ion,  save  the 

■'  The  siiliivies  of  tlio  difTercnt  offices  wore  to  1)o  fixtnl;  rncli  town  was  to  liavo 
II  ciNt  (K'  ciiiiiniiiiiidad,  a  strong  Ik»x  to  cdiitaiii  tlii'ir  snipliia  t  jiiiiiiii:^',  a  j;iil, 
tiiMll,  nioids,  mill  accounts  of  tlio  I'statt'S  of  iiiiinns  and  tin;  dL'i'riisc.l;  liiniU 
"I  ir  to  lie  assigiii'd  tlifin;  tlie  iiiodo  of  jjayiiig  triliUtcs  was  to  bu  rujjUlat'.il; 
anil,  alxiviMill,  tlu'y  wuro  to  iie  iiistructc'd.  (^hirnula,  <'iirl(i,  loo.  cit. 

'  T<'rirM,  (  aii'i,  Nov.  17.  lo.V),  in  Si/'iifi-'-i  .l/.S.s'.,  xxii.  (i. 

'•"('•  I riiUdii,  I'lirlii,  I'Vli.  'JT,  I.Vm,  in  f><jiiier\i  MSH.,  xxii.  7. 

"  7V.//7,v,  i'arlit,  Nov.  H,  I.Vm;  7'orn»,  Ctirin,  Nov.  17,  looo;  Viirdcnaa, 
(.'uriti,  \hx.  0,  \ooo,  iu  aijitkr'a  MSS.,  x.\ii.,  5-7. 


860 


GUATEM^VLA  AND  CHIAPAS. 


1 


I 


i 

f 


i  ' 


mention  of  a  fearful  epidemic  which  swept  over  the 
country  in  1558,"  and  the  seizure  and  piHnge  of  l\ierto 
do  Caballos  by  four  French  ships  during  the  same 
year.** 

In  the  letters  of  the  Dominicans  already  cited,  no 
special  mention  is  made  of  Quesada,  but  in  Fehruaiy 
1558,  the  cabildo,  in  a  despatch  to  the  king,  urge  the 
a[)l)ointinent  as  governor  of  some  person  who  slumld  Ih; 
a  gc'i.+leuian  by  birth,  and  have  the  solo  nianagcinciit 
of  aflairs."  This  would  seem  to  indicate  that,  what- 
ever the  president's  subsequent  policy,  it  was  satisfao- 
tory  neither  to  the  ecclesiastics  nor  to  the  settlers. 

Que>^ada  died  in  November  1558,  and  the  oidor 
and  licentiate  Pedro  Ramirez  do  Quiuones  took  tuin- 
torary  cliarge  of  the  presidency.  Ramirez'  ruh;  was 
jriei",  and  the  only  event  of  importance  of  wliidi  wo 
have  any  record  was  the  expedition  in  155D  against 
the  hostile  provinces  of  Lacandon  and  Acala.  Of 
the  vast  extent  of  unconcjuered  territory  lying  beyond 
Vera  Paz,  nothing  definite  was  known  at  this  time 
exoe[)t  from  the  accounts  of  the  march  of  Cortes  to 
ll<»nduras,  nor  had  its  conquest  been  atteniptcd. 

As  early  as  1550  attem[)tsat  the  pacification  of  the 
adjacent  jjrovince  of  Acala  were  begun  by  the  Domini- 
cans of  Vera  Paz.  For  a  time  their  efforts  were  suc- 
cessful, but  finally,  incited  by  their  neighbors  ami 
allies,  the  majority  of  the  natives  refused  to  rcecivo 
the  friars,  and  in  1555  the  combined  tribes  destntycd 
the  only  mission  thus  far  established  and  nuudiivd 
Father  Vico,  the  originator  of  the  attempt,  tomthor 
with  his  companion  Father  Lopez,  and  a  numlier  of 
converted  Indians  from  Vera  Paz.  There  is  no  evi- 
dence that  their  pacification  was  again  attenii>ted. 

'  Its  chief  feature  was  blerding  at  the  nose,  for  whicli  no  rciiipdy  cmild  ho 
fouiiil.  Tlio  country  was  almost  di-populatcil.  Vastjtiez,  Chrvu.  liral.,  \'u. 
Jiuirrnit,  O'mt.  (td.  Loml.  \»2;\),  148. 

"Tlicy  killc<l  four  men,  Itesiilus  a  priest  who  attempteil  to  picviiit  tlio 
seizure  of  the  host,  remained  nearly  two  weeks,  and  made  many  ihisiiikt!*. 
The  viceroy  of  New  Spain  was  at  once  notified.  I'elaiiv,  Carta,  Sept.  'M,  iooS, 
in  Sqitltr'a  MSS.,  x.  1,  2. 

"Carta,  B'eb.  18,  1555,  in  Ari!valo,  Col.  Doc.  AiUvj.,  23. 


THE   LACANDOXES. 


3G1 


Chief  among  the  wild  tribes  of  this  region  Averc 
the  Lacandones,  who  though  few  in  number  were 
brave,  hardy,  daring,  and  implacable  in  their  hatred 
(if  tlie  white  race.  Their  territory  extended  from  the 
iKuthcrn  frontier  of  Vera  Paz  along  the  eastern  border 
of  Chiapas  as  far  as  the  province  of  Tabasco.  Their 
cliiif  town  and  stronghold  was  on  a  rocky  island,  in 
Lake  Lacandon,  distant  a  few  da^'s'  journey  from  tiie 
jiroviuccs  of  Chiapas  and  Vera  Paz.  From  tliis  point 
tlu y  issued  in  organized  bands,  and  sweeping  along  the 
Itonler  of  these  two  provinces  fell  suddenly  on  the 
(Kl'enceless  settlements,  leaving  a  track  of  desolation 
and  blood.  These  depredations  continued  lor  many 
years,  nor  is  there  any  record  of  a  single  instance  of 
jiursuit  or  punishment  previous  to  1551).  Emboldened 
liv  continued  success,  they  extended  their  incursions 
to  the  interior.  In  1552  they  destroyed  two  towns  in 
Chi;i[)as,  one  of  them  within  fifteen  leagues  of  Ciudad 
liL'iil.  The  attack  was  made  at  night,  and  but  few  of 
the  terrified  inhabitants  escaped.  While  sacrificing 
their  captives  the  natives  shouted  derisively:  "Christ- 
ians, call  upon  your  God  to  defend  you!" 

The  bishop  of  Chiapas  made  overtures  of  peace  to 
the  l^acandones,  but  they  were  treated  with  contempt 
iuid  his  messengers  killed,  lie  then  ajipealed  to  the 
i'.iuHeiK'ia;  but  the  oidores,  foreseeing  in  these  disasters 
the  I'ailure  of  the  much-vaunted  peace  policy  which 
l.ad  in  a  measure  excluded  the  civil  authority  from 
the  territory  ceded  to  the  Dominicans,  coldly  replied 
that  the  crown  had  strictly  forbiilden  the  making  of 
v.ar  en  this  province.  Reports  of  the  critical  condi- 
tion of  allairs  were  accordingly  made  to  the  crown 
hotii  by  bishop  and  friars.  In  eonsequrnce  a  cednla 
dated  January  22,  1550,  ordered  the  audiencia  de  los 
Contines  to  investigate  the  matter,  jiunish  the  Laean- 
dones  as  far  as  practicable,  and  report  the  result  to 
the  (Town.  The  mstructions,  however,  were  unhei-ded, 
I'lr  the  audiencia  well  knew  that  nothinu:  short  of 
an  armed  force  would  suffice,  and  this  decree  did  not 


}'i  s 


li 


, 


GUATEJLVLA  AND  CHIAPAS. 


expressly  authorize  a  disregard  of  the  existing  in- 
terdict. 

In  the  mean  tij  c  the  depredations  of  the  Lacan- 
dones  continued  iMchecked,  and  threatened  to  cause 
the  abandonment  of  Vera  Paz.  Aroused  at  last  to  u 
full  sense  of  their  danger  the  Dominicans  were  fiiiii 
to  acknowledge  that  the  cooperation  of  the  sword  was 
necessary  to  the  planting  of  the  cross,  and  so  far  di- 
verged from  the  principles  laid  down  by  Las  Casas  as 
to  declare  in  the  provincial  chapter  held  at  CoI)an,  in 
1558,  that  because  of  the  sacrileges  and  murders  tlicv 
had  committed,  it  was  not  only  lawful  for  the  kiii«f  to 
make  war  on  the  Lacandones,  but  if  need  be,  in  onk-v 
to  protect  his  subjects,  to  exterminate  them.^" 

In  pursuance  of  this  declaration  they  wrote  to  tho 
liing  and  suggested  as  the  only  efficient  remedy  the 
removal  of  the  hostile  natives  to  certain  unsettled  ilis- 
tricts  beyond  Ciudad  Real,  thus  i)lacing  tliis  city  U- 
tween  them  and  the  settlements  of  Chiapas  and  Wiw 
Paz.  In  order  to  reduce  the  expense  of  their  removal 
it  was  further  suggested  that  an  expedition  be  author- 
ized and  the  Spaniards  induced  to  join  it  at  their  own 
expense  under  promise  that  the  Lacandones  should 
be  granted  to  them  in  repartimiento.  In  accordance 
with  these  suggestions  a  royal  cedula  dated  ^lanli 
1 G,  1558,  directed  the  audiencia  de  los  Confines  to  take 
steps  for  the  immediate  removal  of  the  Indians.  It' 
practicable  it  was  to  be  done  peaceably,  but  if  forco 
were  necessary  all  harshness  was  to  be  avoided,  thou;,di 
the  prisoners  taken  were  to  become  the  lawful  slaves 
of  their  captors. 

This  decree  was  published  in  Santiago  in  the  bo- 
ginning  of  1551);  and  attracted  by  the  jnospeot  of 
gain  thus  hold  out,  and  the  charm  of  adventure  and 
nivsterv  which  attaches  to  the  invasion  of  an  un- 
known  and  hostile  province,  large  numbers  of  settlers 

'"  'Que  no  solo  Ic  era  licito  nl  Pcy  liazerlcs  micna,  sino  q  on  concioncia 
cstiuia  a  fllo  obliL'iidn,  y  pani  u  dofi'mU'r  a  bus  subJitua  tutulmijtc  ilcsliuy  m* 
Io8  lie  Lucaiidou.  W»iW(wa/,  Jltsl.  Clii/uiia,{iHi, 


MUSTERING  OF  FORCES. 


839 


ill  Guatemala  and  Chiapas  offered  to  accompany  tlio 
cxiie<Ution.  President  Ramirez  was  appointed  com- 
niandor-in-cliief,  as  he  had  already  certain  military  re- 
nown not  altogether  merited.  Early  in  the  same  year 
the  respective  forces  arrived  at  Comitlan,  the  ap- 
jxtiiited  rendezvous.  The  total  Spanish  force  is  not 
stated  but  is  said  to  have  included  many  persons  of 
quality.  The  troops  from  Chiapas  were  commanded 
by  Gonzalo  UovaJle,  and  besides  the  colonists,  com- 


;nt  hiifti-nnniru 


'-% 


^  A/    s    '         Tuzuluiliu/    / 


Lacandon  War. 

prised  a  native  contingent  of  eight  hundred  warriors. 
A  thousand  Indians  are  said  to  have  accompanied  the 
Spanish  I'rom  Guatemala.  Supplies  of  all  kinds  were 
c(»lltctt;d,  and  two  brigantines  were  built  in  sections, 
lach  vessel  being  capable  of  holding  a  hundred  men. 
A  small  army  of  carriers  and  attendants  was  reijuiicd 
t'l  transport  the  baggage  and  wait  on  the  S|)aniards, 
and  picparations  were  on  a  scale  better  befitting  a 
•■"iitliit  with  Europeans  than  with  Americans.  At 
Cninitlun   a   review    was   held   which,  according   to 


r 


364 


GUATEMALA  AND  CHIAPAS. 


! 


I   :! 


Ilcincsal,  jircsentod  one  of  the  most  brilliant  sjiocta- 
dcs  over  seen  in  those  parts,  for  no  expense  had  In  tn 
s[)ared  by  the  Spaniards  in  their  dress,  ef|uipniLiits, 
and  arms.  At  last,  the  flags  having  been  blessed  uiul 
mass  said,  the  army  s«;t  out. 

Fifteen  days  of  toilsome  march,  during  wliicU  a 

1)ath  had  to  be  cut  through  the  dense  vegctuti(.n, 
wrought  them  to  the  shores  of  Lake  LacancLn.  At 
their  approach  the  natives  retreated  to  the  island, 
after  catching  and  sacriiicing  a  negro  boy  who  was  out 
after  some  corn  which  grew  in  the  gardens  on  the 
borders  of  the  lake. 

From  their  retreat  the  Lacandones  closely  watched 
the  movements  of  the  Spaniards,  who  in  turn  eiv_;vily 
scanned  the  high  bare  rock  with  its  white  houses  and 
dusky  inhabitants,  lest  any  signs  of  hostile  prc[taru- 
tion  should  escape  them. 

While  the  work  of  putting  together  one  of  the  brigaii- 
tines  was  progressing,  a  few  of  the  natives  approached 
the  shore  in  canoes  and  demanded  of  the  Si)aiiiai(ls 
their  object  in  thus  invading  their  country.  Ivetuni- 
ing  they  made  oilers  of  peace,  but  as  they  denii-d 
having  more  than  eleven  canoes,  the  Spaniards  sus- 
pected their  design.  It  was  believed  that  they  wislkd 
to  induce  the  Spaniards  to  accompany  them  to  tlio 
island,  a  few  at  a  time,  where  they  could  easily  bo  de- 
spatched. The  brigantine  was  soon  afterward  launched 
and  as  the  Lacandones  saw  it  bearing  down  upon 
them  they  took  to  flight.^^  Many  were  captured,  in- 
cluding the  principal  chief  and  the  high  priest.  The 
houses  a. id  other  defences  of  the  island  havinij  been 
destroyed,  a  force  was  then  despatched  to  pursue  the 
savages,  and  to  reduce  the  stronghold  of  the  Puehut- 
las,  which  was  also  an  island  fortress,  though  its  cxaet 
position  cannot  now  be  ascertained." 

"  Kcnicsal,  Hist.  Chynpa,  C21,  snj's  many  escaped  in  *!ie  ilire  tion  of  Yii- 
cntan  through  a  largo  river  connected  with  the  lako  which  I'clucz,  J/c/h. 
Oiiuf.,  i.  Itil-'J,  suppoHca  to  have  heen  the  Zacapuhts. 

'^  In  1G.'}8,  I'inelo  says  tiiat  it  wns  not  known  wl. ether  Puchutlas  wiis  in 
Lake  Lacauclon  or  in  unotlier  lake,  llducion,  i,     Fai.court  in  his  nuii)  uccoiii- 


ILL-ADVISED  EFFORTS. 


3Cj 


Xcnr  tlic  town  of  Topiltitcpcq  this  force  foil  into  an 
iiiuliiiscade,  anil  a  few  of  the  Spaniards  were  wounded, 
liiit  the  sava,i»'es  were  finally  ]iiit  to  rout,  and  a  lari^o 
sui>|ily  <)f  provisit)ns  was  found  in  the  dcsert<'d  town. 
Aiiiviiiirat  Pucliutla  thev  found  the  natives  in  readi- 
iitss  ("or  delence.  Preparations  were  ininiediattly  made 
for  the  attack,  and  a  laft  was  huiltas  the  second  hii.;- 
iiiitiiie  had  been  abandoned  in  the  woods,  and  the  one 
used  jin'ainst  the  Lacandones  had  sunk  in  the  lake. 
No  sooner  had  the  Spaniards  started  from  shore  than 
the  Indians  advanced  in  their  canoes  to  meet  tluni, 
and  midway  between  the  island  and  the  bank  tlu-re 
was  a  sharj)  encounter  which  resulted  in  the  defeat  and 
lliu'lit  of  the  Puchutlas.  The  fortress  was  found  to 
hi'  (Icserted,  the  savacjes  havini>"  taken  the  precaution 
of  rcniovinj^  their  families  and  property  to  a  place  of 
srtft  ty.''  No  attempt  was  made  to  i)unish  the  natives 
or  to  occupy  any  jiortion  of  their  territory,  and  the 
i'\]^,'(lition  returned  to  Guatemala  about  Christmas, 
hiiii'^inijj  with  them  one  hundred  and  fifty  prisoners. 

In  conjunction  with  the  Spaniards,  a  larg(;  force  of 
cliiistianized  Indians  under  the  native  ijovernor  (f 
Vela  Paz  invaded  the  province  of  Acala,  administer- 
Iii'j:  a  severe  punishment,  taking  many  cjiptives,  and 
liaip^nni,^  the  principal  accomplices  in  the  murder  of 
fathi  IS  Vico  and  Lopez. 

Thus  ended  an  expedition  which  had  cost  tlio 
orown  nearly  four  thousand  pesos  de  oro  do  minas, 
Imt  seems  to  have  been  without  any  fixed  plan,  and 
was  productive  of  no  practical  result  other  tlian  t ) 
kt'ip  the  savaijes  in  check  for  a  time."     Its  faihii'i! 


I 


panviii 

tliis  re; 

re;:iiiii 

started 

T.jliltc 
1.1  -J' 

tllr  sU\ 

onl.-'iiii 
tiuinlcs 
di;  Ml 


,'  Ili-t.  Viic,  places  the  town  nortli  (pf  L.  I^-icnmlnn.  OtIuT  maps  <;f 
.'inn  <1()  not  iittfiiipt  to  },'ivo  its  locality.  In  niakinf^  my  map  of  this 
i  liavc  (hiiwii  from  this  and  otli' r  soiuvcs.  ]>avi!a  says  tlio  t  xjii'ditiiii 
foiJi  to  visit  the  provinces  of  l.a  Camion,  I'ochulti-a,  Catann,  and 
l><i|UcnM.  Iidui'hii,  in  /'(((7/('co  luid  l'(iriltiia.-<,  (,'ul.  Dnr.,  xvi.  U'JT. 
liis  ai'conlin^r  to  Jiiarros,  though  he  does  not  give  us  his  authority  for 
t.ni.nt.  Oitrt.,  i.  '2M. 

>ni('Siil,  IllM.  ChiicijKi,  Ci'2'2,  piously  ohserves  that  tlu!  expedition  Mas 

hy  ( !od  for  the  salvation  of  a  Kiii;,'le  soul,  that  of  an  infant,  'I!n- 

>!•  ijiic  solo  la  oidcui^  niu'stro  Sifiir  para  saluar  vn  alma  |)rcdcstinad;k 

ai'io  de  inAoa  '^uiuze  dius  que  iiulludolc  \'u  Lspuuul  utruuessudu  cou  vuu 


rit 


306 


GUATEMALA  AND  CHIAPAS. 


|)i-ovc(l  most  disastrous  to  the  colonists;  for,  tlioiio'li 
Komo  arc  said  to  have  received  a  rewanl  fur  thtir  sir- 
vices,  the  majority  were  left  hoj)elessly  involved  In 
debt  for  the  cost  of  their  outfit,  a  few  inisciiiljk. 
slaves  being  the  only  spoils  obtained  in  return  for  (lie 
expense,  hardships,  and  peril  incurred.  It  was  not 
lonuf,  however,  before  all  the  slaves,  including'  flidr 
cliief,  eflfected  their  escape  and  returned  to  tlnir 
country.  Re-occupying  their  stronghold,  it  was  not 
many  years  before  they  resumed  their  depredations, 
and,  as  we  shall  see,  successfullv  resisted  all  subso 
cjuent  attempts  to  subdue  them. 

In  1504  the  Puchutlas  were  induced,  throuirh  tlio 
efforts  of  the  Donnnican  Father  Laurencio,  to  suhinit 
to  the  friars,  and  settled  in  Vera  Paz.  This  siucess 
gaineil  for  Father  Laurencio  the  title  of  the  Apostle 
of  Tuchutla." 

In  August  1550  the  licentiate  Juan  Martinoz  do 
Landecho,  Quesada's  successor,  arrived  in  (iuate- 
iiiala,'"  and  entered  upon  oflice  early  in  SepteiiiiMr, 
Ivamirez  being  appointed  an  oidor  of  tiie  audiru- 
<ia  of  Lima,  and  after  undergoing  the  investi'i^atiou 
of  his  residencia  enibarking  at  the  port  of  Acajulla, 
whither  he  was  accompanied  bj-  the  principal  aullior- 
ities  and  "itizens,  who  thus  showed  their  recogiiitii)ii 
of  his  worth. 

The  petition  of  the  cabildo  of  Santiago  that  a  ijfen- 
tloman  by  birth  and  education  should  he  seiit  Id 
govern  them,  had  at  last  been  answered,  and  tlio 
members  were  profuse  in  their  thanks  to  the  crown 

Bncta  Ic  bautizh  antes  que  espirasc'  Pclacz,  ^fein.  Hist.  Gnat.,  i.  l.")0-(U, 
takes  tlie  more  practical  view  adopted  in  tlio  text. 

'^  Ivonicsal.  JJ'mf.  C/ii/ap",  5'J;M)J,\  forms  the  chief  and  original  aiitlioritv 
for  the  fore;4oin;j;  «!vciits,  and  it  is  mucli  to  lie  regretteil  tliat  \\^'  hiivo  iiooilur 
aicount  with  which  to  compare  his  sUitements.  In  all  siili ciiucnt  di  scrip- 
tions  of  this  expedition  their  authors  have  directly  or  iudinrily  f.iUuWcil 
Iteniesal.  Villngutierre,  Jlist.  i'oin/.  /I'.ii.,  "tl-Sil,  copies  him  hterally.  I'i- 
iielo,  J'llnr'ioii,  2-4;  Juarros,  O'lial.,  ^jS-O;  I'elaez,  Mint.  Uisl.  (Imtt.,  i.  1"'!>- 
(14,  all  follow  him.  Squier,  Cent.  Ainer.,  .554-01,  follows  botii  Villagutiune 
and  I'inelo. 

'".hri'ft/o,  Co!.  Dor.  Atithj.,  20.  Vazijuez,  Chronica  Gmtt.,  '22-2,  says  that 
ho  was  appointed  Nov.  28,  \boS. 


MFJfA  A\D  TIIK  DOMIXICAXS. 


S87 


for  this  favor.  Exporicnoo  liad  taiujfht,  however,  that 
ill  itidtr  to  protect  and  further  the  interests  of  the  eol- 
uiii>ts,  ilu'Y  must  control  a  nia  jority  of  the  oidorcs,  and 
as  lliis  was  extremely  diHicuIt,  they  had  determined 
to  iii:ike  an  effort  to  have  the  political  administration 
ami  (listril)Ution  of  the  Indians  vested  exclusivelv  in 
tilt'  |ircsident.  As  we  have  seen, the  crown  had  already 
Iktm  jietitioned  to  make  this  chan<^e, and  it  wasexjK'cted 
that  the  new  president  would  come  with  the  additional 
tit  If  of  governor. 

This  petition  was  repeated  in  the  latter  part  of 
ir)(;o,and  was  successful;  for  in  May  of  the  followinj^ 
ytar  we  find  the  cahildo  attributinj^  the  increasini^ 
j)ntsj)(jrity  of  the  country  to  the  grantinj^  of  their 

lV<|U('St." 

The  colonists  were  jubilant  that  the  humane  meas- 
ures of  Cerrato  and  of  Zorita,  which  tlieir  constant 
til'irts  Jiad  hitherto  failed  to  accomplish,  were  now 
crrtaiii  of  defeat.  Doctor  AFejia,  one  of  the  oidores, 
was  ordered  to  make  an  ofIi<Mal  tour  of  the  jtrovinces, 
as  Zorita  had  been  under  the  former  administration. 
His  measures  counteracted  tlie  benefits  of  Zorita 's 
lahors.  The  rej^ulation  of  tribute  was  entrusted  io 
the  eticomenderos  and  caciques,  and  as  these  latter 
\\v\'e  ol'ten  but  the  creatures  of  the  Ibrmer,  the  result 
may  he  readily  inferred. ^^ 

The  Dominicans  were  the  object  of  ^lejia's  sj)ecial 
<li>nke,  and  he  subjected  them  to  such  annoyance  and 
iKrsc'cution  that  they  were  on  th.e  point  of  abandoniuLj 
till'  {)rovince  of  Guatemala.  Tli<!  alcaldes  and  otlur 
otiicirs  interfered  with  them  in  their  eontrttl  of  the 
Imllatis,  secretly  charj^ed    them   willi    usurping    the 


''  I>ii\V('i'l('ss  mnidcnn  had  lipoii  proviiU'il  fnr,  ]iriivisiiiiisli!i(l  liconii'.e  ;il>uiicl- 
aiit  iihil  ilirap,  and  hutU  S|)aiii.nila  and  Indians  wx-xv  (.•nntonlod.  (.'arias,  in 
.!/•  nfi,,,  <;,l,  j)oc  Aiifi,/.,  i;s, ;{(). 

'" '  Mai  cl(i  quo  dii'seii  loa  indios  cicrtii  cantidad  ilr  jicscadii  cada  Hcniana, 
ii'i  lialiii'iidi)  rios  ni  mar  <Ipntro  do  dicz  y  doco  lL';'i;as.  Mandi'i  con  pfua.  .  . 
<1'H'  ii'j  vcndiustn  las  gallinas  nor  ni/id  du  un  real,  valiindo  ii  dos  rualcn,  y  wino 
"piisii'scn  VL'ndorla  (I  rial,  di«i  licencia  (|\U'  los  <■«]:;; a  .Ics  ko  la  toniascii  por 
ini'iv.a.'  L(ui  Vanus,  Jtc/ircmnitacioii  in  J'urhcco  iinil  Cunlcna.",  Cut.  l)oc.,  vii. 
lOi). 


f 


i 


GUATEMALA  AND  CHIAPAS. 


royal  niithority  and  recoiviii}^  nioney  from  tho  natives, 
and,  tlioiii^h  thcaiulirncia,  in  answer  to  tlic  coniplainls 
oi"  tlio  friars,  proniiscMl  to  protect  them,  little  ajt[M  ;ms 
to  have  heen  done.  Kven  the  cahildo  .sought  to  iiiiiko 
it  appear  to  the  crown  that  tiie  religious  exercised  mii 
arbitrary  and  prejudicial  authority  in  the  minii(i|Ml 
council  and  eleetion.s  held  hy  the  Indians.  The  d- 
jihtrahle  condition  of  the  natives  and  the  pcrseciilioii 
of  the  friars  were  made  the  suhject  of  numerous  let- 
ters to  Las  Casas,  who  represented  these  ahuses  tn 
the  crown  in  strong  colors,  urging  the  removal  ><[' 
!Mejia  and  tho  adoption  of  relief  measures  for  thu 
natives.*" 

Some  relief  was  afforded  by  a  royal  decree  wliidi 
declared  the  natives  no  longer  subject  to  the  S]);uii>!i 
alcaldes,  and  which,  according  to  rien>esal,-"  was  issued 
about  lij()3  at  the  petition  of  the  I'riars. 

Landecho  is  represented  as  haughty,  capjicious, 
wedded  to  his  own  opinions,  and  unscruj)uIons  in 
money  matters.'-*  Certain  it  is  that  though  favoriu'^ 
the  interests  of  the  colonists  he  did  not  neglect  his 
own,  and  they  soon  found  that  he  was  neithi'r  jiliaiit 
nor  considerate.  TIkjv  never  ceased  to  extol  his  tart 
and  vigilance,  and  declared  him  fit  to  govern  Peru; 
yet  within  a  year  of  this  declaration,  and  while  assum- 
ing t!»e  king  that  they  had  no  cause  to  ehauL  tl"'i" 
mind,  tliey  ob.served  tiiat   it  would  be  well  for  tl 


crown  to  instruct  the  i)resi( 


six'cial  care 


H 


1 


for  tl 


m 


le  wellait)  o 


dent- 
)f  th 


governor 


to  have  a 


peoi 


)ie, 


The    continued    com])laints    against    Landeelio  at 
last  inducetl  tho  crown  to  decide  on  his  removal,  an  J 


'"  Aff.<  Cn.inn,  I?(itrrni'iitnriiin,  loc.  cit. ;  Uenicitnl,  Hist.  f'fnjajKt,  ti_4  0;  Vu- 
lililo,  Cui-ld,  l'\'l>.  12,  ir>(;.'{,  in  Anralo,  Col.  Doc.  Aitdij.,  30. 

^"  1/isl.  Clni(t]>n.,  (;;«». 

-'  Himp^al,  Ilixl.  Chi/nim,  CW. 

^'-  '  Quo  Ki'  lo  ciivio  ;"i  iiiaiuliir  tcnjia  ospocial  cuiilatld  del  bicii  t^  nnnu'iito  ile 
lo9  (pio  oil  cstii  cihilad  o  prnvini'ias  vivcn.'  Cartit,  Jmi.  ^C,  l.'iii.'.  in  .I'*'''"''! 
Col.  J)nr.  Aiilitj.,  :i±  In  aiiotlicr  lottcr  tlicy  i>otiti(ino(l  tlio  kijiu'  that  in  tlio 
iil)|>itintiii<'iit  of  govcriiDi's  profoivnoo  lie  ^iv«ii  tii<i80  liaviii;;  cxjuiiciui'  in  the 
luiliis.  as  witli  a  now  gDVornor  tlioiv  always  came  a  nunilior  of  s('i-\;iiits.  ili'- 
]H'nilants.  ami  relatives  who  hail  to  l>o  provided  for,  to  the  jiroiiuli"  <■  "f  the 
luure  meritorious  conquerors  uiul  settlers.  Curia,  lib.  J  J,  160  J,  in  1'!-,  30. 


I'amim:  and  r.riT>i::.!ir. 


3'0 


Luintintc  Francisco  JJiizcfio.'-'  oidor  (»('  tiic  nud Iciici.i 
t't'S.inta  l'\',-*  was  (MMuiiiissidncd  to  take  liis  n  sidctici.i. 
Hf  airivrd  in  Saiitiavnt  uii  the  'Jd  of  Aiin'ii.-^t  I  ^(i-t.-' 
Till'  rcsidciicia  of  tlir  incsidnit  was  tcniiiiiatcd  in 
j)!(i  niluT  of"  tlu'  saint'  Vi-ai',  and  I'csjiltfd  in  tlu-  su.-- 
]n  ii>it»n  of  till'  jH't'siilcnt  and  tin-  oidor  Lou!   i.-'' 

Dniin;^  Landcclio's  i-iilc,  a  drouidit,  wliicli  <v'i-niTpd 
ill  l.iii;!.  was  followed  l»y  snch  i^'rcat  scaicity  ot  corn 
as  to  cause  nnich  suffn-inLT  anioiijjf  tin-  natives,-'  and 
ill  tilt'  early  jiai-t  t»f  I  a  (I  a  tlu'  coiniti'v  Mas  visited 
l.y  pest ilt  lice  and  eartli((uake.  Tlie  e|tideniic  aj»|)ears 
t'  li;i\f  Keen  conlinetl  tt>  tlie  Indian  itc.vn  of  ( "ina- 
ciiitlan.  in  ('liia|ias,  which  it  nearly  <lc|>oj>nlatetI,  hut 
till'  tllects  of  the  eartlMjUake  were  nnjl'e  extentleil.  Ill 
SaiiiiaL;;ti  ant!  the  adjacent  country  it  was  destruc 
live    htitli   to   life    and   prop'  r* ;   -"     Tt»   niitij^ate  the 

■' Spclloil  Bricofio  liy  Rfmos.''  ff'ft.  fhififxi,  04(1;  llrici'fm  ilc  ("oi'.i,  also 
Ilviscriii,  1)\  .hiiiirus.  ^■H'(^.  i.  ;i.">*.  ii.  4!l;  tli«'  <>rtli(()_'i!t|p|iy  luic  lulnptri!  i-i 
fnijll  tlif  Icttcr.s  of  t!n'  caliilili),  in  Ar- rti/n,  Cnl.  J)i>r.  Auli;/.,  ;l!l,  4't. 

■'  I'rcslivtcr  .  .luiil  \  isitailiir  of  the  iiroviiiit's  of  l'o|ia,vaii  and  ( iiiatcniala. 
Li'^'iiiiiUft.  Xof.  Cur..  Ms..  'J. 

■'At  till' mil  of  .Inly,  acciirdinj;  to  l!i'nn.'.sal,  l/ist.  ('hj/n/i'i.  Mir,  Vvh.  !:?, 
IVI.'i,  iiccniilin^  to  .hiarros,  '<««/.,  ii.  V.K  In  .laniinry  of  I"(i4  tlir  <;.liil(l') 
Will'  awaiting;  his  arrival.  In  the  following'  JU-fcinlHT  tiny  wiy  that  hi.! 
iinivtil  .\iiuust  'Jil  of  tlu-  jii-fvious  year,  'ilcl  ano  itaMiilo,'  which  is  cviiU'utly 
till  iiTiii',  the  nanif  year  Iwiii;,'  intaiit. 

■'■r„l,il,ln,  Cirtn,  |».o.  •_»(>,  i:»(»4,  in  Anniln,  rol.  fh>r.,  X).  Hcniosal,  llixt. 
I'liii'iim,  rcprcsiiits  I^iikIciIio's  rule  as  vci-y  I'ornipt ;  that  he  was  ])la('("l 
uhiiiT  aiTc>.t  in  his  own  liousf  l>y  Jlrizefio,  ami  that  to  csc.'ipc  a  linu  of  ,'i(),tMM» 
[le.siiH  he  ^i(■l  Ti'tly  l!fil  to  the  I'oast,  fliihaTkfii,  ami  jH'l-ished  at  n'a.  J->rnus;!l 
alsii  (itatcs  tiiat  all  the  oidoivs  wi'iv  Hiispcndcd  ••xci'i)ting  one,  whoso  nainn 
lie  iluis  Mot  ^;i\X',  and  all  Jiiii'd  in  sinus  varying  f'' >i<i  H.0()0  to  !(,(MM(  jx'sos. 
.Iimnus  fi.jiows,  ill  hrii'f,  lU'niesjd's  acionnt  of  the  corrii|)t  niU',  anvst,  line, 
tsrapc.  iind  di'ath  of  Ijindei'lio,  and  tho  liiiinf.'  of  the  other  oidon^s,  including 
Ltaisii.  wlio  ill-  says  wa.s  retained,  lu  the  aci'ouiit  of  H<izeUo"s  arrival,  how- 
fVir,  he  ;.'ivcs  the  ]io])iiIar  tradition  that  the  \  isitailor  came  lii>t  in  dis^'iiise 
mill  iii;iili'  himself  known  only  to  tlu'  prior  of  the  convent  of  Mercy,  with 
vlioni  he  luilued.  llavins,'  learned  from  ]iersonal  oliservation  and  eoiiversa- 
timis  th«  true  state,  of  all'airs,  he  proceeded  to  the  town  of  I'etapa,  whence  he 
iiniiiiUMicil  hi<  arrival  to  the  audiencia  and  cahildo.  The  letterof  the  cahildo 
citfl  ahiive  does  not  favor  either  of  these  versions.  It  says:  '  He  la  visitii 
ifsnlti'i  ijiicilar  susp<'nilido  el  I'residente  y  (iohernador  (|Ue  en  ella  estaba, 
jiliitJiiiii  lite  ion  el  Lie.  Jufi'e  de  Loiiisa  Oiili'i.' 

■'('urn  sold  at  the  exorliitant  price  of  four  tostones  a  fanejja,  and  hands 
lit  men  .luil  Women  went  alnint  the  country  seeking  work  sulticient  to  cnalile 
tllclu  tonl.tain  foo.l.    J{,iii<m(i/,  Hint,  rfii/njifi.  (Ml.  (l4ri. 

"I'liv.ite  residences,  anil  churches,  and  convents,  were  greatly  damaged; 
iiiiiiiy  Imhaiis  were  huried  under  the  ruins  of  their  houses,  and  the  inlial)i- 
UniU  \vi  ic  1  ompelled  to  live  in  tenii)orary  shelteru  or  iu  tlio  open  air,  whilu 
lint.  CtST,  AM.,  Vol.  11.    'Jl 


1 1 


f 


(GUATEMALA  AXD  miAPAS. 


\ 


wrath  of  God  the  tcri-iJicd  iiiliabitants  of  (he  .jtv 
<-liosf  the  martyr  Saint  Stc'j)lic'ii  as  their  advixnt. 
ami  crri'ted  in  his  honor  a  h«'rniita<_;o,  to  v.hidi  a  Vf.u  Iv 
j»i-ofOssion  was  ostablishwl.'-^ 

A  matter  of  jrrcater  moment  than  the  ( li.iiim'  >)[' 
^ntvornors  now  occui)iod  the  attention  of  t!ic  a  In:!- 
ists  of  Guatemala,  The  transfer  of  the  aiKheiitja  ,1.. 
l»»s  Gontines  to  l*anam;i  liad  been  decided  on  l.v  die 
erown,  but  for  what  eausc  is  not  reeordid  bv  ilic 
chroniclers.*^  A  decree  to  tins  effect  was  issued  eailv 
in  lodo,  an  '  conlirnied  by  a  second  one  dated  the  sih 
of  Septendter  in  the  same  year  in  which  its  juii-di.  - 
lion  was  defined.'"' 

A  line  extendinj^  from  the  gulf  of  Fonseci  t<>  the 
inoulh  <if  the  I'iver  Uh'ia  formed  the  northern  limit 
of  the  territory  made  subject  to  the  new  audieiiciu  of 
Panama.  This  did  not  include,  however,  the  cities  oi" 
(Jracias  a  Dies  and  San  (Jil  de  Buenavista  with  their 
•  listricts,  which  together  with  the  [trovinces  ot  (iuuto- 
mala,  Ghiapas,  Soconusco,  and  Vera  Viva  were  niatlc 
subjt'ct  to  the  audie!icia  of  New  Spain.^' 

]  )octor  l^arros  de  Sau  ]Millan,  oidor  of  the  audienria 
ol"  Panama,  was  commissioned  by  the  crown  to  leiiieve 


M 


constant  prayers  were  offered  to  ajipcase  tlic  divine  wrath.  I'iiiii<'il.  III^'. 
f'/ii//i/a.  CIT;  JunrrDs,  (luat.,  i.  88;  ii.  ,'{."),■{. 

-■* .Minutes  of  Ctib.ldo,  Jan.  Jl),  2oS(i,  ([iioted  by  J!fmcnitl,  /li.i/.  ('!.mi<", 
.".•)!MiO. 

'■'  At  this  time  Francisco  del  Valle  Marroqnin  was  aetini;  as  ]iinciir:!tiir  at 
court  for  tlio  city  of  <  Juateiiiahi.  In  a  letter  tlatcd  Fel).  'JO,  l.'iiil,  he  iiit..nnel 
the  caliililo  tliat  the  transfer  of  tlio  audieneia  had  already  Ixcn  deteniiini'l 
r.|xin,  and  almnt  a  month  later  wrote  tliat  in  i'onseiiuence  of  the  dis^atistattir.n 
V.  itii  V.  hiih  tile  procurator  from  I'crn  iiad  left  tiic  court,  the  couiuil  ikii.iul 
it  a  faviiialile  op|Hirtunity  to  transfer  tlie  audieneia.  Mnrroijiiin,  < '<i/V"--.  littd 
in  J''hiiz.  Mini.  Hist,  (i'mit.,  i.  I(i4-tj.  In  I,")(|;{  tiie  audieneia  of  (,»iiito  wiw 
cstaMisiicd.  JtirniliK,  in  J'arhrro  and  Cdrili mi'i,  Ciil.  l)o<\,  viii.  .').").  The  Ion- 
>.'oinf,'  fact.s  Would  .'ip])ear  to  imply  tiiat  tiie  transfer  of  the  audieneia  liad  miIii  ■ 
connection  with  ]H)litieal  elianges  in  I'cru.  Whatever  were  tiic  iiiotivis  of 
the  Clown  for  this  measure,  tliey  were  too  urgent  to  he  t'li'eeteil  liy  the  jhiwiT- 
ful  inlluencc  hronght  to  licar  against  this  change,  which  ia  indicated  iiy  t!io 
letters  <.f  .Marr<H|uin. 

^'  Iteniesid,  nut.  C/n/ii/ia,  040,  gives  May  17,  l.")0-l,  as  tiie  dateef  the  first 
ilecree,  and  .luarros,  (liiat.,  ii.  4!>,  Sept.  17,  I'lO.'l.  'Tiie  dates  here  aiiopud 
are  tlioso  given  in  Puiiaiiui,  Iirakii  t'cJulan,  iu  J'achci-o  and  I'dnlt.i'i,  '  "■'■ 
Jjiir.,  xvii.  .VU  *J. 

'-  Marr'ijiiiii,  Carta,  Feb.  20,  loc.  cit.,  and  Panama,  livalis  Cit ''"■',  '*'■ 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  GOVEnNMENT. 


HI  1 


lie    I  itV 

I  \ ••■Illy 

aii!4"«"  lit' 
J  (•(  Iti:;- 
L'liciii  <!r 

l.y  \W' 
('<l  rally 

the  Mil 

juii>(l:>- 

l    to   the 

■I'll  liiiiii 
iciicia  "t" 
citii's  111' 
ith  llirii- 
t  ( luatc- 
w  iiiailc 

iiKiii'iH-ia 

»  I'll  111  IVC 

„r.<al.  11,^1. 

,«/.     Cl.JlltjHl, 

•iicnintor  lit 
:ic  iiit..niie-l 
ill  trniiJn«''l 

.;ltl.stiicti')ll 

l.il  ikr!.Hil 

wiV'/-'.  ^•it^^l 

( luiti>  WiW 

'rili'lVill- 

i.i  hmlMimt- 

iiii.tivi.H  of 

thr  |«iWlT- 

,t>,l  l.y  the 

.,  t'  till'  t".r.-t 
I'll'  luitipu""' 
,-, /,,,.••<,  ( •'•■ 

:■,  ,/,,'.,'.s  lu^'- 


t'.ic  liudicncia  <lc  los  ('(juliiios,  and  before  tlic  cud  of 
J)>  ■•('iiilter  1504  was  on  liis  way  to  Panaina  with  the 
stal.  tlie  visitndor  Brizeuo  liavinn'  brouii'lit  the  order 
aii'I  juihlished  it  soon  after  his  ai'i'iv.-il.'^ 

This  chiuio-e,  wliicli  seriously  idU'cted  tlie  intere>;ts 
111'  (luatemala,  was  vii^or<nisly  oj){)osed  by  its  inhabi- 
taiit.>.  'J'liou^h  inl'(»rined  early  in  l.")(»4.  as  we  liave 
srcii,  that  this  measure  had  been  resolved  on,  (he 
ral.ildo  refrained  from  decisive  action  till  the  ai'rixal 
i:t'  l>iizeh(»,  wlu'n  the  publication  of  his  orders  would 
ji('i'lia]>s  reveal  its  orii^in.  In  this,  however,  they 
wore  disappointed,  for  in  their  letter  <»f  J)ecend)er  'JO, 
1j('»4,  thi'v  write:  "Your  ^lajesly,  for  certain  causes 
wliirh  jiave  moviMJ  you,  has  been  [ileased  to  order  that 
till'  audiencia  de  los  Coniines  be  removed  to  the  citv 


1"  I  >  '  " 

ul  I  aiiauia. 


I5y  niakinj^  the  audiencia  of  New  Spain  the  court 
lit'  ap[)eals  for  Guatemala  and  the  other  provinces, 
luiilcr  the  former  jurisdiction  of  the  audiencia  of  tlu' 
(niitines  <i^reat  inconvenience  and  injustice  resulteil 
iiwiiio;  to  distance.  These  facts  wen-  dwelt  ujion  in  the 
jittitioiis  to  the  crown,  and  were  sup})lemented  by  tiu- 
ii'|iiiits  of  tlu!  Dominicans,  who  represented  the  ill- 
tnatiuent  to  which  the  natives  would  be  cx|)osed 
without  the  restraininiu^  presenc(>  of  the  audiencia. 
Las  ( 'asas,  as  we  have  seen,  also  ei!i|)loyed  hi:,  voicv' 
ami  iiiilueiice  at  court  to  brin<jf  about  its  restoration, 
aii.l  tlic  residt  was  to  induce  the  crown,  by  decree  of 
lads,  to  order  its  reestablishment  in  Santiai^o,  Doctoi* 
Aiidaiio  (Jonzal(>z,  oidor  of  the  audiencia  of  (iranada, 
hciii^'  ap])ointed  pri'sident  and  arriving'  in  Santiago 
with  the  t)idores  early  in  1570.'" 

^^  0,tli!/fJo,  Carlan,  \n  Ari'rnlo,  f'l'K  l^i"'.  Aiilnj  .  .'JT  -I'h  Pownivi,  C<'ihilns 

ItfliS.  Inc.  C'it. ;  /'i  iil('t:ill,   l/ist.  <  'll'l(l/)ii,  till)-",    .luil  Tos,  d'lKi'.,  i.  '2,V,M)(),  s;is  s 

<  iijiii'  Loaisa  ciiuvcyj'd  tlii'  Hi-al. 

■'(  V(/„7,/,,,  ('(ir'ii,  Miiri'h  !•_',  l.'iTO,  in  Anrulo.  i'-il.  l)o<\  Aitthi.,A'A  X,  iiuii 
tiiiiis  tlic  ii,;ilii'in'ia  i\n  iilrojuly  in  Siintiiiuo.  lli'tm  siil,  ///.<'.  C/ii/tiiKi,  (i,")7  H 
liis,  siiys  tlitit  <lun/al('/.  was  apimiiitcd  .liiiu'  "JM,  irilS,  Liit  tliat  hi;  I'liiiinl 
ill  ri', , -1  III' Siiitcnibcr '27.  ItViT,  ami  Miirrli  It,  l.'idS,  .iililri'sscil  to  tiif  amliiiuia 
<if  liiiitiiiiala,  Ai'i'orilinj;  to  this  saiiw  autlior  tlifauilii'iH'iaan'ivi'il  on  tlu'olli 
if' Hillary  l.">70.    Juairus,  Guat,,  i.  "JtiO;  ii,  oO,  givL'sJum!  '2S,  lu03,  aiidJun. 


i 


:i:-2  r.UATKMALA  AND  CHIAPAS. 

DuriuLT  tlu'  al>sciiro  of  tlic  andiciiclii  tlic  f<iii;iiv 
was  tr((V('rii('«l  l)y  tlic  visitador  J-Ji'izcno,  wliosc  ;i<hiii)i- 
istratioii  a])j)oai's  to  liavc  been  just,  and  with  lln  i\- 
f('|itioii  of  cliui'cli  affairs,  uiirvciitfiil.  TIhtc  i>  no 
cvidcMoc  tliat  ( loiizalt'z  was  juivcii  the  I'xtraoi-djii.n  v 
])owc'rs  ufrantrd  to  Laiidcclio,  jn'iliaps  Ix-causc  \\\r  .  \- 
jK'riiiieiit  liad  not  j)roveii  satisfactor-y,  '»ut  accdrdin.^f 
io  Pc'lacz,  a  fiscal  liad  ln'Cii  added  to  tlic  <»fHccis  .  ftlic 
aiidiciicia  dui'iii^'  its  altscncc.'"  ]Jiizcno's  rcsidcncia 
was  taken  sometime  in  ^Tarcli,  and  the  only  diiii'^c 
hronu'lit  ai^ainst  him  was  the  j^rantinj^*  of  certain  ic- 
]>artimientos  at  the  su_iL^.<jfestion  of  the;  cahildo  of  San- 
tiago. The  hndinii^s  in  the  case  were  transmitted  <(> 
till'  crown,  and  the  cahildo  immediately  wi-ott-  defnid- 
in^'  the  measure  as  necessary,  and  askini;"  for  his  ar- 
(juittal.''" 

(jronzalez  ruled  until  Fel>ruary  1572,  when  lie  was 
relieved  l)V  Doctor  I'edro  de  A'iilalohos,  wjio  (•.iiiic  as 
jiresident  and  governor.  We  have  no  record  of  any 
event  of  imporlanci'  durini;  ( Joiizalez'  admiiiistir.lii^n: 
hut  that  it  was  a  just  one  is  j)i'oven  hy  his  hoiioial»k' 
ac(juittal  in  the  residencia  taken  hy  his  successoi-. 

Al)out  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century  tli" 
aftairs  of  the  church  luuU'rwent  several  im|>iiitant 
chani^es.  Soconusco,  which  as  we  have  seen  was  as- 
siL,nii'd  to  the  hishopric  of  Chiapas,  was  sul)se(|Uciilly 
included  in  the  see  of  Bishoj)  !^^al•ro(]ui•^  ihon^li 
a^ain  attiliated  with  the  hisliojiric  of  Chiapas  in  I.V.h;. 
Soon  after  their  arrival  the  J)ominicans  siiit  to  Such 
nusco  a  mission  of  several  friars;  hut  unahle  to  with- 

■J"),  l."i()!l,  as  till' il.'itcs  (if  tlio  (li'orccs  oriU'rinj;  the  removal  of  tli"  .'niili"iiriii, 
ami  in  the  iliitts  cif  tlii'  a|i])<iiiitiiii'iit  (if  iiiiii/aluz  ami  the  arrival  of  tliriuniicn- 
ciii  ut  Saiitia^'o  rcillnws  liciia'sjil. 

"■' .1/(  (/(.  ///.■<>.  <<ii(if.,i.  Kl'.t.  ^ce  a]no  Jiinrn^i,  (I'iKif.,  u.  '>();  /,'(/)«-((',///*'. 
<'/tii'i/i(i,  (i.'iH  lii.s.  Tlu'  oiildiiM  ((iiiijKi.sing  the  audicncia,  wiro  tlic  litnitiiitc. 
.Iiiirc  ik'  LoaiKa,  Vahlis  (k- Carcaimi,  ami  Cri.stolial  A.s(|m'ta.  Sec  lii--t  two 
atitlioriticH  citcil. 

■"Tf/ ;■/.;,  ill  Ani'dlii,  ('ill,  Dnr.  AlitiiJ.,  44  ."».  Itt'llK'sal.  //.'•'.  r///;.i;»(.  li.V.t, 
nays  tliat  lu;  was  linnnralily  aoiniitti'il  ainl  rctiiriiccl  to  Siiaiii,  iiiwliiili  ln' i^ 
loilowcil  liy  .hmrros,  (Imtl.,  i.  '_'(»().  Isscaiuilla,  SnI.  ('in:,  M,S,,  says  ijri/xiio 
Willi  to  Siiiitu  I'V  ik'  Jjugotii  U8  prcskk'Ut  of  tlmt  uudii'iiuia. 


AN  HONEST  BISHOP. 


'Ai:\ 


stand  tlic  excessive  lieat  most  of  them  fell  sick,  and 
ihf  (liiitli  of  one  of  their  numher  .so  (lisjiirited  the 
niiiaiiider  as  to  cause  the  ahaiidoiimeut  of  the  pi'ov- 
iiici'. 

The  see  of  Chiapas  remained  vacant  until  1550, 
win  n  I'^atlicr  Tomas  Casillas,  at  tlic  sul;  nest  ion,  no 
(Idulit,  t>i'  J^as  Casas,  was  ajtpointed  to  iill  it.  lie 
visited  the  yreater  ])art  of  his  diocese,  includinLf  'J  a- 
li;iMii;  huilt  an  episcojial  jialace,  and  attended  the 
])i(i\in(ial  councils  in  ^lexico  in  1555  and  15G5.  After 
liis  (li'ccasc  in  15(i7,  the  see  aiL;"ain  remained  vacant 
until  1574,  when  Fray  ])omin]L>-o  de  J^ara  was  desii;- 
ii;itt<l  as  his  successor.  The  intellioeiiee  »»f  the  hon(»i' 
l'«il  str;m<4'el\'  ujxm  the  recij)ient;  he  ])ray('d  that  he 
iiiiulit  (lie  before  it  was  contirnuHl;  and  curiously  enough 
lit  lore  the  |)o|)cV  hull  came  to  hand,  and  while  in  the 
mitlst  el' preparations  for  consecration,  lu'  i-xpired.'" 

The  m.'xt  occuj)ant  of  the  see,  l*edro  do  Feri'a,  was 
i;iili(l  from  the  convent  of  tSalamanea,  and  t'arly  in 
I'chiuarv  1575  was  activelv  ene'a'^ed  in  tliocesan  work. 
At  his  in\  itation  the  Franciscans  sent  some  i'riars  into 
tlic  ]iin\ince,  and  a  convent  and  church  wvw  soon 
(iv(ii(l.  Chiapas  had  the  I'are  lortime  to  }>ossess  in 
Fiii'a  a  hisho])  who  was  an  honest  man,  and  one  not 
Uieetly  for  ^^old  or  power.  FindiiiL;'  himself  too  feehU; 
\''>v  tlie  work  he  l)e<:>;<j^ed  the  kini,^  to  name  anothei'. 
Ill  ceiisetiucnce  of  an  order  of  the'  kint;'  that  secular 
I'liots  must  not  he  displaced  hy  Dominicans,  or  others 
\  lio  ]n  Id  a  temporaiy  dis|)ensation  from  the  i)oj»e, 
1  >  1  la  appointt'd  seculai's  <o  scvei'al  \aeancies  to  tlu* 
iHi  small  chayrin  of  some  of  the  friars.  In  15!)'J""' ])on 
Vv;\\  .\ndres  de  Chilla  was  a])pointe(l  succi'ssoi-  to 
Ktiia.and  continued  in  ollice  until  l»)Ul,when  he  was 
jtreiiioted  to  the  see  of  ^lichoacan. 

At  a  Dominican  provincial  chai)ter  held  in  157(t.at 

•'  I'.y  Iv'i'iiusiil  lie  is  sDiiutinioH  talk'tl  ])i)iiiin;,'(>  ilc  Am.  I);i\i!ii  says  lit; 
coiistiuctril  n  V(i(al)iilaiy  nf  tlif  lan^;iiaj,'('  of  ('liia|)as. 

'  l."i'.ll>,  Niys /■('/•//(((/(/(';,  ///•.v.  Ecli".,  114,  liiit  tliu  aliDVi' (late  in  cDiiliiiin  d 
Iv  li'r.1,1,   Tca'ro  h'cki.,   11*7;   Couciliuti  J'ror.,  i.  ;>•_'.'>,  uiul  L'l  iiicfttl,  JliM. 


^1 


11 


'I  I 


m 


374 


GUATEMALA  AND  CniAPAS. 


Ciudad  Real,  tlio  convent  of  Santo  Doniini^o  (L  Chi- 
apas was  accepted  as  that  of  the  province,  and  I'l  dio 
de  IJarrientos  diosen  as  first  vicar.  At  cliaj)ters  licld 
ill  Chiaj)as  and  Guat(>mala  prior  to  IGOO,  it  was  t'ci- 
bidden  tlie  friars  to  sign  their  family  name;  to  write 
to  the  president  of  the  audicncia  or  to  the  oidoics 
without  showing  the  letters  first  to  the  siip(M'ioi-s,  mikI 
so  in  regard  to  writing  to  Spain  under  penalty  of  iif- 
teen  days'  imprisonment.  No  moneys  were  to  he  sent 
to  Spain  through  the  hands  of  the  religious. 

Ciudad  Real,  where  the  last  provincial  cliapt(  r  was 
held,  had  in  1.580  two  hundred  Spanish  veeinos.  TIkio 
were  about  ninety  Indian  towns  in  the  province,  with- 
in a  radius  of  sixty  leagues,  containiuLr  somt>  twciitv- 
six  thousand  tributaries.  The  largest  one,  Chiap;is  ,!(> 
los  Indios,  had  twelve  hundred  Indian  veeinos. 

In  ]r»51),  thi-ough  the  iniiuence  of  Las  C'asns,  the 
bishopric  of  Vera  Paz  was  established,  and  l'\ith<  r 
Angulo  appointed  its  first  bishop.  He  accepted  tlic 
•haige  and  re])aired  t(  his  see  a  year  or  two  later,  hut 
(Med  early  in  1502  before  proceeding  to  consecration/' 
The  establishment  of  this  see  was  unwise  in  the  ex- 
treme, and  must  be  attributed  solely  to  the  rtpiiscn- 
tations  of  Las  Casas.  As  already  shown  the  counny 
was  barely  capable  of  sustaining  its  inhabitants,  and 
in  1  5G4  the  cabildo  declared  to  the  crown  that  it  woidd 
b<!  Avell  to  suppress  the  bishopric  as  it  could  not  sup- 
port a  prelate;  an  opinion  borne  out  by  sul)se(|Ui  nt 


exijerience.*" 

Angulo  was  succeeded  by  Father  Tomas  (](■  (Vir- 

''■■•  Aci'ordiiiy  to  Ciillo,  JA  w.  1/  \of.,  I'J.'t,  tliu  liialiojiric  was  o-^t;ilili-!ii  il  in 
1,".">(I.  (ioiizaicz  l)uvi!a,  Tcdiro  K<(i s.,  i.  171  -,  wiyh  Aiij,nil()  va.s  a|'p'Miiti  I 
Aju'll  -I,  l.'iGO,  mill  (lied  at  Zulania,  Vt'rn  I'a/,  while  (in  Ills  way  to  ( lii-i'i  ir:i!:k 
t(t  1)1!  c'onstH'nitod.  IJciiu'sal  says  that  lu-  rcrfived  his  aitpoiiitiiuiit  in  (•iMti- 
iiiala  at  the  ln'j:;iniiiiig  of  l,")(M);  acccptoil  it  Ajuil  iJIst;  wont  tlii'iiti-  to  Mi\ic.i; 
the  fi)lk)\vin,n  yi'ar  was  orderecl  to  his  dioeeso  to  await  the  airi\al  ot  tlic  Imlls 
for  his  ccnseeratioii;  ami  tiiat  in  March  or  A]iril  l.")(i'J  diinl  at  /alania,  \  1  ra 
I'a/,  while  ou  the  way  to  <  luateinala.  1>y  royal  dcuree  of  Septi'Milii f  l."illl), 
the  audiencia  was  ordered  to  jiay  him  the  usual  r)0(>,(ICM)  inuravedis.  unlii  lii^ 
had  sutiieieiit  tithes  for  his  snjiport.  ]  deem  this  author  more  rclialii''  timn 
the  others  as  he  Mrote  (earlier,  was  n  Doniiiiicaii,  nnd  hud  greater  fucilitiis  lor 
obtiiioiug  infurination. 

*"C<ibil<to,  Carta,  Jan.  20,  1504,  in  Ariculo,  Col.  Do<:  Aulhj.,  ;1S-'J. 


DEATH  OF  MARROQUIN. 


373 


(IciiMs,  a  Doniiiiican.  The  date  of  his  appointment 
jtccoidini^  to  (jronzalez  Duvila  was  April  I,  1 JGJ,  jind 
;!(•(  (ii'lini;' to  llciuesal  lie  continued  in  possjession  until 
his  (leatii,  in  liJcSO." 


Ill   1 


)i)i) 


Bisliop  Marr 


)quuij 


now  old  and  wearied 


V  itli  over  twenty-five  years  (jf  constant  service  as 
jiricst  and  bisjiop,  sought  to  retire,  hut  though  J*resi- 
(liiit  (^)uesada  reconnnended  to  the  crown  that  his 
jictitioii  he  gianted  it  was  refused,  and  he  died  at 
Saiiiiago  on  holy  Friday  of  loGG/'  and  was  huried 
with  the  highest  honors  in  the  cathedral  of  Santijigo/'' 
His  successor  was  J^ernardino  do  Villali)ando,  bishop 
dl"  ('ul)a,  who  arrived  in  Santiaixo  in  ]r)(!4." 


Tlic  F 


ranciscans  an<l  Dominicans  in  the  mean  time 


IiatI  made  hut  little  progress  owing  to  jK'tty  rivalries 
and  dissensions  between  them,  and  the  interference 
(if  the  secular  clergy.  Though  tlu>  JJoiniiiicans  had 
alwavs  been  the  j»rincipal  confessors  and  ])reachers  in 
Santiago,  they  were  less  jtopular  than  the  Fi'anciscans, 
wild  \\v\-t'  also  favored  by  ]]isho])  Ahirro([uin.  As 
tally  as  IJjO  a  strong  rivalry  sjinmg  up  between  the 
1\v(i  (ii(K'is  in  regard  to  the  right  of  jiossession  of 
-iU  s  Inr  churches  and  convents.  These  lieiiig  tlieii 
■t(  iiiiiued  by  the   simple  act  of  taking  ])oss(,'ssion, 


iiiaii\    (owns  and  districts  wei 


e  seizi'd  upon 


bv  th 


"  l'(  niJiiidcz,    Hixt.   Er/r.'i.,    11(1,   siivs  Father   I'ci 
Aii;;iiIm,  tln'ii  ('ai-<K'iins,  iiiul  tliat  FjiIIrt  Aiitiiiiiii  di 


•  li'    l:i    I'cAil    fn 


jp  ill  I."i70.     (V(//i,  Jfnn.  y  Xn/.,  !•_'.'),  iii.ucs  I'l  fi.i  ; 


Ddiiii 


■1, 


iiic.-iii,  wa-i 
.sa\'<  I  hat 


Ciiril 


rciiKivcil  to  IVrii  in   ].">M(t;  that   Ivvias 


tidiu  l.'iS:!  !I0,  aii.l  that 


i; 


I'lias  was  iiii])iiiiiti'il   in 
1 1'viiis  ;;s  tllC  Slli't'cssor  of  I ' 
sillo. 


i; 


i; 


ii,  //;, 


r/i 


//"/"'• 


7tl'J  4.  iiaiiu' 


l.")S;i  or  l.'iSl,  Ca>tro  iK'xt,  anil  liiiahv 


This  was  tlie  last  Mslioj,  naiiicil 


iliii'i  to  Ittini'sal,  \\  iio  aihl- 


tliiit  viiilc  ill  (iuateiiiala,  in  Kill,  his  «as  toM  \>y  liisiiop  Caluv.as,  that  IIk 
iiiiiiij.iiialiuii  of  the  l)islin|iric  of  \'fi'a    I'a/  uith  that  of  <  iiiatiiiiala  was  thi'i 


if'iUs';i(l.    The  Older  of  suceessioii  as  '-iveii  jiv  lleliiesal  as  tar  as  i'h'vias 


1-  iiiiiliniic'd   hv  Meii(lii't;i,  //(.••V.  AV/o.,  .'(-IS.   a   most  leliahle  author,  ami 


loi'ii  lit  of  N 
\|.nl   |> 


e\v  S 


jiaiii,  where  Ik' 


aeioiilim; 


to  .li 


wrote  liet«eeii  the  j^ais  l.'iT.")  !M!. 

iiros,   (I'lii'l.,  i.  -"<>,  and  after  a  Ion;,'  illm 


hiii,'  to  \'a/.i|iie/,  Chioii.  Uvat.,  l4!l-.")0.     See  also  iJiiiKtiila,  I'urtd,  M<nif> 


m  iS'iiii 


MSS. 


'.'I'liz,  C/ii-iiii.  drill. ,   14!t-."iO;  GoiizulrK  IhirHu,  Tidfro  J-.'rtin. 
I '<■<„:.  I 


!.-.(); 


/;. 


/.;(;, 


2,S.i. 


("■(''.,  lUJ. 


'/,    //(V.  C/i 


;/(il>a, 


054;  Judiros,  (Jiiat.,  i. 


'J7(i:   r,(; 


IJIIC 


Oh.- 


370 


GUATEMALA  AND  CHIAPAS. 


ecclesiastics  wljicli  they  could  not  attend  to  tlicMi- 
selves,  and  would  not  j)ennit  their  rivals  to  control. 
J)issensions  and  mutual  detiactions  followed,  wliich 
the  jtrelates  of  the  respective  orders  were  powerlcsi 
to  su]>,)iess  in  tlieir  subordinates. 

This  scandalous  example  estrant^ed  both  the  cixil 
authorities  and  tluj 
his  eflorts  to  settle  tl 


itizens,  anil  Mairoquin,  Hndiiii 
lese  quarrels  fruitless,  heoaii  \t 


a{)|M)int  j)ersons  to  tht;  vacant  and  nejj^lected  town 
in  some  cases  depriving  tlu?  ecclesiastics  of  those  in 
their  charu'e.  This  condition  of  atiairs  was  dulv- 
rei)orted  by  the  authorities,  and  as  a  result  tli.' 
ere  reproved,  and  the  selection  of  sites  1 


ren<'ious  W( 


or 


convents  and  the  a[»pointment  of  clergy  made  sulijcct 
to  the  ajtproval  of  the  audiencia,  and  the  bishop  was 
instructed  to  respect  the  privileges  of  the  friars  and 
treat  them  with  due  consideration.''^ 

In  1551  the  Dominicans  of  Guatemala,  IlondniJis, 


X 


d  CI 


icaragua,  and  Lliiapas  were  organized  into  an  uulr 
jjeudent  ]>rovincia  with  the  title  of  San  A'iceiitc  d 
('hiapas.     Father  Tomiis  de  la  Torre  was  appoint 


irovincial,  and  the  tirst  |)rovincial  chapter  was  luld 
;;t  Santiajj'o  in  Januai'v.*"  Several  convi>nts  \\r\v 
founded,  mostly  in  Guatemala,  churches  built  aiiii>!i'^' 
the  Zo(|ues  and  Quelenes,  and  with  the  arrival  iVeiii 
time  to  tiiue  of  additional  friars  the  organizatitni  nt' 
new  districts  was  begun.  In  Chiapas  the  J)oniini('ans 
in  their  laboi's  continued  to  sutler  occasional  molesta- 
tion from  the  colonists.  The  provinces  of  San  Sal- 
vador, Nicaragua,  and  Costa  liica  were  visited,  a 
convent  was  founded  in  the  city  of  San  Salvadoi,  and 
two  attempts  wer«j  made  to  establish  the  ordtr  in 
X 


icai'aijfua. 


In  1550  a  custodia  was  formed  of  the  Franciscan; 


*^ nemimil.  Hint.  Chi/apa,  TiST-lKK);  V(i~<iH(Z,  Chron.  Unit.,  i;5:J-7;  ijiu.«:i!<i, 
Ciirtit,  Maiii)  ,J'i,  I'h'h'i,  in  S(/iti<r\i  MSS.,  xxii.  3-4. 

**•/,'< III! f^ii/.  Hint.  Chi/<ii><i,  aS'J  7,  .')()(»-;(;  Finmiuhz,  I/l-t.  LWIi."..  1 IJ: 
J),lri/„.  J',i,i:,h,  Hixt.  I'i-ikI.  Mix.,  110-11. 

'•  /.'-  mmiil,  JiUt.  Chyii/xi,  iAWl,  o'lO-'ni,  ."78-S4,  oOO-GOI,  Glo-14,  OJU-7.  (iii^J- 
9,  li4'J-7;  Jiuirron,  Uuul.,  ii.  'J8-U. 


VILLALPAXDO  AND  C6RD0BA. 


377 


in  rhiatonuila  aii<l  Yiifatan,  bv  wliicli  provinocs  tho 
vicar  was  alternately  chosen.  This  lasted  until  loflo, 
wliri!  tiu'  reli_iL,Moiis  of  Guatemala  were  authorized  to 
(staMish  a  separate  provincia  with  tho  title  of  Tho 
][\,]\  Name  of  Jesus.  Their  lirst  ])rovincial  was 
Fatlur  Oonzalo  jNlendez,  i.nd  the  first  provincial  chap- 
ter was  opened  iu  Santiago  on  tho  I'ith  of  Uctobei', 

Owinnj^  to  tho  dissensions  with  tho  iJoniinicans  and 
aiaoii'^-  themselves,  many  friars  left  tlie  jtrovince,  so 
that  ill  laCJG  there  were  hut  thirty  ecclesiastics  and 
scVLii  convents.  In  1574  the  audioncia  issued  a  de- 
cree penuittin<^  the  Fi'anciscans  to  found  convents  in 
t!ic  provinces  of  Izalcos,  Cuscatlan,  and  Honduras. 
Aliout  the  same  time  convents  were  established  in  the 
villas  of  San  Salvador  and  San  Miufuel.'*'' 

One  of  the  first  acts  of  ]iisho[)  A'illalpando  was  tlie 
piililication  of  the  decrees  (^f  the  late  council  of  Trent. 
Allium;  other  measures  these  restricted  tho  privileges 
(if  iiuiidicant  friars,  and  bolioviuLj  or  affectinLf  to  be- 
lii'V''  that  this  extended  to  a  total  deprivation  of  their 
lij^lit  to  administer  the  sacraments,  the  }>relato  be_ii;au 
t;»  secularize  the  towns  in  their  chari^e.  In  vain  were 
t!u'  protests  of  tho  Franciscan  and  IJoniinican  provin- 
cials and  the  audieiicia,  and  the  representations  (jf  all 
that  the  secular  priests,  i^-norant  of  the  Indian  lan- 
^uau'es,  lenardless  of  thi^ir  interest,  and  in  many  cases 
(if  (lisicpiitable  character,  were  unlit  to  succeed  tho 
ivn'ular  orders  in  tho  charge  of  a  numerous  people,,  tho 
iiiiijority  of  whom  were  yet  new^  in  tho  faith.  Tho 
hish()[i  absolutely  insisted  on  obedience.  In  conse- 
•  (lU'iice  recourse  was  had  to  the  crown,  but  in  tho 
interim  the  prolate  jiersisteiitly  carried  out  his  meas- 
uics  iiotwithstan(lini»;  the  oj)}iosition  of  tho  friars,  the 
colonists,  and  tho  natives,  tho  religious  being  [irevented 

<MA  »'/;,/<(,  //;.s^  /;,7m.,  ;W'2--.;  Vn-<jiicz,  Chron.  GmL,  144-0,  179,  -J-J."?; 
('oijiillioln,  Ihsi.  Yiivdtlian,  :VH\. 

'*  Mnii;,/,,.  Uixt,  Ec/c.i.,  ;W(i;  L'lhicloii,  in  /Voc.  (/(/  Sfo  EciinjiHo,  MS., 
1;  r,. :,/„,:,  Vlu'oii.  Unit.,  Vl'd-T,,  147,  lo'.'-4,  L'-il-d;  Juurros,  (/«((/.,  ii.  '.Ill- 
lOU,  |(,ii. 


m 


.178 


GUATEMALA  AXD  CHIAPAS. 


'  J 


from  abandoning  the  province  only  at  the  entreaties 
of  the  colonists,  and  the  Indians  in  some  instuiiet.s 
refusini(  to  receive  them  in  their  towns. 

At  the  solicitation  of  the  king  the  pope  restored 
the  privileges  of  the  friars,  the  extreme  nieasur*  s  dj' 
the  bishop  were  condemned,  and  the  archbis!i(.>[t  of 
New  Spain  ordered  to  send  a  visitador  to  examine 
into  certain  serious  charges  made  against  Villaljjando."' 
When  notified  of  these  decrees,  Villalpando  is  said  to 
have  replied:  "I  have  received  my  cliurch  not  IVom 
the  king  but  from  God,  to  whom  I  am  prepan;d  t  > 
render  an  account."  According  to  Juarros  lie  left 
Santiago  soon  after  and  died  suddenly  at  Chaleliuapa, 
four  days'  journey  from  the  capital. °^  Francisco  (  aiu- 
branes,  dean  of  the  cathedral  of  Santiago  and  after 
him  Father  Alonso  do  Lamilla,  a  Dominican,  apuear 
to  have  l)een  appointed  to  succeed  Villa][)an(l().  Tlie 
former  died  before  his  appointment  reached  liiiii  and 
the  latter  declined  the  mitre.  The  see  remained  vacant 
until  the  appointment  in  1574  of  Bishop  Goiue^  Lur- 
iiandez  de  Cordoba  who  was  transferred  from  tlio 
bishopric  of  Nicaragua.^'* 

Cordoba  was  a  man  sim[)le  in  habit,  hunihle  in 
si)irit,  and  pure  in  life.  Foppery  troubled  some  of 
the  clergy,  and  the  prelate,  who  could  be  stern  \\  hen 
needful,  took  occasion  to  call  up  one  of  the  would-Iie 
(derical  gaHants,  and  severely  admonished  him  upon 
the  extravagance  of  his  dress.  The  mortifying  ji-son 
was  not  without  eflect,  and  he,  M'ith  not  a  few  others, 
carefully  avoided  such  display  ever  after. 

In  lo75  Cordoba  set  out  on  his  ofHcial  visits,  and 
everywhere  met  with  complaints  from   the  natives 

""The  iieglcot  to  punisli  the  notorious  abuses  of  the  clci'fry,  'haviiii.'  in  lii^t 
liouschoKl  certain  women  wlio  were  neither  his  sisters  nor  his  eousins:  ;iiul  re- 
I'fiving  bribes  tlirougli  liis  ncjiliewanil  one  of  tiie women,  wiio  was  yniiiii.'  nml 
of  doubtful  reputation,' appear  to  have  been  the  principal  charges.  7i'i;/.tW, 
IHhI.  I'hyapa,  (i5(). 

^'Iii  Aug.  !.")()!),  according  to  Juarros,  Oiiol.,  i.  277;  in  Santa.  .\n;i,  ■''lui 
Salvador,  according  to (.ionziilez  Davila,  Trntro  KrlvfA.  ]oS.  Seealsn' 'n//'//", 
Carta,  July!),  b")()7,  in  A  n'rulo,  Col.  Dor.  AuCkj.,  4l-'2;  Itfiiiesul,  III-'-  <  hi' 
ajia,  (».")4-().');    I'lif/Ki'-,  Chnm.  Oi-at.,  l!(4-l!(M);  Jnurrof.  Cunt.,  i.  270-S. 

■'•Jiemcuul,  UiU.  V/ii/uj>u,  700;  Juarnjn,  O'uiU.,  i.  '277-S. 


FIGHTING  FRIARS. 


870 


ooncorninGf  their  priests,  especially  among  the  Ochi- 
t(]ti<|iK's,  who  asked  to  have  the  Franciscans  put  in 
(■li;nL,^o.  But  tliose  in  possession  were  not  always 
willing  to  gracefully  yield  as  was  shown  by  an  inci- 
dent which  occurred  in  the  same  year.  Father  Pedro 
l)i;iz,  visiting  Guatemala  for  the  purpose  of  founding 
Fniiiciscan  convents,  arrived  in  the  little  town  of 
Zaiiiayaque,  and  called  to  pay  his  respects  to  the 
pritst.  His  advances  were  coolly  received,  and  the 
padre,  seeking  to  conciliate  him,  asked  his  permission 
to  say  mass  in  the  town  and  confess  some  of  the 
Indians.  From  indifferenci!  the  latter  became  fiercely 
indignant,  and  expressed  himself  in  very  unclcrical 
lan'jjuaGfe.  His  words  were  violent  and  his  speech  so 
l(tud  that  a  number  of  the  Indians  were  attracted  to 
the  spot.  Tiiereupon  Diaz  assumed  a  humble  atti- 
tude and  deferentiallv  withdrew,  after  makinof  hiy 
fipnldgies,  and  re[)aired  to  the  cabildo,  where  the  peo- 
ple ilocked  to  him.  Improvising  an  altar  beneath  a 
cotton-tree  close  by,  he  then  insisted  up<m  performing 
service,  taking  care  that  the  priest  should  be  informetl 
and  l»egging  him  not  to  interfere.  At  the  consecra- 
tion, the  latter,  accompanied  by  a  few  armed  favorites, 
rnslicd  in  and  gave  unbridled  license  to  his  tongue, 
caning  the  people  dogs  and  the  Franciscan  a  madman. 
It  Was  a  strange  spectacle — an  angry  priest  wildly 
iresticulating  in  his  black  robe,  surrounded  by  armed 
men,  who  momentarily  threatened  assault,  and  a  padre 
oalndy  reciting  his  orisons,  holding  the  host  in  uplifted 
hands  in  the  midst  of  the  people.  The  priest,  exas- 
Jieiated  beyond  control,  onlered  his  men  to  charge, 
wliieli  they  did,  wounding  not  a  few  and  causing  a 
general  stampede. 

At  this  point  the  encomendero  Leon  Cardena  inter- 
l>osed  between  the  contestants,  and  the  Franciscan 
tiled  to  assuage  the  tumult  with  w^ords  of  i)eace. 
i  lie  piiest  would  not  be  pacified  until  the  Indians 
tried  iheir  skill  at  stone-throwing,  when  he  ignomini- 
ously  turned  and  fled  to  his  house,  where  he  had  to 


330 


GUATEMALA  AXD  CHIAPAS. 


iindcrinfo  a  siege  until  he  proinised  to  depart  for  (lnt\- 
teiuala  taking  all  his  paraj»hernalia  with  him.  *  The 
Franeiscan  remained  master  of  the  field,  and  was 
eventually  api)ointed  guardian  of  Zamayaque,  hut  the 
eonsequ(!nces  (»f  the  unseendy  quarrel  were  far-rcadi- 
ing,  and  the  discussions  to  which  it  gave  rise  went  I'ar 
to  reform  the  character  of  priests  put  in  charge  (jf  tlie 
natives. 

]iish(»p  Cordoba  labored  in  Guatemala  for  twcntv- 
three  years,  Fray  Antonio  de  Hinojosa  being  ap- 
j)ointed  his  colleague  two  years  Ijefore  the  decease;  of 
the  former,  which  occurred  in  1598.  During  liis  a<l- 
ministration  the  king  gave  orders  that  lO  e\[H'iiso 
should  be  spared  in  supporting  all  the  religious  ulio 
might  be  needed  for  the  convei'sion  of  the  nativis, 
antl  that  money  should  be  placed  at  the  disposal  of 
the  friars  f(jr  the  purpose  of  administering  the  sacra- 
ment to  the  Indians  in  })laces  remote  from  tlu;  set- 
tlements. The  Franciscans  especially  multiplied  in 
Guatemala,  sixty-six  arriving  in  that  province  lie- 
tween  1571  and  1573.  In  157G  the  audiencia  was 
directed  by  the  crown  to  make  an  annual  grant  dt" 
lifty  thousand  maravedis  for  each  mission  estahlislied 
by  them.  In  1578  Garcia  de  Valverde,  who  (liiiiiig 
that  year  was  appointed  president  of  the  audiencia, 
undertook  the  rebuilding  or  enlai-gement  of  seveial 
Franciscan  convents'**  and  the  erection  of  several 
churches.  Such  was  his  enthusiasm  that  he  was 
often  seen  carrying  stone  and  mortar  for  the  Wdik- 
men,  and  his  example  s[»read  among  the  inhabitants 
of  Santiao-o,  men  of  noble  birth  imitatin<>'  the  \nv- 
late's  example. 


1 1 


**  At  fluatciTiula  he  presented  Iiimself  before  the  audiencia  and  dt'iuanilcd 
redress.  A  judge  was  sent  to  investigate,  and  he  reported  abuses  witinv^scl 
by  ]5ishop  IJoniez  himself;  an  utter  ignorance  of  the  native  sj)ecili.  so  tli:il 
they  gladly  confessed  to  any  visiting  priest,  and  the  absolute  lutusal  vf  tliu 
iK^tivea  to  have  el  aeiior  cura  for  their  guardian.  Vtuuniez,  Chroii.  de  O'nit., 
■2V.I 

j^  Those  of  San  Juan  de  Comalapa,  San  Francisco  de  Tecpan  (inatiiii.ila, 
La  Assunipcion  de  'J'ecpanatitlan,  San  Miguel  de  Totonicapan,  and  Kspiiitu 
Sauto  do  (iuczaltenaugo.    Voi-quez,  t'hron.  de  (Jvat.,  '261. 


v.vlvi:i:dk  and  hueda. 


381 


Tn  the  year  1  f*»00  wlicn  ,lnau  Tlamircz  wns  np- 
|ii(iiitc(l  l)isli()|)  then'  wm.'  in  (iiiatumala  twoiity-two 
convents  of  the  Fraiu'iscans  and  ioiirtuen  of  thr 
l)(iiniiii<-an  order. ^^  In  lo78  a  nuniuTV  was  completed 
iii'.d  occiipic'd,  tlio  funds  liavinLf  been  j)rovid('d  by  a 
lM'(|iU'st  fi'oni  the  first  bishop  of  (Juati.'niala.    In  l.lDL'a 

IK'H't'  was  oj)ened  in  Santiago,  and  we  learn  tliat  the 
;il»il(l<»,  encouraijfed  l»y  its  suecess,  desired  to  liave  a 
university  estabhslied  there  in  order  that  stn«lents 
iiii;^dit  eonipletc  tlieir  ecUieation  without  proceediiiL,^  to 
Mexico  as  was  then  the  custom  anionu:  the  wealthier 
(lass  of  Spaniards, 

Durin'j:  Valvcrde's  administration  tlic  news  of 
Drake's  ex])e(htion  to  the  Soutli  Sea,  of  which  nion- 
ti(»ii  will  Ite  made  in  connection  with  the  raids  of  that 
faiimus  adventurer,  spread  consternation  tliroughout 
llie  provinces.  On  this  t)ccasion  the  president  of 
(fuateinala  showed  liimself  worthy  of  the  trust  im- 
posed in  h'un.  Ships  and  cannon  were  procured; 
small  arms  and  ammunition  were  obtained  "rom  Mex- 
i 'd.  aud  an  expedition  was  quickly  despatched  in  search 
nf  tlu^  enemy.  No  encounter  took  jilace,  however, 
and  the  commander  of  the  fleet  was  ])laced  under 
arrest  for  non-fullilment  of  his  orders,  which  were  to 
proceed  in  quest  of  the  intruders  to  the  gulf  of  Cali- 
t'oiiiia  where  they  were  supposed  to  be  stationed.  In 
1,")S(;  when  news  arrived  of  Drake's  capture  of  Santo 
]Ji>niino()  a  review  was  held  in  the  j)laza  of  Santiago, 
and  it  was  found  that  the  city  could  put  into  the  iield 
iive  hundred  foot  and  one  hundred  horse. "" 

Valverde's  decease  occurred  in  Septend)er  1581), 
and  when  on  his  deathdjed  he  receivcsd  intelliirence  of 


"'  Tlicvc  were  also  six  doctrinas  l)elonging  to  tlie  Merced  order,  aud  '22  to 
tlif  piulvis  di-rijjaa.  Mviiilieta,  llht.  /iV/cs. , ';{80. 

"'■Tilt'  i;il)ildo  prayeil  tlic  king  for  '200  strong  lircnst-platof,  (petos);  ,")0;) 
li'liiiets,  ici'ludas  n  niorriones);  400  coats  of  mail,  (cotas);  400  aniueliuses,  itc. 
Many  wmdd  lie  bought  by  citizens,  and  the  rest  ruraain  in  keeping  of  the 
"iiiliciicia.  Gunpowder  could  not  l)e  manufactured  in  (.Tuatcnuila  for  lack  of 
►altixtie,  etc.,  and  they  asked  an  annual  grant  of  twelve  centals  from  Mexico. 
Ancalo,  Cut.  Uoc.  Aiitiy.,  09-70. 


11 


I 


SS'i 


GUATEMALA  AND  CHIAPAS. 


liis  |)r()iiK)ti<)ii  to  tin;  i»i-o.-ii(U'Mcy  of  tin;  an<li('ii<  i.i  ,,1' 
NiU'va  (;ialicia.  lii.s  successor  vvas  Podio  ^Ia\t  n  th; 
Kiieda,  a  man  of  stroiij^  but  narrow  vi(;\vs,  ainl  ..nr 
who  hy  liis  injudicicjus  ineasun.'S  soon  niadr  (in mj,  , 
\mth  of  tliu  oidores  and  tlio  occ-k-siastics,  the  iik mli.  is 
of  ilic  nnuiicipality,  howcvt-'r,  rcniaininL;  linn  in  iIm  ir 
alleufianco  to  him.  "  llueda,"  writes  the  caliiMo  tn 
the  l<in_!^  in  1502,  "has  oivon  vacant  cnconiicndas  t(» 
the  deserving,  and  stiictly  can-ied  out  royal  ci'diiLis. 
He  has  embellished  tiic  capital  with  manv  a  line  hiiil.! 
\w^  so  that  it  is  far  other  than  it  was."  Nevertii«'Kss 
liis  enemies  wore  too  stronuf  for  him,  and  in  tin  lul 
lo\vin<»  year  ho  was  .suj)ersede(l  hy  Doctor  I'rniiciscd 
Sande,  who  came  to  the  [irovincc  vest(,'d  with  tlu' 
authority  of  a  visitad<^r,  but  aj)[)ears  to  liavi"  tinind 
nothing  specially  worthy  of  ccnsuro  in  the  fonuci'.s 
administration.^'' 

The  new  president  incurred  the  enmity  <>f'  \]\r 
cabildo  by  abolishing  one  of  its  most  cherished  privi- 
leges,''^ and  by  causing  the  office  of  alferez,  llir 
holder  (^f  which  became  ex  officio  the  senior  nitiiibt  i- 
of  the  cabildo,  to  bo  disposed  of  for  five  tliuiisaiid 
ducados  to  one  Francisco  tie  Mesa,  whose  chief  rccoiii- 
mcndation  seems  to  have  been  that  he  was  a  kiiisiiwiii 
of  the  ])resident's  wife.  In  November  lj'.)(i  SaiidJ 
departed  for  New  Granada,  of  which  province  ho  had 

"'  'The  liccnciado  Rucda,  late  president  of  the  audicncia,  is  al)Otit  to  leave 
forS[)aiii.  JIo  lias  exercised  ills  oUicc  vitli  care  and  ensured  good  ('liii>ti;iii 
government  v.n  will  1)C  seen  by  tlic  papers  connected  with  the  i-i.^fd  on  hh 
conduct  now  sent  liy  I)octor  Sandi'-.'  SnnlUfjo  ('ahiUlo  (Feli.  lii.  l.'iliJi.  in 
Airvuh,  Cut.  J)oc.  Aiitlij.,  80.  Contrast  'his  Mith  Juurro<,  <iiint.,  '.'lii. 
'  President  de  la  llueda,  was  punished  for  h:i\  ig  so  hadly  treated  the  ii!i;,'ioin 
during  his  government.  lie  fell  into  a  st  ;c  of  idiocy,  rushing'  ficpin  tlie 
lionse  witliout  elotlies  into  the  country,  wh  -  he  ate  grass  liiie  oxen,  mihI  p- 
mained  in  that  state  till  he  died.'  During  ucda's  adniinistratioM  a  Ijiiil.-' 
was  built  across  the  Los  Ksclavos.  It  was  1.  yards  long,  IS  in  lneMilth,  ainl 
liad  eleven  arches.  At  the  point  where  it  ■"  ^  constnicted  the  rivci-  was  "I 
great  depth  and  communication  was  fre<|ucn  '  cut  off  between  the  cafiital 
and  the  eastern  provinces  by  inundation.  Ju<  von,  Guat.,  "230-41  (id.  Luiul., 
1523).   Coiulcr'x  Mcx.  and  Gmit.,  '201. 

^"That  by  which  the  appointment  of  '  cl  cjccutor'  was  vcst((l  in  the 
cabildo.  The  oflicu  was  one  of  great  profit  and  its  duties  were  disi  !i.ii;:i'il  ''V 
each  member  in  rotation.  The  cabildo  had  enjoyed  this  privih  .c  1  y  ro,v:;l 
license  for  many  years,  its  concession  being  granted  by  ccdula  of  .Ir.ly  1',  l>)i_^^. 
and  confirmed  by  one  of  April '21,  1587.  Juarros,0'uct.,  129.  (Louuoiicd.  VJ'So-i 


MIXING  AXD  COMMERCE. 


!k(Ii  .•H)|)<)iiitf(l  j^ovonior.'''  His  successor  was  D<)<'t(»r 
Al'iiiso  Criado  <lo  Custilla,  who  assiinuHl  olllci!  in  Sep- 
U'lii!"  1"  ir»DS,  the  ruins  of  power  hciii;;  (hiiinLj  ih(3 
iuttival  in  the  hands  of  the  senior  oiilor,  Alvaro 
(jiiiiuz  (le  Abaunzu. 


Duiin*;  th(;  closin<r  years  of  the  sixteentli  et'nturv 
itujis  the  pohcy  of  the  caljiltlo  in  their  reports  to  llie 
kiii;^  t(»  rej)resent  tlie  industrial  condition  of  (Guate- 
mala in  as  unfavorable  a  liLjht  as  |)ossil>le.  Xeverthe- 
ksstluri'  is  sufticient  evidence  that  trade  was  restrliccd, 
miiiiii'''  almost  ne'dected,  and  that  ajxi'iculture  leceived 
little  attention,  liich  mines  were  discovere'd  in  vainous 
lilacrs,  hut  Indians  (m»uI«1  not  l>o  procured  to  work 
lliciii,  and  mine-owiK.'rs  becoiuini;  everv  day  poorer, 
tlmatt'iird  altoj^ether  to  abandon  the  field, thus  causinuj 
tilt'  caliildi)  to  petition  for  the  importation  of  slaves 
Inr  till'  purj)()se  of  dcvelopinLj  them.  >So  j^reat  was 
the  falliiiL,^-otr  in  receipts  at  the  smeltinin-works  that 
the  idval  oflicials  res(»lved  to  exact  only  one  tenth 
instead  of  the  fifth  of  the  proceeds  which  had  before 
Urn  ciillccted  as  the  king's  dues. 

The  |K)ssil)ility  of  extending  the  conunerco  of  the 
province;  by  the  opening  of  the  port  of  Iztapa,  ten  or 
twelve  leagues  from  Santiago,  and  the  point  where  it 
will  he  remembered  Alvarado's  vessels  were  built  aiul 
o(|ui|»|»ed  for  his  promised  expedition  to  the  Spice 
Islands,  was  the  subject  of  many  petitions  to  tlu* 
king.  It  seemed  to  present  many  facilities  for  an  ex- 
tensive tiaffic  on  the  South  Sea,  and  its  contiguity  to 
tiuateniala  would  aft'ord  merchants  and  speculators  an 
iippoituiiity  of  dealing  in  the  products  of  the  country. 
^^liip-liiiilding  esj)ecially  might  become  an  important 
iiuhistiy.  Woods  of  finest  quality  and  in  limitless 
quantity  could  be  had  in  the  district.  Large  cedars 
wcir  abundant;  while  cordage  could  be  had  in  inex- 

" Saudi''  ciiino  to  Mc?;ioo  as  alcalde  of  the  audicncia.  In  l.")7.')  he  v.ts 
appoint!. I  i:()\fnK>r  of  tlie  Pliilit-pinc  Islnmls  and  held  th:it  position  until 
liHd,  afti  r  which  he  became  au  oidor  of  Mexico.  Ualos,  Uimj.,  iu  Vailii.-i  tie 

indias,  slu-l. 


aS4 


GUATEMALA  AND  OHlArAS. 


liaustildc  quaiitit}'.  The  pita,  wliicli  Ciirnislu'd  ixc-l- 
leiit  matciial  for  ropes  and  cables,  u^rew  profusely  ;ill 
over  the  coast.  ]?itch  and  tar  could  also  he  procure  •! 
in  the  valley  of  Ininais,  oidy  a  short  distance  from  tli.' 
j)ort.  .S(»  iar,  however,  little  success  had  attended  the 
various  attempts  made  to  utilize  these  advant;i<jfes,  hut 
in  after  years  further  etforts  were  made.  Jn  l.')!)!, 
measures  were  also  taken  for  openin^T  another  jKut 
named  P>tero  del  Salto,  seven  leai^-ues  irom  ]/,t;i]i;i 
and  capable  of  accommodating  vessels  of  a  hundivl 
tons."' 

While  thus  struo'glinjj^  for  new  avenues  of  trade, 
the  memltei's  of  the  cabildo  wei'e  tenacious  of  tiios^ 
already  in  their  possi^ssion.  Neither  the  ini|i<»]-tati.iii 
of  slaves  nor  a  jvduction  of  the  royal  dues  would  sat- 
isfy them,  while  cacao,  the  oid}'  pi'oduct  which  ivnlly 
did  ]iay  and  thus  preserved  the  balance  of  liade.  \v.!^ 
im|»i-oiierly  taxed.  Writing  in  1575,  they  aliened  tlu,: 
ior  two  years  ])ast  this  once  highly  pi'oiitable  traik' 
had  been  nearly  destroyed  by  excessive  taxation  an. I 
that  in  conseijUence  the  ])ros[)erity  oi'  Santiago  had 
been  greatly  diminished.''^ 

l)ut  commercial  decadence  was  not  the  oidy  mi- 
fortune  from  whi<-h  the  provinces  sutfere<l.  In  l.")7.") 
and  the  two  subse(pieiit  years  earth(|Uakes  oecnrii*! 
in  ^ Juatemala,"-'  attended  with  gi'eat  destiiu'tien  wt' 
property.  In  ])ecember  laHl  a  \iolent  erujition  "c- 
euried  in  the  volcano  west  of  Santiago,  '^j'lie  !ainl  I'nr 
miles  around  was  covered  with  scori;e;  the  sun  \v;i- 

'•"Tli*,'  kiii;,'">i  j:rant  of  one  liiilf  of  the  first  yciu-'s  triluito  frniii  tlif  'in-'iini- 
rnilas  lircoiuiiii,'  vaiaiit  dnriiij,' ten  yt'aix.  was  of  great  aswistanri'  in  ojniiin.' 
tlicsi!  jMiits.  Tiio  iHL'siilciit  si'iiils  11  iiiap  of  tlic  ]ioit  ami  of  tlir  in'iiitiv  f'r 
more  tliaii  l.'i  lfai;iic.s  alioiit  it.  S'ihI-'iiid  CaliiUlo,  (ctiiii  nl  /■'<// (April  "Ji'. 
l.'iOl),  ill  Aiirii/,,^  Cul.  J)n,:   Aiilh/.,  77-M. 

'''  As  an  instance  of  the  diniiiisioiis  to  wliich  this  cacao  ti'ailc  cmiM  pniw 
it  may  lie  ni.'ntiontMl  tiiat  r)(»,(MM)  loads,  woitli  ."(OO.OOO  jicsos,  wnc  r.iix'l 
u  itiiin  an  ai\'.'i  of  two  Icaitncs  si|irin!  in  .Salvaduf.  I'ahtvio,  J,'iliiii'-ii  in  /';!■ 
f //"CO  iiiiil  <  'iii'i/f  nil",  ('ill.  J)<if.,  vi.  ].">. 

*-'  I'alacio  mentions  II  iu'a\y  shock  that  occurrcil  in  l.">7l'i  liy  wliirli  iiniiJcs 
were  ilestioyed  jmd  several  lives  lost.  In  u  letter  to  the  kint;  lie  reiati.i  that 
lie  saw  a  laiye  fra;.'niejit  of  a  chnreh  fiicadc  wiiieii  had  liecn  hurled  to  acnnsui- 
crablc  di.'^tance.   Uukuhm  ui  J'tU'hi'iu  and  dirdinun,  Cvl.  Dvc,  vi.  '!'■'>  ♦•  ••'■'■ 


VOLCAXIC  ERUPTIONS. 


385 


(larkoncfl,  and  tlio  lurid  flames  dartini^  from  the  coiio 
s]ii(ad  terror  tlii'ou^'liout  the  neighborhood.  The  iii- 
hiiliitants,  behaving  that  the  day  of  judgment  liad 
Cdine,  marehed  in  penitential  ]>rocession  loudly  bewail- 
ing tlieir  wins.  Presently  a  sharp  north  wind  dispersed 
the  gloom  and  scattered  the  ashes.  On  this  ot-easion 
11(1  Hves  were  lost.  In  1585  and  158(5  there  were  nu- 
liirrous  eartliquakes,  the  most  violent  one  oecnrring 
just  holore  Christhins  of  the  latter  year.  ILill-tops 
were  I't'nt,  wide  chasms  appeared  w  the  eartli,  and  th(j 
grt'.itci'  part  of  tlio  city  was  destroyed,  many  of  the 
iiilialiitants  being  buried  in  the  ruins.  In  1587  we 
Ileal-  tif  another  severe  eartlnpiakc  by  wliich  tii'tcen 
lives  Were  lost  and  fifty  laiildings  shaken  down,  among 
tlii'iu  the  old  Franciscan  convent.'^ 


»  Poti'X,  /,'</.  (/<•  Las  Citsns  in  Col.  Doc.  lual,  Iviii.  140. 
IIlHT.  Cknt.  Am.,  Vol.  II.    if, 


CHAPTER  XXir. 


AFFAIRS    IN    PANAMA. 

1551-1600. 

Revolt  of  ritr  Cimarhoxes— riamo  ue  Ursfa  Sent  acaixst  Them— A 
Seconu  Kevolt— Uayana  CvrGHT  AND  Sent  to  Spain — REdn.ATiDN.s 

CON(EKNIN(i    NECnOl..,  —  (.'oMMEKClAL     DeCAHENCK  —  RESTKirTIONS    ON 

Tkade — llojiK    Indcstries  —  1'eare  FisiiEuiEs  — Mining  —  Dkcay  of 
Settlements — ruorosEuCiLVNcJE  in  the  rour  of  Kntiiy — Irs  IIkmovai, 

FItOM   Xo.MIiUE   HE  DiOS  TO  PoUTOEEI.LO— CliANCES   IN   THE   8kAT  (iK  TIIK 
AnuENCIA  — TiEKKA    FlKME  MaIJE  SlllJEl'T  TO  THE  VkkKOV  DF  I'lilil  — 

Defalcations  in  the  Royal  Tueascky— PiiErARATioNs  fou  Dei iace 

AGAINST  COUSAIRS  AND  FOREIGN  I'oWERS. 


•  It  lias  already  been  stated  that  Las  Casas  was  the 
first  to  urge  the  substitution  of  Ai'ricau  Ini-  Indian 
slavoiy,  and  as  early  as  1j17  such  a  measure  was 
authorized  by  the  crown.  The  nati\'cs  lackrd  llie 
jihysieal  strength  needed  to  meet  tlk;  demands  ol'  their 
taskmasters,  and  negroes  from  the  Portuguese  settle- 
nients  on  the  coast  of  Guinea  were  largely  iiiip(»rtod 
into  the  Spanish  West  Indies.  Numbers  of  them 
were  driven  bv  ill-usaLTe  to  take  refuu'e  in  tin;  fonsts 
ami  mountain  fastnesses,  where  they  \cd  a  noMi.idii^ 
life  or  made  connnon  cause  with  the  natives,  and  wUcn 
attacked  by  the  S|)aniards  neither  gave  nor  accciilid 
([uarter.  About  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  ccnturv 
th(;  woods  in  the  vicinity  of  Xond)re  dc?  Dids  swainu'il 
with  llu'se  rimawavs,  who  attacked  the  treasurc-tiaiiis 
on  their  way  across  the  Isthnuis,  defeated  the  pailics 
sent  against  them  by  the  governor  of  the  |)ru\  inir, 
and  lurked  in  wait  for  passengers,  assailing  them  with 
poisoned  arrows,  and  cutting  into  ]>ieces  those  who 
i'ell  alive  into  their  hands.      Organized  as  maranding 


THE  CIMARROXE.S. 


SS7 


('.(inprmies  tlicv  Ijocaino  Avidc-ly  Icnown  as  ri/uarroiic.^^ 
uv  Maroons  as  they  were  called  in  Jamaica  and  J)iitcli 
(iuiaiia.  At  times  they  would  unite  tlu)ir  forces  and 
r;iva<T^e  a  wide  extent  of  countrv,  lcavin<jf  ruin  on  evei'v 
side.  Houses  were  burned,  })lantation8  destroyed, 
women  seized,  merchandise  stolen,  and  settlers  slain. 
Such  was  the  attendant  terror  that  masters  dared  iH^t 
tliastiso  their  slaves,  nor  tlid  merchants  venture  to 
tiavil  tlie  hii^hways  exce[)t  in  C(;ni[)anics  of  twenty 
itv  iiKire.-  In  the  year  1.354  many  hundreds  of  tliem 
wti't'  thus  l)anded  in  Tierra  Firme  alone. 

Aljout  this  time  the  new  viceroy  of  Peru,  Andres 
Ilurtado  de  ^SFendoza,  marques  de  Cahcte,  opportunely 
,iiri\  inn"  at  Xombre  de  ])ios  from  Sjiain,  en  route  l'»r 
Ills  ca[iital,  resolved  on  the  suhju^'ation  of  these  out- 
laws. Xot  lon<;'  before  his  arrival,  Pedro  de  l^rsua, 
;i  lirave  and  distin^'uished  soldier,  had  taken  reliim! 
iVoia  his  enemies  in  the  province  of  Cartagena,  wlrert! 
Ill'  li;id  founded  the  city  of  l*am])lona  and  made  dis- 
covi  lies.  The  viceroy,  believimx  LTrsua  to  be  uniustlv 
|i(  I'sccuti'd  and  recoL^'niziuL,^  his  eminent  i-itness,  au- 
llioiized  him  to  raise  troops  and  n)arch  aL;ainst  the 
iitrniders.  Accoi'din^ly  Ursua  e(|ui|)ped  upward  <if 
two  hundred  men,  and  set  out  fi'om  Nond)re  de  Dios. 
The  (.'imarrones  had  nuistered  under  liavano,"'  a  man 
i'l'thi'ir  own  race,  of  sinLi'ular  coura!j,'e,  v^ho  had  been 
I'liTtcd  kiiiL,^  ]>y  those  oecu[)yiiiL;'  the  mountains  lu- 
twiTii  JMa^'on  and  I'acora,  and  whose  number  now 
r\(veded  si.N.  hundred. 


'CiiiiMriun,  a  Spnnisli  ■wnnl,  ininiarily  si;,'iiili 's  'wilil'  as  npiilii'd 
l!:iiits,  ami  'untaimMl'  a><  ai>[ilit'il  ti)  animal- ;  liuiici,'  llii'  i:iiiir()i>i'iaU'Hi;.-s  ol  i 
ipi^liit.  I'lie  ciiiiarroiu's  }ilayc'(l  a  mjiiu'W  liat  fon^jiicuini.s  jiart  in  tlieM'.li: 
i|\.nit  triiaKU's  of  tlic  ooiintry,  and  are  not  to  ho  iMnt'ouiiilcd  with  a  triln.' 
liiiliaiis  (if  similar  nami',  the  Simci'om'H  iffornil  to  in  \iiHri-  /iV/v.<,  iii.  7 
thii  sciies.  The  mistaku  is  mailc,  howi'Vcr,  liy  the  antLor  of  J)ri:l:i,  (', 
i;i'/.'-/i,  iiinl  J)itih[i'.(  r,  i\'>\,  ami  also  liy  llidwi'll,  /'iui-iiiki,  .").'{.  (lar<'ila-i> 
^<:j;a,  ili.st.  J'irii,  ii,  4li(!,  .siys  the  <'iiith(t  had  its  i'iij,'in  in  thu  W'indu, 
1-l.iiicls— voiahlci  di^'l  Ian  .;iia','i'  di'  las  islts  do  ISatlox  onto. 

"'(iari'ia  ilo  llormosiilo  was  himsolf  an  oyou  itiiiss  of  ono  of  (ho  iiki 
oiniai-iMii  atrocilios  in  l."."i4,  wiion  oi;4ht  nion  wore  kilh'il  including;  a  s!  u 
i'in>  i.f  tho  JikIm,.^  ,,f  tin,  liuli;,  llduso  at  So\  illo.  Jlirniosillo,  Jh.nwrMl ul  A, 
*7''"/'.s  MSS/,  \\i.  1,-,. 

'luiieiLibodo  Voga,  JlUl,  Peru,  ii.  400,  calls  him  IjuUauo, 


t(. 

hu 

*  /'- 

nv 


=  4 

i    1 

•f.\ 

i 

|i 

1 

i 

38S 


AFFAIRS  IX  rANAM.i. 


i'i 


]>ayano  retreated  slowly  and  warily,  i)08tiiiL>-  atu- 
Itiisrades  at  every  t'avui'abie  [»>iiit,  and  enna^in^'  Iho 
loe  in  IV('((uent  encountei's,  the  ne^i'oos  lii;litiiin'  with 
despeialion  and  the  S[taniards  advancing  Aviili  the 
eoolncss  of  well  disciplined  soldiers.     For  two  v 


ear^ 


I 


tl 


rsua      earned    on    tne    eani[)ai_i>;n    witli    uiiwcan 


th 


|>atienee,  and  at  last  siiri-ounded  the  renuiant  of  the 
cimarrones  anil  e()ni[)elled  them  to  sue  foi' peace  l>a- 
yano  was  sent  a  jtrisoner  to  Spain.  In  l.")7U  his  fol- 
lowers founded  the  town  of  Santiago  del  .l*iinei[ie  \ 
eedula  of  June2  1 , 1 J7 4, declared  that  on  full  suhiiiissieu 
;'.M(1  on  condition  of  their  leading  a  jteaceful  lil'e  the 
negroes  should  be  iVei;  nuMi.  One  of  the  articles  nt' 
a  treaty  which  was  ct)ncluded  at  ]*anania  hinds  the 
enianci[)ated  slaves  to  capture  runawa3-s  and  ictuiu 
them  to  their  masters. 

^Vi'ter  a  short-livtd  peace  the  cimarrones  again  tn^l^ 
tile  field,  reenforced  l>y  maltreated  or  discontenled 
1  egro  fugitives  I'l'om  the  mines,  and  conunitted  Mich 

(if  e\- 
euhlla 
or  aisl 


ee[)redations  that  tlie  king  resolved  on  a  wai- 
termination  against  tliem  and  their  allies.      I  n  a 

8  he  aj)}tointed  his  iact 


dated  -iM  ofMav 


.)/ 


veeilor  Peth'o  de  Ortega  A^-di'Ucia,  ca]»tain  general  <if 
tile  forces  levied  for  that  purpose,  with  iiisti'Uctieiis 
not  to  desist  until  the  ivhels  were  vaiKjuished.  Funds 
V.  ere  to  he  drawn  freely  from  the  royal  tiea>iiiy. 
Panamfi  and  the  adjoining  i»rovinoes  of  Quito  an  I 
( "artago  were  erijoiiied  to  provide  all  necessaiy  siq)- 
jiiies,  and  the  (  asa  (h'  la  Oontratacion  de  Sev 


\v; 


1o  turnisli 


anmunition. 


four  iumdi'ed 

The  Si)aniar<ls  were;  onlv  iiartiallv 


ar(|Uel)Uses  and  a  supiilx 
h 


ees; 


;fid.  an<l  in  the  following  year  tin-  king  fouiMl  it 


necessary  to  address  the  j)resident  am 


d  oid 


ore 


th 


audiencia,  uru'inu'  them  to  renewed  efforts,  hut  in  \';iiii. 


■'  I'isna  w  ;\s  ii  iiiitivc  of  a  town  (if  llio  wrlic  niinic  in  Xiivjirii'.  He  went  to 
\c\v  <li!iii:iila  witli  his  uiiilf.  tlie  lici'in'iiiilo,  Midwu^l  J)ia/.  tlu  Ainu mlari/. 
J'iiilniliilfi,  ll'd't.  <i<ii.,Xiii,  Of  lii.s  (.'ai'C'i'i' .silli.si'(|\ioiit  to  tins  \v;ir\ve  liani 
tliiit  lio  wiiit  to  Lima  mIuiioi',  i\ftcr  various  suviccs,  lie  w;is  sent  in  )i">iil  t'» 
t-qiloic  sonic  villi  liiaziliim  fnirsts  in  tlu' neiL,liljoilioo(l  of  tiic  lio  Miiraiioiii 
\Mieif  lie  n;et  lii.^  ik'iitli  at  tliv  hands  of  his  uv  n  countrvnicn. 


SLAVK-DEALIXf^.. 


381) 


III  IjOG  the  cinuiTToncs,  in  concert  with  buccaneers, 
njniird  a  v.jad  troiii  their  own  town  to  tlie  Ciiagro 
l!i\ti'  only  a  league  below  the  highway  to  Venta  do 
las  C'ruces,  their  object  being  to  steal  and  secrete 
treasure  and  merchandise.  Chi  tliu  2 5th  of  August 
the  king  peremptorily  orders  the  desti'uction  of  the 
road  and  the  execution  of  the  ringleaders,  but  never- 
tlickss  the  cimarrones  in  collusion  with  Kuii'lish  cor- 
>aiis  for  years  set  the  Spaniards  at  detiance, 

Tlie  I'cgulations  framed  during  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury ('(.ncerning  negroes,  whether  Ixnid  or  free,  pir- 
X  rilird  with  the  utmost  miiuiteness  their  dejiortnient, 
tluir  social  relations,  and  the  restrictions  under  which 
tiny  were  to  live.'''  It  was  provided  in  tlie  east;  of 
I'liiiawavs  that  [)ardon  shoidd  only  be  extended  once, 
and  never  to  the  leaders  of  a  revolt.  ( )ne  filth  of  tlie 
(•list  incurred  in  their  capture  was  to  be  met  by  the 
idval  treasury  and  the  remainder  bv  the  owners;  and 
all  I'Xpeditions  were  to  be  conducted  by  experienced 
utKcci's,  the  [)ro})ertv  value  of  tlie  lu-gro  being  so 
Ui'eat  that  his  I'ecovery  could  not  be  intrusted  to  iii- 
tti-iiir  hands. 

Til  engage  in  tln^  importation  of  slaves  it  Avas 
iiircssary  first  to  obtain  a  royal  license,  a  privilege 
jcaldusly  guarded,  and  seldom  if  i-ver  granted  to 
Spain's  ancient  rivals,  the  J*(»vtuguese,  but  fVeidy 
hi'stnwed  on  the  English,  who  grndunlly  monoi>oli/.ed 
tile  tradi'.  So  great  were  the  ])rotits  that  l*ortugueso 
■iihI  JMi^lish  alike  were  found  continually  violating  tin; 


aw  and 


sc 


ttuiij: 


the  I 


iuvj  a 


t  def 


lance 


Tl 


le  I'l'^'uiatloll;- 


As  an  illustration,  a  law  of  l.")4(),  dcaliim  with  nilfi 


iiii'iit,  MtaU' 
iiiiiiiics   hi 


Mandan 


anil  tiicir  |iiini  li- 


uuis,  (juf  111  niii,i,'Uii  laso  sc  (.•JLMiiti,'  en  Ins  iic,l.'1o.s  i  iin- 


licna   <k;   <-o 


ill  towns  and  cities  i 


rtarlcs  las    iiajti'> 


IM'llllll 

iiiiiis  \Miv  nut  tl)  lio  i-arri(.'il,  and  any 


M' 


iinstanicnti!   no  so 


ii'iirous  wen 


not  al 


o  u  ( -I 


I  to  h' 


imt'iini 


oat  attiT  dai  I 


oni' 


liftinL 


i^iii   tiiniiu'li    no  wound   wrro   intlii'tcd,  \\iis   liaMi'  to   ivifi\u 


.1 
uhl  to  have  a  nail  drivun  tliioii'di  tiio  hand.     !■ 


i|Min  au'ainst  a  S]iMniiii 


l;.>lii 

liiiml  lit'  till'  oH'cnd 


or  ii,  si'i'oni 


1  oil 


llrd 
ciU'f  t  llr 


fr  was  I' 


ut  oil'.      N 


I'L'rL'ssfs  vnv  im 


tall 


owcil  to  wear   jt 


lu'injs,  or  silk  iiidoss  niarriud  to  a  Spaniard.     Frui'  iR'j.'ri)es  wcri'  roniiiiid 
ly  triliutc  acoordins,' to  prnpi  rty.   ZniiKirn,  li'ih.  Lnj.  /7^,iv.  4(il   7. 

ilati' .lidy  .'U,  l")(i|,tlu'  kini;  wrote  to  tliu  auditiu'ia  on  this  snlijirt, 


lllirr 


^ta'.ui',' that  his  ainliassailor  in  I.oncKm  had  iiit'onnid  him  that  a    l'oitu;;iust' 


iiiiwcd  UiirtuloinO  Jiayun  vas  titling  out  u  vcs.sil  for  carrying 


At 


ricaii  slaves 


X)0 


AFFAIRS  IX  PANAMA. 


oiiibraccJ  also  tlicir  intercourse  with  Indians,  so  a>;  to 
(lisoourat^e  as  much  as  possible  tlieir  assot "ation  with 
lawless  bands,  dangerous  to  Sjtaiiish  security,  and 
prejudicial  to  peaceable  natives;  lor,  with  the  )ire- 
suniption  so  common  among  lower  races  and  classes, 
the  negro  failed  not  to  take  advantage  of  any  ]»rivi- 
lege  he  mjght  obtain  over  his  red-skinned  neighhor." 
Such  checks  proved  of  little  use,  however,  since  thiv 
also  api)lied  in  part  at  least  to  Spanish  task-masters. 
Indeed,  in  a  royal  cedula  issued  in  151).'],  attention  is 
called  to  the  fact  that  no  one  had  been  brought  t  > 
justice  for  any  of  the  extortions  or  cruelties  to  v,  hidi 
the  Indians  had  been  subjected."*  Other  stringent  laws 
were  issued,  but  thev  came  too  lat(\  ov  were  neiiiected 
like  the  rest.  Under  the  yoke  of  their  various  opjtres- 
sors  the  native  population  of  the  Isthmus  graihiallv 
disappearetl,  and  toward  the  close  of  the  century  their 
numbers  had  bectmc  insiLrnilicant. 


!•  m 


In  the  affairs  of  Panama  wo  enter  now  an  era  of 
decline.  Progress  hitherto  on  the  Isthnms  has  been 
on  no  ]iermanent  basis.  For  a  time  the  gold  and 
j)earls  of  seal)oard  and  islands  kept  alive  the  s[)irit  of 
s{)eculation,  which  was  swollen  to  greater  dimensions 
by  the  inflowing  treasures  from  Peru  and  Chile,  an.l 
from  scores  of  other  places  in  South  and  Noiili 
America.  When  these  began  to  diminish,  conmierre 
fell  off,  and  as  it  had  little  else  to  de2)end  upon  thoro 
was  necessarily  a  reaction. 

l^anama  had  com])arativcly  but  little  indigenous 
Wealth  and   was  largely  de[)endent  for  prosperity  on 

to  the  AVost  Indies,  ami  orilering  liis  arrest.  lirales  Ccdula.i,  in  Pncluai  aiul 
V(i rill  nil'!,  i'l,/.  l)iii\,  xvii.  r)4{)-l. 

"  Negroes  anil  iiiulrittoes  were  forliiililen  to  c^o  among  the  Indians  in  I."i7S. 
l,'"ili!i  i'liliiht.'),  in  I'lu-hii-i)  and  CiinliiKi",  CiJ.  Jiar.,  xvii.  .')OI-'J.  In  l."''>'J 
\\  •  in  criiered  tliat  no  iie;iro  should  enijihiy  an  Indian  or  ill-use  liiin  in  any 
V  l.ifrMtion  of  tiiis  law  was  punislialile  Mith  100  liislu's.     If  tlie  iilliiioe 

I  11  |ieated  the  eulprit's  ears  were  to  lie  e\it  oil'.  In  ease  of  a  free  neuio.  the 
1  )is'.iji"'iit  '.\as  100  lasiies  and  iierpetual  hanishini'nt.  A  reward  of  10  |  (sd.s 
u;i8  i^.iid  to  iiifoi'niers,  and  niasteis  neglecting  to  ohservc  the  law  were  liable 
ton  !''!(;  of  I  '''  pesos,   /muiifa,  li'ih.  Lnj.  CI/.,  iv.  4(!'2. 

^  lu'ikf'  <':i.ii(las,  in  rarhcco  and  Ciinkiui'i,  L'oL  Doc,  xvii.  4-7. 


ASIATIC  TRADE. 


mi 


Sjiain's  colonial  policy.  Unfortunately  this  was  char- 
iutni/A'd  l)y  a  sliort-siijflitodnoss  which  c\H'ntually 
j)i(i\c(l  disastrous  both  to  the  province  and  the  cni- 
piie.  The  ij^reat  ileets  which  arrived  from  S]iain  canio 
iii  reduced  numbers,  at  lon^'cr  intervals,  and  with  de- 
j)lcted  stores.  In  1589,  ninety-i'our  vessels  ivached 
the  Isthmus  laden  with  merchandise;  sixteen  years 
later  the  ileet  niusteretl  only  seventeen  shi}>s.'''  To  the 
(Icpri'dations  of  buccaneers  which  will  be  hcrealter 
described  this  state  of  affairs  may  in  pai't  be  attrib- 
iitid,  but  other  causes  were  at  work.  The  king  of 
Sjiaiu  had  already  appeared  before  his  subjects  at 
ranania  in  the  character  of  a  royal  mendicant;^"  and 
i\()\v  he  laid  restrictions  on  their  trade  whicli  could  not 
fail  to  ])rove  disastrous  to  the  commercial  interests  of 
the  city. 

Hitherto  there  had  been  a  large  and  lucrative  traffic 
witli  the  Phili})pine  Islands,  yielding  often  six-fold 
iiicicase  to  the  fortunate  trader.^^  But  the  cupidity 
of  the  monarch  })rompted  more  and  more  restrictive 
iiuasures,  until  it  was  altogether  forbidden  to  Panama, 
and  indeed  to  all  the  West  Indies  save  New  8i)ain, 
the  kin!>'  being  determined  to  have  what  was  known 
as  the  Asiatic  trade  monopolized  by  Castiliau  mer- 


•In  1585  the  number  of  sliipawas  71;  in  1587,  85;  in  1580,  04;  in  l.")0'2,  7-; 
ill  l.".!)4,  5();  in  L'lOd,  (JO;  in  1500,  5(i;  in  1001,  3-2;  in  UWi,  IM;  in  1G05,  17. 
I'uiiiiinii,  /)< f:.,  in  I'nr/icco  luulf'urddiu.'!,  Col.  Due,  ix.  W,\. 

'(Ill  Ant:.  4,  1574,  tlic  king  writes  tlic  jin'sidcnt  ami  oiiloros  of  tlio 
audiiiuiu  at  I'ananui,  tliat  he  wants  tlic  pcDjilu  of  tlic  provirn'o  to  make  liiiii 
a  j.'ift  or  loan,  to  moot  his  urgont  nccos.sitics.  Tlie  amlioiicia,  liowovor,  arc 
ti)  liidaili  the  .sulijoct  as  tiiougli  it  cinanateJ  from  tliomselvos,  nf)t  evon  liint- 
iiii,' tliat  tlio  king  hail  .solicitod  it.  'Tiatarois  dcllo  oonio  do  vno.stro  olicio, 
>^iii  liar  i'l  ciitendor  <iuc  lo  acois  por  ordoii  y  iiKUida<lo  Xuostro.'  I'lio  iiilhu'iu'c 
if  tlir  liisliop  is  to  1)0  oallod  into  ro(|nisition  if  tlio  pooplo  appoar  unwilling  to 
I'.ii  aiiytliiiig  liofoi'c  furthor  ooininiiiiioatinn  from  the  king.  IkaUs  Cvdulax,  i:i 
I'u.i-hn-Q  in\i\  t'iinli')in.i,  Col.  J)nc.,  xvii.  510. 

"  A  Spjinish  trader  in  a  Icttor  dated  August  "8,  1500,  saya:  'Ilore  I  liano 
11  iii:iiiiiil  tlioso  '20  dayi.'s,  till  the  shippis  goo  for  tlio  riiilippinas.  My  moaning 
is  to  caiie  my  commodities  thither:  for  it  is  oonstaiitly  repoi'ted,  that  for  cviry 
iniiiilii'il  diuats  a  man  siiall  get  tiOO  ducats  eleerely.  Woe  must  stay  here  in 
ranania  from  August  till  it  ho  Christmasso.  For  in  August,  Se|iteiidHr,  Orto- 
lur,  ami  Ximoml.or  it  is  winter  hero,  and  extrome  foulo  weather  upon  this 
coast  of  rem,  and  not  nauigahlo  to  goe  to  the  I'iiilipjiinas,  nor  any  placi'  oI>:e 
ill  tlu^  Siintli  soa.  So  tiiat  at  ('hristinas.-io  the  shipcs  Login  to  set  oil  their 
voyage  for  tliosc  places.'  JJuklri/l\'<  Voj.,  iii.  504. 


n 


^w 


w 


II! 


I- 


if, 


r.92 


AFFAIRS  IN  PANAMA. 


cliants.'-  No  Cliinesc  jj^oods  were  to  bo  l)rouo-]it  to  Pan- 
iii'i  and  the  other  })ioviiice.s,  even  from  New  S]iaii 


ai 

None  \v 


ere  to  be  u.sed  there,  exce})t  .sueli  as  wvw  in 
actual  use  at  date  of  the  royal  eounnands,  and  ativ 
jsuijilus  was  to  be  carried  to  Spain  within  four  yeais. 
or  course  the  American  provinces  wt're  ju^radually 

ies,  and    brinuiiin-   into   tlii; 


(I. 


(!eveloi)Mi<jf   Jioine   m( 


li 


dustri 


'1 
market  bt)me  ))roductions  that  displaced  to  a  certain 

(!xtent  goods  from  which  Spain   had  hitherto  made 

large    profits.      Thus    Peru    supplied    wine,    Icatlici', 

and  oil;    soap  was  manufactured  in  Guayarpiil   and 

Nicaragua;  (Aimpeche  yielded  wax,  Guaya(|uil,  llio- 

baniba,  and  I'uerto  Viej<  ,  cordage  for  shi[)s,  and  Xir- 

aragua  a   good   quality   of   ]»itch.      Quito   an-i   olhcr 

places  manufactured  cloths,  and  New  S])ain  silken  and 

woolen  goods.      Had  Philij)  adoj)ted  a  generous  cdld- 

nial  jiolicy  he   would  have  fostered  and  profited  hy 

these  new  industries,  but  all  fiscal  reyulations  looked 

to  the  advancement  of  Spanish  connnerce  without  ]v- 

gard  for  the  development  of  trade  within  the  colonirs. 

Two  commodities  were  watched  and  guarded  with 

peculiar  jealousy — wine  an( 


1  tobi 


UX'O. 


cru  ])ro(hict(l 
a  wine  that  found  favor  with  many  and  obtained  a 
ready  sale.  In  an  ordinance  of  Philip  If.  dated  tlie 
]  ()th  of  Se])tendjer  1580,  no  wine  but  that  imjtoitid 


nil.- 


i'rom  Spain  was  allowed  to  be  sold  on  the  Isthi 

'-A  royal  ci'diila  of  Novemljcr  11,  l.'TS,  forliadc  the  cari'yiii.u' of  Maiiili 
dry  goods.  Tliis  is  foiiliiiiu'd  liy  oi'cluhiH  of  .laiuiiiry  I'J,  l.V.I.'i,  .hily  ."i,  1."p!)."i, 
and  JVhruary  Kith  and  .iinu^  \',i,  1.">!)!I.  Tlw  (jlijctt  was  to  stoji  ontiiiiy  :ill 
trade  lii'twi'iii  the  I'liilippinus  and  Ticrra  J-'irnie.  M<  fxiriitl  .^nlirc  Maii'il.i.  in 
I'liiliiifi  ni\A  Ciinli  iKi--;  ('ill.  JJiir.,  vi.  444.  'I'lic  cvdula  of  l.")',);{  is  full  ;iiid 
tx]ilicit:  'Toleration  and  alnist^  have  eaused  an  undue  iuereasi!  in  the  tr.idi! 
between  the  West  Indies  and  China,  and  a  eon.sei|uent  decrease  in  tliiit  nf  the 
Castilian  kingdom.  To  remedy  this  it  is  again  ordered  tliat  neither  fruin 
1'ierra  Firme.  I't'ru,  nor  elsewhere,  exeept  New  Spain,  shall  any  vessel  gii  to 
China  or  the  I'liilipiiine  Islands  to  trade.'  llcnli.i  ('riliil(i.<,  in  /'(ir/icn  ,iiid 
CdnlciKix,  Col.  J)<n\,  xvii.  420.  ,See  also  lliraila.f,  lil.,  viii.  114.  AnntlHr 
ei'dida  to  the  same  etl'eet  was  issued  .Inly  •_'.">,  IdOit;  tlu'  lieense  lieing  still  i  nii- 
tinned  to  New  Spain  at  tln'  inst<inee  of  the  niereliants  of  Seville  w  hose  intir- 
ests  were  jeo])ai'dized.  The  I'ortngnese  had  estalilished  factories  in  (  liiiia, 
and  though  selling  their  goods  at  liigl  ci-  rates  than  the  Chinese,  eoidd  iimler- 
sell  the  .Spanish  merehants  who  desired  the  landing  of  Chinese  prodmls 
themselves,  and  to  .sell  them  in  the  colonies  at  their  own  (igures.  ilnii). 
Munilu,  in  I'achtco  amX  Cdnkiam,  Col.  Due,  vi.  40o-{J. 


WIXE  AND  TOBACCO.  393 

nor  \v;i>  it  to  be  mixed  witli  wiiio  obtained  elsewhere. 
Tilt'  |»eiialties  attached  to  iiitVIni^vineiits  of  this  law 
were  heavy  tines  and  even  peipetual  banishment. 
The  reason  assioned  for  these  measures  was  the  inju- 
liiiiis  effect  of  IVruvian  wine  u})on  thi'  jtublic  health, 
liut  ilie  real  motive  was  the  }»rejudicial  effect  of  its 
silr  upon  the  Spanish  wine  trade.'''  Tobacco  was  a 
iiiniKipoly  of  the  crown,  and  one  riu^idly  protected,  its 
>alc,  iuipoitation,  or  cultivatitm  being  forbidden  under 
M.'Vci'c  penalties.'* 

I'aiiania  impttrted  most  of  her  provisions,  and  the 
ditiiciilties  in  obtaininL?  a  regular  and  chea]>  supjily 
wiiv  augmented  by  the  monopolies  ac<piired  by 
wcnltliy  merchants  who  were  enahled  to  control  the 
iiiarkit.  Xew  measures  to  correct  this  abuse  wore 
(iiiitiiiually  adopted,  and  as  often  evaded  or  vio- 
latid.'"  The  scarcity  of  [)rovisions  sometimes  caused 
(listrt'ss  ap[)roaching  to  famine,  and  at  certain  sea- 
sons was  liable  to  be  aga^ravated  by  tlie  crowds  of 
travellers  and  adventurers  who  crossed  the  Isthmus.'" 

"At  a  mooting;  licld  l)y  tlic  treasury  ofTicinls  anil  tlie  city  eounoil  of  Pnii- 
nniii  iiii.l;inuai-y  "iif,  HiOO,  it  was  resolved  tiiat,  as  tlic  i!ii])ortatioii  and  sale  if 
IVniviiui  wine  liad  liei.'U  forhidden  in  years  jiast,  an  eiliet  should  lie  issui'l 
tuluriiiij.'  tliis  regulation,  and  ai)])ointinj,'  lines  and  j'.enaltics  t'nr  tliose  wiio 
intViii'.'til  it.  or  mixed  suoji  wine  witii  tliat  inijiorted  from  Spain.  Tlie  reason 
iilicL'til  is  tlie  injurious  <juality  of  tlie  wine.  'J'liis  edict  was  also  to  lie  luih- 
li>hr(l  ;it  Lima.,  'I'rujillo,  (^Hiito,  and  <!uaya(|uil.  /,'(«/(.<  ('iiliilii.<,  in  I'arhico 
Mill  I'ltrilriid^.  (.'ol.  J)o<\,  xvii.  21(5-18.  At  a  sulise(|uent  iiuctinjf,  Iield  Ajiiil 
1-,  Ititld,  tJK'  trade  in  I'eruvian  wine  is  ilenounced  on  account  ot  its  liuiiig 
iiMrtiiiv  of  loss  t(i  tile  royal  ti'casury.  /(/.,  xvii.  "J'-'l. 

"TIk'  puiiisiinients  for  infraction  of  tiiis  law  were  lieavy  fines  and  lianisli- 
iiiciit:  iiml  ill  the  case  of  lu'gro  delin(|Uents,  liond  or  free,  tlie  fines  Mere  to  1)0 
il'iilildl.  :ind  •Jill)  lashes  in  addition  to  lie  iiitlict(>d  in  ]puliiic  on  the  ollender, 
wiiitliii-  ui;ile  or  female.  Apothecaries  were  alhiwcd  to  kecji  on  hand  twi> 
l'"Uiiils  uf  this  article  and  no  nupre.    Itmiji.  lad.,  ii.  (i(i. 

'■'Till' city  council  passed  an  ordinani'e  that  in  future  merchants  slinuhl 
r.'it  jiiiii  liasc  certain  ai'ticles  in  larger  ([Uantities  at  a  time  than  therein  pm- 
viiKil.  Wine,  (lil,  ham,  sugar,  pease,  lieans,  lard,  Nicaragua  inolassis,  cheese," 
niisiiis,  lii;s,  ;nid  crockery,  are  among  the  coiiimoililies  specilied.  I'urch.isers 
wi'ic  iii|iiiii-d  til  produce  their  wares  liefore  a  justice.  '['\\v  urdiiiance  was  re- 
unvil  tu  the  audiuneia  ami  wa.s  fully  appnivcd  and  nrdertd  into  execution 
I'"-  11,  l."!i_'.  lleulen  Ceditlm,  in  J'uchcii)  and  ('unliiKis,  Cul.  JJur.^  xvii. 
•i:;:i  7. 

''  "Hill'  is  a  great  want.  .  .of  provision  for  here  is  almost  none  to  he  Iiad 
I'll'  any  iiiuiiey,  liy  reason  that  from  Lima  there  is  no  .shijiping  come  with 
"i;iiz. .  I'.iit  1  can  certitie  your  worshippe,  tliat  all  thiuL's  are  very  deeire  here, 
i""l  tliiit  We  stand  in  great  extremitie  for  want  of  victuals.'  Letter  from 
ii""iui,,i,  .\u-ust  1-2,  lu'JO.   Ihdduyfa  Voij.,  iii.  503. 


i 


t       31 


■\m 


ill 


f;i  ii: 


1 


:  = 

IIP 


it  t;  ■ 


394 


AFFAIRS  IN  PANAMA. 


Vevw  was  tlie  groat  source  of  supply  and  tlio  trndc 
with  tliat  country  was  the  subject  of  frequent  cedulas 
addi'essed  to  the  viceroy/' 

Pearls  and  Ljold  were  still  among  the  leading  ))ro- 
ductions  of  the  Isthmus,  and  the  most  valuahlc  lisli- 
eries  were  at  the  old  Pearl  Islands  of  Vasco  Nunez  ih 
Palboa."*  Diving  for  pearls  was  performed  by  negroes 
chosen  by  their  n)asters  on  account  of  their  dextiritv 
as  swimmers,  and  their  ability  to  hold  their  breath 
under  water.  From  twelve  to  twenty  under  cliaryv 
of  an  overseer  usually  formed  a  gang.  Anchoring  in 
twelve  to  fifteen  fathoms  of  water,  they  would  dive 
in  succession,  bringing  up  as  many  shells  astlieymiild 
gather  or  carry.  It  was  a  laborious  calling,  and  at- 
tended with  gi'eat  danger  because  of  the  sharks  that 
swarmed  around  the  islands  and  with  which  they  li;id 
many  a  fierce  struggle,  often  losing  limb  or  life  in  the 
encounter.  The  divers  were  required  to  collect  a  cer- 
tain quantity  of  pearls,  and  any  surjdus  they  wore  at 
liberty  to  sell,  but  only  to  their  own  masters  and  at  a 
pric3  fixed  by  tliem.''^ 

Ever  since  their  first  discovery  these  fisheries  liad 
maintained  their  fame,  and  there  was  obtnim-d  the 
largest  jiearl  then  known  in  the  world;  one  that 
became  the  property  of  Philip  II.,  and  was  descril)'(l 
by  Sir  Ilichard  Hawkins'-'^  as  beinij  the  "the  size  of  ;i 
pommel  of  a  ponyard;"  its  weight  being  two  liuiKhid 
and  fifty  carats,  and  its  value  one  hunch'ed  and  hlty 
thousand  ])esos.  It  was  presented  by  the  king  to  his 
daughter  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Albertus,  duke  of  Anstria. 

The  nundjcr  and  variety  of  pearls  were  such  th;;t 
this  trade  became  one  of  the  most  prolific  sources  et 

*'  On  Feb.  18,  ir)95,  the  viceroy  is  ordered  not  to  interfere  with  the  takii:,;' 
of  provisions  from  the  valleys  of  Trujillo,  and  Sana  to  I'ananifi  (.'it\ ,  i\w\  tn 
see  that  I'anania  was  well  provisioned.  J'irnp.  <le  Iiidhi'',  ii.  (U.  A  similar 
order  was  issued  Feh.  IS,  1597.   lieaku  Cnlula.-i,  in  I'achecu  and  Cdrd'JMi, 

Col.  J>o<-.,  xvii.  :-;:?!>-(;(». 

'^Se(•  //;.-■■/.  Criit.  Anifr.,  i.  ."^TT.  400-11,  tins  series. 

'"  'II  pent  le  vendi'e  a  ijni  hon  lui  senihle:  niais  pour  I'ordinaire  il  !e  cl'iU'  i 
son  maitre  |)our  nn  prix  niodiijue.'  l!(nin(tl,  IH.<t.  J'lii/.,  iv.  '-'OO. 

'•'"He  vi.sited  tile  ishmds  in  l.")94,  uiid  found  tlieni  inlialiitod  hy  S])(iiii;iitU 
and  negro  alavcs  "kept  only  to  lish  for  pearls.'  Harris'  Cul.  Voy.,  i.  TW. 


PEAri-S  AXT)  flOLD. 


••Wo 


wcfiltli  to  Pananiu,  Seville  nloiio  iiiipoi'tinuf  in  IfiS? 
siiiiic  six  huiulred  ])OUii(l.s  Aveit;lit,  many  of  tlieiii 
livaliiii.LT  the  choicest  specimens  i'oun<l  in  Ceylon  and 
the  lOast  Indies.  From  this  time  there  occurred  a 
inaike<l  lallin^-ofl*  both  in  quantity  anil  (juality,  and 
ill  consciiuence  a  series  ot'  restrictions  was  ]>ut  upon 
till'  industry.  Notwithstanding"  these  ])recautionary 
iii(;i>ujvs  the  ])earl-l»eds  became  ra])idly  exhausted; 
(li\iiiU"  j)roved  a  ]irotitless  laboi',-'  and  not  until  sev- 
iial  de<'ades  later  was  this  industry  revived. 

(idld  had  been  found  an<l  mined  in  diiferent  parts  of 
the  Istluiuis,  n»»tably  in  IJarien,  the  scene  of  so  many 
(if  JJalhoa's  brilliant  achievments,  where,  according-  to 
tilt'  ifjMirt  of  a  later  governor,  the  metal  had  been  so 
al)UiHlant  as  to  be  "wei<>hed  bv  the  hundre(l\vei«>'ht."" 
Miii'f  dclinito  is  the  iidbrniation  for  this  period  con- 
(•(.riiiiiiL;'  the  mines  of  Vera^'ua,  a  province  of  irrei^'ulai' 
sliiiiH',  lyiii!L,^  between  the  two  oceans,  and  consistiniLr 
laiLicly  of  ruufgeil  and  inaccessible  sierras,  down  the 
sides  of  which  fall  mountain  torrents  that  brought 
quantities  of  the  precious  metal  within  easy  i-each. 
The  Spaniards  were  not  slow  to  learn  of  this  wealth, 
liartly  iiom  the  triid\ets  displayed  l)y  Indians,  and 
soon  the  mines  were  flooded  with  laborei's.  When 
tJic  strength  of  the  native  proved  unequal  to  the  task 
the  Spaniards  enlisted  in  their  service,  as  we  have 
^crii,  the  more  hardy  negro,  until  in  the  prosperous 
(lays  of  mining,  which  culminated  about  the  year  1 570, 
tlierc  were  two  thousand  of  them  at  work  at  one  time. 
Humor  nia'jfnitied  the  yield  to  the  ever  readv  ears 
ot  iia\  i'^ators,  and  accortlinij  to  ])ami)ier  "they  were 
the  richest  gold  niines  ever  yet  found."'  "]>ecause  of 
their  inexhaustible  riches  in  jjold,"  savs  Ogilbv,  "the 
opaiuards  there  knew  not  the  end  of  their  wealth."-^ 


^'Tlio  ixjifupo  aetnally  exceeded  the  proceeds — 'y  la  pesqiieria  do  las  \)(tv- 
las,  por  sir  m^is  las  eosta  (pie  el  jiniveclio. '  I'dclicro  and  (Mrdaniti,  Col.  l)or., 
|v.  ^l.    ]ii  piD^piTous  days  sonic  30  biigs 'were  in  engaged  in  the  trallic.  /(/., 

;•■  -IW-.f/.  Jjiir'ini,  MS.,  .SS. 

''^  iianij.i,  r,   Vvi/.,  i.   loS;  Oijllh/a  Am.,  235;  lIar,'U,  Col.  Toj.,  i.  748, 


if 


i 


it 


806 


AFFAins  T\  1' WAMA. 


Tlio  yii'M,  if  licli,  <li(l  not  prove  Instiiin'.  liow.v.r, 
and  the  muimIk-i'  of  iiiiiic-owiicfs  dwiixllrd,  1||.iiim|, 
several  causes  united  to  this  (>nd,  sucli  as  the  ;itt;i(k  uf 
liostile  natives  or  ne<i'ro<'s  wlio  fVe<juentIy  swoupcd 
down  on  tlie  Spjiniards  I'roin  their  mountain  rastne>s(s 
and  despoiled  their  eani|i.  The  roads  wei'ediflieult :  the 
niinini^  towns  were  sieldy  and  for  tiie  nii»st  ptiit  ;ih;iii- 
doniidduiinjjf  the  rainy  season,  their  (M'eu  pants  Ixtakint^r 
themselves  to  l*anam;i.  In  laSO  there  were  hut  tuiir 
of  them  in  the  entire  province.  These  were  ( 'iudiid 
(le  la  ( \)neej)eion,  the  cMpital,  iorty  leai^ues  west  i.t' 
Nonilji'e  de  J)ios;  Axilla  d<' Trinidad,  six  lenijues  c.i.Nt 
of  Coneejx'ion  hy  sea,  hut  inaeeessihle  hy  land  ;  ( 'iiidnd 
de  Santa  Fe,  M'here  the  smelt iuLj-W'oi'ks  wcr"  •st.ih- 
lished;  and  C'iudad  de  Sun  ( Virlos  huilt  on  thr  Si'Utli 
Se»i,  some  forty  or  n)ore  leaL>'Ues  west  of  Saiit.i  1"\'. 
Thesi>  comnumities  contained  alto^'ethcr  ahout  a  Imii- 
dred  and  seventy  vecinos;  all  employed  in  miniiin' or 
in  matters  connected  therewith. 

]\Iinln<4"  towns  were  not,  however,  the  only  o)ies  to 
retroo'rade.  The  town  of  ^Vcla,  which  it  will  lie  rc- 
niemlK'red  was  founded  hy  lV'drari;is  in  1.")!."),  iiiul 
rchuilt  hv  Vasco  Nunez  two  years  later,-'Mi.id  in  I  .ISO 
drop|>ed  out  of  existence.  Anil  so  it  was  with  sevi  i;il 
settlements  that  at  difierent  times  had  i'is«Mi  with  hupo- 
i"ul  prcjspeets.  Either  the  climate  killed  or  drove  ntl'tlic 
iidiahitants, or  rival  towns  sprang'  up  under  the  patrnn- 
aoe  of  some  j^'overnor,  and  with  real  or  landed  aihaii- 
tajT^es  lured  away  the  citizens.  Xondji'c  di'  i)ins  had 
maintained  its  position  as  the  leadinif  tt)V.);  a;id  port 

'The  city  of  Panamil  rccoiveil  annually  sf)mo  thousand  [Hiii'iis  of  ;;nlil... 
'riu'io  is  j.'1'caU'r  I'li-nty  (.trohl)  in  the  mines  of  Santa  Maiia — not  far  olf  tliaii 
V  ithin  the  same  Siiutu  in  any  otliiT  I'artof  Ni'W  Spain,  or  jit'iliaps-  in  the  m  Imlf 
AVorlil.  S/xii).  Kiiiji.  in  Ann  r.,  210  l."{.  Wo  liavo  a  glimpse  of  (lie  wnrkini;  nf 
tiie  mines  in  .a  rejioit  of  the  e.\})enses  in  eonneetion  with  some  iifteen  of  tlieiii 
woi'iied  for  tho  king's  I lenelit.  At  these  were  (■ni]>loye(l,  in  aililitiiHi  to  tlic 
o\t'i'scer,  the  lilaeksniith  and  Ids  assistant,  one  liiindieil  negnxs,  of  uiioin 
seventy  weit;  fresldy  imported  Africans,  and  one  third  of  tiie  iiuinlur  \viie 
vonien. '  The  total  expenditure  for  tiic  year  was  a  little  less  tlian  S-_'(I,(I(I0.  Tliu 
several  items  of  expense  are  given  in  Wncjua,  Udac.  ik'  la^JJIaati,  in  Cvl.  IM: 
Itud.,  xxxi.  .'?().">- 7-. 

^*  Hi«t.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  418,  441,  this  scries. 


\h 


nOUTES  EKTWEEX  OCEAN'S. 


807 


(III  llif  Atliiiitic  si<k',  ill  tlu'  iacfof  c)l)j('oti()ns  whic-li  en; 
tlii>  \v(M)l(l  hiiM'  (looinod  iiuiiiy  anotluT  jtlacc.  'IMic 
I'liiiiiitL'  w.is  jicstilciitial,  so  iiiiifli  so  that  ilio  place 
was  «(tii(rally  dcscrtotl  at  the  dosu  ot"  tlic  Ixisiiii'ss 
scisoii,  and  it  coiitaiiiod  only  sixty  woodtMi  lioiiscs.  It 
was  sul'jcrt  to  Hoods,  and  Vet  destitute  diiriiiu^  the 
irnatrf  uai't  of  tla;  year  of  tVesli  water.  Its  liarlior 
\va>  exceedingly  l»ad,  ex|)osed  to  severe  northerly  and 
ciisteily  <;ale8,  by  which,  despite  every  jirecaution, 
vessels  of  lari^e  size  were  IVecjuently  driven  ashore, 
jiiiil  pirates  could  readily  assail  it.  These  and  otlur 
(lisadvantaj^-es  led  many  merchants  to  advocate  the 
rniii'val  of  the  ]K»rt  of  entr\"  to  out;  of  i\ui  harliors 
(111  the  coast  of  Honduras.  Although  the  distance 
tV<»iii  Xouild'e  de  JJios  to  Panama  was  only  einhteen 
leagues,  while  that  from  J*uert(j  de  Caballos  to  the 
•'lilt'  of  Fonseca  was  fullv  tiftv,  vt't  the  cost  of  a  sinu'le 
tii|>  !>y  mule  over  the  former  route  was  thirty  pesos, 
and  over  the  latter  but  nine. 

.luaii  (larci'a  de  Hermosillo  was  commissioned  by 
the  kinn"  in  la.")-!:  to  i.ujuire  into  the  merits  of  the  re- 
s]H(ti\('  j'outes,  and  two  years  later  made  a  volu- 
iiiiiiiuis  but  partial  report,"'  showiuij^  the  j)racticabilit.y 
nt'  iliaiii^iui^  the  course  of  vessels  j^'oinuf  to  Tierra 
Fiiiiie  so  as  to  proceed  direct  to  tlu;  [)ort  of  Trujillo, 
and  ivcommendinL(  that  ships  j'rom  New  Spain,  Vvtn 
(Vii/..  IMiuieo,  and  the  Golfo  ])ulce  should  touch  at 
tlif  same  jiort,  and  thus  allow  goods  to  be  carried 
overland  to  Kealejo  or  the  bay  of  Fonsi>ca,  and  thence 
s]iip|H'd  to  Peru  and  elsewhei'e.  A  cedula  was  there- 
iipnii  addressed,  in  ( )ctober  15.5^,  to  the  audiencias  of 
l>|ianola  and  the  C'(.)niines,  the  L!,'overnor  of  Tii'rra 
Fiiiiic.  and  the  offii-ers  (d'the  India  House  at  Seville, 
diivctiii;^''  that  the  opinions  of  experts  should  be  taken, 
and  intMniiation  obtained  iVom   all  familiar  with  the 


i 


!>u;>i 


■■'  A  siiiL'lc  fxtraot  will  slmw  the  imrtiiility  of  tins  n-port.  'Qnn  del  diclio 
Xdmliic  ill-  niiisal  iliehij  (Ic  l'iiiiaiii;i  vaii  IS  Icyiias  ]»)r  tit'ii'a  iior  im  caiiiiiKj 
iiiuy  tialiajiiso  do  iiiny  j,'rai)dt'.s  lodos  y  calovcs.  y  jiasaii  uii  lio,  y  la  |iriiiKra 
jiTiiaiia  IIJ  Voces  u  nuiis  vn  uii  dia.'  O'c.rria  IhrimjulUo,  Jli'in.  in  Ej:ir. 
iVuefcw,  xxi.  -JS-O. 


■:l* 


i : ; 


M:    ' 


808  AFFAIRS  IN  PAXAMA. 

coast  au(]  its  harbors.  Testimony  conocrniiic;  the 
I'ai-ts  and  views  advanced  in  Herniosillo's  report  was 
taken  in  1558,  and  among  those  who  pronounf(Ml  in 
favor  of  the  transfer  as  reconmiended  were  ()vi(fl(, 
the  chronicler,  Luis  Gutierrez  the  cosmographr)-,  and 
Juan  dc  Barbosa,  then  governor  of  Tierra  I'iriiio. 
The  cabildo  of  Santiago  also  bestirred  thomselves  in 
behalf  of  the  cliange,  as  one  apt  to  improve  coniiuu- 
nication  with  Peru,  and,  as  they  temptingly  added, 
likely  to  increase  largely  the  royal  revenue.-'^ 

Communications  between  the  homo  governniont 
and  its  transatlantic  subjects  involved  vexatious  de- 
lays; such  negotiations  were  always  slow,  and  at  this 
time  there  was  some  temporary  disorganization  oftlio 
council  of  the  Indies  to  complicate  mattei-s.  Tliu 
subject  would  seem  to  have  been  ignored  until  raiii-k- 
ened  anew  by  an  address  of  Felipe  de  Anihon,  wlio 
had  lived  many  years  in  the  Indies,  "  on  the  utilitv 
and  advantages  which  would  result  from  chnn-'iii"- the 
I'oute  of  transit  between  the  seas  from  Xoud)iv  de 
Uios  and  Panamd  to  Puerto  do  Caballos  and  Fon- 
seca."^"  The  memorial,  without  presenting  a:iy  ikw 
arguments,  recapitulates  with  considerable  Ibrce  those 
which  ha<l  been  previously  advanced,  urging  that  iin- 
numity  would  thus  be  secured  from  the  rai<ls  of  c(»r- 
sairs,  and  that  even  though;  P'Miama  and  X(»nibro  de 
Dios  were  abandoned,  a  <lozeii  cities  wouM  s[»iiiig  u[) 
to  take  their  jdace  in  a  region  whose  mims  wcic  m» 
lich  and  whose  soil  was  so  i'ertile.  At  Xoud*!'-  de 
Dios  even  Indian  women,  elsewliere  so  |)rolilic.  ho- 
came  barren;  fruits  I'cfused  to  grow,  chihhen  could 
not  bo  reared,  and  men  lived  not  out  the  usual  >\Kxn 
of  lit'c.  Their  gold  and  silver  wert,'  as  nothing  to 
thi'  treasures  that  could  be  extracted  from  the  n.incs 
of  Honduras,  for  when  these  latter  should  he  weikcd 

••"' >f('inf)riiils  were  jircsciitcd  Jiy  tin'  oaMldn  on  Dec.  22,  l.V)!(.  on  M:'.y  17, 
]."(il.  iiml  .'n'.'un  (in  "JCitli  uf  .laiiunrv  l.'ili'J,  wl.rn  tluv  ilcnoinuiil  Noinlin-  do 
l)iiis  as  •  111  Si.i.;'.Itiii!i  ill' Jlsji.iriulis.'  Annild^  Cnl.  J.'oc.  Au'i'j.,  '21 -'S.l 

■'•  'J'hi.<  nu'UMiiial  is  nut  datcil,  Imt  Sijuiir  .says  it  was  wiittcii  in  K"iGJ. 
Aiiiitoii,  Discor^o,  in  tS(iuar  s  MSH.,  v. 


PORTOBELLO.  809 

l»v  iiu])()rto(l  nc'fifrocs  \vitli  the  aid  of  quicksilver,  his 
Mil  j<  sty  would  have  there  a  kingdom  thrice  as  rich  as 
Spuin.  The  memorialist  concludes  by  stating  that 
tvcn  though  eight  hundred  thousand  j)esos  were  ex- 
jieiiilcd  in  opening  roads  the  outlay  was  justifiahle,  for 
it  would  be  oltset  by  the  yield  of  an  adcUtional  million 
totlio  amiual  revenue  of  the  king.  The  question  of 
estalilishing  elsewhere  the  port  of  entry  was  fin;dly 
(K'lidcd  by  the  report  of  Jean  Baptiste  Antonelli,  the 
loyul  surveyor,  which  showed  that  while  a  removal 
was  necessary  a  desirable  site  existed  close  by. 

Five  leagues  to  the  west  of  Xond))'e  de  ]3ios  was 
the  village  of  Portobello,  containing,  in  1585,  not 
iiiuiv  than  ten  houses  but  possessing  a  commodious 
harbor,  with  good  anchorage,  easy  of  access,  and  one 
wlui'c  laborers  could  unload  vessels  without  the  neces- 
sity of  wading  up  to  tiie  arm-pits,  as  was  the  case  at 
Xoiiibre  de  Dios.  Timber  and  pasture  were  altundant, 
tlij  soil  was  fertile,  and  fresh  water  could  be  had 
throughout  the  year.  Moreover  it  could  easily  bo 
fdi'lilicd  against  attack  fi'om  coisairs  and  privateers- 
iiKii,  who,  under  Drake  and  others,  had  already  coni- 
inittcd  depredations  on  the  Isthnius  as  will  be  hereafter 
related.  "If  it  might  j)lease  y(tur  Majesty,"  reports 
the  sui'veyor,  "it  wei'o  good  that  the  city  of  Nombro 
de  JJios  be  brouLi'ht  and  budded  in  this  harl)or."  On 
the  "JOtli  of  March  159?  the  changes  was  m.ide  under 
I'hargc  of  the  factor  Francisco  de  A'alverde  y  !N[ercado 
and  a  srttl«»>nient  was  founded  which  soon  became  one 
ot'thr  most  im})ortant  cities  in  Central  America. '■'^ 

lii  l.VJl)  Panama  is  desci'ibed  by  1  lerrc  ra  as  "a 
tiiwii  of  six  liunihed  householders."  Jn  J5sl  it  was 
styled  by  Philip  "muy  noble  y  nuiy  leal.''  Never- 
theless its  prf)gress  was  gri'atly  retai-ded  by  sickness, 
caused  by  the  heat  of  +'■  atmosphere,  the  humidity 
ot  the  soil,  and    the    spread    of   iidectious    diseases. 

"■'T'ln.  D'urrip.,  in  Pnclif-n  (iiid  Citn/fni"),  Col.  Dnr  ,  iv.  lOH-D.  Its  origi- 
nal iiiiiiu'  Wiis  Sail  Fi'liiK!  do  riicrtovclo.  I'urtlius,  I'iijiuia.i,  v.  SSI),  uirs  ia 
giving  \:,\l  ua  the  duti.'  uf  icmoviil. 


f 

::| 

X 

'm 

it  ■•!  J 
it  'm 

;i 

a  il 

400 


AFFAIRS  IX  PANAMA. 


Small-pox,  (juiiisy,  dysentery,  inteniiltteiit  fevers,  iuid 
other  uilmeiits  were  prevalent  anion^j  the  eonununitv, 
and  at  times  the  e'ty  was  almost  depopulatetl.'-' 

In  1504  the  seat  of  the  audiencia  of  the  Ci»iitinis 
was  removed,  as  we  have  seen,  to  Panama^"  iiiidci'  tlw 
presidency  of  JJoetor  Barros  de  Millan.  Great  thuuiih 
short-lived  were  the  rejoicings  throughout  Timu 
Firme  at  this  victory.  The  people  of  (luatciiKilii 
would  not  consent  to  become  a  mere  dejjendciicy  if 
the  audiencia  of  ^lexico;  and  as  alreadv  stated  a 
<lecree  was  issued  in  15G8  ordering  that  the  audiiUciu 
should  j'.gain  he  removed  to  (jruatemala,  the  clian^L' 
being  luadi'  two  vears  later,  thougli,  as  we  sliall  tind, 
an  auiliencia  was  before  long  once  more  established  in 
Panauiii. 

By  a  ce<lula  dated  February  20,  1  571,  Tievra  l'"nine 
was  made  subject  to  the  vicero}'  of  I'eru  in  all  matters 
relating  to  government,  war,  and  exchequer,  hut  net 
in  civil  matters."'^  Little  direct  information  t)f  the 
woi'king  of  the  new  regime  in  the  latter  })art  of  tlie 

'"'Some  ])liysio!iiis  .•iscrilioil  tlipse  diseases  to  tliouso  of  IVniviaii  www,  imt- 
vitlmtiiiidiiii;  tilt!  jiroliiliiticnis  alri'.'idy  iiuntionod.  To  ji  wtiitfiiuiit  iikkIc  liy 
tliu  ciiuiuilldi'  of  tln^  coi'iioiiitioii  to  tlu!  city  council  of  l'aiiai!i,i  a  iiii'dirnl  iv 
port  is  a|i|>ciidcd  wliicli  reads  thus:  'Miulias  caleiituras  iir  liciitis  y  imhIijiI.is, 
liliU'lioH  doloics  do  costailo,  caniaras  dc  !saiij.:n',  romiidizo  y  otras  iiidis|iiisiciiinis 
<t('  calor  y  liuiiicdail,  portsi  r  esta  ticrra  iiiiii  caliciitc  y  Iniiiuda  |"ir  ciiya  iiiZ'Ui 
Jiicrvc  dcntro  dc  las  vciias,  y  liinncdcciciido  d  ccrclifo  causa  valiiilns.  y  liis 
diclias  ciitciiiicdadis  ai  rilia  rcfi'iidas,  y  jiralios,  y  vii'uclas,  y  saranijiinii  y  ii".;- 
(has.  l'"cchocii  rauaniii  cii  oiizu  dc  Ald'il  dt;  mil  y  sciscieutos. '  A'(((/(  >  ' '"/((/'is 
iu  Viu-hi  rn  \\w\  Cirdi  ii'is,  Cal.  Ihic,  xvii.  •Jl!)-2'_'. 

'■^^'/t'l (ilrsi  'idiiliis,  ill  /V((7(('(7)iiiid  ( '(inlcniis,  Cnl.  J)or.,  xvii./),'!l  '2;  inijlinmcl 
l)y  I'lri/iii :,  ('hi'mi.  ili  lira/.,  'J-'2  .T,  and  /'hc/k ''n  and  (.'lirtli  ii((s,  I'nI.  /A:''.,ix. 
hIi  '.)0.  .Inanus,  fiiinf.,  states  that  it  did  not  icccivc  the  royal  a|i|>i.iliatiiiii 
until  .Ti  ly  7.  I.">ti.">.  In  the  Itc^inuini,'  of  l,")(i(>  a  royal  ci  ihda  was  issudl.  Nest- 
ing tile  j.'ovcrniiient  of  'I'ierra  l''iiiiic  in  the  president  of  thi'  audiencia  nsiiliii,' 
iu  I'anani.i.  The  jicoph'  of  (iuateuuda  icsistcd  the  ehaii;;c  as  lonij;  as  tluV 
could,  and  otliir  mandates  wire  uccessarj'  to  ^ivo  fidl  foicc  to  this  ihiasiiiv. 
S«e  /I'lii/in  I'lit..  in  I'itcliKij  and  (.'k'/vA //«,<,  ','n/.  Jhn-.,  xviii.MU- '_',  and  Jimiiln^, 
in  /(/. ,  xiii.  .'ill  ;IS. 

'■"  A  special  cidula,  dated  .luly  .'10,  1.">.SS,  on  the  appoiiittnci\t  of  <  lairin  .li' 
Meiido/a  as  viceroy,  autiiorizes  him  to  take  jiart  in  and  pri'sidc  ovei'  liic  «■.-■ 
t<ions  of  the  audiencia,  liut  not  to  interfere  wittt  matters  relating  to  tlii'  ii'' 
ministration  of  justice'.  /V/c/dfo  and  Ciinli  mt-.  Col.  />(»■.,  xvii.  -I'lT.  I'tlin' 
ci'iiulasissiu'il  in  Kill,  Ili'JO.uud  Ki'JS  conlirnied  the  one  issiuid  iu  l."'7l.  H"' 
first  of  tiiesc  three  orders  also  made  the  |irovinees  of  Ciiarcas  and  (,>uiti>  '•y''- 
^ect  to  the  viceroy  of  IVru.  /{tro/i.  (!<■  Iiiil.,u.  lO'.l  lOj  Ziunord,  llili.  /.•:'•  '  ''•' 
lii.  357;  MonUncluroit,  Jktdclon,  iu  J'eic/wco  and  CitnleiKid,  Cal.  Due,  \i.  I'd' 


EMBEZZLEMENT  AND  GAMBLIXC. 


401 


lUnitv, 


oiiiines 
\ry  tln' 

J  ii'i'va 
itoiualii 
ciicy  of 
tati'd  a 
.uliciiria 

cliaii'i'-' 
all  tiii.l. 
isUfd  ill 

■a  V'mna 
uiattii's 
hut  not 

I  of  the, 
•t  («f  tilt' 

II  will'',  iiiit- 

|ut   iiKiilr  liv 

lllClii'ill  iv 

V  [KMlriilas, 

i"sl"isiL'inIH'S 

ruy:i  vaZMli 

liliiilns.  y  l:is 

jii|.ii>n  y  fii'.i- 

„/,  s(  V./»/'IS 

cciiitiiimil 
I',,/.  ;»,„■., ix. 
Jjipiii.iliiitiiiii 
lissiK''!.  M;st- 
lifiii  i-i'siiliiiu' 
iiiLj  as  tiify 
|\is  iiicnsiiri'. 

I|„l7>n'(((/ll-''i 

Lf  (laiviii  'li' 
Vvci-  liii'Sf.-- 

tn    till'   1"' 

r.tUT      Otliiv 

l.-.Tl.    Tk 

It  (iiiiliiM(li- 

I/,.  /../.  r/'.. 


5;ivtociitli  century  can  now  l)o  obtained.     The  cedulas 

i>sue(l  in  later  years,  liowevei',  sliow  it  to  liave  i)een  a 

source  of  chronic  discontent  to  the  royal  ct^uncil  in  all 

its  departments.     Among  them  was  one  dated  Jan- 

u;irv    7,    1688,   forbiddinuf   the  president  and  oidores 

ivsidiuo"  at  Panama  to  visit  any  i)rivate  citizen   or 

iv>.iiKiit  lor  any  ])ur|)ose  whatever,  and  anothei"  dated 

Drcciiiber  i3l,  1;VJ0,  Ibrbiddino-oftic  iais  in  the  treasury 

(k'partnicnt  to  assume  the  duties  of  alcaldes  ordinaiios 

at  any  time.      Some  of  the  latter  were  lined  and  sus- 

|)«'ii(K(l  I'or  illeo-al  speculation  with  o-overmnent  I'unds, 

wiiiih  bec-u)  e'  so  connnon  that  in    151)4  the  deCalca- 

tiiiiis  ']]'  tb<   t'  "^asury  I'rom  this  cause  alone  amounted 

to;ih()ii;    'i;;     ..ndredand  tii'ty  thousand  peses."'-^     In 

l,")7l»  the  r<)i;'C|L>;idor  ot"  Panama,  when  at  the  ])oint  of 

(loath,  confessed  that  he  alone  had  emluv.zled  the  sum 

of  six    thousand    two   hundred  and  thirty-six   pesos, 

wliioh  lu'  hail  collected  and  unlawfully  withheld  tVom 

the   ti'i'asury.''^     The    ,<>'rantiiiL>"   of    ])assj)orts    was    a 

moans  by  which  members  of  the  audiencia.  contrived 

to  cheat  the  kinjjf  of  his  revenues,  Jiis  ]\Iajesty  declai- 

iii^'  that  ill  a  sinole  year  two  thousand  ])ersoiis  [)asscd 

tliidiioh  TiiTra  ]"'irme  Vt'itliout    jn'ocuriii'L;-  the  i-oyal 

liiHiiM'  at  the  ])rescril)ed  cost.'"     (iamhlino"  was  also 

|iiv\a!('iit,  dice  beim/   tiic  favorite  o-ame.    and  many 

uioicliaiits,  brino-in,<>    *,  hrii-   o-oods    from    Spain,  w<'re 

Ik'cccd  by  ])i'otessioi!:d  '_,;  mesters."' 

While  the  coudiMi   >  w!   af^aii's  at  the  Tsthmus  was 

"'I'lii^  l;iii'4  luontiona  this  fiicr,  ;i,  i  liistmcts  tlio  ]>rcsi(liiit  uf  tlii';niilicin  ia 
tn  li:i\c  a  ]icri<i(lic:il  (■Xiiminntioii  uf  llu^  ai'iMmiits  of  the  trcasu.v  ollici  is  niailo 
liy  mi  ■  iif  tlniinliiivs.    J'ni/ici-o  ti\\t\  < 'iiril'  mis.  Col.  I)iti.,  xvii.  410. 

•''Tlic  j.n'.siiliiit  {.f  the  atnliciK'ia  slJiliil  tn  tlic  liiii;,'  that  tln'  family  were 
il'stituti',  ami  that  llu'  iiiniicv  I'ouM  imt  lif  rcrovcrcil  frmii  tliciii,  w  hcrt'ii|Miii 
iii-*  .Majisty  (inloml  its  cDllfction  from  the  Mirotics.  'J'hi.s  (loi'umrnt  i.sdatril 
.liilys.  I."),si».   I'lirhici)  ami  Cunlfiuix,  i',,1.  J),„\,  xvii.    ts7  S. 

Mil  l.")!l.')  tra\  I'llrrs  w  itiiout  ))ass|Miit-<  \  i^itfil  tlio  Istlimns  in  such  iiuiii- 
hrrs  iis  to  f.Misi'  scaivity  of  |iiovisioiiM,  ami  ofti'ii  iiiriiulcil  men  whose  si'i-xiccs 
Were  lu'cili'd  ill  the  ai'lllV.  '!"h('  oiilores  wei'e  threatelieil  with  ]ielialtie-i  unless 
tlicrc  was  a  lefonn  in  thi  i  '*ter.  Hinli.s  t  'nhiUut,  in  I'di/irfu  and  <  un/i mi", 
<'././>,.•.,  xvii.   110. 

"' //• /•;•( /Yt,  dee,  iii.    lili.    .     .   mi.  ix.      As  eailv  as  l.VJd  this  matter  I'eeeived 
siHniiil  notiee  fidiii  the  I'm,         ■,  am',  many  ve^'uhitiijns  were  inado  in  suh.su- 
'jii'iil  years,  hut  apparently  to  litile  puriioso. 
llisi.  CjiNT.  Am.,  Vol.  II.    iO 


f'l 


iILk 


',  tP 


if 


m 


AFFAIRS  IN  PANAMA. 


thus  in  an  unsatisfactory  condition,  tho  autliorities 
were  constantly  in  dread  of  invasion  from  foixion 
powers.  Early  in  the  year  15G1  two  caravels  nj-iived 
with  intelliij^ence  that  a  large  ileet  had  sailed  from 
England  for  America,  and  with  orders  that  prepara- 
tions be  made  for  a  stout  defence.  The  ti'easui-e  on 
board  the  ships  lying  in  harbor  was  quickly  removed 
and  secreted  on  shore,  and  no  vessels  were  allowed  to 
leave  port  until  the  arrival  of  the  convoy  fleet  lioui 
S[)ain  under  the  adelantado  Pedro  Menendcz.  It  is 
not  recorded  that  on  this  ".'asion  the  English  made 
any  attempt  to  land  on  thj  es  of  Tierra  I'iniic. 

but  four  years  later,  the  mon..  -lis  of  Engl.Mid  juid 
Spain  being  then  on  friendly  terms,  one  Cnptain  Par- 
ker touched  at  the  coast  of  Darien  o«tensil)Iy  for  the 
])ur])oso  of  trading  with  the  natives.  An  aiiiud 
Hotilla  was  despatched  against  him,  but  the  captain 
I'c'f'used  to  <[e[)art,  and  when  attacked  not  only  rej)ul.se(l 
his  assailants,  but  captured  one  of  the  enemy's  s(|ua(l- 


ron 


;io 


Although,  as  will  be  told  in  the  next  cliaj^tei-,  iluj 
Isthnuis  was  several  times  invaded  by  English  adven- 
turers between  1072  and  159(5,  it  was  not  until  near 
the  end  of  the  century  that  any  really  effectual  iiiea.s- 
ures  were  completed  for  its  pi'otection.  C)n  the  ild  of 
May  1574  the  king  wrote  to  the  audiencia  of  Panama 
that  he  had  information  of  many  ]>rivateering  expedi- 
tions then  being  iitted  out  with  the  interition  ol"  pio- 
ceeding  to  tlu;  lndii<s.  In  1580  three  slii[>s  of  war 
wei'e  stationed  on  the  coast  to  guard  against  corsaiis 
and  it  was  ordered  that  criminals  be  delivered  oxer 
to  serve  as  oarsmen  on  board  these  vessels,  Jn  l.V.H 
a,  more  ])owerful  Hcet  was  sent  to  the  West  Indies  and 
Ibrtilications  ordered  to  be  erected  at  the  town  ol 
( 'ruces  and  other  })oints  on  the  Isthmus.  At  tlii-< 
date  Pananul  alone  could  put  into  the  held  eight  luui- 

'"Thc  Sjinnisli  miiiisU'r  ill  London  ronionstrntod  in  stvon;;  tcriiit  iiLMinst 
raiki  i'h  contliict,  but  to  no  |mi'|ios(<.  (jtiioon  Klizalietli  not  only  jiisUtml  his 
ui.lion  liut  wiinnly  cuiuiuaidcd  him.  JJurkii,  Scoln  Coluiiy,  50  ilO'J'JJ. 


FEAR  OF  PIRATES. 


403 


(Inii  Spanish  infantry  and  fifty  liorsc.  Four  years 
latri'  a  site  was  solccted  fjr  a  fort  at  the  mouth  of 
the  (1iaL,^re  river.  Finally  in  1507,  when  the  news 
iil'D.akc's  last  expedition  had  thoroughly  roused  tho 
kiiii;-  to  a  sense  of  tho  danger,  mechanics  were  sent 
(Uit  IVoni  Spain  to  hasten  the  completion  of  the  de- 
I'dices,  and  it  was  ordered  that  the  cost  be  defrayed 
ill  nil  Mic  royal  treasury  .^^ 

J*anam;i  was  assailable  from  three  different  points: 
iVoin  NOmbre  de  Dios,  whence  it  could  only  be  I'eached 
tliii.'.igh  the  mountain  passes  of  Capira,  where  a  small 
huml  of  resolute  men  could  hold  an  irniy  in  check; 
from  Ada,  fourteen  leagues  east  of  Nonibre  do  Dios, 
where  men  of  war  had  formerly  anchored;  and  by 
way  of  tho  Rio  Chagre,  which  was  navigable  for 
lai'n'i'  bctats  as  far  as  Cruces,  tho  road  thence  to 
raiKinui  presenting  no  serious  obstacle  to  an  invading 
f.mv;'^ 


'■  HralrH  Cellules,  iu  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col,  Doc,  xvii.  305-7,  -232-3, 
490.  .VJJ-3. 

•"  !Si;c  p.  49  thia  voL  for  map  of  territory. 


CHAPTER  XXIIL 


i     ! 


!■■     I 


h 

r. 


DRAKE  AND  OXENHAIM'S  EXrEDITIONS. 
1572-1590. 

DtwVKe's  Attack  os  Xombuf.  dk  Dms— Paxio  among  the  iNirAniTAMs— 
.Stoues  ok  TitEAsriiii— IIetueat  of  tiik  English — Thf.y  Sail  Fur. 
Caiitagkna — And  Thknce  'or  the  (iL'lf  of  Uuais.v— Vlsit  to  tiik 
Isle  of  Pjnos — The  Shifs  jNI'ived  to  the  Cabkzah  Islands— Skcond 
I.XFFinTiox  to  Caktacena— March  to  the  Isthmus— Diiak r.'s  Fiissr 

(ll.IMFSE    OF    THE    Soi'TH     .S':A — AmTH'SOAUE    PoSTED    NEAR    ClUrus- 

TiiE  ]>ells  of  Aitroaching  Treascre  Trains — The  I'lazi;  Missru 
TiiKocGH  THE  Folly  of  a  Drfnickn  St)LiJUai — CAPrrRE  of  (kiii.s  - 
'i'aiitTv  Tuns  of  Gold  and  Silver  Taken  near  Nomrri:  im;  IHus  ■ 
Vova(;e  on  a  Ivaft — The  Exfedition  Hetfrns  to  En(;lamj  Oxkn- 
ha:\i's  Raid-Drake's  Circfmnavigaton  of  the  (Ilod;;— His  Sicomj 
^'l(VAl;l:  TO  THE  West  Indies — IIis  Einal  Expedition —His  ItKAia 

AND   JUrIAL  off    I'ORTor.ELLO. 

Ix  tlic  town  of  ()ffoii1)uru:,  m  the  Grand  l/udiy  df 
I.Jadi'n,  is  a  statue  of  a  man  standing'  on  the  di'ck  nf 
a  vessel  and  leaniiiL>'  on  an  anclior,  ]us  ri^Iit  li.iinl 
j4-i'asj)in<j^  a  map  of  America,  Ins  loft  a  cluster  <>ri»ull>- 
ous  roots,  the  meaniiii^  of  which  mi^'ht  ])U/./.le  tlic  n\,- 
servei'  until  he  reads  on  the  pedestal  tlu'  inscription: 
"Sir  {'''rancis  Drake,  the  introducer  of  ])otat(n's  iiiin 
Eurojxs  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  loSG.''  Thus,  in  ( /f- 
fenhurii,-,  is  k  -wn  to  fame  the  great  Armada  cii'I.iin 
and  circunmavio-ator  ol"  the  _nlol)(\  The  eldest  el  iln' 
tweKe  sons  of  a  Pi'otestant  minister  in  straiteii'.  I  cir- 
fumstances,  he  shi])])ed  as  an  a|)[)i'entice  ou  I)  i.nd  ;i 
small  merchant  craft,  and  on  the  decease  of  llw  'm]' 
tain  succeeded  to  the  connnand  of  the  ship,  'i  iiin:;' 
of  his  trading-  ventures  ho  sold  his  vessel,  ami  s;ien 
afterward  served  under  !Sir  John  Hawkins,  in  ;ni  cx- 

(■lUl  J 


AT  NOMBRE  DE  BIOS. 


40S 


prdilion  to  IMoxico,  where  lie  lost  nil  his  property 
iuid  some  of  his  clearest  friends.  Vo\\  iiii;-  veiiLjeance 
on  the  Spaniards,  he  returned  to  En^'land,  and  in 
]  j7()  received  letters  of  marque  from  Queen  Elizabeth 
autliorizing  him  to  cruise  in  the  Spanisli  West  Indies. 
AiUr  two  short  voyages,  made  rather  for  ex])loration 
tliiin  profit,  he  fitted  up  two  privateers  and  several 
]ii!i!uices  for  an  expedition  to  Xombre  do  Dios,  and  on 
Whitsunday  eve,  the  24th  of  May  1072,  set  sail  from 
riyiuouth  with  a  force  of  seventy-three  men. 

Drake  first  shaped  his  course  for  the  Isladc  Pinos, 
wiKi'e  he  left  his  ships  in  charge  of  one  Captain 
llawsi',  and  placing  most  of  his  men  in  iho  pinnaces, 
arrived  off  the  Istlnnus  at  the  season  of  year  when 
the  treasures  of  the  mines  were  stored  there  in  readi- 
ness for  sliipment  to  Spain.  Entering  the  port  of 
Xdiubro  de  Dios  by  night  he  roused  the  shunbering 
tdwusfolk  by  marching  throu<]fh  the  main  strt'ct  to 
tlir  sound  of  drum  and  trumpet.  A  party  was  de- 
s]i;itc]ied  to  seize  the  king's  treasure-house,  and  eacli 
I'.iaii  was  ordered  to  fasten  to  his  pike  a  lighted  brand. 
The  aflriglited  inhabitants  imagined  that  the  town  was 
invaded  by  a  force  at  least  twice  its  real  strengtli. 
Xrvcrtlieless  they  were  soon  under  arms,  and  mus- 
tciing  near  the  governor's  house,  poured  in  a  sliar[) 
volKy  on  the  English,  pointing  their  weapons  so  low 
that  the  bullets  often  grazed  the  grountl.  The  [»ri- 
vatccrsmen  discharged  their  j)ieces  but  once,  and  thtin 
caaic  to  close  (puirters,  attacking  the  Si)aniards  with 
piki'  and  sword  and  but-end  of  nuisket,  and  driving 
thciii  with  heavy  loss  to  the  market-place.  Two  or 
three  |)risoners  were  captured,  who  gave  information 
th.it  the  silver  awaiting  convoy  to  Sj)ain  was  stored 
at  the  governor's  residence,  and  that  in  the  treasure- 
house  nearer  the  water  was  a  large  (piantity  of  gold, 
jewi'ls,  and  pearls.^ 

l)iake  ordered  his  men  to  stand  to  their  arms,  for 

'  III  li'trl:'.^  f/ifi'  of  Di'ftlr,  7,  nml  Ihirton's  Ewjli^h  I  feme,  II,  it  i.s  stateil 
tluit  111  :lii  iipartmuut  of  tliu  governor's  l»ouso  was  a  stack  of  silver  bars  70  feet 


'ip^n 

1  ^1 

i;^!!: 


40C 


DRAKE  A\D  OXEXHAM'S  EXPEDITIONS. 


cotnpanics  of  Spaniards  were  observed  mustcriii'L^  for 
an  attack.  A  report  then  spread  through  the  ranks 
that  the  pinnaces  were  in  danger  of  being  ('iij)tiii!d. 
A  violent  storm  of  rain  came  on,  and  before  the  J )ii(. 
ish  could  gain  shelter  their  powder  was  wet  and  tlitir 
bowstrings  rendered  unserviceable.  The  men  lost 
lieart  and  began  to  think  of  saving  themselves  Ix^loic 
their  retreat  was  cut  ofl",  many  of  them  being  wounded, 
and  Drake  himself  shot  in  the  leg.  Their  captain 
rebuked  thcni,  exclaiming:  "I  have  brought  you  (o 
the  ver}'  moutli  of  the  treasure  of  the  world,  and  if 
you  go  away  without  it  you  can  blame  nobody  Itiit 
yourselves."  He  then  directed  a  portion  of  liis  com- 
mand to  break  open  the  treasure-house,  while  the 
remainder  stood  ready  to  repel  attack;  but,  as  ho 
sto[)pcd  forward,  he  dropped  down  in  a  swoon  iVoni 
loss  of  l)lood  and  was  carried  back  to  his  pinnace." 

At  daybreak  the  entire  company  embarked,  and 
after  making  ]>rize  of  a  vessel  of  sixty  tons  laden  j)i'iii- 
cipally  with  wines,  landed  at  the  port  of  Bastinientos.^ 

long,  10  in  breadth,  and  12  feet  high,  and  that  the  captives  gave  information 
tliat  the  trcasnrc-honsc  contained  more  gold,  jewels,  and  pearls  tliaii  tin  ir  jiiii- 
iicces  could  carry;  but  one  must  make  due  allowance  for  the  vivid  iiua.L'iiii- 
tiou  of  those  chroniclers. 

'■^ 'I'lic  account  given  in  Ifnl:lnyt\<<  Voy.,  iii.  778-9,  differs  materially  from 
that  of  other  authorities.  The  story  is  told  by  a  I'ortuguese,  one  hopiz  \':iz, 
Avhosc  nariative  the  chronicles  tells  us  '  was  intercepted  with  th(!  aullini  tlKn-- 
of  at  the  rincr  of  Plato,  by  Captainc  Withrington  and  Captaine  ( 'lirist(i|i!iir 
Lister,  in  tiie  ilecte  set  foorth  by  the  right  Honorable  the  Krle  of  Ciuiil"  rlaml 
f>)r  the  South  sea  in  the  yecre  ir)SC.'  lie  states  that  Drake  landcil  witli  I'lO 
men,  and  stationing  70  of  them  in  the  fort  near  Nombre  de  Dios,  luiuvlicd 
with  tlicreniaiuiler  into  tlie  town;  that  the  inhabitants  fled  to  the  nioiuii.iiii  i, 
but  that  a  party  of  14  or  1.")  Spanish  arquebusicrs  fired  a  volley  ii|iiiti  t:io 
English,  killing  their  trumpeter  and  wouniling  Drake  in  the  leg.  lb  ivii[)():i, 
lie  says,  the  English  retreated  to  the  fort  but  found  it  abandoned;  iimu.il- 
ing  the  tiuunjict  after  the  liring  had  ceased  ami  the  signal  being  uniinswciril, 
the  men  left  in  charge  retreated  to  their  boats,  thinking  that  tlu'ir  eoiiinulos 
were  either  slain  or  captured.  Drake  and  his  followers  then  threw  uw.'iy 
their  arms,  and  by  swimming  and  wading  made  their  way  to  the  piiiiiiice'i. 
It  is  highly  improbable  that  80  English  privateer.snicn,  under  the  euiiiiiwiiil 
of  .such  a  captain  as  Drake,  would  thus  tamely  beat  a  retreat  before  a  huiiihiil 
of  S])aniards. 

'  Islas  y  Porto  do  ]}astimcn<-oa  according  to  Juan  Lopez,  son  of  Tomiis 
IiOpez  de  Vargas,  the  celebrated  Spanish  cosmographer,  in  a  map  pro|ia!i"iI  ly 
the  former  in  1780,  for  the  use  of  the  Spanish  am))assador  in  Great  i!iii:iiii.  hi 
the  map  following  the  introduction  to  Damiiicr's  Voi/.,  published  in  IliHH.  tlie 
word  is  similarly  spelled  and  applied  to  a  group  of  islands  oil'  Xoinhic  ile 
Dios.     Bcllin,  Karle  von  tier  Erdvmje,  Panumii,  1754,  agrees  with  Dridu,  Init 


THE  CDIARRONES  HELP  THEM. 


407 


lly  from 
pi'Z  Vaz, 

istoi)!Kr 
ilicrhiii'l 
wiih  l''i> 
maivhiil 
iiiitaiii^ 

lIllMll     tiiO 

:;iir.l,(l- 
ll-WlTI'il, 

■onir(uii"f 
•w  ii\v;,y 
iiiiii;K'(-;. 

I  liali'll'i;! 


lain.  Ill 
ll'.l'.Mlii; 
(III. Ill''  'l*-' 
)i;;kf,  liut 


A  iter  restiiifif  there  for  two  days  Drake  rejoined  his 
ships  at  the  Isla  de  Pinos,  whence  he  despatched  Jiis 
liiotlier  to  exph)re  the  river  Chap;rc  as  tar  as  the 
town  of  Cruces,  wliere  it  will  be  remembered  the 
treasure  trains  passed  on  their  way  from  Pananui  to 
the  Xortli  Sea.  Ho  then  proceeded  to  Cartagena 
while  lie  captured  several  Spanish  vessels,  but  findini; 
tlie  town  too  stronj^ly  defended  to  venture  an  attach, 
set  sail  lor  the  .l^ulf  of  Uraba.  The  adventurers  laiuled 
at  a  spot  remote  from  the  line  of  travel,  and  hitlinjj^ 
their  vessels  in  a  neighboriiij^  creek,  remained  there 
fift(.'en  days,  hoping  thus  to  create  among  the  Span- 
iards the  impression  that  they  had  departed  from  the 
coast.  An  expedition  was  then  undertaken  to  the 
rivi'r  Atrato  for  the  ])urpose  of  intercepting  the  canoes, 
which,  after  the  arrival  of  the  fleet  at  Cartagena, 
were  sent  up  the  stream,  laden  with  the  merelian<lisv; 
ot"  Sjiain,  to  return  with  the  gold,  silver,  and  other 
valuable  commodities  collected  during  the  year. 

On  the  second  dav  of  the  voyage  it  was  ascertained 
tliat  the  fleet  had  not  yet  reached  Cartagena;  "-here- 
upon the  English  again  visited  f'e  Isla  de  Pinos, 
capturing  there  vast  quantities  of  j^rovisions,  includ- 
ing cassava  bread,  meal,  wine,  dried  beef,  fish,  and  a 
plentiful  supply  of  live  stock,  all  intended  for  the  use 
of  the  Spanish  settlements  and  for  revictualling  the 
fleet.*  These  were  secured  for  future  use  in  store- 
houses, built  many  leagues  apart.  Then  under  the 
li'uidancc  of  cimarrones,  who  regarded  the  English  as 
iilHcs  against  a  mutual  foe,  Drake  moved  his  vessels 
to  a  secluded  bay  amid  the  Cabezas,  a  group  of  thickly 
woo(k'd  islands,  near  the  gulf  of  San  131as,  where  the 

like  l.dpcz  places  the  group  about  half  v.-ay  between  Nombrc  do  Dios  and 
I'ortolii'lld.  The  author  of  Life  mid  JJaijicrous  Vny.  of  Dinkf,  l(i,  speaks  nf 
'tlie  l-ile  (if  ]}astiiniensia  or  the  Isle  of  \'iotnals.'  Sec  Carlo<jra}ihi/  I'acijir 
Stall n,  MS.,  ami  JJixt.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  passim,  this  scries. 

*'J'liis  visit  to  the  Isla  de  Pinos  is  not  mentioned  in  Clark's  Life  of  Drake, 
lint  i?<  lirsiTilied  (.'ircumstantially  in  Ihirtoii'x  EtviUsh  Jfirof,'^}.  In  the  latter 
Viii'k  it  i.i  stated  tliat  the  supplies  captured  were  suflicient  to  victual  a  force 
of  .l.tKlO  1.  ■!!,  (ind  it  is  not  improbable  that  this  was  the  case,  for  the  galleons 
wi'ic  now  oti  the  coast  and  the  Isla  do  Piuoa  was  the  usual  storing  place  for 
liruvisiijus, 


J   : 


f 


in 


'■V: 


u 


E:      1 


408 


DRAKE  AND  OXEXIIAM'S  EXPEDITIONS. 


channel  was  so  narrow  and  dilHcult  tliat  none  coiild 
enter  by  nij^lit.^  ]lere  lie  was  live  j'roni  all  (lan'_;(i-  (.[' 
surprise,  'J'lie  rainy  season  had  now  hei^nn,  and  (hii'- 
ing  that  time  the  S[)aniards  did  not  convey  vreasmv 
by  land.  A  delay  became  necessary  before  any  ex- 
tensive raid  could  be  undertaken,  and  the  iiuii  v.crt; 
therefore  ordered  to  erect  a  fort  and  buildings  sniiaMo 
for  their  accommodation  and  to  land  their  orchiaiKv 
and  ])rovisi<)ns. 

The  restless  spirit  of  the  leader  carried  him  on.  and 
witliiii  fourteen  days  of  his  ari'ival  at  tlie  islands  lie 
started  on  a  new  expechtion  to  Cai'tagena,  casting 
anclior  in  that  harbor  on  the  IHth  of  October  l.')7_'. 
A  ])arty  of  horsemen  came  down  to  the  slioic  dis- 
l)laying  a  Hag  of  truce,  and  met  him  with  fair  jiioinisos 
of  friendship  and  assistance.  8usj)ectiiig  lrca<liriy, 
the  English  put  off  to  sea  next  morning,  but  remained 
ibr  some  days  in  the  neighborhood  to  the  great  aniiuy- 
ance  of  the  Spaniards,  who  constantly  endeaAoivd, 
though  without  success,  to  induce  them  to  land  and 
tlius  draw  them  into  an  ambuscade.  At  length  1'alliiig 
short  of  provisions,  and  seeing  no  prospect  of  cap- 
turing any  valuable  prize,  they  set  sail  for  th(>  <^i\\i' 
of  San  Bias.  On  the  return  voyage,  which  occupied 
twenty-five  days,  they  suffered  sevei'ely,  l^atlleit  ly 
contrary  gales,  their  small,  leaky  craft,  in  iiimiinent 
])eril  from  the  heavy  chopping  sea,  their  pioN  isions 
exhausted,  many  almost  perishing  from  want  and  ex- 
posure, they  had  never  lived  to  rejoin  their  comrades, 
but  that  in  the  last  extremity  they  were  fortunate 
enough  to  capture  a  S[)anish  vessel,  "which,"  as  the 
chronicler  tells  us,  "being  laden  with  victuals  well 
])owdered  and  dried,  they  received  as  sent  thciu  l»y 
the  mercy  t»f  heaven." 

]3rake  remained  for  several  weeks  in  his  lurkin',' 
place  among  the   islands.     At  length  the  welcome 


•'■  In  tlio  map  prcpaved  by  Juan  Lopez,  these  islands  .ire  jilaecd  a  few  miles 
cast  of  point  San  IJliis  and  named  tlie  'Islas  Cal)e/an  o  Cantivus. '  By  Buiton 
they  arc  also  called  the  Cabczas,  but  by  Clark  the  (.'ativaas. 


THEY  CROSS  TITR  ISTHMUS. 


409 


7i(v,  s  arrived  that  the  Spanisli  ilcct  liad  r(\ached 
Xdiiilire  (le  Dies,  and  tlie  adventurers  at  once  be^'aii 
l!i(  ir  niarcli  oveilaiid  toward  J^mania.  Sickness  and 
tlu'  laillets  of  the  Spaniards  liad  sorely  thinned  their 
ranks.  Xo  treasure  liad  heen  captuivd,  and  twentv- 
li'ilit  of  their  nunilier  had  alreatly  found  a  uravi?  in 
this  land  of  promise,  anionic  them  two  hrotheis  of 
Drake;  one  tlirou^h  disease,  the  otiier  while  leadinu^  a 
lasli  attack  on  a  Spanish  vessel.  Several  of  the  party 
iilso  lay  ill  of  the  'calenture'  fevei',*^  caused  l»y  the 
uuIh  altliy  climate  and  unwholesome  water.  Alter  a 
slender  j;uartl  had  been  leftover  the  slii[)s, hut  eighteen 
null  could  be  umstered  fit  for  active  service.  Thirty 
ciiiiarrones  who  acconi])anied  the  cxi)edition  <-arried 
t!ic  ]iit)visions,  leaving  the  English  unencundjered  ex- 
(xj)!  ly  their  arms.'' 

^lany  days  the  party  journeyed,  forcing  their  way 
through  (k;iise  underbrush  and  cane-brake,  crossing 
swollen  streams  and  toiling  up  mountain  steeps.  Yet 
thcv  .sutrei-ed  little  hardshii).  HiLjfh  overhead  a  can- 
cpv  of  leaves  screened  them  from  the  i-ays  of  an 
aii::(ist  vertical  sun.  The  country  abounded  in  wild 
fruits,  and  as  night  approached  the  cimarrones 
erected  rain-proof  sheds  thatched  with  palmetto  anil 
Y,il(l  plantain  leaves,  under  which  tluy  cooked  tlunr 
iiical  of  wild  boar's  flesh  or  other  forest  game,  slain 
diu'ing  the  day's  march.^ 

"Ill  fiiirtoii'.'i  Eiifin.<h  I[( roe,  41,  it  is  stated  that  a  post-mortom  cxaiiiina- 
tii'U  u:is  iMiiilo  of  tlio  l)()(ly  of  Jo^upli  l)r;;ko,  wlio  died  of  tlii.s  caluiitiui',  and 
tliiit  llic  -livir  v,a;)  kwoIii,  ami  the  iicart  as  if  Ijoylod.' 

'  in  tlu'  aocfiiiiit  of  Lopez  Vaz,  in  IhiL/iii/t'n  i'u'i.,  iii.  17!*,  it  i.s  slati-d  tli:it 
I'mlii'  li.iil  with  luiii  100  iMiudish  liusidos  tlie  holtocs.  'I'his  is  tloarly  a  iiiis- 
ti:ki',  till-  ihc  (videnco  ia  conclusive  tliat  ho  left  I'lynioutii  with  only  7.'$  men, 
aiul  111!  tiiiUd  liuvo  liad  little  chance  to  recruit  liis  force  excei)t  finm  the 
I'iiiiaiTiiins;  though,  as  remarked  hy  the  author  of  DraLr,  Van  iuli  h,  ami 
Jjiiiiiiiii  r.  ,')'.),  he  may  have  jjetii  reciiforced  from  the  vessels  which  lie  met 
witiiotf  the  coast. 

The  ciiniirroiics  earned  two  ditTcrciit  kinds  of  weapons,  one  hcint,'  an 
iUTiiw  pointed  with  iron,  tish  hone,  or  hard  wood  foi-  use  against  the  Sjian- 
i.inls,  tlic  other  a  javelin  with  an  iron  head  varying  from  a  pound  and  a  half 
to  iiiio  ounce  iuA\  eight,  to  serve  in  the  pursuit  of  game,  the  metal  heing 
lii;.'lily  ti  iii|>ered  and  sharp  enough  to  pierce  deep  into  the  llesh  of  a  stag  or 
Willi  bum-.  Biiilon'n  Eivjllnh  Ihroc,  43-4.     iSec  also  L'lj'v  iiinl  Toy.  of  JJnike, 


,  »!f| 


I 


A" 

m 

I  IJ 


i!l 


410 


DRAKE  AND  OXENITAM'S  EXPEDITTOX?;. 


On  tlio  third  day  of  tlicir  march  tlioy  arrivod  at,  a 
nei^n-o  town,  distant  lorty-fivc  loai^ucs  from  ]*an!iiii;i 
and  thirty-fiv(!  from  N<)nd)ro  do  Dios,  rontainin'^' 
about  sixty  famihos,  an<]  well  sup])hod  witli  iiiaizc. 
i'ruit,  and  live  stock.  The  town  was  surrounded  with 
a  mud  wall  and  a  ditch  for  dotcnco  as:fainst  tli(!  Span- 
iards, with  whom  the  cimarroncs  wore  still  constant Iv 
at  war.  Only  one  year  l)efore  the  place  had  hi  ■n 
attacked  by  a  force  of  one  hundred  and  tifty  nicii. 
whose  connnander  had  promised  to  exterminate  the 
entire  ])Oj)ulation.  The  assault  was  made  just  before 
daybreak,  whereupon  the  males  Hed  to  thi;  forest, 
huivinjTf  their  wives  and  childi-en  to  be  massacrod,  hut 
al'terward  musterinjj^  ct)uraofe  fell  on  their  invaders 
and  drove  them  in  turn  to  the  woods,  when',  their 
o-uide  beinor  slain,  all  but  thirty  perished  of  want. 
Jlere  the  Eni,dish  were  urj^ed  to  remain  and  i-est  lor 
a  fi'w  days.  Not  far  distant,  they  were  told,  dwelt 
the  king  t)f  the  cimarrones,  who  could  Ijring  into  the 
lield  seventeen  hundred  warriors,  and  wouhl  aid  them 
with  reenforcenients  on  learning  their  errand.  The 
connnander  thanked  them,  but  declared  that  ••  he 
would  use  no  further  strength  if  he  miglit  have 
twenty  times  as  much,"  and  after  a  brief  halt  eoiitiii- 
ueil  his  journey. 

Four  days  later  the  expedition  arrived  at  the  siiiii- 
mit  of  a  mountain,  from  which  they  had  been  promised 
a  view  of  the  "North  Sea  whence  they  came  and  of 
the  South  Sea  whither  they  were  going.""''  Aided  ly 
one  of  the  cimarrones  Drake  climbed  a  tall  tree,  in 
v.hosc  trunk  steps  had  been  cut  almost  to  the  top, 
and  where,  supported  bj'^  the  upper  lind)s,  a  bower 
had  been  built  laro;o  enoucrlt  to  contain  a  dozen  men. 
From  this  eyrie  ho  gazed  for  the  first  time  on  the 
great  southern  ocean  over  wlio.se  waters  the  l^nLjhsh 
flag  had  never  yet  been  unfurled.     It  is  said  that  ho 

•The  author  of  Selection  of  Curious  Voj/.,  iv.  1.5,  states  th.it  Dralce  .'iniviJ 
at  the  suniinit  of  this  inuuntain  ten  days  fitter  leaving  the  town  of  tliu  ciiiiai- 
rones.     According  to  other  authorities  the  time  was  seven  days. 


Tlin  TREASUnK  TRAIXf?. 


411 


];('!(•  cfx.  oivcd  the  project  wliicli  a  few  yenrs  latiir 
\v;i>  f.iriietl  to  completion — the  ciicuiiinavination  of 
tlic  '^lobe;  and  as  (h"eanis  of  fanu>  and  vast  addeve- 
iiiiiit  were  ndn^led  witli  visions  of  u^old-bearint^  hinds, 
ami  of  Spanisli  galleons  deep  hiden  Avith  wei^'ht  of 
trnisiuv,  he  hesoU'Ljht  (4od  "to  jnive  Idni  lil'e  and 
liave  to  sail  an  Enu;lish  ship  in  those  seas."  The  aid 
(if  the  Ahiiiiihtv  Vvas  never  invoked  or  jjjivcn  for  the 
i'urllierance  of  more  iniquitious  measures. 

For  I'ortv-ciu'ht  lioui's  more  tlie  route  lav  tlirouixh 
Ion  >(  lantl,  and  beyond  this  the  country  was  covered 
wit! I  a  species  of  jj^i-ass,  so  tall  that  at  its  lull  c^rowth 
du'  cattle  could  not  reach  the  uj)per  blade.  Thrice  a 
year  it  was  burnt,  and  so  rich  was  the  soil  that  a  few 
(lavs  afterward  it  sprouted  like  green  corn.  The  Enjjf- 
lisli  were  now  nearing  the  end  of  their  march,  and  as 
tlicv  journeyed  Irequently  came  in  sight  of  Panama 
;ui(l  of  the  Spanish  vessels  riding  at  anchor  in  the 
rtjadst'  "d. 

1']^  le  caution  l^ecame  necessary,^"  and  on  ap- 
pi(i;i  .  _,  Panama,  Drake,  withdrawing  his  men  from 
the  road,  led  them  to  a  grove  within  a  league  of 
till'  city,  and  near  the  highway  to  Nombre  de  Dios. 
His  aiiival  was  well  timed.  A  cimarron,  sent  for- 
ward to  Panama  discniised  as  a  slave  to  ascertain  the 
cxart  night  and  time  of  night"  when  the  precious 
train  was  to  pass  by,  returned  with  news  that  sent  a 
tliiill  throuirh  every  breast.  That  verv  eveninrj  the 
treasurer  of  Lima  was  to  start  from  Panamil  en  route 
ti)  Spain,  and  with  him  eight  mules  laden  with  gold, 
live  with  silver,  and  one  with  pearls  and  jewels.  Two 
•  iiher  trains  each  of  fifty  mules,  fi'eighted  mainly  with 
provisions,  were  to  form  part  of  the  expedition. 

Drake  at  once  put  his  men  in  motion  toward  the 
Cliagre  River,  and  when  within  two  leagues  of  the 

'"  'Tlio  Indies  of  P.inama  used  to  imploy  hunters  and  fowlers  to  take  the 
curious  fowls  in  that  countrey,  by  whom  they  might  he  discovered.'  liurlou's 
Emfish  l/ifoi',  411. 

"Tin-  trtasun!  was  forw.irded  from  PanamA  to  Cruces  at  night  to  avoid 
tile  iicat  Lucuuntered  by  day  in  the  open  country  lying  between. 


412 


DRAKE  A\D  OXEXIIAM'-i  EXPEDITIOX.-=!. 


H  \ 


s? 


town  of  Criiccs'-  ])ostc(l  thcni  in  two  parties,  ov.o  on 
eitluT  side  of  the  road,  and  in  .sueh  a  position  that 
they  niii;lit  fall  sininltaneously  on  the  van  and  rear  of 
tile  train.  I'lie  men  were  ortlered  to  wi'ar  white  slijits 
outside  their  nniforins  in  order  to  distinguish  one 
another.  Alter  the  arrival  of  the  tlc;et  at  Xonihie  de- 
l^ios,  trains  i)assed  frequently  along  the  road  tVoia 
( 'ruees  to  i*anani;i,  and  the  strictest  injunctions  wcic 
oivcii  that  none  should  stir  except  ut  the  ajipointvd 
isig'iial. 

An  hour  they  lay  in  anibusli;  the  treasurer  was 
v.ithin  half  a  league  of  the  anihuscade,  and  tlie  hells 
of  the  a[)])roachiiig  train  v.ere  distinctly  heard  in  the 
silence  of  the  night.  The  groat  jirize  was  close  at 
liand,  and  each  man  as  lie  tlut<'hed  ins  fnei«>.  k  and 
felt  the  keen  vd'^o  of  his  broadsword  held  his  hicatli 
while  he  crouched  in  the  grass  and  listened  to  tlio 
sounds  home  ever  clearer  on  the  still  air.  A  train 
laden  wiih  merchandise  was  now  passing  directly  in 
i'ront  of  them,  l>ut  such  sjx)!!  oliered  no  temptation 
when  gold  and  silver  l»y  the  ton  was  within  ivadi. 
At  this  moment  an  untoward  incident  occurred.  ■•(  )iie 
Ilohert  Pike,"  as  I)Urton  tells  us,  "having  drunk  too 
much  A(j>ft(-]'if(t;  without  I'^ater,  forgi-tting  himself, 
})erswaded  a  Si/inovii  to  o'o  into  the  road,  and  mI/j'oii 
the  foremost  3lules, and  a  N^K'/^/.s'A  Horse-man  lidiiighy 
with  his  PiK/c  runnino;  on  his  side,  Pi'Lv  unad\isedlv 
started  up  t(j  see  who  he  was,  though  the  Si/,,i<-r",i 
discreetly  endeavored  to  pull  him  down,  and  lay  upon 
him  to  iireveiit  further  discoverv,  vet  h^'  this  ( u'l^tlc 
man  taking  notice;  of  one  all  in  white,  th^v  luniiiL,^ 
put  their  Shirts  over  their  Cloths  to  prevent  nii-t,ike^ 
in  the  night,  he  ptit  Spurs  to  his  Horse  l)oth  to  secure 
himself,  and  give  notice  to  others  of  the  danger. 


'-'Veiit.-i  Cniz  ni'Of.idinu'  to  liiirlr.i.'s  Life  of  /!r<il.r.  I^S.  niii-to!i'.<  i:,.>/i'h 
Ifirn',  ;")().  iiiiil  A;7'i'  (iikI  To//,  of  Drah'.  Vl.  iiiid  Vcnta  <lf  Ciii/cx  i'l  tiii'  li^ip 
eon  fii  lilt  iiiir  ]).  1  ill  J>fiiii/ii<  i-'n  Vol/.  l'roliiil>ly  liotli  mo  iiUiitii;il  witli*  Vikc.j, 
<>v  C'ni/ts  a.s  it  is  spcllcil  in  tlic  iiiiip  on  p.  IST  "f  I'..<'ih-  iinlin.  Iii-<l.  I!ii''iii« ''"■ 
in  wliiili  no  sucli  iiiiuc  as  Wiifa  Cruz  is  iiu'iitioiicd.  !iiaii  Lopei;  in  llif  map 
licfort'  uicati     ''il  culls  tho  ))lttce  San  Fnuicisoo  dc  ei'uct's. 


RARE  RICnES. 


m 


Drake  still  lumaiiicd  in  ambush,  not  knowin*:^  what 
had  happened.  The  cavalier  meanwhile  made  all 
]iastc'  to  re[)orttlic  eireumstanee  to  the  treasurer,  and 
it  was  Ihou^'ht  hest  that  the  nuiles  conveying;  the 
ti(;isure  he  led  aside  while  the  remainder  he  allowed 
to  pass  on,  so  that  in  ease  of  attaek  the  enemy's  at- 
trii(ii>ii  miijrht  he  enj^'agcd  until  troojjs  could  he  sum- 


lll<i!li'( 


I      ii 


■om 


1 


anama. 


Tl 


le   in-ovision    trams    were 


[iii.kly  captured  and  a  few  hundred  })()unds  of  base 


il! 


)Ullliill 


di 


d 


wci'e  aiscoverea  amon<j  tUe  oacKs 


l> 


Xo  lime  was  to  he  lost,  i'or  on(3  of  the  muleteers, 
Ifciii'j,-  iViendly-minded  toward  his  ca])tors,  warned 
tliciii  tliat  hy  da3'break  they  would  h;i\e  the  captain 
nciKial  upon  them,  at  the  head  of  the  entire  })osse  of 
raiiaiiKi.  The  leader  of  the  cimarrones  promised 
thai  if  they  would  at  once  marcli  holdly  on  ( 'ruces, 


If  won 


1.1 


con(lU( 


■t   tl 


lem 


to   tl 


leu' 


ips   hy  a 


much 


>li'nter  iH)ute  than  that  hy  Avhich  they  had  come. 
To  Millie  this  ])lan  seemed  hazardous,  hut  the  com- 
iiiaiider,  with  his  deal'  jud'^'iiient,saw  that  to  eoeounter 

tl 


K' 


laniards  at  oiK'e,  while  his  men  were  yet  in  o'ood 
i(iii(li(ioii,  was  less  })erilous  than  to  he  attacked  later 
\vh('n  jaded  with  travel  and  dispirited  hy  failu.re. 


All 


ir 


i\nu 


tl 


leni   time   to   make  ;i  hearty  mea 


d 


])i 


ike  u'aAc  the  orcuM'  to  advaii'c 


Tl 


le  road  was 


hut 


twelve  feet   wide,  heiiiu-   cut,  llirouijh  the  forest  and 


iiaiu-  ol 


)V  a  dens(^  wall    of   underj^row 


e(>ili- 
liers,  station. •(!  in  the   town  as  a  defence 


th.     A 
K 


11 


toirether 


IS- 


ii^aiiisi    iiiaraudiiiL;'    hands   ot    cmiurrones 

^viI!l  a  jiarty  of  friars,  came  forth  to  oppose'  his  jt; 

Ni'4<'.     'i'lie    S]ianish    captain    hailevl    (liein,  and    ou 

lcai'iiiii<''  ihat  they  were  L]ii<'Ii«h  sunnnoned  ihe'm  to 


!  '<!1' ' 


'■'Tun  l!iirsi'-l(>:ul;<  of  .silver,  nccoivlin;.';  to  ('!;ir!c  ami  I'uttdii;  1)ut  it  was 
nii.i'i'  iirnliilily  Ijjisii  iiu'tiil  I'oiitiiiiiiii!,'  iilmiit  iiiuii-li  KJlxcr  to  iiiaUi:  it  woilli 
tlii.'f:M.!it. 

"till'  tiMJiis  wci'c  fvi'.iu'iitly  attacUcil  hy  ciiiKUTOiu's.  '  I''ioiii  I'l  ula 
''i''i:  ii.  XiiiiJirr  ill'  J)ion  (licy  ^'o  always  wiili  their  'I'lvasiirt'  hy  day  tliroii^'U 
tin!  cn.il  iVcsli  Woods,  unless  tile  Sj/iiirr:iiin  liaiiiiily  iiiaUe  tliein  swi'at  t'or  feai', 
•■IS  I'll  lia|iii(iis.  and  Uiurefore  tlieii'  Rei'oes  (a  name  apjilied  to  hillk'n  ami  niule- 
U\'-i  tiavi'Uin,:,'  in  eoniiiany)  are  j,'uardecl  with  Sculdicr.s.'  Jli'rtuii\i  Li.yl'fik 
''"•  "',  lU.     Sec  also  Lijc  find  W.tj.  uj'  Diuh',  ii. 


'.  i 


;|. 


fr 


III 


i 


414 


DRAKE  AND  OXEXIIAM'S  EXrEDITIOXS. 


surrender, promising  kind  treatment.  Drake  answered: 
"For  the  honor  of  the  (|ueen  of  England,  my  mistress, 
I  must  have  passage  this  w.ay."  He  then  discliaig((l 
his  })istol,  and  was  answered  by  n,  volley  whieh  kiilnl 
ene  and  wounded  several  of  his  band.  The  English 
then  attaeked  briskly,  and  aided  by  the  cimarroiics 
drove  the  Spaniards  into  the  woods  and  took  posses- 
sion of  Cruces. 

]\rucli  eonsternation  was  at  first  eaused  Aniong  the 
townsfolk,  espeeially  among  some  Spanish  women  of 
Nombre  de  IJios  still  suffering  from  child-birth;^'  but 
Drake  manifested  little  of  that  fiendish  cruelty  dis- 
plaved  by  the  buccaneers  of  later  years.    GiviiiL;-  orders 

lit.'  t>  ~ 

that  none  should  lay  hands  on  women  or  do  vidlencc 
to  unaruKxl  men,^'^  he  called  on  the  sick  women  and 
assured  them  that  they  had  nothing  to  fear.  Jjittlo 
booty  of  value  was  found  at  Cruces,  and  at  daybi-eak 
on  the  morninu:  after  makini;  their  entry  into  the  town 
the  ]iarty  began  their  march  toward  the  coast,  icacli- 
ing  their  ships  in  safety,  though  hungry,  shoeless,  and 
em[)ty-handed. 

After  an  unsuccessful  cruise  on  the  coast  of  Ver- 
agua,  Drake  returned  once  more  to  the  Cabezas,  and 
there  fell  in  with  a  Ei'ench  vessel,  the  ca[»tain  of 
which  j)ro[)osed  to  join  him  in  another  attempt,  now- 
being  [)lamied,  to  capture  some  of  the  treasure  trains 
still  passing  across  the  Isthmus.  After  consultation 
it  was  agreed  that  twenty  of  the  French  crew  should 
go  in  company  with  fii'teen  of  the  English,  and  lliat 
tlu^  former  should  receixe  half  the  proceeds  of  tliu 
raid.  The  expedition  sailed  lor  the  Kio  Francisco, 
ami    alcer    ascending   the   river  a   short    distaiH'i'   in 

'■'Til  lli'rlov'.'i  KiKjIi^h  l[(rn(\W),  TiT.  it  is  stntod  tli.it  nt  Xdiiilnv  ilf  fiius 
ItiU'turiticiii  was  usually  lollnwtil  in  a  IVwiliiy:*  liy  tlic  <li';Ul>  ( f  tln^  iniaiit.  I'Ut 
iliat  I'liililrt'ii  liiirn  at  Cruiis,  narcd  tin  re  till  tix  ycar.j  (if  iv.'.c.  and  iIku 
l.ioii.L'lit  to  Xoinliro  ill)  l)ius,  usually  ».'iijuy".'d  p;uoil  liiuKli.  Sou  alsi)  Uj'<'  Uhd 
I'll/,  if  Jh-d/.c,  47. 

'''  l/(ii»'/  Vii/,  in  Iliildiuit,  Vo>i.,  iii.  770,  states  tlint  five  or  scvou  iiniiliants 
v.i'fi'  slain,  ami  that  tlu'  tiiwn  was  sol  (in  lii'c.  ]ii'(i|iiM'ty  Ih'Iml;  ilcstrnyed  in  tiii) 
value  (if  nicu'o  tlian  'JlK),()(IO  iliu'ats.  U'  this  did  dciMir  it  was  duulit'c-s  llic 
Work  (jf  till)  ciuuuTuncd,  but  thurcis  no  nicntiuu  of  it  in  oUidi-  iiulhoiilics. 


PERILOUS  SITUATION". 


415 


piiiunccs;  inarched  overland,  without  mishap,  to  a  spot 
luai'  Xonihri!  do  J)i(>s,  within  a  short  (hstaneo  of  the 
hinh  I'oad.  The  ileet  from  Carta^'ena  still  lay  oil*  that 
t(i\v!i  awaiting"  the  last  shi[)ments  of  tr'oasurc,  and 
Diiikt'  had  reason  to  believe  that  several  richly  laden 
trains  were  then  on  the  way  from  Panama.  Nor  was 
licdisnjipointed.  On  the  morning  after  his  arrival  the 
lulls  (if  the  approaching  train  were  distinctly  heard, 
and  sdon  there  appeared  in  sight  three  companies,  two 
with  seventy  and  one  with  tifty  mules,  laden  with 
nearly  tliirty  tons  of  gold  and  silver.  The  escort  of 
Spanish  soldiers,  nund)ering  forty  live  men,  was  beaten 
lilt'  after  the  oxchanL'e  of  a.  few  shots,  one  of  which 
wounded  the  French  caj)tain  severely,  and  the  adven- 
turers we're  left  in  possession  of  the  prize.  In  two 
licuis  tlicv  had  secured  all  the  <>'old  they  could  carry 
away,  and  buried  the  i'emaindi!r,  with  about  hfteeu 
tons  of  silver,  under  fallen  trees.  jNTeanwhile  the  alarm 
had  been  giwn  at  Nombre  do  Dios,  and  a  strong  party 
ot  lior-c  and  foot  a})[)roached  them  from  that  direc- 
liim.  .Ml  excejit  the  wounded  officer  .-ind  two  of  his 
cmnniand  retired  to  the  woods  and  made  their  way 
tiatk  to  the  river. 

l)Ut  wluit  had  1  ocomc  of  the  pinnaces?  Tliey  had 
liccn  (irdrred  to  return  within  ibur  days  and  were  not 
c'Vi'U  in  sight.  Looking  seaward,  I )i'ake  descried  scxcn 
Spanish  \'essels  cruisin<>;  oif  the  coast.  Surelv  the 
tinats  hnd  been  ca])tured  and  Iheir  crews  forced  to 
(liMJiiM.  lln!  hiding-place  of  tl.e  sii!['-'  that  were  to  liave 
••airied  tlie'u  back  liome,  weighed  down  with  p-lunder. 
Of  little  use  was  now  their  gold,  with  siudi  dismal 
inosjiects  belbre  them.  The  cimarrones  advised  them 
to  inarch  ov(>rland  to  the  sj)ot  wlu're  their  vessels  lay, 
'I  ditlicidt  joui'ney  of  sixteen  days  at  least,  through 
I'lrcst  and  across  streams  swol'  -n  by  winter  rains  and 
witli  nuuiy  a  tall  mountain  lying  between  them  and 
the  seashore.  Di'ake  was  satisfied  that  long  before 
till y  reached  the  coast  their  ships  woulil  be;  taken  or 
Ijurut  by  the   Spaniards.     Nevertheless  he  told  Ida 


:i,  I 


41G 


IJRAKK  AXD  OXEXHAM'S  EXPEDITIOXS. 


.';.p 


ru 


nion  to  banish  fear,  and  bid  tlicm  construct  a  raft  (Vom 
the  trees  brouij^lit  down  b}'-  the  stream  duriiiiif  a  rccnt 
.storm.  A  large  biscuit-sack  served  for  a  sail,  and  iWr 
rudder  an  oar  rudely  slia})ed  with  axe  and  knil'c. 

With  three  companions,  all  ex])e]t  swinnners,  the 
commander  put  to  sea,  assuring  his  followers  "that  if 
by  (xods  helj)  ho  once  more  ])ut  aboard  his  Voni  in 
his  Frigot,  he  would  certainly  get  them  all  into  lur  in 
spite  of  all  the  Spaniards  in  the  Indies."  The  i.ii't- 
vas  so  low  in  the  water  that  each  wave  broke  ovci' 
them/'  fretting  and  chating  their  lower  limbs,  wliil,' 
their  bodies  iVom  the  waist  U])ward  were  scorched  hv 
the  stinging  heat  of  a  tropical  sun.  Six  hours  passid 
by  slowly  and  wearily,  an<l  night  was  now  appidadi- 
ing,  while  imdei-  a  freshening  gale  the  waves  dashed 
liiLihei"  and  hii>her,  threateninu'  each  moment  forevi  r 
to  engulf  the  four  cowering  ligures.  Little  hojxi  m- 
life  was  left  in  them,  for  none  could  endure  su(  h  haid- 
ship  through  all  the  long  days  that  nmst  elapse  hilniv 
they  could  ex[)ect  to  reach  their  shi])s.  At  leiiiL;1h 
Avhen  all  seemed  lost  a  sail  aj)])eai'ed,  and  then  another. 
J)id  they  belon<if  to  their  own  niissin<v  boats  or  to  the 
war  vessels  of  the  enemy  i  ]3etter  to  brave  any  danger 
than  fall  alive  into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards.  Drake 
at  once  atHrmed  them  to  be  the  pinnaces  expected  at 
the  rio  J'^raiicisco,  and  so  it  proved.  AVithin  an  hour 
he  was  on  boai'd;  beibre  -daybreak  next  moiiiing  lie 
had  rejoined  his  command,  and  by  sunrise  a.ll  had 
end)arked  for  tlu^  (Jabi'zas,  vrhere  they  Ibuiid  their 
vessels  lying  safely  at  anchoi'.^" 

'"  In  Ili'rtnii'n  KiKjUs/i  Jfcroc,  70.  mid  in  L't''  (iiitl  l'f>)f.  of  Drib',  'u,  it  is 
fitiituil  that  tlicy  nat  up  ta  llic  wiiist  in  wati'i'jind  that  cai-ii  wwso.  ili'i'Mcln''! 
tiii'm  \\\\  to  the  arni-jiit.s.  I'o  .steer  ami  .sail  a,  raft  umlei'  siieii  eireiuii  ;aiin>. 
exx'ii  if  they  escaped  heing  washed  overlioard,  \\as  eertaiuly  a  reuiarkaljlt'  t'oat 
of  iiavi,i.'ati<in. 

"■ '{'here  i.s  .'^onio  confusion  ill  tlic  narrative  of  the  old  eliroiiii  l^■r^^  at  tlii-i 
jHiiiit.  In  <'l>iyL-'.i  Lij'i'  n/  J)riib\  'JO,  it  is  related  that  a  'frii;ot'  whicli  sniK'I 
vith  the  expedition  to  tiu'  I'io  Francisco,  was  ordereil  to  lie  nit  tile  iiuiiitli"! 
the  ii\(r.  whili^  on  aecouiit  of  shoal  water  the  men  ascended  tlic  stnalii  in 
)>iiinaecs;  liiit  for  wiiat  pur])OH(^  the  voyaf.'e  on  the  raft,  if  this  v.'erc  the  eaw. 
anil  \\  hy  leave  tlic  vessel  ill  socnjiosimI  a  ]Misition?  In  l!ln•l''ll'■^  JJii'/li'-li  lln'"!. 
Oli,  it  is  stated  that  the  (.liiii  was  left  at  (sent  liacU  to)  the  ( 'alu'Z.is.  and,  pa;v 
71,  that  when  Drake  fell  in  witii  hia  pinnaces  his  men  "sayled  liack  i)  tli>ii' 


PRIZES  SECURED. 


417 


t  iVom 

IVCi'Ut 

,nd  lor 

rs,  the 
tliat  it' 
'\)()l  ill 
)  her  ill 

iV  (»V»i' 

<,  whil' 
■he.l  l.y 
;  passed 
jii'uacli- 
(hisliiil 

tul'i'Vrl' 

l\()pO    111' 

h  I'uUhI- 

U'  lict'olV 

.  k'H-Hi 
t^notlu'i'. 

t.)  the 
•  (lan;j;i'r 

1  )riik.' 

cctrd  at 
all  li""i' 
•uiiiLi,'  lu' 
•  ]\   had 


lb:  .'iT.  itis 
L.  ,ln".ii;hi''l 
fciuu  tJiims 

laiUabl.'  tV.it 

[in-;  lit  tlii-' 
Ljiii'li  snil<>l 
[lie  innl\tli"l 
L.  .,tit:iui  in 
l,v  tli>'  rasi. 

Is,  i.ii'l-  F.-'' 
Lk  I''  tlitir 


The  i:jol(l  and  silver  were  now  divided  by  weight  in 
equal  shares  between  the  French  and  Enghsli,  ami  a 
final  expedition  despatched  to  Xombre  de  Dios  for  the 
jiuriod  silver,  and  to  rescue  or  bring  back  word  of  the 
wounded  officer  and  his  two  companions.  Hardly  had 
tlit-'V  set  foot  on  the  shore  of  the  rio  Francisco  when 
Olio  of  the  missing  Frenchmen  came  forth  to  meet 
them.  He  declared  that  within  half  an  hour  after 
IJiakc  had  begun  his  retreat,  the  captain  and  his  re- 
maining comrade,  the  latter  half  stupefied  with  wine, 
had  been  taken  by  the  Spaniards;  that  he  himself 
hail  escaped  only  by  throwing  down  his  jduuder,  and 
that  tile  hidden  treasure  had  probably  been  recovered, 
for  the  ground  had  been  thoroughly  searched.  Xever- 
theless  the  men  were  ordered  to  push  forward,  and 
sueceeded  in  unearthing  some  thirteen  bars  of  silver 
and  a  few  wedges  of  l!;o\(\,  Avherewith  they  returned 
without  adventure  to  the  coast. 

The  Siianish  Heet  was  now  ready  to  sail,  having 
taken  on  board  the  last  load  of  its  rich  freight,  and 
nothing  was  to  be  gnined  by  remaining  longer  on  the 
coast.  Drake  ])arted  on  good  terms  with  his  l^'rench 
allies,  and  after  cajituring  a  vessel"  laden  with  pro- 
visions, fitted  out  his  ships  for  their  homeward  voyage. 
The  cimarrones  M'ere  dismissed  with  suitable  presents 
for  themselves,  and  a  profusion  of  silk  and  linen  for 
their  wives.  Sail  was  then  set;  and  on  a  Sabl)ath 
fireiidon,  the  Dth  of  August  la73,  the  s(puidron  cast 
anchor  in  Plymouth  Sovuid.  It  was  the  hour  of 
divine  service,  as  the  ciironiclers  tell  us,  when  news 
of  the  arrival  spread  thi-ough  the  town;  and  in  all  the 
ehnrehes  men  and  women  abandonecU their  devotifjiis 

rn.'iit  ,111(1  fniin  thcnoo  tliroctly  to  their  Sliijia;'  Imt  npcorcling  tn  tliisi  nutliority 
l"'tli  .-.lii|is  iiiiil  'friLifit'  WLTo  iilrt'iiily  lit  llio  ( 'iiln.'/iis,  wlii-ro  tlii'y  liiy  tsuciu'c 
tVniii  tlic  S]iiuiisli  t'l'ui.si'vs. 

'■'  1  hukv  iiiiiili'  iiKiny  otliPi-  L';i]itiin'S,  the  ii'citfil  of  which  wnulil  l)cM(ii)i.s(imo 
I'l  till' rcMiJri'.  Acciii'iliii;^' to  lliirfiiii  more  than  11(10  vcsscIh  of  from  10  to  I'JO 
t'liis  trMiltil  at  tliiit  tiiiu!  lictwi'L'ii  <'art;i;,'('ii!i  iiml  Xonihro  do  l)ios.  ^lost  of 
thisi',  he  tells  lis,  tile  lui.ulisli  eaiitiileil,  ami  .some  of  them  twiee  oi'  tlirice, 
'  laik  iiiaUis  111.  iiii'iiti.iii  of  tiii.s:  Imt  the  author  of  Vai/.  /li.^f.  roi'tnl  Wurld, 
1.  44,  i>tal(s  that  tlie  I';ii;,'li.ih  toi)k  mure  thuii  lUO  vesst'lb  oi  all  sizes, 
llist,  (JtNT.  Am.,  Vol.  II.    27 


418 


DRAKE  AND  OXENHAM'S  EXrEDITIOXS. 


iP 


and  flocked  to  the  shore  to  welcouio  their  bravo  coun- 
trymen, who  thus  returned  to  their  native  laud  with 
so  much  gold  and  glory. 

Among  tliosc  who  accompanied  Drake  in  liis  expe- 
dition to  Tierra  Firme  in  1572  was  one  John  Oxon- 
liam,  who,  three  years  later,  planned  a  <laring  l)ut,  as 
the  event  proved,  a  disastrous  raid  on  the  S[)aiii.sh 
mainland  and  went  in  search  of  the  treasure-ships 
which  Irecpiented  its  southern  coast.  Landing  on  the 
Isthmus  with  only  seventy  men,  he  beached  his  ves- 
sel, covered  her  with  boughs,  buried  his  cannon  in  tlie 
ground,  and  guided  by  friendly  cimarrones  n)arclied 
twelve  leagues  inland  to  the  banks  of  a  river  flowing 
toward  the  south.  Here  a  pinnace  was  built,  large 
enough  to  contain  the  entire  party,  and  dropping  down 
unnoticed  to  the  mouth  of  the  stream  Oxenliani  sailed 
for  the  Pearl  Islands,  which  lay  in  the  track  of  vessels 
convoying  treasure  from  Lima  to  Panama.  Piizis 
were  made  of  two  vessels  containing  s^old  and  silver  to 
the  value  of  nearly  three  hundred  thousand  pesos,  and 
the  adventurers  now  bcLjan  their  homeward  iournev. 
But  on  the  very  night  of  their  departure  information 
of  the  capture  was  sent  to  Panama,  and  witliin  two 
days  a  strong  force  started  in  pursuit.  The  treasm-e 
was  recovered,  the  English  were  defeated,  and  their 
ship  being  taken,  the  survivors,  some  flfty  in  number, 
fled  to  the  mountains,  where  they  lived  for  a  time 
among  the  cimarrones.  Finally  they  were  l)etraye(l 
to  the  8j)aniards  and  all  put  to  death,  witli  the  excep- 
tion oi'  Ave  btiys  who  were  sold  into  slavei'V.  Thus 
ended  the  first  piratical  cruise  attempted  by  Eiiglisli- 
men  in  the  South  Sea.-'^ 


The  prayer  which  Brake  uttered  when  first  he 
gazed  on  the  Pacific  did  not  remain  long  unanswered; 
for  the  great  captain  was  one  of  those  seir-liel[il'ul  men 
which  the  Almighty  seldom  fails  to  assist.     Ou  the 


^^IlakUnjfii  Voy.,  iii.  520-28. 


M 


COSTLY  TREASURE. 


4T9 


lotli  of  Novoniljcr  1577  he  set  out  upon  the  famous 
expedition  whieh  was  to  phice  liiui  in  the  foremost 
rank  of  navigators.  On  September  Gtli,  in  the  Ibl- 
lowiiig  year,  he  cleared  the  strait  of  Magellan,  and 
was  the  tirst  to  carry  the  English  llaij  into  the  ocean 
boyoiid.  After  ea])turiiig  a  large  amount  of  treasure 
1j(jt\vten  the  coast  of  Peru  and  the  bay  of  Panama, 
he  sailed  as  far  north  as  the  forty-third  parallel,  ex- 
pecting to  find  a  passage  eastward  to  the  Atlantic.'-^ 
Thence  returning  he  arrived  at  l*lymouth  by  way  of 
the  Cai)e  of  Gootl  Hope,  after  a  voyage  of  nearly  thret; 
years,  on  the  2Gth  of  8e[)tember  ly80.^''^  Histlag-ship 
the  l\'(le<ni  was  taken  to  De})ttord,  and  on  boaid  the 
hark  in  which  he  had  compassed  the  world"^  this 
^tout-hearted  mariner,  who  had  begun  life  as  a  pivn- 
tiie  bo}'  on  a  small  trading  vessel,  feasted  his  I'oyal 
mistress,  and  bowed  the  knee  while  one  of  the  greatest 
of  England's  sovereigns  bestowed  on  him  the  title  of 
Sir  Francis  Drake. 

On  the  breahino'-out  of  hostilities  between  En<4land 
and  Spain  in  158.)  Elizabeth  determined  to  strike  a 
hlow  at  the  Spanish  jiossessions  in  the  New  World, 
while  yi't  Philip  was  but  contemplating  the  great 
tnterprise  which  three  years  later  terminated  in  a 
(Hsastcr  that  has  no  parallel  in  the  annals  of  naval 
warfare.     On  Se[)tember  12,  1585,  a  lleet  of  twenty- 

'■'  ]>iiriiiL;  tlic  voyn.tje  T)r;ike  touuhcd  at  the  l),av  wliicli  still  boars  iiis  name 
iimkr  the  I'lmta  ilc  lus  Ki'ves  un  tlio  c(iast  of  California,  llure  In;  spent  live 
wciks,  siridked  native  toliaeeu  with  tiie  Indians,  and  took  possession  of  tlio 
fuiiiitiT,  calling'  it  New  Alljioii. 

■'  'W'iiieli  was  Monday  in  the  iust  and  ordinary  reekoniug  of  those  that 
hail  xtiiycd  at  huine  in  one  i)laee  or  (.'ouiitrie,  but  in  our  eouiputation  was  the 
Lunis  iliiy  or  Sonday.'  y>y(i/(',s  U'urlil  Kmomiiay/nil,  Ui2. 

"•'  Tlir  vessil  was  afterward  l)ri)keu  np,  and  a  eliair,  made  from  some  of  the 

tiiiilitr,  \sas  piesented  to  tiie  nniversay  liiirary  of  Oxl'onl  by  Ciiarles  II.   lleio 

thi' |i(]i't  Ciiwky  .sat  (,'ntiuoued  ami  drank  a  eup  of  wine,  takinj^  oeeasion  to 

'k'livcr  liimsulf   tlicieupc)n  of   some    vile    verse,  e')neluding   with    the  linea 

(addixs.H'd  to  the  chair): 

'  'J'liii  Sn-iijrlili  iif  Tiini'  tun  iinrrow  iirci  iortlu'O, 
I.iiiiiiili  liiilli  into  nil  uii'liM  oMTc'l  Sell, 

Ami  hli'i  !■  till'  MlillrvS  ll.lll>u  cf  Vllnt    Kll'rtlit.V, 

'J'iikf  fur  tliy  titiil  tlii.s  Vuret',  aiiJ  fur  tliv  I'ilut  nie.' 
One  cat!  almost  wish  that  tlie  chair  had  taken  him  at  his  word,  for  the  gaod 
ship  deserved  a  better  fate. 


>\n 


420 


DRAKE  AXD  OXEXHAM'S  EXPEDITIOXS. 


IM: 


live  ships  with  a  number  of  ]niinaccs  set  sail  from 
Plymouth,  having  on  board  two  tlujusand  thrcu  Inm- 
dred  men,  amon;^  them  Frobishcr  and  other  cajtlaiiis 
of  armada  fame,  and  as  commander  Sir  Francis  Dinl.c. 
The  ex])edition  first  shaped  its  course  toward  Sjiaiii. 
antl  after  hovering  for  a  while  on  that  coast,  capturiiiL;' 
many  prizes,  but  none  of  value,  lauded  on  the  Ih-st  of 
January  158G  in  Espanola, within  a  few  miles  of  SantD 
Dv)niingo.  The  city  was  taken  after  a  feeble  rcsist- 
aiir-e,  but  little  treasure  was  found  there,  f(jr  tin?  iiiiiies 
vvere  now  abandoned,  the  native  pojtulation  well  nigli 
exterminated,  and  copper  money  was  in  connnoii  use 
among  the  Spaniards.  A  ransom  of  twenty-five  tliou- 
sand  ducats  was  at  length  paid,  and  loading  their  fleet 
with  a  good  st(jre  of  wheat,  oil,  wine,  cloth,  and  silk, 
the  Enu'lish  sailed  tor  Cartaijena,  captured  that  citv 
almost  without  loss,  and  retired  on  payment  of  a  sum 
e(|uivalent  to  about  one  hundred  and  forty-live  thou- 
sand pesos.  By  this  time  sickness  had  so  far  reduced 
their  ranks  that  they  were  compelled  to  abandon  the 
main  object  of  their  enterprise,  namely,  the  occuiia- 
tion  of  Nombre  de  Dios  and  Panama,  and  the  sei/:ure 
of  the  treasure  stored  on  either  side  of  the  Istlniuis. 
It  was  resolved,  therefore,  to  return  to  England.-^ 
Alter  touching  at  Saint  Augustine,  and  securing  in 
that  neighborhood  treasure  to  the  amount  of  ten 
thousand  pesos,  and  coasting  thence  northward  to  the 
lioanoke,  where  the  members  of  the  colony  recently 
establislied"-''   by  lialeigli  were  taken   on   board  the 

"'  Altliongh  Drake  had  lost  nearly  one  tliinl  of  his  forces,  there  ■wns  pr<ib- 
alily  some  further  reason  for  liis  al);iii(loiiiiiM^  the  expedition  after  siiili  titlile 
effort.  Mis  eoiuhiet  eoiitrasts  strani^'eiy  with  tlie  untiring  pei'sisteiiei'  \\liii-'!i 
he  dispUiyed  in  other  enterjirises.  I'ossihly  lie  liad  reeeived  orders  tn  rctr.iii 
to  iMigland,  for  it  will  hr.  reuienil)ered  tii'at,  in  l.")S7,  the  Spanish  aruMila  wii< 
ready  to  sail,  and  that  its  depaitnre  was  delayed  till  the  following  yoai'  ly 
Drakes  hold  dash  at  tile  liarlior  of  C'lidiz,  during  whieli  he  destroyed  ahuut 
one  hundred  vessels. 

-■'  In  l."iS,"i,  ji  few  days  after  Rohert  Lane,  who  was  left  in  charge  of  tl;c 
colony,  had  eau.sed  it  to  lie  ahandoneil  throngh  faintdieartcdness,  a  vcssil  de- 
siiatelied  liy  Raleigh,  laden  with  s'orcsi  arrived  at  tlio  deserted  settleiiiint- 
J{(i>icrii/t's  Uiihiil  St(it'.<,  i.  lO'i,  10;{.  'These  men  who  were  thus  hionglit 
back,' says  William  t-'amden,  'were  the  tirst  that  I  know  of  that  hiiii!|,lit 
into  England  thai,  Indian  plant  which  they  call  tabacea  and  uicotia,  ortubuoco, 


Ulu 


THE  GRAND  RESULT. 


4111 


tlrct,  Drake  lauded  at  Portsmouth  on  tlio  2Sth  of 
July  15HG.  TliL'  s}ioil  amounted  to  three  liuiich-ed 
tliDiisand  ]>esos,  purchased  at  the  cost  of  seven  liun- 
(Irrd  and  fifty  Hves.  One  third  of  tliis  amount  only 
uas  divided  amonij;"  the  survivors,  giving  as  the  lowest 
share  of  an  individual  the  sum  of  thirty  dollars. 

The  motto  *' Xon  sufficit  orbis,"  ascribed  by  some 
chroniclers  to  the  crown  of  Spain,  was  one  worthy  of 
the  pretensions  of  Philip.  What  mattered  the  eon- 
(|Ucst  of  a  hemis[)here  "while  the  ocean  was  ruled  by 
another;  while  the  royal  banner  of  Castile  could  hr- 
degraded  l)y  licensed  Ixmds  of  freebooters,  and  the 
coiniiiercial  marts  of  the  Xew  World  be  held  f  )r  ran- 
som? Such  was  the  sentiment  whicli  lured  tlie 
S[)anish  monarchs  to  attempt  andjitious  scliemcs  of 
(•oM(|uest  like  that  which  ended  in  the  destruction  of 
the  gi'cat  armada,  in  which  the  pirate  Drake  played 
his  allotted  part. 

Alter  sharing  with  Sir  John  Morris  the  command 
of  an  expedition  directed  against  Spain  in  irnSD, 
Drake  was  ortlered  l)v  his  sovereio-u  five  years  later 
to  ]ire])are  another  armament  against  the  Spanish 
Wist  Indies.  In  tliis  enterprise  he  associated  witii 
hliusulf  Sir  Jolm  Hawkins,-'^  an  old  friend  and  once 


wliicli  tluy  iiseil  against  crudities,  being  tauglit  it  )iy  the  Indians.  Certainly 
fi'oiii  tluit  time  fdrward,  it  )ie;,';ni  ti)  gnjw  intu  great  reijuest,  and  to  lie  .sdM  at 
ail  l\]J\  rate,  which,  in  a  uliort  time,  many  men  everywhere,  some  for  waiit- 
oiiiii  -s,  sonic  for  liealth  xakc,  witli  insatiable  desire  and  grei;dine.ss,  sucked  in 
the  stinking  .smoke  tliereof  tlirongli  an  eartlicn  i>i|ic,  whicii  i)reHcntIy  tlcy 
hkw  nut  again  at  their  nostrils;  insoniueli  that  tobacco-shops  are  now  as  ordi- 
iiarv  in  most  towns,  as  tapdiouses  and  taverns.'  Jiiirrow'n  Life  of  Drakv,  "JOT, 
2(is. 

-"  Hawkins,  now  between  7;")  and  SO  years  of  age,  was  a,  wealthy  merchant 
and  slii[).i)wner,  had  seen  4S  years  of  hard  service,  mainly  .at  sea,  and  In  Id 
till'  titl(!  of  vice-adndral.  It  does  not  npjicar,  therefore,  what  he  had  to  gain 
liy  takiic^' ]iart  in  such  an  expedition.  His  jiromotiou  seems  rather  due  to 
iiilliieiiec  olitained  through  inherited  wealth  tiian  to  iiny  remarkable  (pialitii^s 
as  a  eomuiandi'r.  A])p(jinted  by  the  ipieen  to  cruise  otf  the  i^oast  of  Spain  in 
ciiinpaiiy  with  Frobishcr.  at  the  head  of  a  strong  and  wcll-a]ipointeil  si|uadrou, 
ill' returned  without  taking  a  single  prize.  Thei'i'ujton  he  wrote  ii  letter  e' 
apolo.'v  to  his  sovereign  in  which  he  excused  idmself  liy  using  the  ijuotation, 
'  I'iiul  plantcth  and  Apollos  watereth,  but  ( !od  giveth  tin'  incriase.'  On 
renling  it  Kli/abetli  exclaimed,  ■  (.Jod's  death  1  'I'iii-i  fool  went  out  a  soldier 
and  is  eiinie  homo  a  diviiic.' 


m 


m 


1 


;f 


i  ! 


t  it 


422 


DRAKE  AND  OXENHAM'S  EXPEDITIONS. 


his  patron,  and  anionj^  other  officers  Sir  Tlioinns 
Baslcorvilk',^'  as  coniniandor  (jf  the  land  forces.  On 
the  liSth  of  Aui^ust  1^595  a  squach'on  of  six  nieii-nf'. 
war  equi})pcd  at  the  expense  of  tlie  queen'^'  siiilrd 
from  Plymouth,  accompanied  by  twenty-one  vessels 
fitted  out  by  |)rivate  subscription.  The  entire  fuivo 
of  the  ex})edition  mustered  twenty-five  hundi'ed  incii. 
Although  every  precauticMi  was  used  to  mask  tlic 
])Ui-pose  of  the  armament,  it  was  known  to  Plii!i|), 
long  before  tlie  departure  of  the  fleet,  that  J)i;(l(u 
intended  to  capture  Xomljre  de  Dios  and  to  niaicli 
thence  to  Pananui,  touching  first  at  Puerto  ll'u-n  to 
])hmder  a  dismasted  treasure-ship  which  lay  in  that 
liarbor.  The  iMiglish  soon  found  to  their  cost  that 
eveiy  preparaticMi  had  been  made  for  a  r-esolute 
defence.  Anchoring  near  tlie  town  of  San  Juan  de 
Pucjrt.)  Rico,  their  vessels  wei-e  exposed  to  a  well 
dir'ected  fire  from  a  battery  of  thirty  guns.  J)rake's 
chair  was  struck  from  under  him  by  a  round-shot  as 
lu;  sat  at  su])per  in  his  cabin,  and  after  a  loss  ol'  at 
least  fifty  killed"'  and  as  many  wounded  the  expeditiou 
sailed  for  the  maiidand.  The  towns  of  liaiiclii'ri;i, 
Ilio  de  la  Hacha,  and  Santa  Malta  were  buint  iu 
default  of  ransom.  Nombre  de  ])ios  was  ca[)tiu'('d 
almost  without  resistance  and  levelled  to  the  gidinid; 
but  Baskcrville,  despatched  with  seven  hundred  and 
fifty  men  to  attacic  Panama,  was  defeated  by  tin^ 
Spaniards  when  half  way  across  the  Isthmus,  and 
liis  command  returned  hungry,  sore-footed,""  and  in 
sorry  plight. 

■^' Namoil  Baskcrficld  in  Biirf^ni's  EikjUsIi  Ilcrnr.  100. 

-"  Eliz;ibcth  of  Eiigluiid  it  will  1)0  remembered  levied  taxes  without  much 
lieod  to  tlie  voice  of  her  parliaineiit. 

-''Tile  uliot  wiiieli  carried  away  Drake's  chair  wo'iiided  three  of  liis  ntliccis, 
wlio  Were  seated  at  his  taljle.  Hawkins  died  of  sickness  while  tlie  licet  lay 
oil  Puerto  Kico. 

^'J' On  the  seconde  of  January  we  returned  to  Nombre  do  Dios;  mir  nioa 
so  wcr.ried  with  the  ilncs  of  the  wave,  surbaited  for  Maiitof  shoes,  and  \ci:!lic 
Avitli  theyr  diet,  that  it  would  have  bin  a  poor  dayes  service  that  we  t^hiiuM 
have  done  upon  an  eniniie  had  they  been  there  to  resist  us.'  Drake's  Vn;/.,  ia 
Jfuk/in/f,  Sac.  Col.,  I(i.  'In  this  march  a  ])air  of  shoos  were  sold  for  tiiirtv 
Shillings,  and  a  ISisket  Cake  for  ten  Shillings,  so  great  waa  their  want  IkiiIidI 
Clothing  and  Victuals.'  JJurion's  Emjl'ish  Ihroe,  'J05. 


lit  iu 
)tinv(l 
'uuml : 
■d  and 
)y  ill'' 
IS,  and 
and  in 


SI 

llilClTS, 

1 

ret  l:iy 

( 

llr  llir'.l 

f.i 

•  tliirty 

ut 

Imlh  i)t 

DEATH  OF  DRAKE. 


423 


"It  matters  not,  man,"  said  Drake  to  one  of  Lis 
favoiito  officers.  "God  Lath  many  thini^s  in  store  for 
us;  and  I  knowc  many  means  to  do  Her  Majestic  n'ood 
service  and  to  make  us  riehc,  for  \vc  must  liave  gould 
bell  ire  wee  sec  Engkinde."  The  words  were  liardly 
uttered  when  the  speaker  grew  sick,  and  on  the  'JStli 
(if  January  159G,  less  than  a  week  afterwai'd,  the 
•  'Teat  eaiitain  breathed  liis  last  as  the  Enelish  fleet 
entered  tlie  harbor  of  Portobello.  A  league  from 
land  lie  found  a  sailor's  sepulehrc;  and  as  the  leaden 
casket  that  contained  his  remains  was  lowered  into  the 
waves  near  the  spot  where  first  ho  had  won  re])ute, 
salvos  of  artillery  proclaimed  to  the  exulting  S[)an- 
iards  on  shore  that  one  more  name  was  added  to  the 
li.>.t  of  those  whose  memory  Spain  has  never  ceased  t<j 
hate  and  Ensjland  to  honor.^^ 

"111  a  poem  by  Lopez  de  Vega  styled  'Dragontca'  occur  these  lines: 

'  Jlinid  \n  ilisvcntimi  v  la  riiinii 

111' iniml  Ih.inhrr  iitii'viihi  y  iiiclDinablo: 
BliiMil  <)iio  tristo  (i'lii.ixi  ilo  iiMK  rto 
Dil  cucriio  el  alma  ii  lus  iiilk'iuos  viurto.' 

Ve^  (lecl;ifC3  that  Drake  was  poisoned  by  his  own  men.  The  soul  of  the 
great  iiuvii^'ator  vas  petliaps  less  sorely  vexed  by  sneh  .slander  than  by  the 
silly  wise/i  written  in  his  praise  by  his  own  countrymen.  The  following 
occurs  iu  Fiilkr';i  Wnrihie.f: 

'  lliliirlo  qu.imvls  Ttomnna  rcsnrRorct  ollm, 

lOliiMlcivt  tminiliiiu  lion  imlo,  Draro,  fmim, 
Nun  est  i|iio(l  nietua!4  iicc  Iu  cuiiiliu.-M'iit  ulla 
I'ontorilas,  in  uqua  tulud  ab  iyuu  luaui'S.' 

But  the  sorriest  doggerel  of  all  is  found  in  Clark'n  Life  of  D mix,  11. 

•tlri'at  Ooil  (if  I'rnwoss,  Thunclorlmlt  of  AVar: 
livllona's  ilarKni;:  Jlar.-i  of  Cliivah-y: 
Dliiuily  Dnyu'i  CliainiiioM,  I'ocincm  fi'ar: 
Fume's  Htati'ly  I'li.iros,  Jlappof  inanity ; 
Jovcs  I'lail,  i'oaiid  priilf,  I'riiiis  foe,  I'oos  pnnmy: 
fpaiiis  Sliakinn  l-'over,  livgcnt  of  Wars  Thunder: 
L  uilaiiiUi'd  Draku,  a  Uiunu  Imiiorting  Wonder;' 

Tim  works  pulilislied  by  the  liidduyt  Society,  and  the  Aninilr-^  rrnnn 
Anijiininiiii  <  t  Ilihcniinirum,  rcfjnunti'  L'lr.dhtthd,  by  Willkun  ( 'ainiloii.  Lonilon, 
l"iS!>,  |iro1jaljly  jill'ord  the  most  reliable  information  concerning  1  )rake's  se\  eial 
cxpeilitiiins  to  the  ^V'est  Indies,  though  neitlier  are  tree  Ironi  error.  ('l(ir',-\-i 
Lift-  iiml  Jidillt  (if  Sir  Francis  Drake,  London,  1071,  and  Jinrloii'.i  L'lit/Ush 
Jhroe,  Loiiddii,  l(kS7,  are  chietly  compilations,  tiiough  of  eonsidcridile  value, 
iniiMiincli  lis  liotli  autliors  had  access  to  sources  of  information  not  now  avail- 
alilo  to  the  [ndiHc.  The  Litter  work  passed  through  no  less  tliiui  -'.i  editions, 
anil  yet  wc  liud  the  opening  lines  (jf  the  p.'eface  copieil  uubhisliingly  fi'oni 
J>ivl;i:\i  Wori<l  Fiicoiii passed,  in  llakhnit  Sue.,  5  (published  ori-iniiUy  in 
hi'.'Sl.  T\\f  Life  anil  jMtiiiieroiis  VoijU'jes  of  l)rah'  is  borrowed  mainly  irom 
Hitrtfii).  JSiirrmc'.'i  Life  oj  Drake,  London,  l.S4;(,  though  a  recent  piiblicatii'n, 
contains  sevenil  io)iies  of  letters  written  by  Diake,  and  was  compiled  in  ]  art 
hi'iii  MSS.  in  tiie  iJritish  museum,  the  state  paper  oliice,  and  the  archives  of 
M;iihiil. 


Si 


'■Hi: 


rii 

1-'  ■■■) 


Fi::l 


11 


\\l 


li  i 


1;» 


lir: 


:i 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

NICAllAGUA  AND  COSTA  lilCA. 

i5r>i-i(;oo. 

Revolt  of  .Tfav  Gaitax — ITis  Dkfeat  by  the  Li('E:;tiatk  .Tias  di;  C\. 

IIALI.UN  — Kxi'Kliri'IOS    OK  CaHAI.I.ON    ami  .Ti'AN'    VK   KsTKADA  ItAnAcccm 

Costa  IticA— Skttlemknts  Foi'sdeI) — PisiitEsH  oe  the  Spamakhs— 

.llAN  Va/QI  E7.  CoUONADO  Co.MES  TO  TllEIll  liKl.IEl' — I'l  Kill  i;i;  Kxi'K- 
IJITIONS — FlkMIT  of  TJIE  NaTIVES^CaI'TIUE  of  THE  STKO.Niillnl.D  (ip 
CoTI' — AliMINISTUATIiiN    iiF   ])lEi;o    JiE   AuilECO    CllEUINO — 'I'lIK    FltAN- 

cisc'ANs  IN  Costa  Kk.'a — Mautvudom  of  .Iian  1'izai:i;o— The  J'kvLKsi- 

ASTICS    IN    XlCAKAia'A  — i''l!AV    Jl'AN    1)E    ToUllES  —  CONDITION    OF    TIIK 

.Settlements— Slow  Guowth  of  Tuaiie. 

Thf,  revolt  of  the  Contreras  l)rotluM's  served  at 
least  one  good  ])urpo,se.  It  rid  Nicaragua  of  swaniis 
of  vagabonds  and  dissatisfied  adventurers,  most  of 
whom  found  a  grave,  as  we  liave  seen,  during  tluir 
raid  on  the  Isthmus.  Still  there  remaiiu-d  in  tlu; 
j)rovinee  a  residuum  of  floating  rulHanism,  the  vciy 
swei'pings  of  all  the  jirovinees,  ami  i'our  years  al't(  r 
tlie  events  described  in  a  preceding  e]ia])ter  a  iVesli 
disturliance  broke  out.  A  band  of  chsaffected  soMins 
and  runaways  from  Nicaragua  and  Honduras,  joining- 
witli  themselves  a  number  of  negroes,  rt)sc  in  reliellinii 
under  the  leadership  of  Juan  Gaitan,  a  criminal  ban- 
ished iVom  Nicaragua  by  order  of  the  licentiate  Jiuiu 
do  Caballon,  then  in  cliarge  at  Lef)n. 

The  I'ebels  began  by  sacking  the  villao-e  of  Sail 
jMigueV  !>iid  thence  i)rocecding  to  the  mines  of  ('ini- 
luteca  ca[)tured  them  after  a  stout  resistance"  and 
despoiled   the  adjacent  village.      They   then  entered 

'  Six  miles  from  the  province  of  Nicarngua. 

'■'Tiii'sc  mines,  wliicli  lu'lonu'i-il  to-.hi.ui  ilc  A^■il,^,  woiv  at  the  vill:iu'c  of 
Jerez,  or  Cluilutcca,.  VaUdluii,  Carta,  iu  Squkr'a  JLiiS.,  xxii.  7  S. 

{ 4.:i  ) 


CABALLON  AND  RABAGO. 


kN  riF.  Ca- 

It  \r,A(;o  Til 
AM  Vitus— 
ii'.Ih  Kxi'k- 

,i;ilnl.li    OF 

'ill;  ri;.\N- 
IK  1'a'i;li>i- 

J.N    Ol?   THE 


rvt?(l  at 
swarms 

osi  of 
tlii'ir 
I  tin; 

c   Vrl'V 

s  after 
I  fiv>h 
(iMirrs 
j()iiiiii;4 

■lu'llinU 

al  I'lUi- 
tc  Juan 

of  San 
)i'  ("mi- 
•('-'  and 
filtered 

;  vill:igc  of 


Xicaraujuii  and  inarclicd  diroctly  on  the  capital,  luit 
when  within  live  leaj^ui  .s  of  it,  ({aitan,  wJio  was  a  linn 
lirlitvt  r  in  astrol(\iL,^y,  was  drawn  into  Ji  contn.vorsy 
with  his  maestro  do  canipo,  Tan-aujona,  a  d;djl)lrr  in 
tlif  occult  art.  The  latter  predicted  that  they  wotild 
certainly  he  han^^ed  should  they  then  continue  their 
march  on  Leon,  and  advised  that  they  re[)air  lirst  to 
lltalejo  and  seize  the  vi'ssels  lying  there.  But  re- 
vt  nm'  L^'t  the  better  of  (iaitan's  superstition,  and  ho 
piocecded  on  his  way  to  the  capital,  resolved  to  take 
the  life  of  the  licentiate. 

Miaiiwhile  news  of  the  outhrealc  had  reached  Ca- 
halloii.  Assistance  had  been  summoned  from  liealejo 
and  (rianada;  the  shifts  at  the  former  port  were 
onhred  to  put  out  to  sea  to  avoid  cajiture;"  and  enter- 
inn'  L*''"i  "11  th(?  last  day  of  [)entecost  loot,  (jlaitau 
found  the  licentiate's  forces  drawn  up  in  the  public 
s(|uai'c  well  posi od  for  del'encc.  A  stubborn  conilict 
ensiieil;  but,  tlio  powder  of  the  rebels  haviui^  become 
daiii}*  from  the  rdns,  they  fought  at  a  disadvantage 
and  were  finally  routed.  Gaitan  toidv  refuge  in  a 
convi'iit  belongiiig  to  the  order  of  ]\Ierced,  where  his 
liiotlier  was  one  of  the  friars,  but  this  asylum  availed 
him  nothing.  The  licentiate  8otoma3'or,  an  exile  from 
Xew  S|)ain,  wlio  was  also  an  inmate,  seizt>d  him  and 
delivered  him  to  the  atithorities.  Nextdav  the  insur- 
.U'eiit  leader  was  Ijeheaded,  and  that  tlie  jtrophecy  of 
the  maestro  de  campo  might  be  I'ulfdled,  Tarragona 
and  otiiers  were  hang(xl,  the  rest  being  sent  into  exile. 

While  fiscal  of  Gttatemala,  Caballon  had  been 
rei|nt  -^ted  by  the  audieiicia  to  undertake  the  })acitica- 
tion  of  Costa  Ilica,  conjoinlly  with  a  wealthy  ecclesi- 
astic, named  Juan  do  Estrada  ]^:ibag'o,  and  it  was  for 
this  purpose  that  he  had  originally  })rocoeded  to  Nica- 
ragua.   In  loGO  an  expedition  was  organized,  llabago 

'  It  was  the  intention  of  the  rchels  to  seize  the  sliips  at  TJcalejo,  and  pro- 
ct't'il  tliciKc  to  l'aniiin:i  and  I'l-i-u,  following  tiie  progianuue  laid  out  by  tho 
C'yiitieias  hrotliLTs.  Ihrixra,  dec.  viii.  lib.  x.  cap.  .\x. 


i 


rd 


% 


426 


NICARAGUA  AXD  COST.A  RICA. 


I'' 


fiiriiisliing  the  necessary  funds,  for  Caballon  had  none. 
Kach  one  Avas  to  found  his  own  scttk'nients,  hut  to 
render  aid  and  advice  to  tlie  <^tlier.  The  former  witli 
four  vesfsels  sailed  u[)  the  Desaguadero,  Avhilc  Caballdii 
journeyed  hy  land  and  cx[)l()red  the  southern  coast. 
Whether  they  ever  met  accordmg  to  their  original 
plan  is  doubtful,  and  their  lack  of  cooperation  may 
j)artly  explain  the  failure  of  the  enterpi-ise. 

liabago  ^ith  a  ]>arty  of  sixty  Spaniards  fuiiKkd 
the  "Axilla  del  Castillo  do  Austria"  on  the  bay  of  San 
Geroninio.''  Ho  also  speaks  of  three  other  tnwiis 
^vhich  he  fountled,  and  of  churches  uhich  he  built 
and  furnished,  but  fails  to  name  or  locate  them.  Ca- 
ballon established  the  Villa  dc  Landecho,  on  the  coast 
near  the  southern  border  of  the  province,  and  three 
days'  journey  thenco  the  settlement  of  Castillo  do 
Garcia  ]Muhoz.  The  reasons  that  induced  him  to  select 
the  former  site  were  known  only  to  himself,  and  arc 
not  recorded  by  the  chroniclers,  There  were  no 
Irdians  in  its  neighborhood  to  oo  enslaved;  mo.>t  of 
the  land  was  marshy,  and  the  high  ground  sterile  and 
consisting  mainly  of  bare  rock.  Caballon  was  soon 
aftei'ward  appointed  fiscal  of  the  audiencia  of  ^Icxico, 
and  liabago,  being  now  left  in  sole  charge,  was  ordered 
by  the  eniperor  not  to  abandon  the  undertaking', 
though  the  Spaniards  were  in  sore  distress.  "Jt  is 
HOW  two  years  and  more,"  write  the  members  of  tin.' 
cabildo  from  Cariago,  in  Decend)er  15G2,  "since  wo 
entered  this  ])rovince  in  company  with  the  licentiate 
Juan  de  Caballon,  and  it  is  witli  o'reat  dilHcultv  that 
wt'  have  held  out  au'ainst  the  rebellious  nati\os,  wlio 
could  not  bo  converted  and  brought  to  obedience  ly 
l)eaceablo  means."'' 

Alter  the  departure  of  Caballon  for  jNEexico  the 
audiencia  of  the  Confines  perceived  that  a  man  of 
means  and  capacity  was  needed  for  the  occasion,  and 

* Mdliiia,  Cos'a  li!rn,  ,'tO-4,'].  lie  talcp"  liis  iufo)'matiou  from  tlirco  royal 
cijiliilas  (l;it('(l  August  l."((il. 

'  C'o*/(t  Itica,  Curta  del  t'uh'ddo,  iii  Siinkrs  JfSS.,  vi. 


THE  CACIQUE  GARABITO. 


427 


thi'lr  C'liolcc  fell  on  Juan  Vazquez  Coronado,  who  v/as 
appointed  alcalde  mayor  of  Nicaragua  and  Costa  Rica. 
(ill  liini  the  in  per  or  afterward  conferred  the  title  of 
adelantado  and  captain  general.  Coronado  at  once 
ck'spatehed  a  ship  with  reenforcements  and  provisions 
for  the  relief  of  the  needy  colonists,  and  sent  by  land 
a  tvniii  of  cattle  laden  wiili  mrierial  for  clothing,  and 
with  hlankets,  boots,  saddles,  harness,  hardware,  and 
other  stores.  At  the  head  of  a  powerful  and  well 
equip]  led  force  he  sooi-  afterward  proceeded  to  Nicoya, 
an  liuHan  town  then  claimed  both  b}^  Nicaragua  and 
Costa  liica."  Here  he  awaited  the  arrival  of  a  vessel. 
The  rainy  season  had  now  set  in,  and  it  was  inip<;s- 
sihle  to  reach  by  land  the  Villa  de  Landecho,  wliither 
lie  was  bound;  but  a  vessel  soon  afterward  arri\ing, 
the  alcalde  mayor  reached  tliat  settlement  with  his 
coniiiiand,  and  relieving  the  need  of  the  colonists,  sent 
the  ship  back  to  Pananul  I'or  fresh  supplies  and  pr;)- 
ceeded  to  Cartago  where  the  royal  standard  was  de- 
liver(.'(l  to  him.  Ilabago  meanwhile  had  set  forth  for 
Spain  and  appears  no  more  in  connection  with  the 
lii<t<iry  of  the  New  World, 

{  oroii.:'!o  distributed  his  supplies  bountifully,  and 
^^hell  his  own  means  were  exhausted'  contracted 
h.'avy  debts  in  order  to  relieve  the  necessities  of  his 
ciiuntrymen.  Ho  then  sent  ex})editions  in  various  di- 
rtrtioiis  to  explore  and  subdue  the  territory.  The 
]iiiii(i[)al  caci(]ue,  one  named  Garabito,  was  believed 
to  have  Ln-ge  forces  at  his  conunand,  and  a  company 
•  it'  forty  soldiers  under  Fi'ancisco  de  ]\lnrnu)lej(^  was 
j-cnt  against  him  to  the  province  of  I^os  .l](/tos,'*  I'e- 
puted  to  be  a  rich  and  ])opulous  district,  and  whither 
it  was  sni)posed  that  Garabito  IkuI  retired.  The 
couutiy  was  found  almost  deserted,  there  being  but 

"Xii'iiya  wns  uinoxod  to  Costa  llica  in  l.'iTI?,  tliougli  the  rij,'li'  to  its  jios- 
SossjMii  wjis  not  li'i;illy  di'cidt.'d  until  tlio  jn'csciit  cfiitury. 

'lit;  liiid  (XlKl  (led  10.00(1  fiisos,  us  WMS  nt'tiTWaid  |iroV('d  licforo  tllO  jneZ 
visit,!. lor  iit  Saiitii\'j;o  in  loll."),  Coromi'lo  PrMunza,  in  I'lic/injo  and  Curili  iki.s, 
t''l  /.'."■.,  xiv.  4,S."i  .V,i;t. 

*■  \\\'  t  uf  the  pR'Hont  Cartago,  and  nortii  of  Ahijiiola, 


1    'I      1  ;!' 


Mm  \ 


u 


\  vi 


I 


V'. 


¥ 


i         ) 


i 


428 


NICARAGUA  AXD  COSTA  KICA. 


two  houses,  and  those  inhabited  by  some  ninety  linlf- 
starved  Indians.  To  Garabito's  own  provinet,'  Cap- 
tain Juan  de  Illancs  de  Castro  was  despatdicd,  but 
the  natives  had  fled;  and  after  a  fruitless  search  he 
returi  ed  with  only  a  few  women  and  boys,  from  mIioih 
it  was  learned  that  the  number  of  the  cacique's  fol- 
lowers had  been  greatly  exaggerated.  It  was  ascer- 
tained, however,  that  four  of  Garabito's  chiefs  were 
at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  many  leagues  distant,  and 
Davila,  who  became  the  narrator  of  many  of  these 
expeditions,  was  ordered  to  go  in  search  of  theiii  and 
l)riiig  them  peaceably  to  head-quarters.  They  woic 
found  in  company  with  about  twenty  men,  tliirty 
women,  and  a  few  children,  all  living  in  two  linuses, 
and  declared  that  Garabito  had  gone  to  Los  Botes,^ 
and  that  it  would  be  difficult  to  iind  him,  for  he  never 
spent  two  nights  in  the  same  place.  His  subjiM^ts,  they 
said,  might  number  from  five  hundred  to  six  hundre  I. 
Coronado  sent  these  chiefs  to  inform  the  natives  nf 
his  arrival,  promising  them  kind  treatment;  and  in  a 
few  days  ton  or  twelve  others  came  to  Ids  liead- 
quarters.  One  of  them,  the  cacique  of  the  province 
of  Anzarri,^'^  prondsed  to  guide  an  expedition  to  the 
most  thickly  populated  part  of  the  country;  but  wlien 
asked  for  four  hundred  carriers,  he  answered  t!iat 
even  Garabito  could  not  furnish  so  many.  Tin;  aleakle 
mayor  then  started  witli  seventy  soldiers  and  al>ont  a 
hundred  Indians  for  Anzarri,  taking  with  him  tlie' 
cacique.  Arrived  there,  the  cldeftain  collected  a  t'l  w 
natives,  and  said  th(.\y  were  all  that  lie  had,  and  lliat 
together  with  himself  tlu'y  were  a',  the  service  ol'  the 
S|)ainar(ls.  C(^ronado,  much  inceiisi'd,  placed  him 
under  arrest,  telling  him  he  must  make  u[>the  re(|iii'vd 
nand>er  or  forfeit  his  life.     To  this  the  cacione  only 


"  NoAV  written  Vatnu.  Tlioro  is  ,i  volrano  nt'  ilmt  iiamo  1101*^11  "f  Al:ijiHla 
nnd  w»'st  of  tlic  volcano  do  liarba.  Svc  uu\]i  in  M"lhia,  Jln.^qin jodc  t\,-'ta 
Mica. 

'"Xow  ])rnlialily  A--<  rri  'I  liore  arc  two  villau'^'s  of  that  iiainc;  oin'  MHltli 
of  S;in  .loM'  mill  tile  uthiT  aljout  the  same  ilistiiiicc  soutli-wist  nt  (  i'lt.yu. 
iSt'u  ni.i|)  ill  Mo/iiKi, 


HOW  THE  KING'S  COMMANDS  WERE  KEPT. 


429 


replied :  "  Do  your  ])leasuri';  other  people  I  luive  not." 
A  <lay  or  i';\vo  afterward  thirty  more  caj-j'iers  were 
prewired.  CoroDado  now  resolved  to  continue  liis 
man  li,  sha])  ng  jiis  course  for  the  province  of  (.|}ue[)o, 
where,  as  he  was  assured,  was  the  cacique  with  an 
abundance  of  Indians. 

On  entering'  the  teiritory  he  obtained  the  services 
of  one  hundred  c:;.  I  thirty  additional  carriers,  and 
was  informed  that  if  he  was  in  search  of  o-old  Ir.  would 
iiud  all  he  wanted  at  the  stronghold  of  Cotu,  a  few 
(lavs'  iournev  then(  e.      The  fort  was  reached  ai'ter  a 

•  *'  *■' 

toilsome  march,  and  ]\Iarmoleio  with  thirtv  men  \\as 
ordored  to  surprise  it  by  night  and  capture  all  the 
caciiiuos  there  stationed.  The  Spaniards,  expecting 
no  resistance,  incautiously  handed  their  weaj)ons  to 
the  attendant  natives,  and  on  entering  the  place  wvvc 
theniscKes  surprised,  twenty  of  them  boing  wounded 
liL'f'oi'e  they  could  seize  their  arms.  Assistance  soon 
ari'ived  tVom  Coronado,  whereujion  the  Indians  aban- 
doned the  Ibi-t  and  iled,  tii'st  setting  lire  to  all  the 
houses,  some  sixty-five  in  number.  !^[essengei's  were 
then  si'iit  to  the  caci(|Ues,  asking  them  to  tender  their 
alh'giance.  and  j)romising  kind  treatment.  One  of 
tlieni  icturniHJ,  l)ringing  a  golden  ]>atena  as  a  token  of 
peace,  and  was  followed  next  day  by  the  chieftains, 

who  also  brought  with  them  some  small  offerings  of 

'  ■  11 


'Jii  ( 


Ctiidiiado  then  set  his  face  toward  Garci  jNTunoz, 
where  he  soon  afterward  organized  a  second  expedi- 
tien.  during  which,  journeying  far  inland,  hedisco\ired 
ii  large  I'iver  which  he  named  the  Kio  de  la  I'^trolla. 
Ill  that  neigliborhood  he  fomid  a  large  amount  of 
,U'el(l.  Jveturning  thence  to  the  coast  he  took  ship  for 
Spain,'-  and  shortly  after  his  arrival  a  royal  cedula  was 
b>ued,  (ii'dering  that  testimonv  be  taken  at  Santiago 

_"TIr'  cutiro  ([iKintity  ol)taiiii'cl  tluis  fiir  diil  not  exceed  ,V)0  pesos  in  value. 
D'irilii,  H, !,„■;, ,11.  ill  I'tirhiiu,  nwiX  Cirdriiii.t,  Col.    Dili.,  xvi.  Hl.'.S   II. 

'■' UilViii' takiiij,' liis  deiHutute  lie  estiliiiited  tlie  iiiitive  r'^l'i'li^t''^"  'it  HO.OOO 
or  mui-e.     l»aviki  (ilace.-j  the  iiuinliLi-  at  uuly  5,000. 


430 


NICARAGUA  AND  COSTA  RICA. 


l:\ 


\i.r 


I  !• 


M 


as  to  wlu'tlicr  lie  liad  actual] y  effected  tlic  pacilleatiou 
of  Costa  Jl'ca  aiul  was  entitled  to  the  governorshi])  of 
that  province.  The  evidence  was  extremely  favoralilc, 
and  in  April  15G5  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Costa 
liica  for  life,  with  an  annual  salary  of  two  tliousatid 
])esos/''  and  also  governor  of  Nicaragua  for  a  term  df 
three  years. 

Of  tlio  subsequent  career  of  Coronado  little  i-^ 
known,  but  he  does  not  appear  to  have  continiiid 
long  in  office,  for  in  1573  J3iego  de  Aiticda  Cheiiiid" 
(Altered  into  a  contract  with  the  crown  to  pacily  and 
iurther  colonize  the  provinces  of  Costa  Rica,  Xicu- 
agua,  and  Nicoya,  and  was  ap])ointed  governor  and 
captain  general  of  those  territories.  According  to 
the  terms  of  his  contract  the  natives  were  to  he 
taught  the  arts  of  peace,  and  those  who  should  Ix- 
clnistianized  were  to  be  exempt  from  tribute  for  ten 
years;  connnerco  with  the  Indians  was  t6  he  eiicoui- 
aged;  agi'iculture,  mining,  and  other  industries  wciv  t 
be  developed;  no  hostihties  with  the  natives  were  t 
be  permitted  until  (Apertures  of  peace  had  been  tliii 
I'ejected;  settlements  were  not  to  be  f  )unded  in  dis- 
tricts reserved  for  the  use  of  Indians;  tlio  ])i'incipal 
towns  were  to  revert  to  the  csmperor ;  four  ecclesiastics 
must  accomjtany  the  expedition,  two  of  them  at  least 
to  be  Jesuits.  Finally,  i'ull  i'e})orts  of  all  iin[)ortant 
])roceedings  were  to  be  forwarded  from  time  to  time 
to  the  crown. ^'' 

Cherino  soon  levied  a  force  of  two  lumdri'd  men, 
but  on  acc(nmt  of  the  ditliculty  in  ])i'ocurii)g  vessels, 
his  ]\rajesty  having  secured  e\'ery  available  ship  leva 
jiaval  e\])edition  to  Flanders.,  it  was  not  initil  tiie 
lath  of  Ai)ril  1575  that  he  took  his  departure,  setting- 


o 

() 

('(J 


"  Oa-Ji'hu  liinl  Tituh,  in  Prichrro  and  CdrJi'iini*,  Col.  Dc-.,  \i.   l-t. 

"Moliiin,  liiisqnijti  ilc('(i.<ta  f'icti,  iIdoa  not  cvt'n  niciilii'ii  < 'nrciM.'ulii.  Imt 
pnssi's  on  iVoni  tin-  iiilniiiiistration  of  Cjih.'illoii  in  l.)('i()  to  tliat  nt'  (luiiii". 
\'vt  Coi'onailo'.s  aiipointnitiit  is  siilistantiaUil  Ity  miniurous  ollicial  liufuan  las 
of  tiiu  ]i(  rioil,  ami  liy  tlio  nanativi'  of  Jiiiriln. 

'■"'A  (li'taili'il  account  of  tlicHc  instinctioiis  is  given  in  Tos/a  Ji'io',  Jlial  In- 
alniirioii,  in  I'tu/ttco  and  L'dnknus,  Col.  Doc,  xvii.  "w'J-U."). 


BUCCANEERS. 


431 


sail  from  tlio  port  of  San  Li'icar.^"  Ho  was  clirootccl 
first  to  cruise  oft'  the  coast  in  search  of  English  buc- 
caneers, who  were  then  infestiiii,^  those  parts;  but  find- 
iiii^'  no  sign  of  their  presence  he  landed  on  the  shore 
(if  Costa  Rica  near  the  mouth  of  a  river  to  which  ho 
cfiixv  the  name  of  Rio  de  Nuestra  Sehora  del  Vallo 
del  (Juaini.  Sailing  up  the  stream  for  two  or  three 
leagues,  he  founded  on  its  Ijanks  two  sctth'ments,  to 
one  of  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Ciudad  de  Artieda 
(1(1  Xuevo  Reyno  de  Navarra.  In  the  presence  of 
most  of  his  men  he  took  formal  possession  of  the  site; 
(111  a  tree  standing  on  the  spot  selected  for  the  plaza 
li(.!  marked  with  a  cutlass  the  sign  of  the  cross  "  in 
the  name  of  the  Father,  the  Son,  and  the  Holy 
Ghost;"  he  then  addressed  his  followers,^"  telling 
ilww  that  all  who  desired  mi^'ht  select  town  lots  and 
secure  all  the  i)i-ivijcL>-es  G:ranted  to  settlors  bv  the 
oniperor.  Captain  Francisco  Paron  was  then  ordered 
by  the  governor  to  make  further  ex])l()rations,  and 
asci'ndiiig  the  river  for  a  distance  of  nine  leagues  ho 
(lisciivcred  a  fertile  valley,  and  finding  the  nativ(.':'i 
tractable  and  well  dispi.ised,  took  po'^session  with  tlit; 
Usual  formalities,  naming  it  Valle  de  los  Pufibais  y 
<K.'l  A  alderroiical.  Cherino  does  not  appear  to  have 
l»r(ii  successful  in  founding  any  ])ermanent  settlements 
ill  CiistaRica:  ibr  we  learn  that  in  l.)8()  Cartago  and 
I'lsji.irza  were  the  only  towns  in  th(!  ])rovince  inhabited 
li.v  Spaniards,'**  and  that  they  were  C(-)nstantly  at  war 
Vvitli  tlie  Indians. 

Thus  the  eftbrts  of  the  Spaniards  t(^  subjugate  the 
iiati\cs  of  Costa  Rica  were  but  jiartially  successful; 
I'Ut  iiicanwhihi  great  progress  had  bi'eu  made  in  the 

''Till'  |>(rsoiii)('l  of  this  oxpedition  is  (lfs(  riln'il  in  Aiiirda,  Confd  Him,  in 
A(-/,--o  Mini  C<ii-</(iia.i,  r,il.  JJor.,  XV.  'JC.l   ;{()(). 

'■  Anniu^f  ilidsc  pi'(W('i\t  wc'i'i'  Frjiy  llic^n  i\c  Muliiia.  vicnr;  I'lviiuisco 
"■ivnn,  ciiiit.-iiii;  .ln;iii  ( iini/.-ilcz  IH'Il'.'kI;!,  '  I'lsi  riluiiio  iji-  l;i  (  IoIhtikkmiui  iliclia 
Ciiiiliiil.  V  \,\\],\\c'\  (1(1  Ciiliildd  (ic  (Ha'diiciiuini,'  of  tli(^  city  nf  Arlicd  ':  I'cdro 
U()  Avciiiluiiii,  saip'iito  mayor;  Tonnis  do  I'.aralKiiia,  iiiacstr(.' (Ic  i(,i.i]io;  and 
I'ic'.'i)  (Ic  /iiiatc,  ul(_'iil(k'  iii'dinaiiii.  Co.-'tu  IHrti,  AcoiU'cntth iitii,  in  ihic/uco 
and  C.lriliiKi.^,  (',,1,  /tor.,  xvii.  'uO. 

''^  Poz/ic,  Iklncioii  dc  Lait  Cimci^,  in  Col.  JJvc.  /iii'L,  Ivii.  350. 


IPT 


432 


NICARAGUA  AND  COSTA  RICA. 


•:       il 


pacification  of  the  province  by  the  cftbrts  of  the  Fiaii- 
ciscan  friars.  About  the  year  1555  Fray  Pedio 
Alonso  de  Betanzos  laid  there  the  foundation  of  the 
province  of  San  Jorge  do  Nicaragua.'"  Betaiizr)s 
came  to  New  Spain  in  1542,  being  one  of  the  two 
liundred  friars  who  formed  the  mission  of  Jacobo  do 
Testera,  and  was  assigned  to  Guatemahi.  Ho  liad 
labored  there  with  great  zeal  and  success,  translating 
the  catechism  into  the  Indian  vernacular,  conveitiii^- 
many,  and  inducing  others  to  quit  their  nomadic  life 
and  form  regular  settlements.  Four  friars,  among 
Vvhom  were  Juan  Pizarro  from  Guatemala  and  Lo- 
renzo de  Bienvenida  from  Guatemala,  the  latter 
having  ])i'eviously  labored  in  company  with  Tcstcia 
in  Yucatan,-"  accom])anied  Betanzo-;  to  Costa  Kica.-' 
Bienvenida  soon  afterward  de})arte(l  i'or  Spain,  and 
bringing  thence  thirty  ecclesiastics  I'eturned  to  Costa 
Bica.  The  bishop  of  Nicaragua  furnished  a  like 
number,  and  when  all  were  assend)led  the  province 
Avas  founded  in  1575,  and  four  years  later-  its  ost;d)- 
lishment  was  conlirmed  l)y  a  general  chapter  of  the 
order  held  in  I'aris  in  1579,  the  number  of  convents 
assiu'ned  bein:>'  twelve.^" 

Betanzos  was  a  man  of  ability  and  tireless  industry. 
In  a  sliort  tinie  he'  had  made  himself  master  oi"  twelve 
Indian  dialects,  sj)i'aking  them  as  iluently  as  did  tlic 
natives  themselves.-'^    "When  first  he  went  to  Costa 


i'ym 


^^Jiifirro.%  Gnat.,  i.  ."iL'O.  Arcii<Uota,  Il'isf.  Eclv.i..  .'?n.1-4,  ooiirii'iii.s  .Tniinns 
except  as  to  <liitc,  ■which  he  places  in  l^riO,  whiles  Vazipiez,  ('livaii.  '/■  <!mi., 
2't'l,  f,'ivea  l,j(iO.  'Seguu...el  Iiiforiuo  inamiscripto  do  hi  tuiuhiciou  ■Ic  csta 
I'l'oviiu'ia. ' 

-"See  nut.  JFa.r.,  ii.  4")!,  tliis  series. 

-^  Ml  iidlila,  Hint.  Eelis.,  .'J'JS-'l.  A'azqucz,  Chron.  dc  Graf.,  '2'yl,  iiuikis  tlio 
iiumlxr  .six. 

■-.]/' iii/iria,  IHM.  ErIeK.,  393-4.  Torr|ucmaila  gives  17  as  the  nuiiiln'v  of 
convents,  and  ).-)(!."i  as  the  date  of  tlie  foundation  of  the  jiroviiicia.  ill.  I.'IO. 
\'a/,i|Ui'/,  states  tiiat  several  convents  were  found(;d  hefore  the  departure  ef 
liienvenida  tor  Sjiain,  ineludin,!,'  those  of  San  rranciseo  at  Cariayo  uml  Sni 
Lorenzo  at  I'lsjiar/a.   ('hnui.  <!c  Gral..  'l't\. 

"'^  His  motive  I'orconiini;  to  Costa  liica  and  Nicaracna  was.  as  j^iven  in  the 
words  of  tlie  111.  hisliop  of  Mantua:  'I'riuius  huiiis  I'rovintia'  (Saia  ti  (ieiM;.;!.! 
de  Nicara^'ua)  Fnndator  extitit  Jieligiosissiinus  I'ater  I'" rater  Alphoiisu:.  I  I'c- 
trus)  I'etanzos  pluriuni  liii'iuaruni,  ])i,i  .,v,:t''n  vero  liidiaruin  giiiiriis,  i|ai  ino- 
lestias  sibi,  atipiu  vexatioues  iniustii  illatas  ad  tenipus  docliuaturns,  ( Juaett- 


«i! 


ANOTHER  l^IARTYR. 


4;;; 


riii'.i, '  says  Vazquez,  "lie  wonld  not  allow  soldiers  to 
(liter  tlie  territory.  He  travelled  barefoot  and  aeeoni- 
jiiuiifd  only  by  a  little  boy.  In  two  or  tlu'ee  months 
lit'  icturncd  with  many  natives,  all  bai)tized  and  con- 
viiti'il.  briiii*'in!j;'  ij^reat  store  of  pi'ovisions  for  the 
Sitiiiiiards.  This  he  did  many  times,  until  by  the 
Wind  of  God  alon"  he  jmeitied  j^reat  multitudes, 
Duriiiiii'  the  sixteen  3'cars  whieh  he  thus  labored,  there 
ivniiiiiM'd  not  a  palm  of  territory  in  the  province  wliich 
lie  (lid  not  traverse  in  search  of  souls."  Ai'ter  labor- 
iiio-  for  thirt}'  year's  he  was  attacked  by  fevei"  and  died 
iiwir  tlie  town  of  Chomez  in  1570,  his  ri'maiiis  beiiiLj 
interred  in  a  convent  which  he  himself  had  founded 
at  ( 'arta<nj.^* 

Tlie  year  laSG  was  made  memorai)le  by  the  mar- 
tvrdoin  of  Juan  Pizarro,  an  aijed  and  venerable  friar 
of  the  Merced  order,  friend  and  associate  of  ]^etanzos, 
iiiid  one  who  first  established  the  Mercenarios  in  Costa 
Kica.  On  the  day  of  the  inunaculate  conception  he  was 
]irea(liiiin'  in  one  of  the  Indian  towns,  when  a  band  of 
natives  rushed  upon  him,  disrobed  him,  bound  him 
naked  to  a  post,  and  floo-gcd  him  unmercifully.  Xot 
satislied  with  this,  they  fastened  a  rope  round  his 
neck,  beat  him  senseless,  hanged  the  bruised  and 
MeediiiM'  body  to  a  tree,  and  when  life  had  tied  fluni;' 
the  coritse  down  a  neii>liborinu'  chasm. 


The  dissensions  which  the  new  code  of  laws  liad 
•  Mra^idjied  in  Nicaragua  were  not  yet  at  an  end. 
Cenvitt',  who  was  still  president  of  the  audiencia.  of 
the  ( 'oidinL'S,'^  was  harassed  on  all  sides.  The  ect-le- 
siasties  contended  that  the  natives  should  be  taken 
iroHi  the  encomenderos  and  placed  under  the  crown, 

maliiiii  ex  Ciistodia  cuius  Alumnus  crat,  cad  has  partes,  traiecit:'   Vati/iir-., 
<'hr'iii.  il,  (.'rif.,  ,-i4."). 

'•'Ogilliy,  Kill,  ('<irtn!/o;  Liut,  Xurrs  OrliU,  U]X\  Cartacio;  Jeffreys,  177(i, 
Varlhuj,,;  Kiopert,  IS.VS]  ('((rtni/n.  ('arlonrniihi/  J'drljic  Cutut,  MS.,  i.  142. 

•'Aldiisi,  L()|)()/.  ilo  Ccrnito,  who,  it  will  be  remeinijcred,  took  the  residen- 
ciu  (if  Koihi;,'!)  (|(.  ( 'oiitrenis.     See  p.  183,  this  vol. 
Hist.  Cknt.  Am.,  Vol.  II.    2a 


434 


NICARAGUA  AXD  COSTA  TJCA. 


'  I '"  ■ 


i.  I 


which  virtually  meant  the  church,  and  Ihr.t  (Ik  ;r 
owners  be  recompensed  directly  from  the  royal  ti'.  as- 
ury.  The  (tonquerors,  liowever,  Avoukl  listen  (m  hd 
such  ])roposition,  but  tenaciously  held  to  their  |iiis- 
sessions. 

Tiie  number  of  Indian  towns  subject  to  tlu;  ciou!! 
in  Nicara<xua  about  the  year  1555  was  twentv-scvcr,.-' 
Nicoya,  the  larj^ost,  contained  five  hundn-d  families; 
there  was  no  other  with  more  than  one  Iiundred,  and 
most  of  them  had  but  ten  or  twenty  famihes.  The 
(extreme  poverty  of  the  natives  had  rendei'cd  neces- 
sary a  reduction  of  their  tribute,"  and  Jienco  the 
salaries  of  civil  officers  and  of  the  clergy  wiie  on  a 
re(hiced  scale.  The  ao'Cfregate  tithes  of  the  rliiurli 
in  the  province  amounted  in  1555  but  to  sixteen  huii- 
ilred  [)esos,  and  were  decreasing  from  year  to  vc  ai'. 
The  bishop's  jiortion  was  three  hundred  and  ei'.;lity 
pesos,  a  sum  insutHcient  for  his  maintenance,  and  lie 
was  compelled  to  petition  the  king  to  increase  liis  in- 
come. Priests  laboring  in  native  villaijcs  recieved  two 
hundred  pesos,  and  in  one  instance  the  stipend  wa^ 
only  eighty  pesos. 

After  the  death  of  Yaldivieso,  the  friar  Alonso  do 
la  Vera  Cruz,  who  had  for  manv  years  tilled  tlio  eliaii' 
of  theology  in  the  university  of  ]\lexico,  and  (UiiiiiL;' 
a  fpiarter  of  a  century  had  preached  to  the  nati\'es  ia 
their  own  tongue,  was  nominated  as  his  successoi',  Imt 
declined  the  preferment."^  The  see  was  then  (iHeicd 
to  the  licentiate  Carrasco,  who  took  charge  of  tin' 
diocese,  but   never  proceeded   to  consecration.'"'     As 

^'^  Xicaragna  at  this  time  included  Costa  llica,  the  partition  not  hiiviii^' 
yet  taken  plai;o. 

-''l"he  tribute  of  the  natives  consists  of  maize,  wax,  honey,  poultry,  cti.'., 
of  tlie  annual  value  of  ahout  ;i,(X)L)  pesos.  S'{nk'r'.f  .1/.V6'. ,  xxii.  0. 

"*  Authorities  coniliet  as  to  the  order  of  succession.  ]u  Alceilo  tlic  dmiih'  of 
Vera  Cruz  docs  not  occur.  Callc  refers  to  the  fact  without  giviui;  iiiiy  il.iti' 
whatever.  Mendieta,  Jiinl.  Ecles.,  U'lS,  states  that  the  appointment  amis  mailu 
in  l."i.")l. 

'•"■Alcedo,  Davila,  Juarros,  and  other  writers  of  the  period  fail  to  iiitMti'Hi 
Carrasco  in  their  enumeration  of  the  bishops  of  \icar;ii.'ua.  We  lind  liim 
named  oidy  in  I'uHc,  Mini.  >/ Xot.,  1-9,  and  Jfi inHila,  Jlii'.  Edv^..  ."i4s.  Ic.i/- 
balceta  in  a  note  in  the  llht.  Ede-f.  gives  \'aldivicso  as  the  lirst  Ijishi^p  ol  tl'*-' 
diocese  instead  of  Osorio. 


ECCLKSIASTICAL  SUCCESSION. 


4:55 


111.  liop-elcet  lie  iiiadc  liinisclf  familiar  v^itli  tlio  affairs 
(>t'  the  pi'Dviiico,  instituted  nuiueroiis  in([uirii.'s,  and  as 
the  resnlt  made  various  ,suLi',c;'est ions  to  the  civil  author- 
ities. Ho  declared  that  the  decrease  in  |)()[)ulati()U 
and  revenue  was  caused  by  the  conduct  ol'  tlie  alcaldes 
i!iaviii-cs,  most  of  whom  were  eitlier  fools  oi*  knaves. 
V\'ithin  three  years  iive  or  six  had  been  sent  to  Xica- 
ia_!j;ua  l)y  appointment  of  the  audiencia,  and  tlie  na- 
tives had  been  compelled  each  time  to  erect  j^ala 
an  Iks  to  welcome  them,  and  to  fatten  fowl  and  ])re- 
|aro  delicacies  for  their  entertainment.  The  otKcers 
(if  the  crown  gave  Carrasco  but  little  satisfaction,  and 
even  went  so  far  as  to  deny  his  rii>ht  to  demand  an 
account  of  tithes  received  for  ecclesiastical  ptn-poses, 
although  through  their  peculations  the  amount  had 
fallen  so  low  as  to  be  inadequate  for  the  support  of 
tile  bishopric.  Little  wonder  that  he  soon  had  enough 
of  so  uninviting  a  field  of  labor. 

To  Carrasco  succeeded  Fray  Gomez  Fernandez  do 
Curdoba.  This  princely  ecclesiastic  was  a  native  of 
the  city  wlio.sc  name  he  bore,  and  belonged  to  the 
highest  nobility  of  Spain,  being  grandson  of  the  great 
ea[)taiu.^'  He  was  consecrated  in  Spain  and  tc^ok 
charge  of  the  bishopric  in  1553.^^  During  his  tenure 
of  ollice  the  cathedral  was  completed,  and  a  migration 
of  Dominicans  took  [)lace. 

The  building  of  the  catliedral  had  ])ecn  long  re- 
tarded by  misappropriation  of  the  funds  set  apart  for 
tlie  |!urpose,  the  treasure;  iiaving  invested  large  sums 
at  (lilierent  times  in  speculations  and  in  the  j)urchase 
of  lands  in  Peru.  The  audiencia  at  length  took  action 
and  ordered  its  completion;  the  means  to  be  raised  in 
equal  ju'oportion  from  the  treasury,  the  colonists,  and 

^'CdiK'.^ilo  Fernandez  dc  Cdriloba,  'el  (!ran  Cnpitan,'  was  horn  iu  !MontiU:i 
in  1 !.":',.  KlUnui  Capitiin,  V(i(»^«»«,  Viila-i,  10'_'-:!. 

"'•iiiiivnis,  y/(',s7.  OiKtt.,  i.  '27S,  gives  I.mI  as  tlie  tlatc  of  aiipointnicnt, 
nml  l.V,;;  ;,.i  the  year  when  he  entered  on  his  duties.  Gonzalez  Davila,  Tva/ro 
E'ic.,  i,  1'),  endorses  Juarros,  l)ut  as.si_:^'tis  no  date  save  that  ho  was  trunu- 
fencil  iu  ],',7l.  ddle,  J/rm.  ?/  Xof.,  1-fl,  .simply  mention'!  Cordoba  as  t!io 
one  \vh'i  !'(ilh)\ved  A'aklivieso,  ignoring  Vera  Cruz  and  Carrasco.  (  ordoha'a 
>»ipoiiitiU'.nt  is  mentioned,  but  without  duie,  by  Meudiota,  IJisl.  Ec'cs.,  548. 


iN 


I  ■ 


hi 


Sr 


f  I' 


430 


^^cA^.AftUA  axd  costa  rtca. 


the  natives.  When  it  was  finished  there  reinaino(l  ,1 
sLiipkis  of  more  than  two  thousand  pesos,  which  w.is 
returned  to  the  treasury. 

Anionic  tlie  Doniinieans  diseiplinc  was  sonuwliat 
hix  ahout  this  jicriod,  and  their  nioiU;  of  Hlb  siu-h  as 
to  cause  scandal  throughout  the  province.  In  lo.Vl 
J^'i'ay  Juan  do  Torres,  a  resident  of  Guatenial;i,  was 
ap[>oint(.'d  the  Dominican  vicar  ])rovincial  of  Xicar- 
u<j;ua,  witli  orders  to  visit  the  convents  in  J^cdm  and 
Granada  and  restore  the  ecclesiastics  to  l)cconiiii / 
austerity.  Faihn<^  in  this,  he  was  to  give  them  |»ci- 
niission  to  leave  for  Spain  or  elscwliere  as  tliey  [)lcasc(l, 
and  bring  back  witli  liin)  all  tlie  jewels  and  ornaments 
belon<4in'j'  to  the  order.'"  Arrivincj  in  Nicara-nia,  the 
vicar  provincial  at  once  imposed  such  severe  oi'(Hnaii- 
ces  that  the  friars •Ijccame  dis<jjusted  and  I'esolved  to 
return  to  Spain.  Nothing  could  l)c  more  agreeable 
to  Fray  Juan,  who  tliereupon  stealthily  collected  all 
the  jewels  and  ornaments  according;  to  his  instructiniH 
and  returned  to  (kiatemala."'^ 

This  proceeding  was  censured  even  ])y  the  vicar's 
superiors.  The  general  of  the  order,  Estefano  Vsus- 
mai'is,  disapproved  of  it,  and  instead  of  kuuhiig  liini 
for  his  zeal,  blamed  him  for  his  indiscretion.^^  Fioia 
Peru  came  a  protest;  and  the  president  and  oitloies 
of  the  audiencia  of  the  Confines  felt  aggrieved  timt 
such  an  important  measure  should  be  taken  without 
consulting  them.  A  few  years  later  Padre  Torres  \va> 
ordered  to  Spain,  that  the  king,  council,  and  the  gen- 
eral of  his  order  might  be  informed  on  matters  per- 

'-Thc  convent  of  San  Pablo,  at  Leon,  founded  by  Osorio,  Las  Casus,  aiul 
thcif  associates  iu  \'i'.i'2  (see  p,  1()!>,  this  vol.),  belonged  to  the  iiroviiicia  "f 
I'cru,  and  had  now  become  very  wealthy.  Jicmi'sat,  Jli.tl.  C/ii/diKi,  r)!I.S. 

"^'Los  vezinos  do  la  eiudad  de  Leon,  liizieron  grandes  extrenios  y»n-  l.i 
ausencia  do  los  Jleligiosos.  Y  para  sacar  el  I'adre  fray  luan  de  I'cuivs  la 
liuzienda  y  alhajas  del  Couuento,  tuuo  necessidad  do  niucha  mafia  y  Hecicti).' 
y-/.,. ■)!»!). 

"'  /(/.,  .'")!)9.  Ilcmcsal  enlarges  on  the  injurious  effects  of  this  rocoikI  ilc^cr- 
tion  of  the  jirovince  by  the  Dominicans,  and  states  (p.  (i'2())  tiiat  ii  ci'ilula 
under  date  of  August  1,  bwS,  forbade  any  secular  priest  being  as.sigiuil  i"  a 
lilace  where  friars  of  cither  the  Franciscan  or  Dominican  orders  werestatioiiLi.l 
in  the  dioceses  of  Guatemala,  Chiapas,  Honduras,  and  Nicaragua. 


COMMERCIAL  KELATIOXS. 


437 


taininc,'  to  the  election  of  J'\itlier  Aiigulo  to  tlie  see  of 
V,  r;i  ( '''iiz.  His  sliij)  was  captured  by  French  corsairs 
>vhiii  i  1  .sin'lit  of  Cadiz,  and  all  on  hoard  were  made 
iiiixUHi's;  hut  so  elated  was  the  ecclesiastic  hy  the 
^l!lry  of  thus  lallin<^  into  the  hands  of  heretics,  that 
his  captors,  reu'ar<Un«_j  Jiis  hiuli  and  holv  zeal  as  a  kind 
( r  iiis.iiiity,  set  him  ashore  without  ransom. 

Alter  his  arrival  at  court,  the  suhject  of  his  havini^ 
(lisiii('u»h(jred  the  convents  of  Nicarai^ua  was  revi\-fd, 
an  "t  was  decided  that  he  should  reestablish  them  in 
]K'rs()ii.  In  consideration,  however,  of  the  lact  that 
ill  this  matter  he  had  merely  acted  accordiiiLf  to  the 
nnhis  of  his  superiors,  he  was  exonerated  I'rom  all 
Idaiiii'  and  appointed  vicar  i^eneral  of  the  province  of 
Xi(aiaL!,'ua,  which  was  at  the  same  time  segregated 
iViiiii  that  of  San  Vicente  de  Chia])as.  lie  was  then 
I iK It  red  to  collect  a  number  of  friars  and  return  to 
j^ioi!,  the  king  bearing  the  expenses  of  the  expedition 
ami  pi'oviding  everything  necessai-y  to  ri'fit  the  con- 
vents, lie  was  heartily  welcomed  by  the  bislioji,  set- 
tk'is,  and  natives,  and  together  with  his  colleagues 
ivnewed  his  labors  throughout  the  })rovince;  but  toil 


ant 


I  ad 


vancmg  years 


had 


sap[)ed  his  strength,  and 


1 


ahdut  the  year  1502  Fray  Juan  de  Torres  sickened 


and  ( 


lied  at  an  Indian  villaufe  on  the  Desaufuader 


o. 


n- 


Attcr  his  decease  the  Dominicans  became  disco 
S(lhlt^'  and  all  left  the  province,  some  for  Santo  ])o- 
iiiinL^d,  others  for  Peru,  and  the  rest  for  Spain.  The 
ornaments  and  properties  donated  by  tlio  king  to  tlie 
ciiiiveiits  were  left  in  charge  of  lay  l)rotliers,  but  sub- 
Nt.'iiui'iitly  the  Dominicans  of  San  N'icente  tie  C'hia[)as 
ai'|ii:ipriated  them  as  btdonging  to  the  <.)r(ler.  Tlu^y 
v.eif  ubhged,  however,  by  a  judicial  tlecision  tt)  return 
ihciii.  alter  which  tliev  were  tlistributetl  by  i-oval 
(ir.lt'i'  auionuf  other  churclies. 


{.J 


At  the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century  the  cliief 
tiiwns  in  Nicaragua  were  Leon  the  capital,  liealejo,  and 
Oiaii.uLi.      In  t58G  the  former  was  in  a  dilapidated 


l^^^'\ 


4.18 


NICARAGUA  AND  COSTA  HICA. 


i ! : 
ill 


HV- 


condition,  the  houses  that  i'cll  into  decay  heln';'  never 
i-(!huilt.  Jicalcjo  liad  hut  thirty  settlers  and  its  -  liiet" 
iu(histry  Mas  the  huildin*^  and  repairinj^  of  ships. 
(^raiiada  had  two  hunthed  veeinos  and  at  a  sliort  dis- 
t;uice  iVoni  it  were  nianv  trihutarv  1  ndiaus.  The  w  ;il! ; 
ni"  the  buiUhii,<^s  were  of  nuid,  l»uttressed  willi  ;i  few 
hricks  and  stones,  the  roof's  he in_:^  of  tiles,  "^i'he  |i;i|>u- 
litiou  included  enc'oiuenderos,  merchants,  tradeiv.  ;iiil 
a  lew  mechanics  and  stock-raisers.  A  essels  traded 
thence  Avith  Nondne  do  Dies,  ])assin'L^  down  tlie  Des- 
ai^uadero  to  the  North  Sea,  thougii.  witli  seme  dhli- 
culty  during  the  dr}'  season."^ 

Notwithstanding  the  commercial  relations  (Ims 
opened  with  the  province  ofPananui,  no  trade  ol'  im- 
pitrtauce  luul  yet  l)een  developed  in  Nicaragua.  There 
was  little  money  in  cirtadation,"'  and  the  ])rlees  ol'  jill 
imi)orted  articles  were  extre'iiely  high.  An  ari'iilci 
Ol'  wine  was  worth  twelve  jrjsos;  clotli  cnuhl  net  he 
bought  I'or  less  than  ten  })eso;:,  nor  linen  i"nr  le:-;-  thaii 
tiiteen  reales  a  yard.  Otlur  conunedities  sold  in  the 
.'.•line  }iropoi"ti(»n,  and  wt.'re  beyond  tli'.>  means  oi'  ;i!l 
but  the  wealthiest  settlers.  This  condition  oi'  .•iiI',,;!'.-, 
may  be  attributed  in  part  to  a  cli(jue  ot"  merchants  in 
Seville,  who  had  already  mono})olized  the  conmier.;! 
of  tlie  New  AVoild,  v. ho  slii[)ped  their  goods  in  such 
small  quantities  as  always  to  keep  the  market  liare 
ol'  sujiplies  and  insure  extravagant  ])rices  lor  thi  !;■ 
merchandise,  and  who  by  their  gras}>i:ig'  policy  gave 
rise,  as  we  shall  see  later,  to  contraband  trading. 


W- 


li 


3.-1  1 

been  ti 
lueicls 

inula. 

So  'J 


loiition  is  also  injidc  of  Xucva  Scpovia,  vlicrc  much  gold  is  said  to 
liken  out,  and  of  Nupva  Jaen,  at  the  mouth  of  Lake  Xicaiagii;!,  w! 
iindiKc  from  Nondnc  do  iJiii.s  was  slii])pi;d  ti>  tJianada  in  ccuocs.  V 
IrUiViU',  in  i'ac/dco  and  Cc<rii'(  i,u-<.  Col.  lioc,  xv.  47()--. 
radc  kad  Ijclii  gicatly  injured  liy  tlit!  nususc  of  tli;;  mark  of  '.'ic 
tillo  (little  li(in)  wliieli  ■\vas  introdneed  into  Xiearagua  with  royal  eoiihc! 
1  ',"1    it  V.aa  ordered  tiiat  the  inaik  l)e  aliixed  v\\\\  to  \~)  or  17  carat 
AIkuc  the  same  time  the  kinj,'was  a.sked  to  extend  an  cxiiirin;;  liccn;  o  ti 
metal,  that  'la  frLudieion  del  oroe  cle  h\  j.lala,  seaul  dieiiinio.'  Ciuruai: j,  i 
in  1  uflicco  and  t'unlcnu^,  Co/.  Doc,  v.  Cild-S. 


lu:vc 

Itlli-O 
'utile- 

how- 
I.  In 
p.M. 
Illl'lt 
uric., 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

NICARAGUA  AND  COStA  ElC^i. 
KiOl-lTOO. 


Leon  Adasdonkd — Anotiii'i:  Site  Ski-kcted — DEsciirrTioN  of  the  Xi;\v 
CiTV— The  SAriai-Eniors  Mouse— The  Tuahe  ok  (Jkanaha— Fiii.k- 
iiiiiiTEEs  iSr  Xn'AHAGrA — C'hcuch  Matteus — The  .Iesi-iis  Enteu  the 
rimviNfi; — They  ake  Hei'alled— The  Diocese  Stujeit  to  the  Autii- 
i;i-iioi' oE  Lima — Suiiession  oe  I'iselates- Kiuttion  ok  I'Il  Imieuno 

HI.    ^L\SAYA — -NLvrfSACHE   OF   SPANIAKHS    IN    ( 'osIA    JllC'A — >L\I.l)ON  A  Oo's 
jArE.I>IT10\  TO  TaLAMANCA — VeKDELETE'.S  illSSION  to  ToLOOAM'A  -    I  is 

I'AU.ruE — His  FruTiiEii  Atteaiits  to  Cuuistiamze  the  Natives — 

JIasSACKE  of  SuLDlEUS  AND  ECCLESIASTICS. 

Tun  cify  of  Loon  was  foiiii(Uul,  aK  will  1)0  reiiKMu- 
lii'ifd.  l.y  ( 'oiiloba,  in  1523/  a  few  leaL^uos  iVoni  \\\c 
slidiv  of  the  South  Sea.  i'he  niuixlor  of  Bisliop 
A'aldivieso,  wliioli  lias  already  been  mentioned,"  was 
hclicxcd  to  have  entailed  a  curse  upon  the  ])la('e.  and 
al'tei'  sulfering  a  series  of  disasters  the  inhahitaiits 
ahiiudoned  its  site  in  IHIO.  First  koci)inii^  u  solenni 
Hist  tliey  niarelied  fortli  nndcM-  the  flag's  of  S])aiii  and 
till-  iiiunicijtality,  and  altout  midway  l>etween  tin;  ocean 
and  Lake  Manai^ua  in  the  c(Miti'(^  of  a  populous  Indian 
<Hstri('t  named  Suhtiaba,  established  ;i  new  city  whii  li 
HOdii  hecamo  noted  as  one  of  tlie  best  built  in  ('nitral 
AiiKiica.  "Leon,"  savs  the  ]']n<>lish  travellerThomas 
(jau'c,  an  apostate  monk  who  ])assed  thron^'h  the  city 
ill  K).")?,  "is  very  curiously  built,  for  tlu^  chief  deli^dib 
<if  tile  Jnliabitants  consisteth  in  their  houses,  and  in 
the  ]ik'asuro  of  the  Country  adjoyning,  and  in  tliu 


'//'.-v.  C/'iif.  Aw.,  i.  .")in,  thisseries. 
"  r.iio  "JTil,  tliia  ^'oluiiR'. 


r^^'-ii 


[:   ii 


n 


(WO) 


WTV 


nui 


•Md 


NICARAGUxV  AND  COSTA  IIICA. 


'i, 
I 
u 


abmidtincc  of  all  things  for  the  litb  of  iiuui,  more  tliaii 
i;>  iiiiv  (xtraordinai'v  I'lclios,  which  thiTe  aic  iidt  m) 
iniich  I'lijoycd  as  in  other  parts  of  Ainorlca.  TImv 
ai'i'  contented  with  fine  uardens,  with  variety  n|"  >ii 
ing  hirds,  and  parrets,  with  ]>lenty  of  iisli  and  lie 
which  is  ciuiap,  and  with  gay  houses,  and  sci  Lad  ; 
delicious,  lasie  and  idle  life;  not  as|)iring  nimli  ti 
trade  and  tra!h(iue,  though  they  have  neer  unto  tlicm 
the  Lake,  which  connnoidy  every  year  sendeth  frnth 
some  Frigats  to  tlu!  Havana  I)y  the  North  vSea,  and 
Iteah'jo  on  the  S(juth  Sea,  which  to  them  niiglit  ln' 
very  connnochous  for  any  dealing  and  rich  trading  in 
l\'ru  or  to  Mixco,  if  their  s])irits  would  carry  tiKin 
so  fai'.  I'lie  GeiitleincMi  of  this  City  are  almost  as 
vain  and  jihantastical  as  are  those  of  Chiapa.  And 
es|»rcially  from  the  pleasure  of  this  City,  is  all  thai 
]ii(»viiice  of  Nicaragua,  called  hy  the  S[)aniai(ls  Ma- 
honicts  l*aradise.  From  hence  the  wav  is  r^lain  aiiJ 
levi'l  to  (Jranada,  whithei'  I  got  sal'ely  and  joyl'iiliy.'  '' 
"  What  in  Granada  we  ohsei'vi-d,"  continues  Gage, 

■^  X'  "•  Sun,  1/  ]\'.  fiidiia  (IM  od.,  Lomloii,  UJTT). -tlO.  The  autlim- livtil  in 
the  Imliurs  lictwccn  l(i'J,"i  ami  U't'M,  ainl  made,  us  ho  tells  us,  !I,()(I0  in'sf)s  iliii- 
luts  tli<  so  I'J  years.  He;  was  an  aciito  oIisitvit,  aiul  (.'aiitiuiis  in  cluctriual 
iiiiittfis,  as  th(!  fi]lli>\vin^r  passaj,'e  will  sIkjw;  •  Wliilest  tliis  tralii  k  was  (at 
I'ortohelldl.  it  ha|i|ii'iic(l  imto  luc  that  wiiich  I  iiavc  fonneily  ti'stitiiil  in  my 
laiMntaiiiiii  Siiiiion  at  I'anis  <  'hnrch,  whic  h  if  hy  that  moans  it  iia\c  n^l  cnnu! 
untK  thr  know  l('l^c  lit'  many,  1  (lusiri!  airain  to  roi'onl  it  in  this  my  Jli.-tniy, 
tiiat  to  all  Kn;:lanil  it  may  he  pultlished;  w  hii  h  was,  tliat  one  day  saMnu'  the 
Muss  in  tlie  ehiif  ( 'hnnh,  after  the  ( 'unserrali^';!  (if  the  '■:eud,  lieinu'  \'  i:ii  niy 
eyes  sliut  at  thai  prayer,  «hirh  the  Chnrihdf  l\iin.f  ealleth  the  >h  iiu  ntu  tor 
their  dead,  there  iiini<'  frdMi  hehind  tlie  Altara  .Monse.  wh'ili  rniniinLT  almiit, 
eanie  t(i  tlie  very  hicad  oi'  \\'ufer-,i.'(id  (if  ihe  i'apists,  and  t.-.kinji  it  in  hi>  ni-iiitli 
r.Mi  away  with  it,  not  luing  |)(r('eiv('(l  hy  .my  of  tl-e  [)eii|ilc  who  v>ere  at  Mass, 
<orthat  tile  ,\!tar\\as  hi;,di,  liy  reason  of  tiie  ste|i-<  ;_'oin;.'  np  to  it.  and  tiieiicn- 
jile  f.'ir  lieneutii.  Pint  as  soon  us  I  (ipeiieii  my  eyes  to  ?.'(>  on  u  itii  my  Mas-;,  ana 
pereei^cd  my  (io(l  stolen  away,  1  looked  .ilioiit  the  Altar,  and  saw  the  inniisi 
lunninL'  away  with  it .  .  .  \\  iieicnpnn.  not  know  in  j;  \v  hat  lie  peoph  had  s(.i  ii.  ' 
turne(l  myself  unto  tin  ni,  andcallc(|  tlieiii  nnto  ihe  Altar,  and  told  thcin  plaial 
that  whilst  1  was  in  my  Memento  prayi  is  and  meditatinns,  a  Mouse  had  eiii 
lied  away  tiie  Sacrament,  and  that  I  knew  not  what  to  do  nnh  .-s  tliey  woul  ' 
iiel|i  me  to  tiiide  It  out  airaiii ...  After  much  searchimr  and  in(|iiir.\  for  t! 
s.ierilejiiou.s  iieast,  they  found  at  Inst  in  a  hole  of  the  wall  the  SamuiK  nf  half 
eaten  u|',  whieh  witii  fivi'-At  joy  they  took  out,  and  as  if  the  .\rk  had  li''i;a 
Ijiduuht  au'ain  from  tlie  I'hilistins  to  the  Israelites,  8o  they  rejoieid  for  their 
newfound  (lod..  .1  oliserved  in  it  the  marks  and  .sij;ns  of  the  teeth  of  tiH' 
Moii.se  as  they  an.'  to  lie  seen  in  u  pieee  of  Cheese  L'liawn  and  eaten  li\  it. . . 
And  so  'J'ransulistantiution  here  in  my  judgement  was  eonfutiMl  hy  a  Mo'we. 
^Yc'C  Slim  I/,  IKi-JS. 


•«)i>. 


LEOX,  GRANADA,  AND  REALEJO. 


441 


IV  lliaii 

IK  it    >o 

Thcv 
111"  ^-in.;- 

(1  ll.sh. 
•  Irail  a 

Rich  to 
to  tllclii 
til   liUtll 

■^ra,  and 
li-'lit  Ih' 
a(!iii!4'  ill 
vy  tlivia 
.lii<i>t  as 
1.  Aii.l 
all  thai 
nls  Ma- 
)laiii  au.l 
.yi'uUy."' 


Of  livid  111 

H'M>S   lllll- 

ii'>.:'iriliiil 
k  ua.^  cit 
licil  ill  my 
ii'it  i-iiuni 
\  lli.-tniy, 
sa\  111!.'  tiic 
.'  \\  it'll  my 

■mi  lltn  fill' 
iiiu  iilMiit. 
his  iiiMiitli 

V  at  Mas.". 
Ill  tla'l"'"- 
Mas-,  aiiM 
tlic  inmisi. 
iiailsiM  11.  ' 

niui'laiiii; 

M'  hiiil  till 
!lCV  Miilll 

in' fur  t! 
iiiunt  lialt 
i   ha. I   l.'iU 
.1  for  their 

rtll   iif  thi- 
ll liv  it   ■  • 

V  a  Ml''-.-'-'.' 


"  \va.-<,  two  ( 'loistiTs  of  Merocnariaii  and  Franciscan 
JVa\('rs.  and  one  ot"  the  Niuis,  veiy  rich;  and  one 
Fari.sh  ( 'hnrch,  which  was  as  a  Cathedral,  tor  the 
l)i>li(i]»  ot"  Jjcon  did  rnoi'c  constantly  reside;  there  than 
ill  the  City.  'J'he  houses  are  t'airei'  than  those  of 
Lrdii.  and  the  Town  of  more  Tnhahitants,  anion_i(st 
y.Ikiiii  ai'e  some  lew  .Merchants  of  very  ^'I'eat  wealth, 
jiiid  many  of  iid'eriour  de^'ree  very  well  to  ])ass,  who 
WiuU-  with  (,'arthan'ena,  (luatemala,  San  SaKador, 
;i!i(l  ( 'omayao'tia  and  some  hy  the  South  Sea  to  Peiii 
mill  i^inauKi.  .  .  in  one  day  there  eidcMvd  six  iJecjuas 
(wliirh  W(>i'e  at  least  three  hundred  ^^Fides)  tVoui  St 
S,iiv;i(|i!r  and  Comayao'ua  only,  laden  with  nothiniLj 
li.sc  hut  Indiufo,  Coehinil,  and  Hides;  and  two  davs 
lit'ti  r  tVom  (iluatemala  came  in  thive  mon-,  the  one 
kdcii  with  silver,  which  was  the  Kin<>'s  trihute  fi'om 
that  Couutrey;  the  other  with  Sugar,  and  the  other 
with  iiidlL;'!)."'' 

In  Jddf)  Fort  San  Carlos  on  the  Desr.c^'uadero  was 
cnptured  hy  fretl)ootei's  under  ( Jallardillo,  and  thus 
(iraiiada  lay  at  the  mer(y  of  corsairs.  The  city  was 
f;i]iturcd.  and  the  invaders,  disaj)])ointed  in  their 
111  pes  ofjilunder,  set  it  on  tire,  jaittino-  io  rout  during 
ihrii'  rctivat  a  force  of  thi'ee  thousand  Spaniards 
iratlicred  to  intercept  them,  and  thence  extended 
ihcii'  dfpredations  to  IJealeJo.  San  ('alios  was  re- 
taptiU'cd  hy  ^Nfartin  C;irlos  de  ]\rencos,  (lie  president 
"I  (hiatemala,  and,  in  Octohe''  l(i71,the  erection  of 
liiw  and  stronger  works  was  ordered  hy  the  king,  tho 
.-■ik-  M  Idted  being  near  the  outlet  of  the  lake/ 

The  ecclesiastical  records  of  tlh'  pi'(>\ince  during  the 
H'vciidcnth  century  contain  lew  incidents  worthy  of 

Vi'..  4-.ia-'_'i. 

■"A  rastk'  with  four  ImstioiiM  \v;ir  cn'ttod  on  r.  siiia!!  rncky  omincnn'.  It 
Was  proli'i'teil  liy  a  fo.ssf  iiihI  u.'Uially  ,!.;iirriso|i^'il  liy  1(1(1  tiiiii.  Jiiar  ■■•'.  diKil., 
'■•'-.  I'Llac/,  //,'.</.  (liKil..  ii.  I7(>,  wiy.-s  it  was  iiiiiiiiifiiciil  in  HKiT,  ami  l'>ill\ , 
.'."(/•".(, ;r,,  ii.  2VA.  that  tlic  lii-.st  faslli'  was  i.ot  huilt  iiiilil  l(i(l(>,  ami  (ili  foot- 
ii>!il'l.a  riiii.strni'tion  (111  fort  no  l\'iiipi''fliii  \wa  Ac  rcpaiiiitio  iiuo  m't'omlo 
l"i>  111  liiTii  it  (rol)toiiir  li'.s  nioiiUK  miccoh.  ("est  ahirs  iin'iiii  oiilic  royal 
'!>|  iihi  la  I  onstnu'tion  ilii  I'ort  Caslilhi,  a  tXowns  litiicb  cii  aval  tin  liiuvc,  ijui 
lilt  tuniiuic  ell  U(7,').' 


442 


NICAEAGUA  AXD  COSTA  TJCA. 


V  \ 


record.  In  UJIG  tlio  Jesuits  of  Guatemala  attoiiijitud 
to  ostn.blisli  thuniselvcs  in  Nieara^'ua,  and  at  tlii;  in-. 
.st;;ncc  of  the  Conde  de  la  Gouiei'a,  prcsldonf  cf  iln: 
juidiLiicia.,  Pedro  tie  (,'oiitreras  was  des})ate!u(l  t!> 
(/irauada  iu  elian^e  of  tlie  work.*'  ]Ie  was  w<lc;iiiii:| 
to  the  diocese  of  Nicaragua  by  the  IJislio])  i_)oii  Pnli., 
"N'illa.  lu'.-il,"  and  every  assistance  was  aifordcd  liim. 
the  eath('(h'al  hrin^'  ])laccd  at  his  disposal  duriii'^-  tiic 
whole  of  lent.  JJut  when  he  made  known  tlir  main 
purpose  of  his  mis.sion— the  establishment  of  a  Jesuit 
ooUe^'e  in  Xica]'a,L>'ua — the  people  of  (iranada,  tlidiiuh 
they  listened  to  iiim  witli  delight,  refused  to  r(\s]i()ii(l 
to  liis  ap[)eals  for  aid.  Means  were  suj)[)licd,  howcwr, 
by  an  i'X-ca])t;!in-general  of  the  j)i-ovince,  Yicciiti; 
8al(h'\ar  y  ^Icndoza,  whoso  tleceased  wife  had  left 
Olio  lii'ili  oi"  Jior  ])roperty  lor  tlie  endowment  ot  a  i-n'- 
Icge.  The  sum  thus  bc((UeatlK'd  Mas  increased  ly  ^-al- 
di'var  to  t  wcnty-scn'cn  thousand  ])es(j,s  and  presL-utcij  iu 
( 'ontreras.  I'ntil  lOiM  tlie  Jesuits  remaiiuMJ  in  Nir- 
aragua,  Contreras  and  I'adre  ])]as  Ilernand(>z  \k'\\v^ 
the  only  nanu  s  recorded  in  connection  with  tlie  rni^- 
sion.  It  was  then  announced  that  the  superiors  of  i  iic 
oi-dor  had  recalled  them,  and  inmiediately  the  widi  - 
spread  interest  in  the  labors  of  the  iatlu'i's  was  ii;, in- 
fested l)y  lai'ge  jiublic  meetijigs,  at  \\hich  jidilii'iis 
were  adopted  against  sucli  a,  measure.^  iJut  tlie 
orders  of  the  Pi'ovincial  Nicolas  dc  Armoya  were  y  i- 
emptoiy,  for  the  location,  ho  alleged,  was  deeiiieil  l-n 
remote  to  be  governed  in  kec[)ing  with  the  strict  rule; 
of  tlie  Jesuits.'' 


"  •  J'.l  |i!ulro  IV'dro  do  t'ontroras,  sui,'cto  do  prnndcs  talcntoa  y  nini'l". 
(ligi'imoslo  uaf,  ptira  tsta  isijccic  do  luinistoiios.'  Alujn',  Jlid,  Coiiij).  ■/<.v"<,  n. 
80-1. 

'  I'cal  v.-fis  appointed  bir.lio])  in  1003,  ns  successor  toGrcforio  dc  Moiit.ihu. 
lie  liad  bri'Vi'd  ii.i  I'liaiilaiii  tu  rilipi3  IV.   ilonialtz  Uucttii,  'JVulro  £'''(<.,  i- 

'•  At  a  ni'.'otiii'.;  Iirld  .lan.  10,  1(1-21,  tlio  pmcurador,  Loih'Z  do  ('astn>,  pn- 
Kcliti^d  a  jH'tilii  11  w  liicli  was  liiiani'iioiisly  adn]i(i'd,  scttiii!.'  Inrtli  liic  n  iMi'i'S 
ulrcaily  nndcrc  <1  l>y  the  fathers  in  l.^hall'  of  ix'jiiim  and  liMiiiaiiity.  and  1 1'.'>- 
iiiiT  <ariii  stly  a;';dii^t  their  reinrival.   Aii'irv,  lllsl.  dun,/).  ,A'>«.v,  |;!(I. 

'•'Ill  hits'  I'adre  t'huian  de  Ayerve  liad  lieeii  sent  to  \isit  the  |  l,-!fe.  iiml 
re'i'o'ted  adver.'ely.  I'adre  IJaliaijal,  reetor  of  the  eol!e,i;e  of  ( lliateinid;.,  eeu- 
cliriML      Will  11   the  rieall  wa.s  found   to  he  iiie\itahle,  a  Kceoiid  piil  lii'  im>l- 


ECCLESIASTICAL  AFFAIRS. 


44n 


^leanwliilt'  ilir  jicopli^  of  Iicalejo  liad  sent  frequent 
])rtili<)ns  to  (Juateiiiala,  and  as  a  last  res(jrt  addressed 
i!i;iiisi'lvL's  directly  to  the  kiiij^',  asking'  for  tlio  estab- 
]isli:ii('iit  of  a  Jesuit  eollei^e  in  their  uiidst/"  especially 
;is  tlie  cura  oi'  the  t(nvn  had  ujade  donations  which 
Would  yield  a  I'evenue  of  ^ix  thousand  jtesos.  The  royal 
for  the  foundaiidU  of  the  colleQ'e  was  issuetl, 


llccli,-.e 


d    I. 


.".(veuipanieii  i)y  ;i  orant  lioni  llie  I'oyal  ti'easnry  ol 
tliire  thousand  ducats,  wheicujjou  the  ])r()vincial  re- 
liiiicd.  and  notwithstanding'  the  o[»i)ositiou  of  liis  i'el- 
])adres,  authori;:ed  its  institution.  Ahout  tlu3 
f  l(;"2l    the   .Fesuits   I'eturned   i'or    a   while    to 


liiW 


Cli'-i'     o 


a,  hut   the   consent  of  the   }ii'o\incial  to 


( >t;il>iishnient  of  the  ortler  in  this  proxiuee  had  ni 
liTilli  heeii  given  only  with  the  ex])ectatiou  of  niulti- 
lilvinLr  dependencies  until  (/uateinala  could  claim  the; 

AVhen    this   I'ailed    th 


((pjiinv   o 


a    Vlee-pl'o\  nicla. 


e 


|i;l(||'es   NVr  •    {f 
lu'liceforth   Luv. 


le 


hist: 


irv  o 


111'  St 


fth 


Mowed  to  I'enuun  \n  iNicaragua,  an< 
suits  disappear  for  a  time  IVom  tlu 


.1 


10  province 


t'e  of  Xicaragiia  was  suhject  to  the  archhishoj) 
III'  Lima,   and  the   rt'iuoteiiess   of   tlu."   archie])iscopal 


ciiurt  was  a  ii'efnieni    source  or  comi) 


iiiiari 


)r  th 


ilaint 


anioiiL''  tlie 


e    e.\l)ens( 


of  the   N'ovaijo  often   e.\- 


(Telirf 


the  monetar\-  \ahie  of  the  interests  involved. 


In  l(;-JL   J>enito  Valtonad 


o  w 


as  iirelate  at  (iranada, 


u 


li 


('  was 


a  man   noted  for  his  kindness  of  hetu't,  and 


iiuniil 


■em    Ins   own   resource: 


wliieh   v,"ere   amiMi 


\v  IniUldei 


All 


I  the  hospital  of  Santa  Catalina  at  J^eon. 


iiii'i 


er    Ills    (leceaise 
d 


ii  yi\-2T 


litl 


■tl 


e   A\()rtliv   or    snccni 


IS  numtioiied  in  connection  v/itli  tl 
ilil 


d 


\v    nreliiies  o 


i.ii';i;.;iia,  unlil    alter    the  api'ointment    m    Kid/ 


.IK lies  de  las  Ni 


as 


V  () 


i:e\a(la  '    who  luiii 


an  eius- 


'f 


n 


,1 


'  ™ 


Mi 


Ml 


U'lr  ].'-;;y(  (1  11., 'it  flic  (inmnirntx  mill  iiloii^ih' (if  tlie  churcli  I'miaiii  for  a  sciisuii, 
iui'l  ill! '  ];ctitiiiii  WHS  jiiiiiitcd.  /'/.,  i;i(l  '.',:'.. 

jn'tititiii  to  llic  kill,!/  is  (hitnl   ]Mi.  Hi.  \:V2\.     A  letter  Ki-iml  liy  all 


t'.ic  ir.  iiilicrs  of  tlic  iuliiiiiiis'.rjit 


lull  iici'iiiiiiiami  ' 


1  't.  y./.,  i;u. 


]i:,io. 


Kiiil's  (liatli  (ictiincd  in  l''.)!).  d'ofzu/i :  J)iiri/ti,   Tialro  f'rfcx.,  i.  'J.'lll 
Cii  till'  (li'iilli  of  ];i>lio])  X'altoiiiiilo  Uu'  li(is|ital  was  iiliaiKloiii'il   rnlil 


111  (1  I'oiiiiiaiiy  of  ]iiii.'.sts  caiiic  fi 


iilU    ,\|c\lrii 


iiiiil  took  lIuu  :;('  ol   it. 


481-82.    Valtoiijulo's  Kucccbsorwas  Jli  riiando  Xuficz  iSiii't'cilo, 


■ 


i'\       ): 


It  I 


444 


NICARAGUA  AXD  COSTA  RICA. 


(•()|)al  palace,  a  clnircli  college,  and  received  by  royal 
order  a  iji'aiit  of  reliiiious  books. 

About  the  middle  of  the  st!veiiteenth  century  tlic 
income  of  the  diocese  amounted  t(j  !),000  ]ies(is,  of 
which  sum  the  dean  received  GOO  pesos,  the  aich- 
deacon  400,  and  two  canons  each  300  pesos  a  year. 
At  this  |)criod  the  convent  of  La  Merced  in  l^cdii 
contained  twenty  ecclesiastics. 

If  Fiay  ]:>]as  del  Castillo  could  have  deferred  until 
l(!70  the  journey  which  lie  njade  through  Nii-aramm 
in  1537,  discovering,  as  we  have  seen,  that  j)ro\  idcncc 
had  reserved  for  the  ecclesiastics  the  molten  trca-^nics 
of  El  Iniierno  do  ^Iasaya,^"he  would  have  had  a  hctttr 
opportunity  to  test  his  belief  "Some  assert,''  rdat.s 
Oviedo,  wlu)  it  will  be  remendx-red  was  in  that  nel;^li- 
borhood  in  1529,  wlien  a  violiMit  outl)urst  occurred, 
and  resided  for  three  years  in  Nicaragua,^'  "that  llio 
light  caused  b}'  tin;  eru])tion  is  suiHcient  to  read  hy 
at  the  (Hstanco  of  three  leagues."  From  tlie  nonlicru 
slo[)e  of  the  mountain  ])oured  in  lG70a  V(-)huiif  of  la\a 
so  vast  as  to  extend  ahnost  to  the  lake  of  ]\Ianagua, 
or  as  many  conjecture,  to  reach  far  into  the  lake.'' 

mIiii.  sjiys  <!i)iiz!ilo/ Di'ivila,  '  V\v  Ciililk'a<lor  dc  In  TiU|uisicii>n  dc  ('uriica.y 
>1<I  Cniiscjd  Siipieiuo.'  lie  fiillillcil  till' ilutios  (if  his  dllifi'  '  (.■oiiio  l>iu  ii  |.;i  tm' 
jiiiil  (lii'd  in  lO;;!!.  I'rcviiiUrsly  to  Sii,i,ni(l()  Airiistiii  <lo  Iliiiojdsa  ;niil  J'i;iy  .ItUiii 
JJaraona  /ajiata  wore  ajipdiiitiil;  l)Ut  litttli  died  lufoie  rcacliiii.i^  tlitir  dioiisi'. 
T\'i'\t  appt'ais  the  iiaiiii;  if  Alfonso  Uricuho,  a  zealous  and  Kamvil  ni.ui,  wiio 
MTotc  '  dos  'I'unios  lie  Ti'oloLria  Ivscolastica.'  lie  took  eliafiic  cf  tlic  lM.-liii|iiic 
in  l(U(t,  and  died  in  \MU.  Ill-t.  Kchs.,  i.  '240- -JH.  In  Ki.")!  Alonso  deCm  :a.s 
1>:ivalos,  dean  of  the  eatlicdral  of  Mexieo,  refused  tlie  ]irelaey  of  Niearaiir,,!, 
and  aeeordiui;  to  J"'iiiii  r<i((,  \"ui(/irifin,  MS.,  ''t,  Alonso  J>iavo  de  Liij,'Uii:i  ic- 
eei\('(l  the  mitre,  thonLih  his  nanio  is  not  mentioned  hy  Aleedo  or  (lon/akz 
l>avila.  In  l(i.").")  Fray  'IVmas  .Mansa  was  apiiointi'd  liisho]),  Viltiiicrrl,  Mn.i- 
I'll/.,  I.S.'i  (Mexieo,  l(i!)7),  eonlirnud  in  (•'nijn,  JUdfio,  in  J)(ir.  ll'i-^l.  M<.i.. 
.SI  rii;  i.  torn.  i.  .S'j;!,  hnt  lindin.:,'  that  ]):ivaliis  vas  still  in  olliee  (heliiinl  to 
taki!  ehar;;e  of  the  diocese.  Id.,  ',\\>~.  Soon  after  his  anival  he  tlied  h'>iii 
eatini,'  too  mueh  lish.  Jtl.  The  deeeas('  of  Davalos  oeeiured  in  Ki.VJ.  .l/'''/"'. 
('In-xii.  Sun  Jtiitjo  J/(.r.,  'i-lO.  .Inan  de  la  Tofre  y  Castro  was  np|ioiiiiril 
1  ishop  in  l.'dl.'.  anil  diid  suddenly  within  se\en  leaiiiies  of  (aaiiada  on  the 
'JTtli  of  .lune,  l(i(i,'{.  ]''iay  .Monso  Iliavo,  an  eloipiont  jneaelier  and  an  ••irreiu- 
]  lisiieit  seliolar,  was  eleeted  prelate  in  l(i()."i.  I'l/dmrrl,  Miiiuloij.,  ll.i';  :iiid 
J!iilil<».  Jliiirlo,  in  /)iir.  I  list.  JJc.r.,  seiie  i,  turn.  ii.  3, 

'•''  This  vol.  17-  et  seip 

"//■v.  (',„'.  Am.,  i.:ilO. 

' '  •  In  i>lilen  times  it  «as  ?n]iposeil  that  the  lakes  Mana;.rti.i  nnd  \i'':iva;;itiv 
Mi'i-e  I  lie.  as  the  Kio  Tipitapii  is  snpp.oijcil  to  lie  all  leinuiuing  ot  the  l.il><->  iu 
till  ir  iriKer  unity.'  A7o((/ ,s  A','''.,  1(11. 


OBSERVATIOXS  OF  THOMAS  GAGE. 


445 


Tiiv/ai'd  the  close  of  the  contnrv  tlie  raids  of  biic- 
caiu'i  rs,  of  which  a  (lescri[)tioii  will  be  o-iven  in  its 
|il;ii'c,  coupled  with  the  restrictions  on  trade  imposed 
1)V  the  home  government,  wei-e  sore  afflictions  to  Nic- 
arjigu.i  and  (,'osta  llica,  both  of  which  t(M'ritories  were 
rich  in  natural  resources.  The  governor  of  the  latter 
j)r<>\  iiK'c,  Avriting  to  the  king  at  the  opening  of  the 
oi<;litcenth  century,  re[)orts  that  Costa  llica,  does  not 
yield  enough  for  the  support  of  the  priests  and  the 
secular  officials. 

Then?  are  no  rehable  records  of  the  condition  of 
nffairs  in  Esparza  until,  as  we  shall  see  later,  the  settle- 
iiiciit  was  several  times  sacked  by  buccaneers  toward 
\\\r  close!  of  the  century,  its  site  l)eing  (dianged  in 
\i'<^^>^.  Of  the  capital  of  Costa  Rica,  Gage,  wlio  so- 
jiiuiiK'd  there  four  days  during  his  journey  to  Eng- 
land, Vvi'ites:  "We  came  at  last  through  thousand 
dangers  to  the  City  of  ( 'arthago,  which  we  found  n')t 
t')  he  so  poor,  as  in  richer  ])laces,  as  Guatemala  and 
Niiaiagua  it  was  reported  to  be.  For  there  we  had 
nccasidu  to  inquire  after  some  ]\rerchants  for  exchange 
et'geld  and  silver,  and  we  found  that  some  wt:re  very 
y\r\\.  who  traded  by  land  and  sea  with  J^mania  and 
liy  sea  with  Portobello,  Cartagena,  and  Havana,  aiid 
iVein  thence  with  Spain.  Tlie  Cit}'  may  consist  of 
lour  hundred  Families,  and  is  governed  by  a  Spanish 
fJiiveiiiour.  It  is  a  Bishops  See,  and  hath  in  it  three 
Cloisters,  two  of  Fryers,  and  one  of  Nuns." 

(iille,  whose  work  was  published  in  in4(>,  states 
thai  ( 'artago  had  sixty  vecinos,  and  that  in  theentii-e 
|»i'ovinee  there  were  but  a  hundred  and  t  wenty  veeinos 
1111(1  lifteen  thousand  peaceable  Indians.  The  capital, 
lie  s.'iys,  had  two  judges,  and  among  othei'  ollicials  a 
liii^'li  ('onstable,  with  a  salary  of  a  thousand  pesos  a 
vea 


li! 


The  district  of  Takimai>ca.  which  lav  on  the  coast 

'".!/' w,  7/  ,V(>/.,  ni.    Gajje  pro>i<.l)ly  indutlos  in  his  cstiinato  of  population 
tlic  iiiai.(jiiljli;  liuliauiti  SL'ttlcU  iu  liit  uciLliborliovKi. 


:  li 


\ 


f 


\-::]  f 


ill 


n 


4)() 


NICARAGUA  AXD  COSTA  T.ICA. 


I! 


'(■  a 


I 


of  the  North  Sea  and  within  tlic^  ])rovinoc  of  Costa 
Jiica,  wivA  not  fully  ex])l()ro(.l  until  IGOl,  in  ^\lli(•!l 
ye;u-  tlic  city  (^f  (/ojicc])cion  \vas  i'oundcd  on  the  W'u, 
df  la  lil^trclla.  Tlie  estalaishnient  of  this  colonvwas 
(|ui('kly  followed  hy  an  insurivction  of  the  n;lti^■(■.-; 
\\]\o,  incited  by  the  rapacity  and  cruelty  of  the  S|i;iii- 
iards,  rose  en  niasso  on  tlio  lOtli  of  Auu;ust  Kild.  iiinl 
massacred  the  inhabitants  of  that  settlement  .".inl  ol' 
tSantirtL>'f>  de  "J'alamanca,  which  had  been  built  on  th(; 
K^ft  bank  of  the  river,  slauu'litorini^  indiscrinn'natclv 
men,  Momc^n,  children,  and  priests. 

XothiiiL^  else  worthy  of  record  occurred  in  this  dis- 
tiict  until  tlio  year  lOGO,  \y\um  llodritjo  Ai-ias  ]\l;il- 
donado,  beiiiLf  governoi-  and  captain-LCeneral  of  Costa 
.I>ica,"  rcsol\ed  upon  the  subjui^'ation  of  the  nativi^s  n\' 
Talanianca,  then  consi.stiuL^  of  some  twenty-siM  trllics. 
!Maldonado  proposed  to  carry  the  <^os})el  in  one  li.iiid 
and  the  sword  in  the  other;  but  his  and)ilion  w.is 
rather  to  represent  the  chrrch  militant  than  to  fnllow 
the  example  of  previous  concpierors. 

With  a  corps  of  one  liundred  and  ten  men  lie 
started  torth  upon  his  self-im[)ose(l  mission,  expciiil- 
in<4'  his  own  private  for*  nie  upon  the  enterpri>c,'^ 
eii(hu'in<]f  qreat  fatiu^ue  and  hai'dshij),  explorinL!;  all  the 
coast  as  far  as  JJoca  del  ])i'a^.>  and  Jjoca  del  .Fler, 
and  visitiui;  the  adjacent  islands,      flis  success  was 

1  •  •  •  MI 

remarkable,  lie  gathered  t\iv  Indians  into  villages, 
had  them  instructed  in  the  faith,  and  erected  chtu'clies; 
but  with  his  retiren>ent  from  the  scene  th(j  ii/dlv's 
returned  to  their  nomadic  life,  the  villages  were  'i 
sorted,  and  the  churches  fell  into  decay.  The  iiiu  Ih 
geiice  of  his  labors,  when  communicated  to  the  i^Mi^, 
won  for  him  the  title  of  marcjues  de  Talanianca,  hiif 
b(>fore  the  royal  <lec:  .'e  reached  him  lu^  had  turned  his 
back  ui)on  the  honors  of  this  world,  and  enrolled  liiin- 

'^  The  first  jrovi'rnni'  of  CiMta  Ti'n-x  in  llic  .ocventcciitli  i-iiitury  was  Cflpi.'iin 
Almifo  Iaivii,  (Ic  ( 'i'inl(ili;i,  wIm  \\;i»  iipji'iiiitc'il  in  |(i(l,'!.  Others  iiic  ;.'ivi  ii  m 
tile  (iriliT  of  their  siveessimi  in  I'ddi:,  Mini.  III"!.  (I  not.,  ii.  I  7"  4. 

'"  l[e  exix'ndetl  npwMf'l  of  (!()  OOO  )ie.so~(  iif  jjis  o\s  n  |)riviite  inciiiis.  Jii'irin', 
Glint.,  i.  ;i71.    Molinu,  i'n.ifi  /{/in,  \\,  iui\l<r.>  the  kiiiiiC  Ktiitcinuiit. 


tala:maxca  and  tologalpa. 


447 


self  as  a  liiinil)lo  brother  of  BctlilclK'ni,  to  be  tlicncc- 
I'liiward  J;nown  an  Fray  llodrigo  dc  la  Cruz.^^ 

Ill  1(!S4  the  two  Franciscans,  Melcbor  Lopez,  and 
Antonio  ]\Iargil,  resumed  the  work  of  christinnization, 
and  found  the  patlis  that  had  led  to  the  interior  over- 
^I'dw  n  and  hidden  as  if  they  had  never  Ixh'U  o|)ened, 
and  the  peo[)lc  as  fierce  and  untractable  as  though  no 
clYorts  had  been  made  to  civilize  them.  Yet  these 
i\\(t  ]>riests,  without  arms  or  protection,  advanced 
into  the  interior  of  tlie  country  and  i'ej)orted  within 
liv(>  y(.\'irs  the  )ja])tism  of  forty  thousantl  Indians  and 
i1k:  cstaljlishment  of  I'ourteen  villau'es.  "^I'he  work 
was  continued  with  varvinijf  success  bv  a  nuniber  of 
(rclcsiastics,  several  of  whom  suffered  martyrdom  in 
t'iL'ir  cause,^'  but  the  final  result  of  all  elforts  was 
failure  so  complete  that,  to  use  the  words  of  l\'laez, 
"it  v/as  as  if  these  mountains  were  the  gates  of  hell, 
fnmi  within  which  there  was  no  redem[)tion." 


'[! 


In  connection  Avith  the  attempted  pacification  of 
Tahnnanca  may  be  mentioned  certain  missionary  es.- 
pctlitions  to  Tologalpa,  the  name  given  to  a  mountain- 
•  ms  country  Ivini;  between  the  ]  )esaL]^ua(lero  and  t)ie 
Xuova  Segovia  river,  and  peopled  by  sambos,  by  the 
Xica(|ues,  the  Lencas,  and  other  tribes'-^  or  admixtures 
"I'  trihcs,  diitering  widely  in  language,  government, 
ami  manners,  Tlu^  Sj)anish  government  had  repi'at- 
I'lly  directed  iiupiiries  to  be  made  concerning  them 
;niil  the  lH>st  inecuis  of  effectir-g  their  reconciliation;" 
.'nid  ill  IctterN  addressed  to  the  ]>resid(Mit  of  the  au- 
ilicii'-ia    early   in    the  sc-\entecnth   cewtury  the    king 

"  M'  liocfiriip  Hiip'Tior  of  tlie  onlcr:  t'iiuiul('(l  m;niy  hnHpitals  nnil  nuulo  cx- 
ti'iwff  iimi'iioy/t  in  the  c-uisc  of  the  I'lim-oli.  Jii  UK  l»*'  wii.s  iiiimi'd  l>y  tlio 
l"!"',  liist  Mi|icn.ir-g(iii'ial.  iiiid  nft<-r  l«niij.' iilciitilitil  i><r  50  yrafs  with  tlio 
I'ldcr  (lied  Sept.  •_•:!,  I7(i!).  (iikmI  7!t.  Jn''r,it>i--.  (Imt.,  i.  :?:tH-'J. 

*'S<j.t.  -JN.  170!),  tholiuliiins  cf  Taila.maiR'a  nisc  ami  Uilhd  fath.is  TalilfMi.' 
"ohiilliilaH  uii(]  Antonio  (le  Zaiiiora.  Jl(i;/<t,  [iij'unii' nl  Jtrij.,  14. 

'' r.nitasniaa.  Moliicas,  Mosc;;'*,  I'ayas.  .laras,  and  many  otht'i's,  jiartly  of 
(^'Uatciiiala  and  Honduras  us  \vi  11.     S.o  XnHvi-  Jt'itn-.v,  passim. 

'•'.\aionL' other  rc^dulasaiv  three  hearing  date  Oct,  o(t,  lol7;  Aug.  Ill,  l.'.Wf. 
'"Ill  .Idly  •_',  lo!)4.  Juurrvs,  (iuat.,  i.  340. 


\i< 


h  -Vl 


f 

■;    :  1 

iff 


! 


44S 


KICARAGUA  AXD  COSTA  RICA. 


urges  that  efforts  be  made  for  the  peaceful  conquest 
of  this  province. 

Aiuoni*'  others  wlio  were  imbued  Avith  a  passion  for 
this  ])articul;ir  work  was  a  Franciscan  named  Estcvaii 
Venlehiti',  who  was  ai»|)ointe(l  h)cal  superior  in  (,\)inav- 
an'ua  and  to  wlioin  the  provincial  j^ranted  a  he:  use 
authorizing'  the  adoption  of  any  measures  that  nvouM 
be  likely  to  prove  successful,  lender  the  o'uidauf'c  of 
some  Indians,  wlio  avowed  sympathy  with  his  [ji'ojrds, 
he  and  his  fi'icnd  Juan  de  Montea,<;'udo,  penetrated  this 
territoi'v,  only  to  be  abandoned,  however,  by  tli(j 
natives  when  in  the  midst  of  a  vast  wilderness,  with- 
out food,  and  apparently  cut  oif  from  all  human  aid, 
(iuided  by  the  stiU's  they  succeeded  in  making  tluir 
way  through  the  wilds,  and  after  suffering  exeessivo 
hardship  arrived  in  safety  at  Coniayagua,  wheiici; 
they  inunediatelv  afterward  set  forth  for  Santiasjfo  to 
assist  at  the  provincial  sj-nod  lield  there  in  IGOG. 

Not  disheartened  by  this  failure,  Verdelete  asked 
])ermission  IVom  the  synod  to  proceed  to  Sjiaiii,  inr 
the  ])Urpose  of  asking  the  king's  assistance  in  tlie  con- 
version and  pacilication  of  the  natives.  His  rccjucst 
\\'as  granted  and  eight  assistants  were  appointed,  wJinsu 
expenses  were  to  be  ])aid  out  of  the  nn'al  treasuiy.-'^ 

In  October  IGOl)  A^'rdelete  left  Santiago  in  coiii- 
])any  with  his  party  of  ecclesiastics,  and  in  jxissing 
tlirough  Coniayagua  obtained  the  services  of  Captain 
IJaza  and  three  other  Spaniards,  who  were  familiar 
with  the  country.  After  several  days'  travel  they 
came  in  sight  of  Indian  dwellings  and  were  reci'ived 
with  every  manifestation  of  joy.  A'erdelete  in  tho 
enthusiasm  of  the  hour  declared  that  he  was  prej)are(l 
to  live  and  die  among  them.  Converts  were  Muiiiei- 
ous,^^  and  the  mission  so  promising  that  Ve]'>lelotc 
wrote  to  the  provincial  asking  for  more  missionaries. 

*'  He  might  ostablibh  aix  convents  subject  to  the  provincial  of  Guatcin.u, . 
JiwrroK,  (I wit.,  ,'S4{). 

'■"  Tlicy  bi.'uan  tlioir  labors  in  the  latter  part  of  .January  1010.  On  ;>s!i 
Wcilnt'sday,  following,  a  number  were  baptized  ami  130  converts  ncro  !c>  Livi^d 
during  lent.  Jimrro.-:,  (Juat.,  351. 


WAR  OX  THE  MISSIONAIIIES. 


449 


But  soon  a  c]iani:^o  caiiio  over  tlio  scene,  caiistnl 
nic'iiiily  by  the  tleep  i'eel injjj  of  liostility  that  spriin;^  ii[) 
ami'iiy  the  uneouverted  natives  ay'ainst  their  eliris- 
ti;uii:^ed  brethren.  A  frenzy  of  hatred  against  tlie 
very  semblance  of  religion  seized  upon  them,  and  tlu;y 
resolved  to  burn  down  the  settlement  of  the  mission- 
ai'ics  and  to  massacre  the  inmates.  On  the  evening  sot 
for  the  execution  of  their  ]HU'[)ose  the  ecclesiastics  re- 
ceived warning  through  some  children,  and  while  y(,'t 
"Wrdidete  was  exhorting  them  to  stand  steadfast  in 
the  hour  of  trial,  hideous  yells  roused  them  to  an 
iniinediatc  sense  of  peril.  Issuing  ibrth  they  I'ound 
the  village  enveloped  in  ilames,  and  cncomj)assed  by 
war-painted  Indians  bi-andishiiig  lances  and  torches. 
^'er(lelete  at  once  rushed  into  their  midst,  crucilix  in 
hand,  and  with  words  of  indignation  U[)l)raided  them 
for  their  baseness  and  treachery,  and  thre/itened  the 
veii'i'eaiice  of  oftended  heaven.  His  courau'e  inspirt'd 
his  associates,  and  at  the  spectacle  of  such  boldness 
tlie  natives  shrank  abashed,  and  one  b}^  one  slunk 
away.  At  daybreak  not  an  Indian  was  to  be  seen, 
and  the  missionaries  then  returned  to  (Guatemala, 
where  their  story  only  incited  a  more  dcitermined 
efl'oi't  at  the  reduction  of  the  ofl'ending  tribes,  and 
a.iiotlier  and  larsj^cr  exi)odition  was  oru'anized  ajj-ain 
under  the  leadership  of  Verdedete. 

Tlie  missionaries  were  acconi[)anied  by  an  escort 
of  twenty-three  soldiers  under  Captain  Daza,  and 
reached  the  contincs  of  Tologalpa  in  A])ril  Kill. 
They  found  some  of  their  old  converts,  and  by  their 
agency  others  were  brought  into  the  I'old.  Thus  cn- 
courngcd,  they  wished  to  penetrate  farther  into  the 
interior,  but  were  dissuacled  by  Daza,  who  volun- 
teered to  go  in  advance  with  some  of  his  men  and 
test  the  feeling  of  the  natives.  After  waiting  some 
time  for  their  return,"''  the  ecclesiastics  were  beguiled 

'■''IVlncz,  .1A(»i.  Ctuftt.,  i.  201,  mentions  a  circumstinico  whuli  inny  jinrtly 
i-'>-l'!aiii  «  hat  f(jUii\vs.     A  snIiliiT  wlio  liiiil  previously  kiUcil  two  i.l'  llic  Iiuliaua 
MUii  i-tiiKJ;  liy  (1110  of  the  natives,  whoRupuu  he  sjuizcil  liiui,  antl  witli  tho 
Hist.  Cl.nt,  Am.,  Vol.  II.    29 


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liiU' 


4j0 


NICARAGUA  AND  COSTA  RICA. 


into  the  mountain  fastnesses,  and  found  upon  tniiiincj 
the  brow  of  a  hill  a  largo  hostile  band,  brand ishi dm- 
lances  and  hideous  in  war-paint.  Their  first  ol'mro 
showed  them  the  head  of  I)aza  and  some  of  his  s(.l- 
diers  carried  on  the  points  of  lances,  and  at  once  IIkv 
saw  that  their  fate  was  sealed.  Nothing  daunted, 
Verdoleto  advanced  toward  them  and  began  to  o.\- 
]»ostulate.  He  was  answered  by  a  flight  of  javelins, 
and  fell  pinned  to  the  earth  by  a  lance.  Of  the  en- 
tire party  but  two  escaped,^''  and  for  many  years  tlio 
inhabitants  of  Tologalpa  saw  no  more  of  the  Chris- 
tians. 

Toward  the  close  of  the  century,  however,  llio 
rule  of  the  Spaniards  had  become  somewhat  milder 
throughout  the  provinces  of  Central  America,  and  ia 
1G74  two  of  the  Tologalpan  tribes  sent  representa- 
tives to  Guatemala  and  besouofht  Fernando  de  ]'s- 
pino,  the  provincial  of  the  Franciscan  order,  to  send 
instructors  to  their  countrymen.  Soon  afterwnrd  tlio 
governor,  after  consultation  with  the  provincial,  re- 
solved to  send  another  missionary,  and  out  of  many 
candidates  Pedro  do  Lagares,  a  young  man  of  eultiut^ 
and  an  enthusiast  in  the  cause,  was  chosen  for  the 
task.  At  Nueva  Segovia  Lagares  opened  a  mis^^ieii- 
arv  school,  to  which  all  were  admitted  who  were  will- 
ing  to  work.  He  made  numerous  journeys  into  the 
interior,  and  converts  multiplied  until  in  1G78  they 
were  counted  by  hundreds.  His  decease  occurred 
during  the  following  year,  and  his  successors,  thoui^li 
meeting  with  some  encouragement,  finally  abandoned 
the  field,  though  without  an}'-  obvious  cause. 

assistance  of  a  comrade  bound  his  left  hand  to  his  body  and  nailnd  his  rijit 
hand  to  a  tree  witli  a  horseshoe  and  eight  nails,  leaving  him  in  tiiat  position. 
The  corpse  was  fonntl  by  his  tribe,  and  of  course  retaliation  foUnwiil. 

'"^  This  incident  occurred  in  January  1012.  The  narratives  of  tlic  (.'xptili- 
tion  by  I'elaez  and  Juarros  substantially  agree. 


'i    [■! 


CHAPTER  XXYI. 

BUCCANEERS  AND  BUCCANEERING  RAIDS. 

1518-1GG4. 

BrfTANEF.ns  AT  Santo  Domingo — TouTroA  Tnr,  IIi;Ai)-QrAiiTKi!S  of  titr 
riitATKS — TiiKiK  Modes  of  Lifk  —  Fiian(;oi.s  L'Oi.onnois  thk  Fii.i- 
ursTKK — His  Vessel  Cast  on  the  Shore  of  Campecuk — He  1']scai'E3 
TO  TouTroA — And  Rkai-pears  in  the  Bay  of  Honditras— He  CAi'TntKS 
San  Pedro— He  Peans  a  Raid  on  Gkatemala — His  Comijades  Desert 
Him — His  Vessel  Wrecked  off  Cape  Gracias  A  Dios — His  Expedi- 
tion TO  Desaguadero — And  to  Costa  Rkw — He  is  Hacked  to  Pi  eces — 
Mansvelt  Captures  the  Island  of  Santa  Caiarina— And  Attacks 
Cartago— Santa  Catarina  Retaken  by  the  Spaniards. 


About  tlio  year  1518  an  English  trading  ship  toncli- 
inLj  at  Santo  Domingo  was  fired  upon  by  order  of  the 
governor,  and  thence  setting  sail  tor  Porto  Pico  bar- 
tered wrought  iron  for  provisions.^  A  few  years  later 
the  passage  to  the  Indies  became  known  among  the 
nations  of  western  Europe,  and  foreign  vessels  were 
often  seen  in  the  waters  of  the  North  Sea.  In  1529 
(juarda  castas  were  procured  by  the  governor  of  Santo 
J)ouiingo,  and  their  captains  connnissioned  to  seize 
all  cratt  which  sailed  under  any  flag  but  that  of  S|)ain, 
and  to  enslave  their  crews.  But  in  that  island  are 
many  excellent  harbors,  and  the  Spaniards  seemed  not 
awrse  to  obtain  at  smaller  cost  from  foreigners  goods 
such  as  those  on  whi  a  the  merchants  of  Seville  made 
mornious  profits;  and  vessels  fnmi  several  countries, 
niore  especially  from  England,  Franc^e,  and  ]Ioll;iiid, 
Continued  to  make  voyages  to  the  New  World,  thuir 

'  Ihd-hii/t'n  Principal  Navigation . .  .and  Discoveries  of  the  Emjlish  Nation, 
iii.  -i'J'J  (Lu'iidon,  1598-1000). 

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402 


BUCCANEERS  AND  BUCCANEERIXG  RAIDS. 


captains  ooniMiiini^  for  mutual  protection,  and  not  nn- 
frociucntly  making  raids  on  tlio  Spanisli  settlements. 

In  1 0.11  Frendi  corsairs  were  seen  off  the  coast  df 
Tierra  Finne;  and  in  1537  Bishop  MamMjuin,  wlicn 
ahout  to  depart  for  Spain,  was  dissuaded  as  we  Iiavo 
observed  from  makin<^  the  journey  by  his  friends  in 
^Fexico,'^  for  even  at  that  date  the  North  Sea  was 
infested  l»y  i)irates.  Santo  Domingo  was  the  faxorito 
calling-])laco  of  foreign  marauders;  for  wild  cattle 
abounded  in  every  j)art  of  the  island,  and  there  the 
pirates  could  revictual  their  ships  without  expense. 

At  the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century  the  island  en 
which  the  great  discoverer  founded  his  first  settlement 
had  been  thinned  of  its  inhabitants.  Moreovtr  t!ie 
mines  had  become  exhausted  and  the  vast  wealth  et' 
^Mexico  and  Peru  had  drawn  away  all  the  most  en- 
terprising of  the  S[)aniards,  and  the  few  that  remained 
dwelt  for  the  most  part  in  small  villages,  where  tin y 
cured  at  their  honcans,  or  drying  establishments,  the 
tlesh  of  cattle  and  hogs,  giving  to  the  cured  meat  (lio 
same  name  as  to  the  pl.-ici'  where  it  v.'as  jirejiand.^ 
Hence  also  the  origin  i  o  word  bucanicrs,  or  buc- 

caneers, the  latter  tenn  being  used  by  ]Jampiei/ 
whose  raids  will  bo  described  later. 

English,  French,  and  Dutch  adventurers  found  in 
Santo  J)omingo  places  where  they  could  lead  an  idle 
roving  life,  the  monotony  of  which  was  relicned  by  iui 
occasional  light  with  the  Spaniards,  the  French  br- 
ing termed  Jlibusticrs,'^  or  as  we  shall  call  them  lill- 


"Sco  p.  lltS,  this  volume. 

'The  ('iiiil>lii'i'M  ai'((  siiid  to  liavc  jiropareil  the  flcsli  of  tlioir  liuniiin  ciiii- 
tivi's  ill  tlio  Kiiiiio  Wiiy.  'lis  \va  iniini,'('iit  apios  Ics  av(,ir  Mon  lnpui'auiiLf,  r'r^t 
<l  ilii'c,  rotia  liicii  sec'  J)u  T<  rlir,  Jlist.  ilr.i  Aiitillci,  i.  41."). 

♦  I'd//,  roiniit  the  Worlil,  pausiin.  Neitlier  word  was  ustd  ut  the  time  llriike 
WUH  iiiiikiii;^'  raids  on  tliu  Istliiiius. 

*  *'J'li"  w'onl  jliliiistitr  ia  iiieroly  the  French  mariner's  mode  of  pronniuR'iiig 
the  English  word  h'eehooter,  a  name  wliitli  loiif,'  prrucilcd  tliat  ot  l.tu'ca- 
lu'cr. '  Jiiiriieif'x  /ll.i>.  Jinrr.,  4X  Some  aiithoritira  derive  tlie  ttrni  Iniiii  tlio 
l)iit('li  vrovil  Jill i/tK,  that  is  to  say  lly-hoats;  hut,  as  ISiinicy  reiuaiks,  it  wmild 
not  readily  occur  to  any  one  to  purchase  such  craft  for  coisairs.  It  is  curiiuis 
to  luite  that  the  l''reucli  ti'anslator  of  Es(|Ueinclin  utill  adhered  to  thi'  iiiis]ii-ii- 
iiuiiciation  of  the  word,  '&  jirirent  le  noni  do  Fliliitntiern,  «lu  mot  Augluia 
I'liljuiiUr.'  Exquiind'ui,  J  lint.  Fiih.,  i.  'JO. 


THE  nilLOSOPHY  OF  PIRACY. 


4.-3 


liUstcTs,  tliouijfli  this  \V(ml  was  not  used  till  the  seven- 
tiviitli  century,  and  the  Dutch  stylinj^  theni.sclves  tee 

In  1023  James  I.  of  England  g^ranted  to  ono 
Tlioinas  Warner  the  island  of  San  Cristobal,  thoujjfh 
liv  what  authority  is  not  recorded  by  the  chroniclei-s 
of  ilie  period.  Warner  associated  with  him  fourteen 
others,  who  were  to  share  the  prolits  of  the  expedi- 
tion, aiul  sailed  in  chaige  of  a  band  of  adventurers 
loi-  ihe  Indies.  ]Iis  vessel  arrived  off  San  Cristo- 
lial  in  1(525,  and  during  that  year  a  party  of  French- 
luiii  landed  on  the  islnnd,  which  was  then  inhabited 
by  C'aribs.  The  Spaniards  had  never  formed  a  settlo 
iiicnt  there,  and  the  English  ainl  French  divide<l  the 
t*  rritory  between  them.  Fearing  that  the  Caril)S 
iiiiglit  be  incited  to  rise  against  them  by  the  crews  of 
Spanish  vessels,  which  fre(piently  called  there  to  ol)- 
taiii  pi'ovisions,  these  licens(>d  mai'auders  attacked  the 
savages  by  night,  massacred  the  chiefs,  and  drove  the 
ivst  I'rom  the  island.  Warner  soon  afterward  re- 
tuiiK^d  to  ICngland,  and  for  this  gallant  exploit  was 
kniglited  by  his  learned  Majesty,  thus  justilying  the 
title  which  James  I.  has  gained  in  the  l)age  of  history 
as  the  greatest  fool  in  Christendom.  A  powerful 
ininanient  was  despatched  tf)  San  C'l'istobal  b}*  order 
<i  t!i(!  court  of  S[)ain,  and  the  intruders  were  dis- 
pci'sed;  tliose  who  esca])ed  the  swords  of  the  Spaniards 
taking  refuge  in  the  adjacent  islands,  and  returning  a 
yiar  or  two  later. 

Trading  companies  were  now  organized,  and  licenses 
Uiantrd  to  establish  colonies.  The'  islet  of  Tortuga, 
lying  to  the  north-west  <tf  Santo  J)omingo,  was  caj>- 
tuicd  almost  without  resistance.  There  storehouses 
wi'iv  built,  and  there  for  a  time  were  the  head-(piar- 
tiis  (if  the  pirates.  Toi'tuga  was  recaptured  by  the 
Sj'aniards  in  lO.'JS,  and  the  freebooters  receiM-d  no 
<|Uai1(  r;  a  few  of  them  escajx'd  to  the  woods;  otln.'rs 
v.iiv  away  on  ))iratical  or  otlu^r  exjieditions;  an<l 
tiiMiigJi  some  of  ihem  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Span- 


w 


i 

'i^:t^ 

^  M^ii^i' 

1 

:  \  1 

1 

jB'  ■■] 

1 

m'« 

ll! 

VA 


BUCCANEERS  AND  BUCCANEERING  RAIDS. 


iards  and  wore  niassacrcd,  the  latter  soon  abandDiK  d 
the  i.shind,  and  in  the  following  year  the  frechootc  is 
at  Tortuga  mustered  three  hundred  men.  For  tlio 
first  time  the  pirates  now  elected  a  leader,  and  tlicir 
numbers  were  soon  recruited  by  French,  English,  and 
Dutch  volunteers. 

Though  they  were  regarded  by  the  Spaniards  as 
foes,  they  were  esteemed  by  other  European  nations 
as  allies  and  champions,  antl  so  rapid  was  tlie  growtli 
of  their  settlements  that  in  1()41  we  find  governors 
ap()ointed,  and  at  San  Cristobal  a  governor-gciu  nil 
named  Do  Poincy,  in  charge  of  the  French  fihbustcis, 
in  the  Indies.  During  that  year  Tortuga  was  garri- 
soned by  French  troops,  and  the  English  were  dri\tii 
out,  both  from  that  islet  and  from  Santo  Doinin^o, 
securing  harborage  elsewhere  in  tlie  islands.  Never- 
theless, corsairs  of  both  nations  often  made  common 
cause;  and  in  1G54  a  large  party  of  buccaneers  imd 
filibusters,  ascending  a  river  a  little  to  the  south  of 
Cape  (Jracias  d  Dios,  plundered  the  settlement  of 
Nueva  Se«n)via.  In  the  same  year  Tortuo-a  \\:is 
again  recaptured  by  the  Spaniards,  but  in  KidO  I'l  !1 
once  more  into  the  hands  of  the  French;  and  in  tin  ir 
conquest  of  Jamaica  in  1G55  the  British  troops  wire 
reiinforced  by  a  large  party  of  buccaneers. 

The  monarchs,  both  of  England  and  France,  hut 
especially  the  former,  connived  at,  and  even  enconr- 
agcid  the  IVeebooters,  whose  services  could  be  obtauK d 
in  time  ol'  war,  and  whose  actions  could  be  disavowed 
in  time  ol"  peace.  Thus  buccaneer,  filibuster,  and  sca- 
rovor  wcrv.'  lor  the  most  part  at  leisure  to  hunt  wild 
cattlr,  and  to  pillage  and  massacre  the  Spaniaids 
wherever  they  found  an  opportunity.  When  not  on 
some  maiamling  expedition  they  followed  the  dinso, 
and  one  day's  employment  was  like  that  of  another. 
Setting  forth  at  daybreak,  accompanied  by  their  (lo<j:i< 
and  si'rvants,  they  continued  their  search  until  as 
man}'  head  of  bullocks  were  slain  as  there  were  mem- 
bers in  the  party.     Hides  were  thus  provided  suili- 


CUSTOMS  OF  CORSAIRS. 


4.')5 


oil  lit  to  fill  contracts  witli  the  captain  of  a  trading 
visscl  which  usually  lay  stationed  nt  some  neighbor- 
iii.;  Ijay,  and  were  carried  down  to  the  sea-shore  hy 
lioiidsnjon,  who  undjr  the  name  of  apprentices  had 
1p(  (11  inveigled  into  a  contract  to  serve  for  a  ttjrm  of 
years.  For  them  there  was  no  seventh  or  other  day 
ui"  icst.  One  of  these  unfortunates  ventured  on  a 
ci  rtaiu  occasion  to  expostulate  with  his  master,  quot- 
iiiL,'  the  divine  injunction  witli  the  ])reaml)le:  "1  say 
uiil<»  thee,  etc."  And  "I  say  unto  thee,"  returned  the 
JHiccaneer,  "six  days  shalt  thou  kill  bullocks,  and  strip 
tli(  Ml  of  their  skins,  and  on  the  seventh  day  thou  shalt 
cany  their  hides  to  the  sea-shore." 

The  dress  of  the  buccaneers  consisted  of  a  sliirt 
(hjipcd  in  the  blood  of  a  slaughtered  animal,  pantaloons 
of  Kather,  if  ])ossible  filthier  than  the  shirt,  shoes  of 
rawhide,  and  a  hat  without  rim.  All  goods,  other  than 
articles  of  virtu,  were  held  in  connnon;  and  as  life 
uas  precarious,  half  of  them  at  least  being  sure  to  die 
ill  the  Indies,  each  chose  a  comrade  W'ith  whom  jirop- 
(it\  of  every  dcsciiption  was  shared.  Though  without 
laws  or  religion  they  had  few  dis[»utes,  and  those  were 
leadil}'  adjusted.  They  were  governed  by  a  rough 
cede,  established  by  themselves,  and  there  were  not 
wanting  among  them  those  who  disjilayed,  though 
Usually  in  a  brutal  lashion,  the  possibilities  of  a  l)etter 
iialiiie.  Of  Kavenau  de  ]^ussiin,  who  figures  in  the 
history  of  the  buccaneers,  an<l  whose  o[)erations  will 
he  mentioned  in  their  place,  it  is  related  that  he  joined 
tlieiii  only  because  he  was  in  debt,  and  in  order  to 
(ihtaiii  the  means  of  satisiying  his  cieditors.  Of 
^ii'iifbar,  a  Frenchman  of  Languedoc,  the  chr(tniclers 
i^late  that  on  reading  the  story  of  the  atrocities 
iiiiniiiitted  by  the  Spaniards  on  tiie  haph'ss  natives, 
lie  conceived  such  a  hatred  a<>ainst  them  that  he  also 
j'liiied  the  corsairs,  and  by  his  deeds  of  vengeance 
wiiji  the  s()l)ri(]uet  of  the  Exterminator.  Of  a  French 
<a|>tain  of  lilibusters  named  Daniel,  it  is  reconled  that 
lie  shot  one  of  his  own  crew  in  church  for  some  indec- 


11 


406 


BUCCANEERS  AND  BUCCANEERING  RAIDS. 


I-, 


•I 


iiii 


m. 


ml 


orous  act  f'oiniuitted  (lurinjTj  tlic  pcironnaiK'C  of  mass. 
Until  1G(J5  there  were  few  woiiieii  auioDi^  tliese  lap- 
scallious.  111  that  year  a  governor  sent  out  to  taku 
cliarijo  of  the  French  .settlements  in  Santo  Domiii"(». 
hrou^lit  with  him  a  few  females  of  lax  morality,  wIkhh 
the  buccaneers  took  to  wile  in  this  fashion:  "^'oiir 
j)ast  is  nothing  to  nie,  for  then  I  did  not  kiKnv,  and 
you  did  not  then  beloiii.^  to  me.  I  ac(juit  you  of  all 
('\il;  hut  you  must  jdedi^e  me  your  word  for  ilio 
future."  The  foul  troth  was  thus  plii^hted,  wlicii 
strikini»'  his  hand  on  the  barrel  of  his  gun  the  hus- 
band exclaimed:  "This  will  avenge  me  should  you 
juove  i'alse."" 

The  deeds  of  Pierre  Lo  Grande  and  Bartolnn>c 
Portuguez,  who  tigure  in  the  stories  of  buccaneering 
raids  about  the  time  of  Montbar's  exjiloits — the  mi'!- 
dle  of  the  seventeenth  century — recjuire  no  record  in 
these  pages.  The  name  that  stands  ))rei'miiie!it  auKHig 
all  the  cut-throats,  who  at  this  )>eriod  infested  Hid 
North  Sea  and  the  shores  of  the  main,  is  that  of  a  jkv- 
sonage  called  Francois  L'Olonnois,  a  native  of  France, 
but  one  whose  natural  ferocity  almost  ibrhids  iis  1  > 
class  him  with  the  human  race,  ^buitbar,  thongli 
his  hate  aniounteil  to  frenzy,  was  im])elled  only  hy 
indignation  against  the  o])press()rs  and  sym])athy  for 
the  sufferings  of  the  ojipressed,  and  would  accept  U) 
share  in  the  proceeds  of  his  raids."  But  no  such  lialf- 
human  feeling,  no  shadow  of  honest  intent,  ever 
pi'ompted  the  monster  L'Olonnois.  JMcmtbar  was  an 
undisceriiing  fiend;  L'Olonnois  an  arch-liend,  with  no 
faculty  imjtaii'ed.  Transj)orted  in  youth  to  the  Wet 
Indies,  ere  long  he  exchanged  convict  life  for  (he  uhhc 
genial  pursuits  of  a  filibuster,  and  his  first  posit ina 

"  /i'».sw//'.«  //;.s/,  A  mrr.,  i.  .VJS.  Tliis  author  pivts  n  fkoti'i  of  tlio  origin  <  f 
tlic  liiicciiin'crs  ;iii(l  llicir  custonis,  sliowiiiL;  c()iisiil<'r!ilil(!  n*('ar.:li,  nnil  i-*  <ii- 
(IimsimI  ill  iiiiist  iiiiitcriiil  jioiiits  by  JJiniKifn  llisi.  Iliur.,  I'.S  ft  hcij.  lint'i 
aiilliiiisi  (li'iiM  lai-^ily  fioiii  J>it  Tvlrc,  Jlixl.  tint  Aiiliilrs,  ami  tlic  foiiiuT  fn'iii 

Jtlllllin/,    Jl/r^lliin     I'll'lllly  jijliiinr, 

'Wliih^  lii.s  foiiiiiidis  (liviileil  tlio  liooty,  !io  frloiitoil  over  tlif  mini  li'l 
lii'clii's  (if  the  iilijcils  of  liis  li.ito.  JJndf,  Viurinlisli,  and  JJampi  r's  Lln^, 
171)  Mt;  niii-ii.  >/'■•<  lI'iKt.  lJ.ur.,oo. 


;  11  ir. 


GLORIOUS  BUTCHERY. 


4:.7 


ninoiiLj  those  rovers  on  sea  and  laiul  was  that  of  a 
(•(iimiinn  mariner.  In  that  capacity  lie  made  several 
voynL^cs,  and  so  distini^uislietl  himself  hy  his  hriito 
strnii^th  and  fearlessness  that  the  governor  of  Tor- 
tUL;a"  siipi)lied  him  with  a  shij>  and  armament  where- 
with to  reap  a  harvest  of  o-old. 

The  success  which  he  achieved  was  great,  and  his 
ojicrations  attracted  the  attention  of  congenial  cut- 
throats, who  eagerly  manned  his  decks,  and  at  tlie 
same  time  stami>ed  liis  name  in  crimson  letters  on  the 
luaits  of  the  race  which  he  regarded  as  his  prey. 
Kvni  the  elements  attem])ted  to  arrest  hisdestroving 
IkiikI,  and  in  one  of  his  cruises  cast  his  vessel  on  the 
slioro  of  Cainpecho,  where  nearly  all  his  comrades  were 
kilh'd  hy  the  S})aniards. 

])ut  the  devil  did  not  abandon  his  high-[)riest. 
LOlonnois,  tliough  severely  wounded,  and  regarding 
liimself  and  his  ]>arty  as  lost,  smeai'ed  himself  willi 

hi I  without  heing  perceived,  and   fell  ai)[)arcntly 

lilt  K'ss  among  the  slain,''  Strii)ping  oft*  the  di'ess  of 
ii  (I<a(I  Spaniard  \\]\v\\  the  enemy  had  departed,  ho 
crav.h'd  over  the  ghastly  i'ornis  of  his  late  conn'adcs 
niul  liiil  in  tin  woods;  then  he  boldly  entered  a  neigh- 
horliig  town,  and  hy  promise  of  freedom  in'Uiced  sonic 
sliivcs  to  go  with  him.  Stealing  a  large  canoe,  in  duo 
liiiii'  tiny  reached  the  isle  of  Tortuga. 

T('nil)le  as  he  was  before  this  disaster,  the  future 
(liH'ds  of  L'Olonnois  were  still  more  atrocious.  "  I 
shall  never  henceforward  give  quarter  to  any  Spaniaivl 
whatsorver,"  he  wi'ites  to  the  governor  of  Cuba,  alter 
having  helnv'uh'd,  witli  his  own  hand,  all  save  one  of 
the sni\  Ivors  on  board  a  cajtiin't.'d  ship  whicji  had  bccii 
sint  against  him.  And  he  was  as  good  as  his  woi>l. 
lie  hacked  to  })ieces  captive  after  captive,  quenching 

Mil  tlic  Iji'^li'ili  tvnnsl.'itinn  fif  Mx<|uniii(Hu  i^^  tlip  fullnwiivr  iiitcrpnljition: 
''/'•'/■/;/.(,  til''  I-  iinninii  \U  tiii'i'  of  iill  sui-t  (if  Wickciliicss,  luul  tiie  Si'iiiiii,i:y, 
as  il  \\vn\  (if  I'iiiits  niu!  'l'liii'V("<. '  Hiintiiii  ts  if  Annr.,  i.  t',\. 

•'Sioiilc  (liit'cr  oocU  fi( en  ((ii;iiiiir  voor  liciii  nvcr  wiis,  iilsoo  Iiy  't  iiii't 
niitliKipin  lidjidf,  (IiMir  (Ii(  ii   liy  iiliccdi:  pu'ilrtst  was,  buinoiNto  liy  Iji'lii  met 

11  tilt,  til  Ki J)  (iiitlt  r  lie  tloijiku  (iie  ilatr  lagcii.'  Kajuenicliii,  Ami  ricui  iisrhe 

<.'u-y.'i.c/(  ((■.<,  4S. 


u 


I 


408 


BUCCi^^'EERS  AND  BUCCAXEEHINT.  UAIDS. 


'  i; 


:  '1  ' 


lf*:i' 


his  thirst  with  the  blood  that  dripped  from  liis  licatcd 
cuthiss.  He  tore  out  men's  hearts  and  chewed  tlirm, 
and  watched  prisoners  sh)wly  die  of  hunger  and  tliiist. 
If  under  the  most  agonizing  torture  the  infornuitioii 
wrung  from  a  Spaniard  was  not  satisfactory,  the  li;i|). 
less  wretch's  tongue  was  wrenched  out  by  the  roots. 
Verily  the  cruelties  of  the  conquerors  were  visitnl 
upon  their  descendants. 

The  reputation  of  L'Olonnois  as  a  successful  Ic  adi  r 
became  so  great  that  the  most  reckless  and  deterniiind 
were  ever  ready  to  join  in  any  enterprise  projccttd 
by  him.  Between  IGGO  and  1GG5  he  planned  an  i  x- 
l)edition  against  the  north  coast  of  Central  Anicricu 
and  soon  was  in  command  of  six  ships  and  seven  Imn- 
dred  men.  Directing  his  course  to  Caj)e  Gracias  a 
Dios,  he  was  driven  by  stress  of  weather  into  tlio  l»ay 
of  Honduras,  where,  distressed  ft)r  want  of  provisions, 
his  party  ascended  the  Jagua  River*"  in  their  canoes, 
sacking  and  destroying  the  Indian  villages  on  the 
banks,  and  murdering  the  inhabitants.  The  piiatis 
then  cruised  ahmg  the  coast  committing  similar  (I(  pit- 
dations.  At  Puerto  de  Caballos,  after  taking  a  Span- 
ish ship  of  twenty-four  guns  and  sixteen  swivels,  they 
landed  and  sacked  two  large  store-houses.  Thcso 
with  the  town  they  burned,  and  having  captured  a 
number  of  the  inhabitants  inilicted  upon  tlitin  the 
most  inhuman  cruelties.  L'OU)nnois  at  the  head  of 
tliree  hundred  men  next  proceeded  to  San  Pedro, 
about  twelve  leagues  distant,  and  on  his  march  thitJK  r 
fell  in  with  three  strong  bodies  of  Sjianiards  who  lay 
in  ambush  for  him.  These  he  successively  routed,  hut 
not  without  the  loss  of  many  of  his  men.  His  treat- 
ment of  prisoners  and  wounded  captives  was  marked 
by  his  customary  atrocities. 

On  arriv'ng  at  San  Pedro  he  found  the  town 
strongly  fortiiicd  at  the  main  entrance,  the  other 
parts  beir.g  surrounded  by  impenetrable  thickets  of 

'"  Or  Sari  River.  I?io  <le  Jnrjva,  a  river  emptying  into  the  gulf  nf  Hon- 
<lnias.  /.  ne  Laet,  WtW^,  li.  Xmjun;  Wcul-Tinl.  S/iiiijIiil  ]>liH'i'8  on  tin'  nmlli 
coast  of  Yucatan,  Xugtio.  Cartoij.  J'(u:  VoimI,  .MS.,  i.  308. 


A  MOST  VALIANT  SOLDIER. 


450 


tin  liny  shrub  and  cactus,  and  his  only  jdnn  was  to 
jissaiilt  ilic  barricades.  The  Spaniards,  liowovtr,  do- 
l',.ii(lcd  themselves  with  desperation,  and  the  pirates 
\v(?ro  conij)elled  to  withdraw  from  their  iirst  alta<'k. 
Tlnii"  second  attempt  caused  such  mortality  amonj^ 
the  defenders  that  they  hoisted  a  flauf  of  truce  an<l 
.•laired  to  surrender  the  town  on  condition!  that  (|uar- 
tei'  Ite  given  the  inhabitants  for  two  hours.  'JMicso 
tcniiH  were  agreed  to,  and,  strange  though  it  may 
jq tpcir,  were  faithfully  kept  by  the  pirates,  T\\e  in- 
lialiitunts  gathered  up  their  effects  and  tied,  but  no 
Mioiur  bad  the  two  hours  expired  than  L'Olonnois 
rave  oi'ders  for  pursuit.  Tiie  freebooters  were  dis- 
iiplMiiiited,  for  the  men  of  San  IVdro  had  secreted 
the  greater  part  of  their  valuables  and  merchandise, 
iiiitl  the  pirates  found  only  some  indigo  to  recompcnso 
them  lor  their  toil  and  danger." 

The  star  of  the  great  Frenchman  was  now  on  tho 
wane,  and  with  the  excej)tion  of  capturing  a  Spanish 
Hhl]»  <>|' jorty-two'-  guns  after  a  desperate  engagt'ment 
his  o|)(!rations  off  tiie  Central  American  coast  were 
iminiportajit.  But  even  this  prize,  for  wbicli  tlie  free- 
hiiotcis  had  long  waited  in  Iiopi;  of  great  l^ooty,  they 
iniind  discharged  of  her  valuable  cargo,  and  a  few 
iminiportaut  articles  of  merchandise  was  all  they 
•  ihtained.  The  companions  of  J^'Olonnois  were  be- 
f'dining  discontented  with  his  want  of  success,  and 
though  he  recklessly  proposed  to  make  a  raid  on  the 
rity  of  (jiuatemala,  to  numy  this  seemed  too  (K'spei-- 
Jite  an  enterprise,  and  the  greater  portion  of  iiis 
iuHowers  deserted  him  and  turned  their  vessels  home- 
ward'''    ^Misfortune   now   followed   liiui   relentlessly. 

"'L'Otnuois  y  pcnlit  environ  trt'iitc  lioninic.'^,  «'t  on  cut  Kicn  vinirt  <lo 
1)li'ss('-<.'  E rjiti'iiwliii  (or  Oi'.riiiiliii,  iis  ill  tlic  I'rc-iicli  MTsidri  (lie  iuiliinr  is 
Btylcil),  //;./.  ilrM  Flili.,  i.  'JOy,  'rim  pirati's  Wdiiici  nut  unciunlMi-  tln'iiisi  l\cs 
uitii  t!ic  iiiili;,'o:  'L'Olonois.  .  .en  unnut  en  pour  plus  tic  -ID.OOK  i-cus;  niai.s  il 
ueclR'ivJiiiit  fpio  do  I'liiKi-nt.'  M,  'JOS. 

''Tin-  I'lont'li  trunHJaUjr  snya:  '  Lcur  canon  ('•toit  en  l)iitt<'ric  lui  iionilnv  cNi 
i'iiii|u  iiitc-.six  pioci'S.'  ill.,  '2\U.  Tlio  ori;.iiial  work  of  lvM|uiiii(lin  ;,'i\L'.s  llio 
Mill!  nuiiilHr  as  tiiat  in  the  text.  J)r  Anicricdi'iinrlti'  Zn-ltniini-K,  70. 

'•''liiis  lianil  procccdi'il  ulon;,'  tiie  I'oast  to  tiie  t"«  n  of  Neiayuu  which 
*tu'y  captured  and  pilhigcd.  L'x-ijiiiiinliii,  llixt.  J'lHi.,  i,  'Ji'.'J. 


I 


!   I 


Ill 


! 


m 


,] 


:i 


^1 


I-' 


■" 


1 1  r-  '- 


400 


r.LTCAN'::i:i:.s  and  nrccANn]:r.!::o  haids. 


A\'Iiilo   worklii','"   Ills   jxiorly    inMiuicd  sliip  ixlowf   tli 
coast,  hIio  struck  a  saiul-ljaMk  near  tlie  isle  ol"  Tc'irl 


(I 


ir  ( 


;»|)ti 


( 


4racias 


it  ]) 


los. 


ho  crew   wx'Vo.    alic.nlv 


lialf  iauiislicd  and  tlicro  was  no  liope  of  saviiiLf  (lie 
vessel.  So  tliey  broke  llio  craft  in  [)iocos  and  Ittiilt  a 
loiiL;-l)oat,  occupying,'  five  or  six  niontlis  in  lliis  wei!;. 
'liut  when  llnislied  it  Mould  only  liold  half  their  uiiiii- 
l»r.  Then  it  was  decided  that  the  half  to  go  .siioiil  I 
1)0  selected  hy  castinjj^  lots.  They  would  cnihark  !'<  r 
the  J)esa;^uadero  in  Xicaraufua,"  in  the  ex)iect;itii.!i 
of  sci/ciii!.,'  vessels  and  returninijf  I'or  their  coniiade-.. 
L'Olonnois  took  command  of  the  oxpctlition.  hut  was 
imsuc(ressful  in  his  attempt  on  the  L)osaL>uudei'). 
Spaniards  and  Indians  assailed  him  in  such  omv- 
whelmiiiL^  nnmbci's  that  ho  was  compelled  to  ret n, it 
•with  heavy  loss.  IJut  determined  not  to  return  I"  r 
liis  companions  on  the  isle  of  l*earls  without  a  ms^.  1 
in  which  to  tako  thoni  back  to  TortuLCa,  ho  sailed  I'  r 
C.'osta  Kica,  aud  bein*^  obliged  to  land  for  i)ro\isi()ns 
near  the  gulf  of  Darien  ho  and  all  his  nu.-n,  save  oiio 
who  esc:i[)ed  by  iiight,  were  cut  to  pieces  by  tli(>  Iii<!- 
ians  and   roasted.''     "J'hus  with  a  littinijf  retriliuli'  ii 


vui 


ledtl 


10  carocr  oi 


raneois 


L'Ol 


onnois,  v.lio  luiu'ht 


give  lessons  in  greatness  to  the  leaders  of 
in  savauism  to  tho  Indians  Vvho  slew  him. 


armies  ai; 


About  the   year   1GG4  a  noted  buccaneer  iiauieil 

"  TIio  FrcTicli  version,  cnntrary  to  KNqiicinclin'a  narrative,  pays  tlmt  r!! 
Die  nil  11  Irii,  UiugiL';iti.r  iiuiiilior  in  tliuloiij^-liuut  ami  tlic  iciiiiiin(l(.'riiii;ai' li. 
7'/.,  i.  •2■2.^. 

''  l]\il'\'\ucVt\\,  Aviirirnriiyc/.e  'Z(r-L'onrrri>,  1C7S,  73,  thus  drscrihcs  t!:o 
(liatli  ul'  J/v)lnnniiis:  'Miu-r  lict  BcliLun  dit  (lodt  nitt  laiigcnlo  poiltluo^lii'lin 
vail  ill'  I'll  nuiiMt'li  kimdu  tutlaton,  uvavv  lit  hi  dour  con  w  ivcdo  doudt  t>t::ilirii 
vildu  voor  al!u  de  ViividUK'ilin,  ilie  liy  acii  soo  \vv\  onnoosule  iiirii.'-il;' )i 
liaddc  gcjili  f  lit;  want  in  ilc  (iolfo  van  iJavicn  Konicndi',  is  liy  nut  s;  i 
V'iik  vcrvalii-ii  in  du  iiandin  der  V»'iMcii,  Iiy  di;  S]iaiijai  i<k  ii  liidios  i;r.  ■  ^ 
frcnai'iiit.  Sy  liiljl)i.'n  Iiiiii  acn  .stnckni  f'l'kapt  en  jr<l)iaodin,  iiaorliit  vi;!:  ■  1 
\aii  con  sijncr  nK-udcnia'^kcrs,  ilio  liet  hclvo  Hondo  giloedon  lioMun,  lirnldc  Ly 
eijn  lovoii  niot  niol,  dc  vhu'lit  go;  alvciit.'  ]Ii^^  l",ll;,'li.^ll  tian^iatcr  .'.'ly: :  ''lio 
Indians.  .  .tore  liiui  in  liooos  alive,  throwin;,'  Iiis  JJocly  linili  l\v  linili  into  t!  o 
l'"iro,  and  liia  Awlioa  into  the  .\ir,  that  no  trace  or  nioniory  nii^dit  roiiiaia  -f 
Biioli  an  inlamoiis  inhuman  Croatnio.'  Jliirunii  r->  cj'  Ann  rim,  i.  77.  1^'^ 
Krtnoh  oililion  aihls  that  L'Oloiinoi.s  way  lalen  I >y  tho  Indians.  y^'.ivy.'Oiir' /i| 
hi,i,  iLh  lii'o.,  i.  -JO. 


^lAXSVnLT  AND  MORGAN". 


4et 


Maiisvclt  formed  tlio  dt'siujn  of  attaekin<jf  tlio  town  of 
Xati'i  l»y  iiiukiiiiLf  a  ik'scoiit  upon  it  ovfiland  from  the 
XdithSoa.  For  tlii.s  purpose  lie  sailed  from  .lamaiea 
with  a  lleet  of  fifteen  vessels  and  five  hundred  men.'" 
Tixibtain  jj^uides  he  assaulted  and  captured  the  island 
of  Siinta  Catarina,  or  Old  Providence.'^  Tliere  he 
cstal)li.shetl  a  huccant'cr  settlement,  leaving  one  hun- 
dred men  under  eonuiiand  of  a  Frenc)im..n  named  St 
Simon.  Then  he  proceeded  aj^ainst  Nati'i,  but  found 
Hiuh  ])re{)arations  had  been  made  by  the  picsident  of 
riiiiiiiii:t  tluit  he  was  forced  to  abandon  (he  attempt. 
A  Spanish  prisoner,  however,  ofl'ered  to  lead  him  to 
Caita^o,  the  capital  of  Costa  llica,  which  he  re[)re- 
si  iited  as  a  rich  and  unfortified  city.  This  projiosal 
met  with  general  approval,  and  the  ileet  sailed  back 
aloiin'  tliu  coast  as  liir  as  Port  Matina/'*  where  they 
disembarked. 

At  lirst  their  way  was  not  difficult,  and  from  the 
settlements  on  the  road  they  obtained  abundance  of 
judvisions;  but  in  a  few  days  they  reached  the  cor- 
dillei'a,  wJK're  provisions  could  no  longer  be  procured 
ill  Mifiieicnt  (juantity.  INIansvelt's  ci-ew  was  composed 
of  Englishmen  and  Frenchmen,  and  whatever  amity 
iiii-'ht  exist  under  favorable  circumstances  between 
them  was  now  destroyed  by  hardship  and  hunger. 
Xo  fair  distribution  was  made  of  such  food  as  could 
he  ohiaiiied.  Fierce  brawls  ensued.  Mansvelt  and 
the  afterward  famous  INIorgan,  the  secoinl  in  com- 
uiuud,  ill  vain  attempted  to  allay  the  discord,  which 
was  so  violent  that  the  two  factions  were  almost  as 
r<a(ly  to  fall  upon  each  other  as  on  the  S[)aiiiai'ds. 
Meantime  the  iiovernor  of  Cartat^o  hatl  raised  all  the 

^*KriiiirwrHii,  Iliiraiiirri^  of  Awer.,  i.  TO.  Accnnlinf;  to  French  translator 
of  KxiinciMilin,  Mansvelt  h;i(i  (iOO  uu'ii.   Jlis'.  ilc^  l-'ili.,  ii.  ;{. 

'"'ilii-i  i=.l;in(l  WOH  used  as  a  juiial  fictllitiicnt  liy  the  Spiinianls  who  eni- 
ploycd  tlio  convicts  on  the  works  of  the  forti!lc;itions.  lie  re  Mansvelt 
i'XiKxti(l  {(>  (iu'l  some  one  familiar  with  the  road  to  Nat  i.   /■/.,  4-.J. 

''Ur  Mdin,  win  re  they  landed  l,'J(Ht  men  in  the  year  liKJIi.  Jiiarrox,  Cliint. 
(Lomldn,  1(1.  lh-_';!),  .'it4.  Aeeordin;;  to  IlNquemelin  they  mailed  alon;,'  tho 
c«i^t  lis  far  as  the  river  Zii'ie.  Ili-^t.  iIih  l-lh.,  ii.  7.  Accon  ing  t.>  Nni/n, 
lifiin,  ,\  11,  the  corsair  Manilas  landed  800  men.  Consult  Carlo;/.  Pac.  Cuuat, 
il.'S.,  i.  II'.'. 


462 


BUCCANEERS  AND  BUCCANEERING  RAIDS. 


I 


iH 


H 


i 


forces  lie  could  muster,"  and  had  taken  up  a  stnuiff 
IMKsition  on  a  hill  commanding  the  town  ol'Turialli.i,-' 
which  the  pirates  had  entered.  At  daybreak,  Ijilnio 
the  invaders  were  yet  under  arms,  the  Spaniards  un- 
expectedly opened  fire  upon  them  from  the  emiiK  tuc 
In  the  absence  of  mitual  confidence  the  pirates  wt  lo 
thrown  into  confusion,  and  their  leaders  decim-d  it 
best  to  return  to  the  fleet.  The  Spaniards  fnllowid 
for  a  short  distance,  and  havinj;  seized  a  few  struLruK  is 
returned  triumphant  to  Cartago. 

But  to  the  victors  was  not  all  the  glory.  Tlic  ])n'- 
cipitate  flight  of  so  large  a  band  of  desperadoes  could 
only  have  been  accomi)lished  by  divine  power;  iiiid, 
indeed,  the  Spaniards  learned  from  their  captives' 
that  when  the  invaders'  quarters  were  broken  u]» 
they  saw  on  the  height  a  host  of  warriors  cominamlid 
by  a  radiant  female  form,'"'"  who  were  none  otliers  than 
the  holy  virgin  and  an  army  of  saints  who  had  loine 
to  the  succor  of  the  chosen  of  God;  so  the  grateful 
people  of  Cartago  chose  her  as  their  patron,  and  in- 
instituted  an  annual  procession  to  her  shrine  at  I'jar- 
raz,''^  which  ceremony  continued  to  the  time  of 
Juarros. 

When  Ma  svelt  arrived  at  the  bay  of  !Matina  ho 
ret3mbarked  ..nd  set  sail  for  Santa  Catarina.  Tliero 
he  found  his  pirate  colony  thriving.  The  fortilica- 
tions  had  been  put  in  the  best  repair,  portions  of  tlio 
island  cultivated,  and  other  measures  taken  for  a  jxr- 
manent  residence  thereon.  Ho  therefore  decided  to 
request  aid  I'or  carrying  out  his  project  from  the  gov- 

"Iii  Ilaya,  Iiiforme,  MS.,  11,  is  found  the  following  strange  Btatcmoiit: 
The  maestro  (le  campo,  Jiian  Lopez  tie  la  Flor,  tlio  governor,  scut  .M.ijor 
Alonso  tie  lionilla  with  eight  men,  for  there  were  neither  urnia  nor  provisiuiis 
for  a  greater  number,  wlio  caused  the  corsairs  to  retire  from  tliuprovime. 

■'"' Alx)ut  ten  leagues  distant  from  Cartago. 

*^Jiiarroa,  Guitt.  (London,  ed.  1823),  344-5.  Bonilla  took  two  mm  who 
were  foot-sore.  When  asked  the  reason  of  their  precipitate  flight  Inin f 
small  a  number,  they  stated  that  they  hud  seen  a  numerous  army  iimrciiiiii; 
against  them.  Ifaya,  Iii/onne,  MS.,  11-1*2. 

'■"  According  to  Juarros  the  prisoners  made  this  confession  under  torture 
Haya  does  not  mention  tliis. 

**  'Ujurraz,  pueblo  en  otro  ticmpo  considerable,  pero  en  cl  dia  nnii  clcwli- 
chado.'  Juarros,  (Juat.,  i.  58-9.     It  is  two  leagues  distant  from  Carta^jo.  Id> 


DKATH  OF  THE  CHIEF. 


4C3 


rrnor  of  Janmioa;  but  that  official,  though  inclined  to 
(•Kiiiiivo  at  the  (loin«;H  of  the  huccaneers,  did  nut  daro 
jiliice  liis  |)()sition  in  jeopardy  by  such  an  o\)cu  act. 
(ifliDstirty  aofainst  Spain,  with  which  nation  Knglaiid 
v;i><  then  a-  ivaco.  !Mansvelt  made  an  cquall}'  unsuc- 
nsslul  appeal  u.  the  governor  of  Tortuga,  and  dying 
(■re  lt>ng,  the  robbers  at  Santa  Catarina  were  Id't  to 
their  own  resources.  Not  long  afterward  the  presi- 
dent of  Pananiil  sent  a  force  to  recover  the  island,  and 
St  Simon,  finding  that  the  promised  reeuforcenients 
(li<l  ii(»t  arrive,  and  considering  it  iiij possible  to  defend 
the  phicc  with  the  company  under  liis  comtnand,  sur- 
reiidired  after  a  sli<;ht  show  of  resistance.^* 

"According  to  an  account  of  this  rccaptuie  of  Santa  C.it  irina  by  ft  Spanish 
cni.'in<«'r,  it  oecurreil  in  August  l<i(M.  A  tranahition  if  the  Spaiiisit  version  of 
tiic  atlair  in  to  be  found  in  E-riiurmelin,  J)e  Ameii'  iti  ..-i.'y'!  Xi'r-Jt'oorerx,  "H't-  >^), 
anil  in  tlic  Kn^liah  tninshition  (>f  the  latter  w:i)k  in  Jiwaiiierii  of  Amerira,  i. 
8--'>.  In  tlie  Frenoii  edition  of  K\r|ucnielin  the  S]i;ini8h  namitive  is  tlum  dis- 
niissfd:  '.J'aurois  pu  la  traduire,  &  en  gaossir  ce  Vol'nnc,  mnis  comnio  <llo 
nVst  reniplie  (jne  do  bagatilles  &  dc  rodonioatides  Kspugnoles,  jc  no  m'en  fuis 
jms  donni^  la  peine,  nc  voulaut  ricu  raconter  ici  quo  de  vOritable. '  /lint.  df» 
Flib.,  ii.  10. 


tfi 


i 


i  ;* 


it} 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

PANAMA,  rORTOBELLO,  AND  PIRACY. 
1G01-1U70. 

An  Attdiexcia  AOAiN  EsTABUsnED  iv  Panama — Its  Pkesidents— Caitain* 
Paukkk'h  Raid  on  Pdia'cuKLU) — (.iuowrii  of  Piiutodi.li."  anu  iMcv- 

DEN<.'E  OK  PaNAM.I — M ALKKKASAMM'.  OF  OFFICIALS — ISTFUOLKAML'  COM- 
MfNIOATION — CoNTHAIiA.M)  TllADIXIi — ClUKClI  MaTTKRS  IN  PaNAMA  — 
DlSl'l'TES  IIKTWF.K.N  Till;  r.lSIIOl'.S  AND  THE  OllJOKF.S— TllE   EtCLE>IASTUS 

IN  Evil  Refute — Di>tki  ltive  CoNFLAcatATiox — Razan's  Adjiimstua- 
TioN — His  Downfall  and  its  Cause— The  Annual  Faiu  at  Panama. 

During  the  first  half  of  tlio  sovoiitocntli  cciilniy 
tlic  province  of  Paiiaiu;!  was  iiiKlcr  the  coiitiol  ol"  ;i 
governor  or  jiresident,  and  an  audieneiu  real,  \\\\\vh 
Avas  reestablished  toward  the  elose  of  the  piv\ious 
centur}'.  Tlio  archives  are  nieaj^re  of  information  rc- 
gardinj^  the  governors,  some  of  them  l)eing  harely 
mentioned,  and  their  succession  not  alwavs  aufrccd 
upon  by  the  authorities.  In  IGOl  Alonso  de  Sotn- 
inayor  was  governor;  on  the  9th  of  June  KJO-t  the 
licentiate  Alon.so  de  Coronado,  an  oidor  of  the  audi- 
encia  of  Guatemala,  was  app(}inted  president;  and  <'ii 
the  1 8th  of  September  in  the  same  year  that  oilicc; 
Mas  filled  by  A'^alverde  de  Mercado,  each  of  the  ollitials 
receiving  as  salary  six  thousand  ducats  per  annum.' 

AVe  have  also  the  personnel  of  the  ayuntamieiito  of 
Panamil/'and  certain  ordinances  passed  by  that  body, 
one  of  which  relates  to  the  sale  of  a  noxious  li(jUur 

'  Pniuimd,  Penlcx  Crdiihs,  in  Pai'hrm  nnd  Cdrdi'jiafi,  Col.  Doc,  xvii.  HlO-.'iO. 

'■'Ill  loot  Aiiilri's  Coi'tOs  wiis  iik'aldo  ordiiwiio,  l''ri)ncisco  Torii  al_'u:iril 
niiyor,  and  C;ipt.  Daniiiin  Mundcz  and  others  iv^;idoics.  Tin'  imini'S  i-t  tlio 
incinbcra  forlOOJaru  ulsoiULiitioucd.  LI.,  '2'2S-[i'2, 

(id  I 


h!  ■  ! 


PARKKR.S  ATTACK. 


40,1 


]\iio\vn  as   viiK)  do   Aljarafc,^  and    the  other  forbids 
tiritlii'kiiii^  in  nej^ro  slaves.* 


Tt  was  duriii;^  the  administration  of  Mereado  tliat 
Oijitain  William  Pai'ker  attacked  and  captured  Por- 
tiilx  111).  He  sailed  from  Ply  mouth  in  November 
lOOl  with  two  ships,  a  })innace,  and  two  siiall(»ps,  and 
at  least  two  hundred  men.''  After  a  temjx'stuous 
voyaLje  in  which  lu'  lost  his  ])innace  and  all  her  crew 
save  tlnve,  he  captured  the  town  of  San  A'^icente,  on 
the  ('a])e  Verde  Islanils,  and  after  despoilinn-  it  and 
ui\  iiii4  it  np  to  the  tiames  sailed  for  the  coast  of  Tierra 
Fiiiiie.  Aj'riviiiii^  at  the  island  of  Cubaijfua,  where 
was  a  peai'l -fishery,  he  was  confronted  by  a  company 
of  sdldiiM's,  who  ri'sisted  manfully,  but  were  finally 
(ivcicnme;  several  barks  and  boats  were  captured,  and 
sevcial  ])risoners  taken,  for  whose  ransom  he  received 
]iiiiils  to  the  valu«!  of  twenty-five  hundred  ])esos. 
TliriHv  he  shaped  his  course  for  Cape  de  la  Vela,  off 
which  he  met  with  a  fine  Portui^ucjse  ship  of  two 
liuiidred  and  fifty   tons,   bound  for    Cartau,'ena,   and 


la(l( 


(Ml  with   neirroes 


for  tl 


le  nnnes. 


A 


n  easy  capture 


was  made,  and  another  twenty-five  hundred  pesos 
sc(ui'i'<l  as  ransom  for  the  slaves.  Calliuij:  at  the 
inlands  of  Cabozos  and  Bastimentos,  at  the  latter  of 
wliicli  he  [>i'ocured  several  negro  guides,  he  embarked 


one 


lumdred  and  fifty  of  his  men  in  the  shallops  and 
ill  two  small  pinnaces  which  he  had  built  during  tlui 
vi)va<'('.     He  entered  the  mouth  of  the  river  on  which 


lisi; 


Mfi 


''A  pciMiliar  kiiul  of  wiiw  very  mmh  in  use  at  Seville,' says  Salva,  in 
/'i''.  /.' J/;/  Cii.'l,,  ■)4,  7S4;  /'iiininid,  Haths  ('kIuIhk,  in  I'ltchiico  anil  Car  'iiiti", 
Vol.  }),„■'.,  xvii.  -Jl'S-SO. 

'Tlir  |ii'ii,iltivs  were  50  jiesos  fur  tlie  iirst  olTi  lue;  1(K)  for  n  seooinl  ollence, 
mill  fill-  till'  tliMii  iicriK'tual  i)ani.slitni'nt.  The  law  was  passed  Sept.  'J,'(,  IdO."). 
;iiiil  w.is  iipproved  liy  tlie  anilieneia.  /'/.,  '-'.'!(•  .'5.  'J"lie  evil  iiiei^easeii,  and  in 
I'll'.  Mil  I  an  act  deelared  utrenders  ]innislialile  l>v  line  of  .■)0  pesos  tur  the  lii'st 
olhnri',  and  KM)  pesos  and  Itaiuslinient  for  tiie  seeond.  /.'('''()//.  ili  Inil'mx,  ii.  ;{(>•_'. 

Mil  11. .s/  Jiii/ii.i,  (liiiij.  mill  Hixl.  Jh'ticr.,  tlie  nunilier  of  men  alioard  is 
state.!  Mt  ."(Ml.  in  an  a|)pendi\  to  (\irriiiiz(i,  Ihyrr.  t'luisf  ]]'.  /mlliM,  1  IS,  eon- 
tiiiiiiii_'  |'iiil;,.i'"s  own  aeeonnt  of  tiic  taking  cf  I'ortoliello,  the  hitter  ini-ntions 
till  t  III'  l;,iid(il  with  \'A)  men,  and  it  may  Iw  presumed  tliat  lie  left  at  least  JO 
in  i'b'L;i'  of  his  ships. 

Jlwi.  Cent.  .\m.,  Vol.  II.    ao 


iM 


'■  t;:i 


4(;f5 


PANAMA,  PORTOBELLO,  AND  PIRACY. 


\i'\ 


Portolx'llo  is  .situated  about  two  o'clock  in  tlio  iiioni- 
iiiLj-  oCHk!  nil  of  February  IGO'2.'^ 

T\\r  nioonlijj;lit  (|ui<kly  rcvcalcid  the  boats  t<>  tlif 
■watch  on  dut)'  at  the  i'ort  of  San  Felipe,  conuiiand- 
iuL*-  the  entrance  of  the  harbi>i',  l^einiuf  challenged  as 
to  whence  thev  came,  they  answered  from  ('arta"(i 
tile  rt'j»ly  beini^  jj^iven  in  Sitanish  by  men  taktu 
board  at  that  town  for  the  |)ur[)ose.      They  weic  tlicn 

nniiaii(K'd  to  anclior,  and  did  so  at  once,  six  lea<.'ius 


la. 
mi 


CO 


i'roin  I'urtobello,  "tlie  IMace  \vhere  my  Slii|)pes  roadc," 
says  I'arker,  "bein^^e  the  rock  wliere  Sir  Fiaucis 
Drake  his  Coffin  was  throwno  overboarde." 

The  captain  was  well  aware  that  at  San  ]'\'h|>('  wcip 
always  thirty-live  ^-reat  pieces  of  brass  ordiiaiirc, 
ready  mounted,  to  bid  an  enemy  welcome,  and  lii'tv 
soldiei's  to  n)ana;^'e  them.      Nevertheless,  as  soitii  as 

led  up  the  river  with  tliiity 
his  shalloj)s,  ordering'  tlic  lo- 


al 


^\as  quie 


t,  1 


le 


men  aiH 


oceec 
I  two  cannon 


niainder  ef  his  forces  to  follow  him.  Directly 
site  thi;  castle  was  a  smaller  Ibrt  named  SantiaiMt, 
mount  ini^  live  ])ieces  of  oi'dnaiice  and  manned  ly 
tliirty  soldiers,  some  of  whom,  seeinijf  the  boats,  cried 
out  to  them  to  stop,  and  ran  aloni^  the  slioic  in  pur- 
suit. Heedless  of  their  noise  l*arker  proci'eded  tc  tlic 
suburban  town  of  Triana,  landed  there  with  liis  cmhi- 
jiany,  ami  in  a  trice,  though  the  ahirm  was  pi-uniptly 
niven,  set  it  on  tire.  Then,  leaving"  it  burnini;-.  Ik; 
maridied  on  ]?oi'tobi'llo,  ca[)turing  on  his  way  a  |ii(ci' 
of  ordnance  with  the  loss  of  only  one  man.    'i'lic  En-'- 

•'111  till'  .'iiipondix  to  {'armnza  just  f|uot0(l  I'jirkcr  gives  '  A  Taljlc  nimli'  in 
till'  inaiiiicr' 111'  an  Al[ilial(('tt.  for  tliu  raisicr  liiidinv'!' <if  the  Stnatcs,  am'  i-Uwf- 
c;st  I'lai'i'H  |Kirtraiti'il  in  tlii'  iJral'tiMif  Poitaliell,  In  iii.L;t'  in  tlic  WCst-linliis, 
staiiiliiiL,'  in  tiiiiH'  I  it'Lrri'cs,  wliiili  was  tal;('ii  liy  ('a])taiiio  William  i'arivii',  if 
I'lyiiiiiiitli,  (Iriitliiiian,  the  Mcavintli  Dayi'of  I'lliniaiic  l(.()l,"  I'tc.  ]ii  /'nn'ina 
J)i  •iiri/)..  /'(((•/(<(■()  and  ('<in/i  nn.t,  Cnl.  J)(ir.,  x.,  t!i<'  year  Ilid'J  is  };i\Mi  on  p. 
1().">,  and  UiOl  (111  ]).  lOS.  'J'lic  yiar  KiOl  is  also  ^^i  veil  in  <  'dsHill'x  Am.,  hi< '/I'lfh- 
H/'h  t'dl.  I'liif.,  ^iii.  7(i-.  The  tdwii  'was  ])i!laji;i'd  liy  (lie  V:.',);///-/*  ini(lir(V|i- 
tain  PaiUcr,  in  the  year  UIOI,' says  lleylyii.  ('usiiiinj.,  HiSli.  'l"he  date  iiT  ^,lilill^' 
fidiii  I'lyincintli,  Novemlier  KiOl,  is  ;,iven  in  //nirls'  i'nl,  Ik//,  i.  717;  ia 
\\'<xl  liiilns,  diiiij.  (till/  J/i"/.,  '\);  in  /'iiir/ids'  /'//.,  iv.  rj4.'{,  and  in  //.■///■' 
Ainitilt  Am.,  i.  117.  The  landing  at  I'urtoliello  is  placed  mi  the  7tli  "I  !>''• 
JCiO-i.  The  author  of  IVl^/  /,«/,Vy.  dn,;!.  niul  lllsl.,  7!)- ."-'0,  gives  li,,:li  dans. 
liut  ill  f.|ieaUiiig  genei'jilly  of  the  expeilitiou  stylos  it  of  1001,  us  uii  \^{>.  1*7,  7S, 
.ftiul  elaev  'lere. 


Ui  J 


ill 


P0RT0T!1^LL0  TAKEN. 


m 


lisli  made  directly  tor  tln'  kind's  treasure-house,  a 
lai'4'i'  iind  conspicuous  l)iiil(!iiiij;'  where  the  ooverixtr  ol" 
t\iv  town,  Pedi'o  Melciidtz,  was  stationed,  with  a 
sti'iMi!^  force.  The  tlan 
.'iviii  warninijf  of  th 


les  and  smo 


)kc  of  Tiiana  had 


If  nivaders   anproacli.ant 


•li 


dl^ 


iirKer 


Iniiiid  heforo  the  treasury  a  s([ua(h'()n  of  sohliers  <h'awn 
|i  ie;idy  to  receive  liini,and  also  a  comjKUiy  of  trained 


u 


civiiia 


Ills  witli  two  tiold-|)i 


ecfs.  The  conilict  that  fol- 
lowed was  sharp  and  bloody.  Soon  all  of  the  Eni^lish 
i\(  r[it  eij^ht  o!'  nine  were  killed  or  wounded,  and  the 
:;ii\(iiior  at  the  head  of  sixty  soldiers  was  now  ad- 
vaiiciiiL?  to  crush  the  remnant  of  their  little  hand. 
"Jlut,"  says  the  ]»ious  pirate,  ''(Jod  {\'u\  prosjier  our 
Prociedings  mightelie,  foi'  the  first  two  Shott  whicii 
wi'ht  from  us  shot  MaU'iidus  through  his  Targett,  and 
wriit  throug'lie  both  his  Armes,  and  the  other  Shott 
liurtcd  the  Coi'[)orall  of  the  l"'i(.'lde,  whereupon  tlu-y 
all  retired  to  theii'  1  [ouse  whieh  they  made  good  un- 


was  almost  dale 


till  it 

.M(,anwhile  the  remaindc  r  of  the  captain's  forces  had 
(•nine  np,  and  after  a  tight  of  four  or  five  hours  the 
contest  was  decided  in  fav«»r  t»f  the  English.  Anionjjf 
the  |irison«Ts  taken  wore  the  governor,  the  king's  t-s- 


cnliniio,  and  many  ot  the  h-adunj;'  citizens 


all  of 


w  lioni 


Were 


afterward  released,  Me'leiide/"  beiiiij:  carricxl 


on 


linaid  the  ileet  and  liberated  uithout  ransom  after  his 
wniinds  had  been  dressed. 
Till'  bootv  caotured  in  iho  tren;  ure-house  amounted 

*  i 

to  liiit  ten  thousand  dueats/  though  had  tlu'  JCn<>lish 
:nri\cd  but  seven  days  earlier  they  would  have  nuido 
|iii/e  of  a  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  ducats  whieh 
liail  just  before  been  carrii-d  away  by  two  frigates 
lieiiiid  for  Cartagena.  Fdsewherc;  in  the  town  a  con- 
sideiahle  amount  of  ])lunder  was  i'ound  in  th(>  shajx! 
"f  plate,  mercluuuHse,  and  money,  all  of  which  was 

III'  w.'is  p-iv.nt-ni'pliow  of  tlif  T'i'ilio  Mcli'iidcz  wiif)  iKirliiiroiisly  iniinlprod 


Iiil).'iult,  {.aiidoui 


mil  iitlic'i's  (if  tiic   Fit'iK'ii  wild  foil  into  liis  liiimls  in 


FidiiiLi.  ir,  s7  /»i/;«x,  aivij.  umi  iii"'..  n-j-h. 

"11,./  li,tlU:\  (,\'o,i.  ami  /list..  SL';  Harris' Col.  Voy. 
\'\Wh.irhill'sVul.  Vol/.,  viii.  70-*. 


i.  7-17;  ('(isttvll's  Am. 


-'■i-\-\ 


I 


ii^ 


I  ^ir- 


I    i 


I 


•»(;s 


TAN'AMA,  I'dllTonr.M.O,  ANfi  I'lUACV 


<!i\i<l(Ml  amoiij^  tlic  iiicii,  tin*  comiiiarKh'r  rc'sti'viiin  l"ii' 
liiinsi'ir  the  sum  IouikI  in  tlir  hcasiiry. 


No   ruitlicr  iiijurv  was  done  <<»  i\\r  town, 


(■\c 


III! 


lliai  a  I'fw  iK'ofo  lulls  wwr  luiiiicd  in  oidcito  inti 
ilatf   (In*   iiilialdlaiits.      Sci/.inn"   <\\'o    vessels   llial    lir 
r«tiiM«l    ill   <lie   [tort,  and   in   one  of  wliieli   were  tine 
liloimted     |)ieees    of     caimoii.     Hie     lOlie'lisli,    as     (li,  \ 
dro|>|ted    down  tlie  liv»'r,  opened  lire  on  the  \'nv{>.  ;iii 
w « 
I)e( 


re    warmly   answered    Ity   tlie   S|»aniards.   win 


■ted    t 


o  sin 


lor  i\> 


k  tl 
savs  the  < 


lell'  vessels. 


apt 


im. 


that 


Hut,  («(td  so  wiiiu'jlit 

we    salelv  JL^I'ott    Inrtlh' 


a'^aine  colli  rarie  to  (Ii«'  !'i\|»e<'tat  ion  of  our  I'ineiiiyes," 
Mt»st  ol"  the  shots  til'i'd  IVolii  sjioi'i'  jiassed  liij^di  over 
head,    tlu>ugh    a    lew    ol'   the    Mii'nTish    WiTe   woiiihIiiI. 
anioiin'    IJH'iii    the   commander,   who    was    hit   in    tlir 
ell>o\v   with    a    musket    hall    which    passed    out   at    hi- 


w  rist. 


iveachiiiL!'  a    nei'jhhorin'''   island.    Parker 


w  ;i 


s< »(  » 
l'\.| 


n   r«'it»ined   l»y  his  shi|»s,  and  Jie\t  ilay,  the  Dth  el' 
iruary,  put  out  to  sea." 


It   h 


las  alreadv  Ihhmi  said  that    in    laS.') 


P..rl 


DtK'iMI 


contained  not  more  than  ten  «lwellines,  and  th.it  in 
March  l.")l)7  the  |K)rt  ol"  entry  was  n'liioved  ihtiv 
t'l'oni  X(»nil>re  di-  |)i»ts.  J)urini4'  the  li\-e  yiais  thai 
ehipsi'd  lu'twt'i'n  this  change  and  Parkers  raid  ihi' 
town  had  dewloped  into  a  thiivine"  settlemelil,  ;inil 
now  contained  twtt  «'hurclH's,  a  treasury,  an  excliaiiu( . 
a  hospital  rich  and  laree.a  convent  and  several  stiei  !>. 
where  tor  six  weeks  in  the  yt'ar,  when  the  e'allr(iii> 
wt're  in  port,  merchants  and  artilicers  conj^ri'eatcd. 

rpon  tlu'  arrival  ol'  tlu'  ealk-ons,  the  tivasmrr. 
coiitador.  or  factor,  was  (»rderetl  l>v  the  e-overiier  tn 
pi'ot-eed  then",  takiiie-  with  him  the  deputies  el'  the 
other  two  olHcials."'      When  tiie  ifoKl  and  silx'ci'  liad 


m 


'On  lii'iiriii!,'  of  tlio  ciniturc  of  I'ortolicllo,  tlit-  trovcnior  of  ('.iit:i;.'(ii,i  is 

Miilrs  liiiliii;:  of  Silver  to  liiivi'  ii  tii.'lil  "t  •'•il' 


.1  to  I 


lavc  sworn  to  l'ivi' 


tain  I'arkt'i' tind  lii.s  (  onipiuiy.    iiiul  iis  llanis  nn 


rk: 


■  Mail  tliiv  I'fOi  M'l' 


lis  tiicv  ;i 


111"  «oul(l    liavc   ]iart(.'il    witli    what   lie  had   upon  so  tasic   tt'l 

I'orto  lii'lo  iliil.  'tis  M'lv  likely  they  niiuht  have  sold  him  that  favoui'.  imt  iii.'< 

htiviiuth  lii'iuL,'  uni'i'itain  as  will  as  his  [lay,  tluy  ditl  not  think  lit  to  attiiniit 


h 


-7.  r 


.7..  1.    .  li. 


'"  Ui'iiutiis   wi'iu  to  irciivc   400  ducats   yuaily.     In   Ui08,   tUc  huuds  ut 


!i 


■»? 


r.A<;i:  ox  I'outoijeli.o. 


460 


li((  II  |)iii  on  ImiuiiI  flit' oiillfoiis,  and  otluT  coniinodi- 
(io  i»n  l)i»i»i'(l  tlii!  ini  icliiint  sliijis,  nil  wci'c  vi.sitt.MJ  \t\ 
the  lov.'il  oiliccrs  to  src  that  tlit;  k\\\<^  was  notclaatcd 


<  XCClt 


t    f 


or    valnai»l<'    consi* 


Iciat 


loll. 


T\ 


!«'    <'oniin!4' 


ami  ^oini,'  of  tli<;  annnal  lircts  was  a  inattcr  ol'  tin: 
utmost  solicitndc  to  tlir  cr-own,  to  sliipju-i's,  and  U* 
(itiisi'^nccs.  Many  a  trcasnicdiidcn  ciafl  citlicf  lound- 
cird  ;it  sea  oi"  I'tlj  a  |»rry  to  Kuccanrcrs,  and  tin-  .^alr 
;iiri\,il  ora<'<invoy  was  lic)ald«'d  with  cvcty  maniicstii 
liuii  of  joy,  rvm  loyalty  itscH'  not  dfcininj^  it  out  ol' 
iilatc  to  annocincc  su«li  an  t-scnt.  Thus  on  Octohcc 
I.I,  MJOa,  tlio  kini^'  in  a  dis|>al<-]i  t<»  the  president  and 


on 


lis 


iiiidhncia  niloinis  tlani  of  the  arrival  of  (General  i) 
Jiiii>  de  ('('n'doha  in  Jann.'iry  of  that  year. 

Alter  lh(!  de|>aitnie  of  the  galleons,  l*ortol>el](»  w 
nliiiost.  ahandoned  hy  the  Spaniaids,  and  lelt  mainly  to 
negroes  and  mnlatloes,  tin-  inhahitants  living'  ehiejly 
liv  reiitiiin"  their  dwellinus  and  stores  at  exoihilant 


late 


C'll 


'I'he  town  was  hnilt   in  the  sha 


>«(    o 


a   eres- 


t;   its  harhoi'  was  one  of  the   most  se(;uie   in   tiie 
Indies,'-  and   shi[)diuildini^f    and    the'    j)re|»ai'ation    of 


tii'iiMirv  II' 


n'u'i:ilH 


ncliuH-l  fniiri  'JO.IHM)  .In.jits  t 


half  t!i;it  aiiii 


aiiiiiiuit 


111  ii  ih'ilic  of  Sept.    II,    Kilo,  till'  lisriil  i.s  liincti'il   to  ;.'ii  tii    roltoliillo  on  tin' 


iiiriviil  c 


if  tl 


ic  ^'il 


olis  iiliil  t.'inv  illlliiiu   the  .si'iisoli 


illotli 


iiT  oliifiiils  to  ) 


in  - 


fiillll  tlliil'  itsiliij  illltics  iiiiil  iii:iUi'  tlir  rfi|ilisitn  icpoit.s.      AliKillg  otlu'l' illUii  H 


till'  I 


isijil  wjis  iiiitliori/ril  to  [iri'Vfiit  iiiijuoiH'r  |iursi.ii.s  hunliii^,'. 


•K.stii 


sNiiiloM  y  |Msii  j(  Tos  i|iii'  fnii'oii  roll  lii-ciiii.i,  y  iiml.-itiw  iiioii.-iii.s  y 


I|1U'   Ins   I'll 

(■■;tniii>;rriis  y  otrjiis  |i<'n»iii;is   |i 


ll'ollilllllMS 


;i  jmsjir  ;'i  cstii.s  Jiiiitfs,  no 


ill  I 


lilL'illl. 


I'Xi  riltilllijii  t'll    cllos   y  en  lo^<  i|iU'  los    llcliilll,  lllS    ]ii'll!is   i|ll('  cstjlll    illl|i\U'j<t.i 


l'> 


III  nil  s  Ci  iliilii. 


I'lirl,, 


iinl  I  'nri/i'iins,  Cul.  Jlu 


ill     I'. 


W  lull  1  <':uiii'  into  tilt'   11: 


ujis  sniry  to  SCI 


:vi  !i,' .siys  'riioiiias  <  liiijc  w  lio  was  lit   I'oito- 
tliat  as  vi't  till'  '  Jalcoiis  uni!  not  conn;  from 


Njiiiiii.  know  ill;;  tliat  tli     loiii;cr  I  staycii   in  that  jilacc,  jiiciitcr 


wonlil   In;  iiiv 


.A  Uinil  (!ciitlciii!ii 


I,  who  WHS  tin 


■iiirsr  Willi  nic,  |ir 


oniiscil  to  help  Inc.  that    I    liii;:ht 


lliU.s   I  rcasiui  r,  lalliiiK  '"  '•' 


ilis- 


lic    clicil 


Wiun  the  shiiLS 


p.s  ciiiic.  am 


loih 


ply  h 


iiiL's  Were  at  thi'  hiuhcHt  r.itc.      lie,  iiitcrposin 


iiH  !  iitiioiitv.  Went  with  me  to  miU  one.   which  at  the  time  of  tlic   i'li 


lelll','  tiiere,  llli 


M 


intinm 


till 


IC  nunc, 


It 


wa.s  no  liiLTL'tr  than  woiiM  contain 


II  III  I 


a   la 


til 


I'  iliini',  an 


i  tl 


anil  a  .Stool  or  two,  w  ith  loom  enoiii^'h  liisidcs  to  open  and  .'-Init 


lev  ilcinaiHlcil 


me   lor   I 


t,  ih; 


uiin.L;  the  forc.saiil   time  i 


I  ciiminonlv  is  a 


111  it,  six -score  Crow  lis,    whici 

I'liJiiit  «hi)  piv<'  II  thoiis.inil  Crowns  fora  simp  of  ii 

Will  IS  .'iiiil  eomiiii  llli  tics  tiiat  vcar  tliat  I  was  tiierc,  for  liltccii  ila\s 


fortni'.'ht.  ..Ik 
■1 


new  a 


casoiiahlc  lilpless,  to  si 


.f  1 1 
.Me 
11   h 

hit 


tlic  rieet  colltinilcil  to  lie  ill  that  lluvei 


i   tl 


only.  \t  liicli 
iDiiL'ht  it  iiuicli   for  iiu;  to  L'i'.  !• 


tl'c  ■•ixscorc  ( 'rowiis  w  liicli  were  lU'iiiamU'tl  of  me  for  a  rtjoni,  which  wiis  Imt  a 
Mimselidle. '   .\<  ir  Siirrcii,  ii-i  •">. 

'   Tlie  Icnu'th  of  aiichoiaL!c  .uroiiml  is  iiliont  3,<K)()  ^'eonietriciil  jiaccs;  the 
>viiUli  ti'oin  I,."itl0  to  I ,.S0O  jiaccs  ami  the  iiveruL;c  dciitli  17  fatlioiiLs.     Lur^e 


lili 


f  ii 


'  It 


I 


Ml  I  . 

m 


'*  1 


m 


470 


PANAMA,  PORTOr.ELLO,  AND  PIRACY. 


cedar  IuihIht  were  its  londiiii,^  iiidastrics.  Tlic  rlj. 
inate  of  Portolx'llo,  like  that  of  othor  towns  on  tin- 
Istlinius,  was  unhoalthy,  as  I  have  elsewhere  slat  id, 
thnuL;li  less  so  than  that  of  Nomhre  de  Dins  or  (■\,  u 
l\niani;i.  The  liospital  was  ei'owdi-d  with  iii\a!ii| 
soldiei-s,  lal)orers,  and  slaves,  and  in  1008  an  .'iiiiii:;il 
j^rant  of  two  thousand  tlueats  was  assigned  hv  thi- 
erown  for  its  su])|)ort. 

In  KJIO  the  eity  of  Panama  had  not  more  tlian  oiu^ 
third  of  the  population  which  it  possessed  in  I.Vsf)." 
although  from  the  time  of  its  estahlishmeni  to  tln' 
latter  date  it  had  grown  steadily  in  wealth  and  jiiipn- 
lation.  The  hest  iu<lication  of  its  deeline  as  ;i  ((nn- 
meicial  eentre  is  the  liu't  that  the  revt.'uues  of  the  ci-;! 
tie  C'ruces/*  which  at  one  time  were  fumed  out  |.  !■ 
ten  thousand  pesos  a  year,  were  rented  in  1010  ti.r 
only  two  thousand  pesos,  'i'hei-e  were  mines,  hut  IIkv 
well'  not  woi'ked;'"'  ])eail-tislieries,  hut  they  lay  idh  :  a 
iiseasure  of  trade,  hut  it  was  in  the  hands  of  luiiiinpo- 
lists,  who  shared  their  profits  with  the  king.*'^ 

The  expenses  of  the  general  government  of  Paiiami 
wei-e  met  hy   annual   appropriations   allowed  hy  the 

ships  ride  nt  aiuliDr  niiposilc  f'r.ytlc  S.inti;i'-'",  wliili"  fri'.'iiti's  can  iiiovi'  ii(:iii  r 
tlri' iiidIc.  'I'lu'ic  is  nii'iu  fur  ,'il>0  ).;iilt.i)iis  iiiul  l.COd  siualk'r  vessels  uiiliiii, 
while  !.',()()(>  slii]is  may  anchor  with  tDleralile  sakty  without  tlio  lurls.  I'n- 
iiiiiiiii,  l>t-<rri/i.,  in  ./'«'■/(('•')  anil  Cinh  nn.'--,  I'ul.  Ifnc,  ix.  11S-1!(. 

'■'  Panama  iiuitjiini'd  in  llilO,  eleven  Btl'eets,  throe  8i|iiarcs,  a  catheilral, 
live  eunvt^nts,  a  htpsjiital,  se\en  myal  huuses,  a  casa  tlu  Liil)ihl«,  two  heiniit- 
iiijes,  eoiirt-houae  witii  jail,  ','m'I  houses  eovere<l  witli  tiles,  40  small  liotis.s, 
ir_' Jnilian  huts,  a  meat  nuuhot  ami  slautiliter-liouse.  Ail  Itnt  eiulit  of  llio 
lioucies  were  made  of  stone.  I'niiaiin'i,  JJc-^rr'/i  ,  in  y''u7(<''0  anil  I'urili'tiitn.  I't.l. 
hv.,  ix.  S(i.  'I'he  Ktatement  thiit  all  hut  ei-ht  weri;  of  stone  seems  iiiiipiih- 
iihle.  It  is  certain  that  tliey  \\  eiv  nearly  all  of  w<iod  ahout  the  middle  ot  tlio 
Kith  eentury,  and  that  most  of  them  were  ot  cedar  when  raiiama  viejii  \nh 
destroyed  duiiii;.;  Morgan's  raid  in  liiTI. 

"  It  will  he  remei.]l)ered  that  <  ruees  was  the  town  at  \\hich  treasure  fmin 
]*ani:niii  was  slii]i|iiil  in  harires  lor  tlie  inoulh  of  the  (dia^'ri-.  Tiie  eas:i  de 
(Jruees  was  estahlislied  iu  l.ilili. 

'■'  In  resiponse  to  fre((uenl  adilresses,  the  kiiiir,  on  the  14th  of  Aucu^t  hdn, 
«lin  eted  (loveiiior  Mereedo  liy  all  means  in  his  ]io\\er  to  ile\elo|>  niiiiia,' 
(ilH'ralions  in  l'auam;i  an<l  \'erau'ua.  'I'ara  i|Ue  los  (|Ue  tieiien  i|uadii!hi>  do 
lie^Miis  las  refuer/.en  y  aei'eeienten,  y  k).s  ijiie  no  las  tieiien  las  )iroeui:iu.'  /'i- 
viiiin'i,  ll'itlix  ('i(.ii/(iti,  in  /'("//CO  and  ('tinlciKis.  Co/.  JJuf.,  xvii.  "ill    IJ. 

''^'I'he  olliee  of  i  orredor  de  lonjti  \\as  farmed  out  lor  l,(MI(J  pesos,  lliose  ol  eor- 
redor  de\inos  and  aueiioneer  for  7')  pesos  each  per  annum.  J'liiiiii.ni,  Jh-  r-/i., 
ill  J'lti./i'cu  and   .'iriU'iiu-i,  t\jl.   li^x:.,  i\.  UU.     in  fact  the  king  piolal/Ucd 


1. 4i'. 


IXTEROCEAXIC  COMMUNICATIOX. 


471 


Ci 


iiin/il  of  the  Indies,  niul  it'  wo  tuko  into  rcnisidcia- 


li'iii   tlic  sparsc'iiess 


o 


IL' 


]);ir;itivc    cljcupness    oi    the    neeess; 


f  tl 
f   til 


poj 


m 


lat 


ion  luu 


I  tl 


u!   eoni- 


ar 


ies    of    life,   tlu 


tlirials  were  exceedingly  well  ])aid  f(jr  their  services.^' 
J  lilt  good  pay  does  not  seem  to  have  secured  laitliJ'ul 
si  rvice,  for  on  tin,"  28th  of  March  IGOo  his  Majesty 
iiilurnis  the  president  that  he  has  learned  that  niar- 


ii'il 

JlfCUS 


otlicials,  while  <roin 


ig  tl 


leir  o 


fiicial 


rounds,  were 


e 


t(tnied  to  take  with  them  their  wives,  who  wer 
always  jirovided  for  at  the  towns  tlu  y  visited;  he 
tiijdins  him  to  forhid  them  thus  to  take  advantage  of 
thi  ir  position  and  to  insist  that  the  retinue  of  bailitl's 
aiid  servants  he  reiluced  to  the  smallest  i)ossii)l»;  nuni- 
Ur.  (jiovernc^r  V'alverdo  in  his  report  of  .lune  (ith 
I'i.llDwing,  says  that  many  of  the  interior  towns  of 
Til  ira  Firnie  had  not  heen  visited  hy  an  oitloi-  for 
iiiaiiy  yars.  and  that  the  ])rovince  of  A'eragua  had 
iitvcr  heen  visited  at  all.  To  remedy  such  negh'ct 
tlu'  governor  orders  tin;  oidores  to  visit  all  pi'operly 
designated  places  in  rotation: 

Tlie  (piestion  of  interoccanic  communication,  to 
^vl^h■ll  allusion  has  alr<'ady  heen  made,  was  discussed 
at  intervals  during  the  latter  half  of  the  sixteenth 
(I'litinv,  and  further  survevs  were  made  earlv  in  the; 


sivi'iiteelitll. 


It 


is  true."  writes  (j<jmara  in   \:)^)A, 


'"that  mountains  ohstruct  these  passages,  hut  if  thei'e 
1h'  iiiouiitains  thei'e  be  also  hands;  let  hut  the  resolve 
lit'  fniiiu'd  to  make  th  .;  ])assage  and  it  can  he  made." 
Oil  llie  .'list  of  Decemher  KiK't  the  king  informed 
])i('g()  l'\'rnandez  de  Velasco,  win*  at  that  date  was 
appointed  governor  of  Ca^tilla  del  Oio,  that  the  court 


"M';un   endorse! 


.1    th 


le    oiiinion   o 


f   tl 


le    commercial 


iiiiiiio]i,,li,.s  in  vliioli  hv  <liil  not  iinrtiii]iatt'.     On  tlic  'JUtli  of  Miinli   liii'l. 


111. 


il  tli.'it  as  tlour  must  lie  lnvin'.rlit  from  IN  rn,  am 


till 


ini'L'l- 


U'lrtu  hiid  ;\  ninno| 


)lv  of  tlic  tra<l<'.  tho  viii  rii\s  nuist  alioli.sli  that   .-iVslcm  so 


tliat  tk'aliiN  ini'jlit  pnicliivse  witliout   restricuion  for   tlio    I'anania  niaikit. 


op.  ill  lull.,  ii.  (14. 
ill   l(li).">,  aiipnipriationa  inchnlo  O.OOO  tluoats   for  tlio  trovci 


,()()() 


JiL'siis  tin  li  fur  four  oiiloics  an<l  Ji  fiscal,  and  4()(>,<KMt  maravi'cliM  lacii  foi'  tli 
tr-iiiii  111,  iiiiitadiir,  ami  factor.  Otlu'is  wcic  in  iirnportiou.  Sc  •  I'duntiui 
i)'..si-ni,.,  in  I'uc/tixo  and  Cunknav,  Col.  Don.,  i.\.  105-7. 


It 


472 


PANAMA,  PORTOBELLO,  AXU  PIRACY. 


world  on  tliis  |)rojoct.  Tlit  v  iK'lii^'Vod  that  ooinimiiii- 
ratioii  iniLflit  I)0  ojisilv  ostiihlislicd  hctucen  the  ocraiis 
hy  constriictiiij^  a  ('tiiial  comicctinjj^  the  rivers  ]);iril 
and  !  )ama(|uiel,  ahout  thirty  k-ai^iU's  from  Cartanciia, 
and  tliat  su<h  a  work  wouhl  enable  the  kinj^-  to  pro- 
vide better  for  the  defence  of  tin*  provinces.*^ 

The  governor  was  directed  to  report  on  the  f(>asi- 
bility  of  the  j>roject,  and  to  despatch  a  fi'W  sniall  ves- 
sels for  the  j>ur[»ose  of  niakini;  a  similar  investiyatioii 
at  the  i^iilf  (»f  San  Miguel  and  the  Kio  Darien.  Tlic 
conclusions  arrived  at  bv  the  otticei's  emidoved  <iii 
these  surveys  is  not  recorded  in  tlie  chronicles  of  the 
an'c,  l)ut  we  learn  that  his  ^bnestv  was  verv  explicit 
in  his  (Hrections  that  all  such  exploi-ations  and  sur- 
veys should  bo  made  at  the  expense  of  those  uhu 
v.ere  interested,  and  not  charged  to  the  roval  treus- 
ury.^" 


When  Felipe  IV.  ascended  the  throne  of  Spniii  he 
assured  his  subjects  in  the  New  World  that  no  forced 
loans  should  be  re([uiretl  during  his  ivign.  He  I'vcii 
leimbursed,  with  interest,  the  money  seized  by  liisjuc- 
<lecessor,  who  a  year  before  his  death  api)ropriate(l  to 
his  own  use  an  eii>hth  of  the  treasure  on  l^oard  the  ilcit 
fi'om  the  Isthmus.-*^  Xevertheless  the  fourth  niili[» 
was  often  in  sore  need  (/f  funds.  About  tliis  time 
Itodriu'o  de  Vivero  was  t>'ovcrnor  of  Castilla  del  ( )ro, 
having  been  a])[)ointed  the  successor  of  Velasco,-'  and 
those  in  charge  of  the  l)ullion  tleet  had  made  a  i»iactico 

'■"'ror  I'stc  caniiuo  se  poilni  poiier  froiio  ii  la  cntrada  do  los  ciii'iiiigos.' 
I'lUiiiinii,  Itiidvs  (Ji  1I11I11.1,  ill  J'lirlin-o  and  Cdnlciiun,  Cal.  Doc,  xvii.  1214. 

'■•' '  Advirtii'iiilo  quo  tixlo  osto  so  a  de  Imccr  siii  quu  dcllo  se  ><if,'a  iiinguiia 
od.sta  a  mi  liaoionda.'  /'/.,  xvii.  21;?-14. 

'-"l"\)iood  loans  wore  fri'(|iiontly  oxtortoil  by  Felipe  III.,  ami  nicnliuMts 
rosortod  to  all  .sorts  of  ilevicos  to  conceal  tlioir  specie,  (.'oninioive  siid'.itil 
j;i('at  dopros.sion,  and  on  April  10,  104;$,  Felipe  IV'.,  in  a  letter  to  tlio  ).'uv- 
ornor,  says  that  under  no  circumstances  would  any  furtlu'r  exaction  l)e  niadi', 
liut  that  he  would  he  sjitislied  with  the  stipulated  duos.  J'aiiauui,  Itmki 
<'rtliilii.<,  in  /'r((7i<(V)  and  ('linlcim!*.  Col.  Doc,  xvii.  'J4!)-.V2. 

'■^  hi.,  xvii.  '24!»-r)'2.  Aleedo,  who  is  hy  no  means  rclialile  cither  iis  to 
jianies  or  dates,  says  that  L>on  Hodrigo  de  \  ivera  y  \eh:soo,  a  nati\  o  ot  l.iiiui, 
succeeded  l)on  IHogo  de  Orozco.  He  adds  that  during  N'elasco'.s  udiniiilsUii- 
tiou  tlio  subjugation  and  spiritual  comiuest  of  tlio  Ciuainii  Indians  in  \  era- 


11 


SMUOflLIXG. 


473 


(i)"t;nfviii<jf  loiin-at  tlio  |)f»it  (»f'  Pcrioo  uiuli-r  in'ctciiro  (»t' 
tiikiiiiif  ill  iiK  ri-liaii(li.si'  fioiii  Spain.  Claimiiii;  to  ho 
iiii«l<T  till' jinisdic'tiou  ((t'tlu*  vicvn>y  of  iVni  tliry  rc- 
t'u-.((l  oltodic'iico  to  the  audieiicia  of  I'anania.  In  order 
\n  |irt'\"riit  (K'lay  in  (lu-  aiiival  of  t\\v  tioasur('-slii|»s 
it  waN  ordc'iL'd  that  all  the;  oflici  is  and  nu'ii  of  tlit^ 
ill  ( ts  calliiii,'  at  Tii'ira  Firni«'  shtMild  ho  plai'td  under 
tlu   iiiiiiuMUatu  jurisdiction  of  tho  auihencia. 

Tilt'  kin|L(  was  C(»nstantly  dt'frauilcd  of  Ids  i-cvciuios 
liv  (diitrahand  traiHnuf  which  pr'i-vailt'd  thi'ounliout 
the  |ir<tvincc'S,  hut  nowhere  to  such  an  extent  as  in 
J'aiiniiiii.  In  the  year  1(J'J4  the  amount  of  merchan- 
(li>e  re<4isteretl  as  passin*^  throu^'li  the  easa  de  Ciuces 
was  1 ,440, 040  pesos,  whiK'  o(»()ds  to  the  amount  of 
7.r)'.)7..").')D  pesos  were  reported  hy  the  i'actor  C'ristohal 
(Ic  l)all>ato  have  heen  smu<i,nled  throut;li.  Xo  jiun- 
isliiiK'iit  was  inriicted  lor  these  frauds,  tli.m^-h  liis 
Majesty  thus  sutl'ered  a  loss  of  \,^70,()^tC)  pesos,  and 
tlic  matter  wasconn)ouiuK'd  hy  the  payment  of  200,000 
|as(is  into  the  treasury,  the  factor  haviuij^  received  a 
liiilie  of  (1, 000  pesos.  Smufijo-liiiiif  was  |)ractised  to  such 
ail  cxtt'iit  that  it  threatened  the  very  e\istenc(!  of  le^iti- 
iiiatc  comniei'ce.  For  this  conditi(Ui  of  affairs  Spain 
liatl  hut  herself  to  hlame.  The  merchants  of  Seville, 
will)  still  I'lnoyed  a  monopoly  of  the  trade  with  the 
]iioviiices,  des|>atclie(l  only  a  small  s((ua(lron  twice  a 
_\rai'  to  supply  the  wants  of  the  colonists.  '^I'hey 
iv^ulnted  no  less  the  suj)[»ly  of  lMiro[»ean  yoods  in 
Aiiitiica  than  of  Anu'rican  !4"oods  in  Murope,  and  took 
caiv  that  hoth  should  he;  shipped  in  (juantities  so 
Miiall  as  to  ensure  enormous  profits.  All  kinds  of 
(livicis  were  resorted  to  hy  coiitrahand  traders,  hoth 
S|iaiiiards  and  foreigners,"  to  secure  a  [)ortioii  of  the 


pm  wiis  cITcrtcil,  and  tliiit  liiHrulc  cndod  in  ]l'>'2i.   />!<•.,  iv.  41.    T)i<%'fnl<' Iloy.i. 
iii  liis  liiii(i.-<  jiitrii  la  lIlMtirla  dii  /.ttiiio  iiuiki's  im  nu'iitioii  of  I'itlii'r  of  tlio 


Vclil 


V 


■  In  l(i.")l  it  wiiH  common  to  ship  bullion  from  Peru  as  though  dostineil  for 
I'e  have  it  sinujij.'l(Ml  into  Spain.     'J'iiis  pivc   rise  to  several 


iii.'iiiiM,  aiK 


til. 


/•<lrli, 


an< 


1  Ciinl'iKis,  Col.  />()"..  xvii.  1!I4  .">. 


Another 


(levu'e  was 


ti  ^lli|l  silver  in  liale  goods.   J)(iiiiiiif  r'"  Vail.,  i.  IH.").      A  eoniiiion  nutliod  of 


tolhis 


Ijctween  iSpanisii  aud  Euylish  uuiitrabuiidists  was  for  an  Kiigliah 


in- 


n> 


:.1 


474 


VAX  AM  A.  POnTOr.KLLO,  AXD  TIR  ACV. 


'i  i.' 


.    f 


ricli  ti'aflir  ol'  llic  Istlimus,  and  \\\v  jj^ovcrnnu^iit  fuid- 
iiij^  its  i(jveiiuc'.s  constantly  ^l(•(•lvasin<,^  finally  (Iccl.u, ,[ 
sniu^'u'liii*;'  to  ))<■  a  mortal  sin,  ami  nia<U'  those  ulm 
engaged  in  it  liable  to  \m;  tried  by  the  inijuisitioii. 

It  is  now  in  ])lace  to  allude  briefly  to  tli(3  ja-oL^nss  of 
ooele.siasti(;al  ail'aii's  in  l*anania,  I'oi- here,  as  elsewlicir. 
Ihey  linnr*'  laij^ely  in  the  history  of  tho  j)r(>\ii 
A\'ith  rt'LTard  to  moral  and  spiritual  matters,  the  ji 
]ile  of  Panama,  as  \v<'  havt^  seen,  were  low  eiioi!' 


ICC 


lief 


Ol'IllS    W( 


■ic  needed,  but  refoiniers  were   I 


»AV, 


Ol 


C.'llcs. 


the  "JCil  1  ot*\oven)ber  157"2  Pedi'o  Castro  do  Ved 
jtrovoked  by  the  flat^rant  abuses  of  the  time,  addressed 
tile   lieeneiado  -luan  de  Ovando,  hi,s  ]\rajesty's  cduii- 
selior  of  the   holy    iiKjuisition   and   visitador  of  tl 
council  of  the  Indies,  upon  rcfi>rnis  needed  in  ( li 


IC 

Uiv'i 


matter; 


Tl 


le  conununication  is  elal)oratt!  and  rc\  nv 


the  ei'i'ors  and  misdoiuL^s  of  the  Spaniaids,  partic;ilarly 
in  theii'  intei'course  with  the  natives.'-'' 

When  J'' raneisco  (1(>  Toledo,  the  new  vicerov,  aiiixid 


.tPi 


It  l^ananul  on  Ins  way 


to  J*eru  in  1  5G9,  he  I'estercd 


the  I'oyal  pnM'ou'ativo  of  church  pati'onage,  which  in 
this  diocese,  and  thi-ounhout  his  vicei'oyaltv,  had  jallcii 
by  disuse  into  the  liands  (tf  thearchbisho])  and  bisl)i)[K. 
In  the  same  year,  pr(d)ably,  Francisco  Abrejj;(>,  a 


'CCU- 


lar  priest,  had  been  elevated  to  the  bishopric  <d'  J*aii- 
am;i.  and  continued  to  hold  that  office  till  his  decease 

e  t'liaptcr 


jn     lo/4 


r>r  1    '.ii 


]Jurin'jr   his    administration  th 


vessel  to  cojist  oil'  Portolicllu  until  visited  from  the  shore  hy  tliosi!  jiiv]';ni  it 
to  triicle.  Jlaviiij.'  iiiidked  seh'etioiis  of  l'imkIs  the  hitter  returiieil  \\ith  tlwir 
inoiiey  when  rojuly  to  jniieliiisc,  often  under  tlie  disguise  of  peasants,  i'liii: 
Col.  Villi.,  ii.  ,'{7.V4.  Tlio  kint;  on  Sept.  ^2'^,  UMVl.  .says  tliat  frauds  were  eom- 
initted  in  ](i.")l,  in  deiluetin;,'  from  the  siihedulc  of  v'allao,  hits  and  ])ari'"'ls, 
imdei' pietenec  that  tliey  weie  for  resiihiits  of  I'ananui  and  I'ortohello;  ami 
that  there  was  a  dispensation  to  the  nieiehants  in  'el  luero  quo  hauian  ilii 
ha/er,  .supliendos  ]ifir  itnauinaria  <'n  el  rej,'istr()  los  (iOO.fKN)  pesos  (pte  se  <ihU- 
{;aron  a  nd  Virrey  (hd  I'eru.'  Jl<;  also  Ueniand.s  a  rejjort  of  the  reasons  wiiy 
'  no  hieesteiH  enterar  la  siuiia  que  el  cinsutaeto,  y  cornerioo  de  Lima  so  ohliu'O 
ji  HU|ilii'  poi'  imaiiiiiaria,  a  lo  e])etwo  dd  itgistro  (jue  salio  du  aipieUa  liudad.' 
J'tiiinnui,  lt<  III  ('i  iliild,  in  /'acAcco  and  Cdnli'iiui,  Col.  Doi\,  xvii.  1!)4  ."). 

'^  I'roviiiiia  I'll  Slo  Eraiiiflio  MS.,  So.  10.  Sjeo  also  Torqiiiiiiuda,  iii.  280; 
and  Ml  iiilii/ii.  Hilt.  Krii-.f.,  iv.  H'i. 

-Mionzalez  Davila,  Tenlro  L'l-li'.i.,  ii.  iiS,  states  that  he  held  olliee  t^r  i'l 
years,  and  Alcedo,  JJic,  iv.  34,  ropcata  the  statement;  and  yet  l)ut!i  arc 


KCCLESIASTIfAL  AFFAIRS. 


47; 


ooti.-idcrt'd    and   toniially   ratiHi-d  tlic  dcfivcs  of  tlio 
cniiiicil  <»t'  Trent,  and  in  k»'<jilnn"  witli  its  hclicsts  ap- 


es. 


jii.iiitcd  a<IJiit<)s,  or  inferior  ecelesiasti<'al  jnd^' 

.Mter  an  interval  of  four  years  Fray  Manuel  do 
Men-ado  was  jdaeed  in  cliarj^c;  and  at  this  time  I'ana- 
iii;i  iiiutained  a  eatliedral,  a  Franciscan  and  a  Doiniii- 
iiaii  convent,  and  one  Ixloni^in^'  to  the  Merced  older, 
^jcicado  was  sncceedi'd,  prohahly  in  iaS;!,  hy  l^artol- 
(iiiK'  Martinez,-^  who  had  formerly  Keen  archdeacon  of 
tin  Santa  InK'sia  of  l^ima,  and  after  presiding'  o\-<r' 
the  see  of  Panauul  for  ahout  ten  years  was  proiuoti  d 
tiitlie  new  ])relacy  of  Granada,  but  died  en  route  at 
Ciii'tay-ena."" 

The  successor  of  ^lartinez  was  Pedro,  duque  de  I'i- 
lMi;i,a  prominent  Jesuit,  elected  in  ir)!)4,  who  dicil  lik(i 
lii>  jiredecessor  on  I'eachiiiL;'  Caiia^'ena.  The  next  in 
Miiccssion  was  Antonio  (  alderon  who  was  transfeired 
tiiiiii  the  l)is]ioj)ric  of  l*orto  ]{ico,  and  in  1  ()():5  wa.s 


'I'nilio 


ted  to  the  sec  of  Santa  ( "ruz  de  la  Siei'ra. 


Ill  I  ">1)2  the  chapter  resolved  on  the  estahlishment 
fil"  a  nunnery  at  l^mama,  and  an  ap])eal  in  behalf  of 
ill"'  pinjict  met  with  prom[)t  and  yeiierous  resjionse, 


('111 


CnllVt 


•  citizen  alone  ])rovKling  tlie  in'ctssary  I»uiI<Iiiil;'s 
1  a  considerable  endowment.  Six  years  later  the 
lit   was  dedicated  to  Our  Lady  of  the  Concep- 


tion, w  itli  an  assuretl  i-evenue  of  lour  thousanc 


f  f. 


th 


d 


lesos 


a  Year. 


our  nuns  an* 


I  twentv-four  assistants  weri 


('Violently  inint.TkcTl.  Clirnnithis  of  tlio  sev('nt<('lith  contiiry  leave  tlie  order 
(f  S'uri'i  >sioii  to  tlio  see  ot  I'iiiiaiiwi  in  ijoulit,  tliuii^;li  tiny  me  imreeil  as  to 
t!ii' (l:ite  lit  Al'Ve^ro's  (leiitli.  ]>:ivila  iiieiitiiiiis  the  elevation  ot  Flay  I'alilo  do 
TdiTes  as  tlie  seveiitli  lii>lio|)  |proliaiily  in  l.').'iit,  and  that  lie  eeitainly  elitelc  d 
ii|«iM  the  duties  in  the  lollowin;,'  year.  In  this  Aleedo  euneuis.  Until  sjieak 
(if  ills  siieeessor  Fray  .luan  \"aea,  liiit  \viili(iiit  L'ivijiL'  the  date  of  the  deeea.so 
(if  tile  iMriner  or  of  the  apiioiiitiiieiit  of  i\w  later.  Vaea  dieil  on  the  wiyago 
mit.  and  the  vacant  !^ee  wa.-*  imt  lilled  until  .VlireL'o's  aiii)oiiitiiieiit. 

'■■'.Meedo  says  that  liis  full  name  ^vas  lliiitoloiiu'  Martinez  Menacho. 
rivviiiiis  t<i  liis  a]i|iointiiieiit  the  liishojnie  had  Keen  nlleiH d  to  and  declined  liy 
liiiy  I'eiiro  de  I'ravia,  a  ilistinyuLslied  theoluyian.  JJurUa  PadiUn,  Fviul.  iSiiu- 
tiii'ji,  1 1,'  Ml.,-.,  ,"i!l,"(. 

■"  A'ciiidinu'  to  Aleedo  this  occurred  in  1 ")!!.'{.   /'/. 

^'  I'iii.s  seevva.s  created  in  l(i(C2.  ]ji.-iIio))  ('alderon  died  at  Salinas  when 
iipvaiijs  (jf  1(10  years  old  ami  was  lunied  in  the  eoii\ent  of  San  .\^ru^  i'  of 
uhiJi  he  had  been  a  ;;reat  lienefaetor.    I'liriln,  TuiU-o  Krl<^..  ii.  ."i^.  I  I 

"  The  .■jiiiii  of  3,77U  pecios  having  Leeu  subscribed,  tlie  liccutialc  Teuiu  of 


I 


^ 


m 


I 

If! 


fli 


u 


I 


470 


PANAMA,  PORTOBELLO,  AXD  PIRACY. 


;■} 


11 


sent  1)V  tln'  an-lil)isli((|>  of  ]^iuia,  wlio.se  (.•oopcration 
liad  \nv\i  licartilv  ''ivfii. 

Tliiis  the  N|>iritiial  wt-Haro  of  tho  iiihal»itaiits  of 
I'aiiaiiiit  was  fully  providtul  for;  Init  tin.'  (.t'clcsiasiii  s 
wvn;  l>y  MO  iiicaiis  .sin^rU.-iniinled  in  tlu'ir  laKnis  mi 
l)«half  of  the  cIuutIi.  Not  (vnitt'iit  with  rfcii\  juir 
iiiainiriiaMcc,  srrvicc,  ami  titlu-s,  as  jtrovidt'd  hy  l;i\v, 
tin  V  txtortcd,  with  the  coiiiiivaiK'!.'  of  tln-ir  l(i>liii|i-«, 
salai'ii's  of  thrt-'t'  huiidrcd  jicsos  each  tVoin  the  Indians 
Milder  their  ehaiim',  '•'  and  justly  aroused  a^^•linst  tin m 
the  indiinnati(tn  of  the  kinuf,  who  instrufte<l  the  aiidi- 
encia  foithwith  to  banish  from  the  province  nuiiiv 
irregular  friars  (tf  whose  disgraceful  eontluet  he  had 
heard. 

After  the  ]>r<miotion  of  IVishop  Calderon  the  stu 
of  l*anani:L  remained  vacant  until  IGOj,  when  Fiay 
AL;iistin  do  Caiahajal  was  ai)i)ointed  prior,  an<l  as-i>t- 
ant-LfeiU'ral  of  the  provinces  of  S[)ain  and  Aninira.  ' 
^Meanwhile  the  lont(  strugji^lc  for  supremacy  hetwrni 
the  authorities  (tf  the  state  and  the  church,  wliidi 
had  now  subsided  int(j  an  unseemly  <|uesti<>n  el  |irc- 


cedence  in  the  various  religious  ceremonials,  wa- 
(lisposed  of  by  a  I'oyal  decree  assiLjninLf  the  plac'  nl" 
lay  and  clerical  di^iiitaiies  in  all  such  paj^^ants.  In 
all  ]»roci'ssions  the  bislioj*  led,  followed  by  the  etii- 
ciatinjij  presbyter  and  the  clergy.  Behind  them  ( anie 
the  president  and  audiencia.     At  the  sprinkliiiu  with 


hel 


y   w 


ater  beluiv  hieli  mass,  the  ecclesiastic  \V(  lo 


to  be  first  spiii.kled,  and  then  the  president  and  thi^ 

r;i!i!iiiii'i  otTiTcd  to  croi't  tin-  1)tiil(Uui.'S  if  n  suit."il)li'  site  wore  ]iioviil(il.  mi'l 
«N;'ciiclf(l  for  tii.'it  imriioMi'  sonie  'J4.()(M(  jicsos.  Ho  furtliiT  iuMcil  iiii  iiniiii.il 
niilov.iiu'iit  of  •_',(M)(I  jU'Sos,  rfscrvin^'  fouiiiici-'.i  riglits  (jiatroiiaz^'o)  fm  liiiiisclf. 
riiiiiiniii,  !>iyriiji..  J'ar/icrd  uiul  Ciirileiiiis,  (dl.  Uoc,  ix.  KIT;  Fi'jiii  i->i>i.  I '»• 
(lirid::,   MS..  74. 

-*  A  I'l  (liihi  of  -Tilly  I,  l.'SO,  stiinnatizfs  tiiis  eomhu'tiv.s  'an  .•ilmsc  tliMt  must 
lie  sto]ijn'il.'  /'(iffii  i-n  i\ui\  i'lirihiiiiit,  (.'ill.  ]>iii\,  xvii.  4SS. 

^"  \i  iiilv  still  fi  fri;ir,  ( 'alalia Jul  went  to  Spain  ami  ln'caiiu'  prior  of  tlio  rnval 
ronvi'iit  of  \';illailoliii,  and  ilnriug  liiw  atti'mlaiuc  tit  coui't  lie  was  iliosiii  nssist- 
aiit-j^i'iiiral  of  all  tlie  jiroviiiies  of  .Sp.niii  ami  tin-  I  ml  it's,  ami  riforinaiiornl  tlio 
jiroviiieeaof  I'xiloiiiii  and  Roni.-inia  liy  autliority  of  I'ope  ( 'K'nunt  \'ill.  /''"'• 
I'liir.,  I  list,  ill  11,1.,  viii.  .VJ2.  .Ai'eoi-iiiiij,'  to  tins  authority  he  was  a  naint'  "t 
tliu  city  of  ^Ifxii'o,  lint  l>iivila,  iu  Tuiliv  £ct'(i.,  ii.  .VJ,  aays  lie  v.asa  ii.itivc 
of  Caccres  iu  Estreniudura. 


wnciiTv  MATTrns  of  form. 


47T 


aiitlicdci.i.     With  rcLT.inl  to  liandiiii^  tln.'ir  liiMc  to  t!n; 
])i("-i<l('Mt,  tilt'  kiii,Lj  <ltM-liin'(l  it  should   not  \>v  done, 


honor  to  Ik'  cxtfiidi'd  only  to  viciTov 


It  I'dii!^'  an 

Tlic  hishop's  train  was  to  !»•  raised  in  ccrKsiastical 
criii'iiony,  rvon  thouiLjh  the  president  and  audicncia 
\\t  If  iMcsont,  hut  tiidy  one  servant  should  he  allowid 
t(i  i!H  ly  it,  WIm'Ii  the  hishoj»  wont  to  the  royal  house, 
his  tr.iin  was  to  he  carried  as  tar  as  the  do(»r  of  tlu,* 
jii(  sident's  r«»oni  and  then  di-o|>ped.  Hut  the  main 
piiints  in  disj/  te  wen- the  momentous  (|uesti(tns  \\  here 
the  hishop  was  to  place  his  chair  on  the  side  of  the 
lii'ili  altai"  in  the  cathedral  when  the  oidores  wei'e  pres- 
ent, and  whellu-r  the  juvhendaries  were  to  he  seated 
licside  him.  The  kinyf  decided  these  matters  in  favor 
(if  the  chnich,  and  on  tlu'  4th  of  .lune  KJlt,  ;d'ter  a 
cDiisuItation  M  ith  the  hishojt,  issued  a  di'cn'e  orderiii;^ 
that  tJic  iei4'ulations  in  force  in  the  cathedral  of  Quit;> 
shuuld  he  ol>ser\<'d.^' 

In  Id]  I  Carahajal  was  appointed  to  tin;  seoof  (iua- 
iiianL,'<»,  having  founded  durin<^  his  adniinisti-ation  at 
PiUiamii  the  college  of  San  Agustin  and  endowed  it 
with  six   schnlarshi|)s,  accor<ling  to  tlu;  dir«'ctions  (»f 


th 


!•  coimci 


1  of  Trent.--     Hi 


s  suceessoi'  was 


1^ 


rancisco 


lu( 


amara  v  Jiava 


]^ 


wl 


lo  en 


tered 


ui)on 


his  ottice  in 


Kill.  ])uring  his  prelacy  was  convened  the  first 
^yiiod  ever  held  iti  the  diocese  of  l*anama.  ])uiing 
his  administration  four  monks  of  the  order  of  San 
Juan  dc  Dios^^ arrived  in  that  city,  proposing  to  serve 


"  /''iiiinnii,  Hcaka  Cfdnlaa,  in  Pachico  ami  C'lirdenas,  Col.  Doc,  xvii. 

■'■'At  tliis  time  Paiiamd  liail  convents  belonging  to  the  Poniinieans,  tlio 
I'laiiiisciuis,  the  Mcrcenarios,  nml  tlie  .Jesuits,  a  llnuiisliiiig  nunnery,  ami  a 
luiiiilier  of  secular  ecclesiastics.  Its  eatliedral  titlies  aniounteil  to  T,''-!- 
pcsos,  (if  wliicli  tiie  jirelate  receiveil  •J,.'{31.  In  the  tir.st  named  convent  thi-ie 
Were  10,  ill  the  second  11  religions;  while  the  Mercenarius  liad  \'.\  and  tlio 
.h'Miits  II.  The  nunnery  had  •_'4  nuns  and  .S'J  negr(»ea  of  botli  sexes.  'I'lie 
I'iitliiilnil  had  two  cliapels,  SantaAnna  and  San  ('ristohal.  I'lni'iiin!,  J)i ncri/i., 
ill  I'lirlii  in  iiwd  < 'i!nl<ii(i»,  Col.  J)oc.,  ix.  lOS.  Some  years  later,  from  KiL'.")- 
'•7,  (iiigf  says  tiierc  were  8  convents  and  monasteries  for  friars  and  nun.-i. 
I'('.'/";;'%  ii.  7n-!)I. 

''Instituted  in  Oranada  in  li"38  for  special  service  in  hosiiifcil  work.  They 
folliiwcil  the  rules  of  San  Agustin.  In  lo7"i  Pope  (,'lement  V.  approved  tlio 
order  and  thencefor«ard  the  fraternity  labored  iu  their  specialty. 


478 


PANAMA,  PORTOBELLO,  AND  rinACY. 


Ui' 


II  h 


i 


I!'.      < 


i  11 


ill  tlio  hospitals  cwtablislicMl  tliero  or  elsowlioi-c  on  tlio 
Istluniis.  Their  achnissioii  was  bittci'ly  opjioscd  ],y 
tlic  au(heiicia,  and  by  thu  preUitc,  who  was  a  j)(>iiiiiii- 
caii,  and  it  was  not  until  .Juno  2(5,  1G20,  and  in  ol'c- 
dionco  to  a  provision  received,  that  Ca])tain  OrdMH,') 
do  Salazar,  tlio  alguacil  mayor,  enabled  tlieni  to  take 
possession  of  the  hospital  of  Panama.^*  The  order 
was  permanently  established  in  Pananul  by  Fray 
Fabian  Diaz,  who  came  from  Spain  with  Fray  Fian- 
cisco  Lopez  in  1G04,  became  celebrated  as  a  jiliysieiaii,  ' 
and  <^Yo\v  rapidly  in  im])ortanee.^'' 

In  1G25  Fray  Cristobal  jNIartinez,  formerly  abbot 
of  Segovia,  was  appoin.ted  to  the  see  of  Panani:!." 
]Juring  his  administration  serious  disturbances  oc- 
cuiTcd  amouij  the  Auo'ustinian  Recollets  of  Uie  eon- 
vent  of  San  Jose,  the  jirime  mover,  Fray  Francisco 
de  la  liesurreccion,  and  his  disorderly  followers  bci un- 
arrested and  sent  to  S]);iin  i>y  Enrique  de  Sotouiayor, 
then  governor  of  the  province.^^ 

The  reputation  of  the  ecclesiastics  in  Panama  ;ibont 
this  period  appears  to  have  been  somewhat  uiisavoi  v. 
in  1(),M  Feli[>e  IV.  issued  a  decree  ordering  tlic 
i!K.'nd)ers  of  the  audiencia  to  see  that  the  i'e[)utali'  n 
of  cloistered  nuns  be  ])rotected.  On  tlie  14th  of  .Inly 
]5:)G  tlie  monarch  writes  to  the  bisho[)  ordering  that 
he  enforce  the  provisions  of  a  decree  addressed  to  tin- 
hierarchy  of  the  Indies  in  the  previous  February,  ly 
wliicli  no  mestee,  illegitimate  son,  or  person  of  moral  up 
pbysit-al  defect  was  t(»  be  ortlaiiuxl.     Immoral  or  scan- 

^ '  r.iiiiara  fnuniloil  si'lioliirslii]is  in  tin;  cdllcjic  of  Sim  Airustiii  and  I'lt  iiii 
(Uiniiily  <if  tliroo  lnuidrcil  jn'sos  to  the  .Icsuit  fiill"i.ro,  a  sniii  tor  tlio  niiiiiitc- 
iiaiii'o  (if  t\vi>  olinplains  in  the  I'lmir,  iinil  4,!)()0  jiosos  for  tlio  cluiri'li  lllliMill^' 
fiiiid.   i/oir.dliz  />iirihi,  Txtlro  Efh  x./n.   ")!•,  ami  vl/ri/o,  l>ii\,\\.  ,.' 

^■' 'I'lio  fonnor  livoil  to  an  ailvanood  ajro,  dyiiii,'  in  I(i4'l.  Ho  was  a  I'lfat 
asootio,  and  rofusod  a  liislKiprio.  Jiin  f'uiioial  was  attondod  liy  tlio  audiiiiiia 
and  all  tlio  miblo  families  of  tlio  ]iiovinoo.  SitiitDK.Chnui.  //i>^/.,  i.  .'tdH. 

^''In  l(l,"{(!  tlioy  rofnsi'd  tn  deliver  il])  the  liodioH  (if  sfinio  ]iorsons  wlm  liid 
(lie(l  in  the  luispital,  and  jirovented  tlioir  intoruiont  in  tho  elia]i(l  nf  ].:i  C"ii- 
••ejiciiin.    I'<  (il<  M  <  'i  ihdrin,  in  J'w  /n  ro  nuA  ('iiri!i  iinx,  Cnl.  lUn.,  x\ii.  'Jl'i. 

^' On  the  ITtU  (if  .laniiary  Ki'Jli  ho  was  eniiseeratod  at  N'alladi'lid  in  tin' 
Doininioaii  cdiivent  of  San  I'aliln.  (.loiizxltz  J>'iriln,  ^'m/ro /.''/,;,,  ii.  ."ill  lill| 
Alrr,ln,  It;,:,  iv.  ;ri-(). 

''Mil  a  letter  dated  Maroh 'JO.  1038,  Felipe  FV.  ajiprovos  (if  this  measiiiu. 
I'aiiuiiiii,  Jkiilca  Ctdiilai,  in  I'aclucu  ami  Ciinlenctx,  Col.  JJuc,  svii.  -11. 


FIRES  AND  FAIRS. 


m 


on  tlio 
)si'(l  l»y 
Joiiiiiii- 

in  oIm'- 
Onldiit) 
to  t;ik(i 
(J  ordi'i' 

y  l^i'ay 

y  Fi'au- 
■.siciau,'' 

Y  a  Mint 
uiaiiui." 

ICC'S  (IC- 
lic  coll- 

raiicisco 
rs  liriiin' 
uuiayui', 

[Ki  alxtnt 

uvory. 

i', 


tatii  11 
'f  .1  Illy 

X  tl'.iit 
ti.  llio 

ny,  l»y 
oral  iir 

ir  >r:.\n- 

uiil  l<lt  ail 
iii::iutf- 
h  liiiiMiii,^' 

iis  II  I'Vfat 
iniilii  iniil 

|:;ii:t. 
•ji:t. 

.li,l  ill  t]u> 
ii.  .V.i  li"; 

IIUM-Illt'. 

■JU. 


(laldus  priests  were  to  be  expelled  from  the  diocese.^' 
j)iniii<j:  the  same  vear  it  was  ordered  that  the  reli<j!;- 
jotis  processions,  which  had  hitherto  l)eeu  held  at 
iiiulit,  should,  in  the  interest  of  order  and  decency,  be 
tlitiirfforth  con<hu-ted  by  dayliulit.  Xevci-theless  the 
\\i>rk  of  conversion  went  bruvrly  on,  and  during"  lour 
vciis  the  number  of  ba[)tisms  re[)orted  in  the  district 
iA'  ilie  audiencia  exceeded  thirteen  thousand  souls. 


lu  1G44,  dui'ino-  the  prelacy  of  Fray  TEernando 
llamirc'..  the  successor  of  Mariine/,  a  fire  broke  out 
ill  I'anama  which  consumed  nincty-sevi'n  houses,  in- 
cludinuf  the  e|)iscopal  residence,  and  almost  destroyed 
till'  t  athedi'al.  The  latter  editice  was  I'estoi-cd  by  the 
jnclate  and  dedicated  in  IGPti)  by  his  successor,  Ber- 
nardo de  Izaguirre,  a  fiscal  of  the  in(pilsition  of  ( 'ar- 
tai^tiia.  its  ruins  I'xist  at  thc^  })i"esent  day.  Great 
v.as  the  disti'ess  caused  to  the  citizens  l)y  this  calam- 
ity. "Panama,"  wiites  Juan  de  A'c^a  l>azan,  then 
^•ovei'iior  of  the  j)rovince,"  in  a  letter  addressetl  to 
Fi':i[te  IV.,  "has  now  Init  a  small  po])ulation,  and 
tliis  decreasino'  moi'e  and  more  everv  tlav,  tlu'  iields 
and  i'()a<ls  beiii'L;-  iilK'd  with  vagrants."  The  kinn', 
cnti'rtainiiijjj  an  unjust  suspirion  that  the  I*orlu!4'ues(! 
had  lired  tlu;  city,'"  ordered  their  removal  from  Paii- 
aniiL  and  l*oi'tobello  to  a  distance  of  twenty  li'aL;"ues 

■'^ 'MiiiiiliiPios  d  Ids  TrcsiilciiteH  y  Oiil(n\'s,  y  ;'i  tmlns  Ioh  ilciuiis  Miiiistros 

:lL'  mu  n'iIm  itcilk'S  Auilirliciiis,  ([lie  IiillL'Ullci  ill'  Ins  susiiiliiiiiis.  Ili  .-ills  lliuji  ITS 
iiiiirii  111  111  fliiiisiu'ii  lU'  Idh  .Miiii:i«U'riiis  ill!  Mmijas  i'l  iiiiiL;uiiJi  liorii  ili'l  ilia,  iii 
la  iioilii  y  a.siiiiisiiKi,  iiui  no  vayaii  li  lialilar  ]iiii'  Ins  liiiiiturios.  y  |nii  rtas  iii'i;- 
laii";  ;i  liorrts  cxtriKH'iliiiajias,  y  csto  si'  j.;iiai'ili'  nm  la  pici'isinii  iii'i'rsaria  y  I'lUi- 
\fiiiiiiti'  a  la  ill  t'liu'ia  iIc  !os  .Nlimasti'rins.'  J'triiji.  ,/■   /mli'i^.  i.  ,'{',ll{. 

^'Iii  l(i'_'4  AlvaiK  ill' <,)uiii<ira's  Osnrio.  iiiaii|iii's  ilc  l.mvii/aii.'i  ami  kiiii_'ht 
(if  till' ni  U r  of  Santiago,  was  a|i|iiiiiiti'il  gii\  i  riinf,  ami  in  Kiii'Jwas  jii-niiiiitril 
til  th'  f;i)VO!'ii>iisIn|i  of  « niatciiiala.  Jlis  fsiu'ci'ssni'  wns  Suhastiaii  lliirtailn 
ill'  Ciiii'mia,  who  lii'lil  oliii'i^  only  two  years.  Aliiiln,  I'irr.,  \v.  II,  ami  wa.i 
Hiii'iiiiliil  liy  Sotoliiayor,  wlio  ilii'il  in  lli.'iil,  lii>;,'ii  ilu  la  Mnta  Sariniriitn.  a 
Kiii-!;t  lit'  tliu  order  of  Sanliairo  ami  a  nicniln  r  of  the  siiiireiiie  eoiineil,  hein:,' 
tlic  iir\t  ill  siux'L'ssioii.  Sarniieiito  dinl  in  KM'J.  'I  here  are  no  imiileii!;i 
Mi'i'tliy  of  note  coniu'eti'il  «  itii  any  of  tlieni  exeept  Siitnniayni',  ami  it  is  hy 
iiii  means  certain  that  Aleeilo  is  ri;_'ht  as  to  date  or  onlei'  nf  sueeessiun,  li.it 
tunc  are  no  other  ailthnrities  on  this  |ioint.      liazan  siieeeeileil  Sariniento. 

"Tlie  date  of  t.ie  liiv  was  the  'Jld  of  t'elirnary  \Mi.  Two  days  later 
i  inilihi' iiiu'  lirokr  out  Imt  was  .'ijieedily  enntrollrd.  Ilolh  were  looked  u|iiiii 
ii-i  l.ie  v.url;  of  iiieeiuliiuics,  hut  it  uu  they  cseaj  ud  deteeiiuu.   I'lUiUiiid,  Ji'mdm 


'     f  f 


r-1 


i 

\l    ' 

rii 

\tu 

j  ;^^  ^  V\ 

h 

:  : 

; 

i;  ■:  i;i 

i    [1 

111 

4S0 


PANAMA,  PORTOBELLO,  AND  PIRACY. 


into  tlio  interior,  and  instructed  Bazan  to  extort  from 
them  as  much  money  as  i)Ossihle  before  sendinii^  them 
into  banishment;  but  to  the  credit  of  that  official  it 
is  rehited  that  lie  gave  nc  lieed  to  the  mandate.  Fdv 
this  neglect,  and  ibr  the  nepotism  which  lie  displawd 
du)ing  his  administration,  he  was  severely  censuivd 
by  his  sovereign. ^^ 

In  1G47  ]5azan  was  again  censured  by  the  crown 
for  a  proceeding  which,  after  due  investigation  by  the 
fiscal  of  the  audiencia.  caused  his  downfall.  Acting' 
under  the  advice  of  the  licentiate  Pedro  Chacori,  lu' 
Ijad  caused  to  be  driven  from  their  homes  eighteen 
friars  of  the  order  of  San  Jose,  ap[)ointing  in  tlicir 
})laces  others  of  l)ad  repute.  The  ecclesiastics  took 
refuge  in  the  San  Cristobal  hills,  but  were  soon  after- 
ward reinstated,  and  at  the  close  of  the  following 
j'ear  the  governor  was  superseded  by  Juan  J>itriaii 
de  Biamonte  y  Navarra.'*'*  The  latter  died  in  I  (If)  I 
M'hile  superintending  the  despatch  of  a  fleet  from 
I'ortobello,  and  in  the  ])arish  church  of  that  city  a 
maible  monument  was  erected  to  his  memoiT. 

I'anamii  appears  to  have  recovered  quickly  from 
tlie  prostration  caused  by  the  tire  of  1()44.  An 
amiual  fair  was  held  there  until  the  year  1071,  at 
whicli  ilate  the  citv  was  destroyed  durinix  the  raid  of 
!M(»igan  and  his  buccaneers,  as  will  be  presently  re- 
lated. In  Kjaa  the  value  of  merchandise  that  changed 
hands  during  the  fair  is  ofiieially  rej)orted  at  five  mill- 
ions of  j)csos,  and  ;his  sum  probably  represents  hat  ii 
small  portion  of  the  business  actually  done,  for.  as  we 

tVdiilrii  (jmblislicnl  14tli  of  May  104.")),  in  Puchi'co  ami  Ciirt/i'iini,  <_'nl.  l)i"\, 
xvii.  "JT.'i. 

'-'On  Miiy  \'^,  iri4.">,  the  king  says  tlint  in  tlit;  face  of  royiil  oi-dfis  l!ii/:m 
liail  !ii)]i(iiiitccl  I'^sti'Viin  (iallcjcis,  liin  wife's  ni'iilicw,  warilcn  nt'  the  i-.istli'  nt 
Nail  J'\'li|)i'.  I'nrtiilu'llii;  au'l  on  the  .")tli  of  Aiii.'nst  1(147  tliat  otlici'  nlMtlM's 
and  (IfiifMilcnts  luul  ln'on  aiipointcd  to  liu'ialivi'  jilacfs.  One  nciiluw  was 
alcalde  niayoi'  of  Nasa;  another,  wardc-n  of  the  castle  of  ('haj,'i'e;  one  seivjiiit 
was  eai)tain  of  the  eoni])anies  of  the  garrison,  and  another  was  f.u'tor.  He 
was  eensuied,  and  again  eonnnanded  to  oi)ey,  '  jionpie  denias  i|iie  Ihis  si' lira 
la  deliionstraeioii  (|He  eonlienga,  series  eastigado  eon  toila  selperiihul.'  J'liiiu- 
9)iii,  ItftdcK  CiiliilitK,  in  I'm-hrro  and  CiinhiKin,  Val.  J. or.,  wii.  "JT'i  ^1- 

'•'/(/., 'JOO-Tl.  Alcedo  styles  liini  Don  .luan  de  Bitr.heante  y  Navunu, 
kiiiglit  of  the  order  of  C'ulutrava.  Die,  iv.  42. 


EIBLIOGRAPIIICAL. 


4S1 


l;;ivc  scon,  tlio  quantity  of  goods  that  found  their  way 
into  tlic  }>i'ovincc.s  through  contraband  trading  was 
oil  on  three  or  four  fold  greater  than  that  on  which 
duty  was  paid. 

A  raiv  and  viiliiable  manuscript  and  one  indispensable  to  the  history  of 
tlu;  district  of  Darii'u  is  the  i-eport  of  its  governor,  Don  Andr(5s  do  Ariza,  of 
April  5,  1774,  addressed  to  the  viceroy,  Don  Manuel  Guirior,  entitled  Co- 
iiii-ii/(t!i  (/('  /((  Ji'ira  1/  Feiiilininiii  Priivin<-ia  de  d  Darkn.  The  originid  report, 
iiicniMininied  by  a  map,  exists  in  the  National  Library  of  liogotu,  wiience  tho 
jHCsent  eippy  was  made  for  tiiu  author.  Three  separate  doenments  coniposo 
the  report;  a  letter  describing  the  generally  ruined  condition  of  tho  province, 
cau'-es,  ami  proposed  remedies;  a  detailed  description  of  the  towns,  military 
jiiists,  and  inliabitants,  and  a  condensed  account  of  tho  actual  condition  of 
tiio  province,  its  iidiabitants,  resuurctj,  and  history.  TJiese  documents  review 
iu  lull  f  tiic  history  of  the  province  for  the  previous  sixty-two  years,  descril)- 
iiiL,'  luntc  fully  the  latest  Indian  revolts.  The  manuscript  forms  one  volume 
ia  luliu  of  forty  closely  written  pages. 

IIisT.  Ciivr.  .in.,  Vol.  II.    31 


ilU 


fii  ,f 


'119 


1 
'■!,       ' 

n  ■ 

I  ^  i 

^ili 

CHAPTER  XX^ail. 

MORGAN'S  RAIDS  ON  THE  ISTHMUS. 

1GC4-1C71. 

Morgan's  Early  Career — He  Resolves  to  Attack  Portobei.i.o— The 
Castle  of  Tuiana  Blown  into  the  An:  -Capture  of  tiij;  Cnv  - 
Atrocities  Committed  by  the  BrccANEERs— The  ruEsiDioNi'  oi-  Pa- 
nama Marches  against  Them — He  is  Driven  Back — ^Iorca.n  Sinms 
Him  a  .Specimen  of  his  Weapons — Ransom  op  the  City  and  Rkhkn 
to  Jamaica— The  Bi"ccaneers  Prepare  another  Armament,  and  lli:- 
SOLVE  to  Attack  Panama — Capture  of  Fort  San  Lorenzo— .Mai;(ii 

ACROSS  THE  IsTHMUS — MoRGAN  ARRIVES  IN  SiGIIT  OF  PANAMA  ('n\v- 
ARUICE  OF  THE  GOVERNOR— BaTTLE  WITH  THE   SPANIARDS— BcRMNC   uC 

THE  City — Torture  of  Prisoners— Bravery  of  a  Captive  tii;NTi,i;- 
woMAN — The  Buccaneers  Recross  the  Isthmus — Division  of  iiu; 
Booty. 

XoNE  of  the  "brethren  of  the  coast,"  as  Englisli  1)U('- 
canecr,  French  filibuster,  and  Dutch  sea-rover  \V(i'o 
I>lease(l  to  style  each  other,  are  better  known  to  rnno 
than  Henry  Morgan,  the  Welshman,  whose  dtcds 
have  been  heralded  in  all  the  princijial  laiii»'n;ipvs 
of  Europe.  Born  of  respectable  parents  in  easy  cii- 
cunistances,  he  left  home  still  a  lad,  and  shipped  tnr 
Barbadoes  in  the  service  of  a  master  who,  on  icarli- 
ing  port,  sold  him  as  a  slave.  On  regaining  his  Hhtiiy 
he  proceeded  to  Jamaica,  and  finchiig  no  other  mi- 
ploymeiit  joined  a  piratical  expedition  wliich  wastlirii 
on  the  point  of  starting  for  a  cruise  in  the  S])aiii>li 
West  Indies.  Alter  storing  up  his  share  in  the  ]>r'>- 
ceeds  of  three  or  four  })rotitable  raids,  he  was  iiialilrd 
to  purchase  a  vessel  in  [)artnershij)  with  a  few  ul'  his 
more  thi-ifty  comrades,  and  being  elected  captain 
made  a  successful  cruise  oil*  the  coast  of  CaniiJcclic. 

(4SJ> 


ATTACK  OX  PORTO  BELLO. 


483 


Oil  liis  return  lie  was  appointed  vice-admiral  of  a  fleet, 
vhicli,  under  the  connnand  of  ]\tansvclt,  was  i)re[)ar- 
iii!4'  lor  an  attack  on  the  island  of  Santa  Catai'ina. 

On  the  death  of  JNlansvelt  in  1GG4,  Morgan,  whose 
j„f;il!;nitrv  had  Nvon  the  respect  of  the  buccanei^rs,  was 
;ili]i(iinted  his  successor,  and  soon  found  himst^jf  in 
riiiuiiiand  of  a  dozen  vessels  and  seven  hundred  nuui. 
A  council  was  summoned,  and  it  was  first  })roposed  to 
atUmptthe  capture  of  the  city  of  Ilabana;  but  not 
(laiiiig  to  undertake  such  an  enter|)ris()  with  so  sh.MidcT 
a  force,  the  freebooters  determined  to  plunder  I'nerto 
I'liiicipe,  an  island  town  of  Cuba  grown  lich  by 
irafiic  in  hides,  and  one  never  yet  sacked  by  the  sea- 
Mihljcrs.  Warned  hy  a  Spanish  ])risoner  who  escaped 
IVdUi  the  fleet  as  it  neared  tlie  shore,  the  inhabitants 
had  time  to  conceal  most  of  their  valuables,  and  the 
^[Kl!^■;  of  this  expedition  amounted  to  but  iil'ty  thou- 
liiiid  ])esos,  a  sum  insuflicient  to  pay  the  debts  of  the 
i!iai-;iU(lers  on  their  return  to  Jamaica.  Jt  was  at  once 
(k'tcriiiined  to  undertake  some  new  adventure,  and 
ill; High  a  dift'erenco  of  opinion  between  the  French 
i:iul  Englisli  mendjers  of  his  command  caused  the 
inniK-r  to  withdraw  from  JMorgan's  service,  he  soon 
iiltrrward  set  sail  for  the  mainland  with  a  fleet  of 
iiiuc  shi])s,  and  a  force  of  four  hundred  and  sixty 
ti'Jiiing  men,  reveiding  his  design  to  no  one,  but  prom- 
i.>iii:4'  li'^  followers  booty  in  abundance. 

( )ii  t  he  last  day  of  J  une  1  (U)S  the  buccaneers  arrived 
"ii'  the  shore  of  Castllhi  del  Oro.  On  sighting  land 
ilicircliii'f  disclosed  his  intention  of  attacking  by  night 
I'ortobello,  a  town  ol'ten  visited  by  the  wealthiest  mer- 
iliants  of  Panama,  whose  ingots  of  gold  weiv  thcn-e 
txcliaiiged  for  slaves  or  for  the'  mi'rchanchse  of  S[)ain, 
'111. I  ilie  point  to  which  it  will  be  I'emeinbcred  were 
I 'iwarded,  at  certain  periods  of  the  year,  the  gold  and 
^ilvri'  of  the  Peruvian  and  ^Mexican  mines.  'V\)o- 
I'lacc  wiis  then  accounted  one  of  tiit:  strongest  of  the 
^^panisli  Ibrtivsses  in  the  western  world;  it  was  gar- 
lisuiu'd  by  throe  hundred  troops,  contained  four  hun- 


i-^i 


'1     hI 


484 


MOR(^\X\S  RAIDS  ON  THE  ISTIDIL'S. 


Ms' 


tired  c'iti:x".is  apablo  of  beaiini^  arms,  and  was  jr^uardcil 
l)y  istron^'ly  fortified  castles,  coiiiiiiaiidiii;^-  lliu  np- 
])roaelies  \)\  land  and  sesa.  !^[any  licsitated  to  attack 
Hueli  a  stronj^liold  with  a  mere  liandtid  of  men,  l)iit 
their  commander  spoke  words  of  cheer,*  and  stinuilatnl 
hy  the  promise  of  vast  spoils  all  at  last  gave  tliiir 
consent. 

In  tlie  dnsic  <>f  a  snmnier  evening  the  fleet  ancliorcil 
at  l\)rto  I'onto,  tliirty  miles  west  of  the  town.  Leav- 
ing a  few  men  to  guard  their  ships  the  hiiccaincis 
ascended  a  small  river  in  boats  or  canoes,  and  laiidin.;' 
ab(/nt  midnight  marclu-d  at  once  to  the  attae1<.  All 
tlie  avenues  of  a[)pi'oach  were  well  known  to  ^lorgaii, 
and  among  his  band  was  an  Englishman,  once  a  jiris- 
oner  among  the  Sjianiards,  who  now  acted  as  giiidi'. 
A  castl(!  named  Triana,  situated  in  tlie  eastern  suliiirl>. 
was  .selected  as  the  first  point  of  assault.  A  seiitiihl 
p(_>sted  at  some  distance  from  the  fortress  was  sei/.cd 
and  bound  In'  a  small  party  sent  in  advance,  bel'i)!' ■ 
he  had  time  to  fire  his  muske't.  Brought  into  V.-n-- 
gan's  ]>resence  he  was  closely  questiom.'d,  and  I'lv- 
(juently  menaced  with  death  if  his  answers  should 
prove  untrue. 

Creeping  along  under  the  shroud  of  niglit  and  t'lc 
cover  of  a  dense  thicket,  the  silence  broken  now  ;!nd 
tlien  by  the  watchword  of  a  drowsy  sentinel,  the  IVl'l'- 
booters  surrounded  the  castle  unperceivcil,  and  Mu- 
gan,  coming  chjse  under  the  v.-;d]s,  bid  his  ca[»tivi' 
sunnnon  the  garrison  to  capitulate,  threatening  sin;' 
death  in  case  of  resistance.  Tlwy  replied  with  ;i  vaii- 
(K)m  volley  of  musketry  and  cannon  shot.  Ajiplvii:-' 
s','alingdad(Kjrs  to  tlie  walls,  the  buccaneers  swaniu'  I 
over  the  ])araj>ets,  and  after  a  stout  n.vsistance  Ili>' 
Spaniards  siu'rendered.  ]\Iorgan  fulfilled  his  thi'  .it. 
hiecuring  all  his  prisoners  in  a  large  chamber,  iieai'  ihc 
powder-magazine,  he  fired  it  by  means  of  mat  li  ;i'id 

'  (':iptnin  Mop.'nii  f-aid:  'If  our  mii:il)or  is  siiiiiU.  our  licarts  are  t^rvvt:  -.vA 
t!ic  tVwcr  I'crsoiiu  we  iui'.  tlio  iiioro  I'liion  and  butter  sliarcn  wo  bbull  I.^m.'  ii 
t!rj  Spuil.'  Kiniu inilin,  JJinl.  liiwaiiiira,  03, 


A  VALIANT  SPANIARD. 


•IS,-) 


train  wlicn  at  a  Fsafe  distance,  and  the  citixen;^  of  Pcr- 
t!)l)rll(),  now  roused  by  (he  sound  of  the  liriiiL:^,  heheld 
ihr  castle  and  all  its  inmates  Mown  ]iiL;li  into  the  air. 
Tlie  invaders  fell  at  once  on  the  panic-striclven  inlial)- 
itants,  I'ushino'  througli  the  streets  witJi  hidecjus  out- 
(iies,  aiul  cuttin<j'  down  whomever  thev  met,  ^lanv 
luid  already  lied  to  the  iiei<>'hl>orin<jf  forests,  first  cast- 
ill"-  tlieir  moncv  and  jewelry  into  wells  and  eistenis, 
(.r  Iiidin-jf  them  iinder^Tountl.  The  governor  of  the 
tnwn  rallied  a  small  party  and  retired  with  them  into 
the  strongest  of  the  remaining  forts,  Avhenee  a  hrisk 
lire  was  opened  on  the  assailants.  Approaching  vrithin 
two  hundred  yards  the  buccaneers  aimed  at  the  mouths 
vX  the  cannon,  picking  off  the  Spanish  gunners  as  they 
r.loaded  their  ])ieces;  but  their  ranks  were  ]'e[)eate;!]7 
iilt'U'jhed  1  »y  well-directed  discharo-es  of  artillery.  AfLer 
suti'ering  heavy  loss  to  little  purpose,  they  came  close 
111)  to  the  castle  and  attempted  to  burn  dov.n  the 
L;ates.  The  Spaniards  received  them  with  sharp  vol- 
leys of  musketry,  and  dropping  hand-grenades  and 
missiles  of  eveiy  description  on  the  heads  of  the  !)»•- 
siegers,  they  drove  them  back  beyond  the  range  of 
tlic  guns. 

]\lorgan  new  began  to  despair,  but  rallied  after  re- 
maining for  a  while  in  hesitation  as  to  his  next  move- 
liicnt.  To  quote  the  words  of  Excpiemelin,  "many 
faint  and  calm  meditations  came  into  his  mind;  neither 
(iiuld  he  determine  which  way  to  turn  himself  in  (hat 
i-trait."  A  part  (»f  his  forces  had  been  detailed  to 
attack  one  of  the  minor  fortresses,  and  looking  in  that 
(!iri.'ction  he  saw  that  his  men  had  already  ])lanted 
the  English  colors  on  the  battU'men^s,  and  wwv  hast- 
ening to  his  support.  'leaking  heart  from  this  success 
the  conunander  at  once  resolved  to  renew  the  attack, 
iiiiil  Ixing  a  man  ready  of  resource  soon  hit  on  a  new 
cxjK'dient.  He  caused  a  number  of  priests  and  nuns 
ti>  h"  seized  and  dragged  irom  tlieir  cloisters,  and 
tii'ilrring  scaling-ladders  to  be  made,  wide  enough  Ibr 
sii-N  ei'al  to  mount  abreast,  bid  his  priscniers  lix  them 


,;  '  I 


m 


MORGAN'S  RAIDS  ON  THE  ISTHMUS. 


■..  rif        •■  ) 


I 


H^ 


aGfaip.f;t  the  castle  walls,  tliinkiiio'  thus  to  sliidd  li'n 
men  IVinu  the  weapons  oi"  the  Spaniards. 

Driven  lurward  at  the  point  of  sword  and  piki;  the 
captives  came  close  up  t(^  the  guns  of  the  i'oi't,  and 
fallinu'  on  their  knees  besought  the  governor  hv  ;i!l 
the  saints  to  surrender,  and  save  his  own  lil'u  an  1 
their  own;  but  orders  were  given  to  s[)are  none  v.lio 
came  near  tlie  v»alls.  Priest  and  nun  were  crushed 
beneatli  lalHnLj  rocks  or  .shot  do^vn  without  niercv, 
and  numbers  were  killed  before  the  ladders  could  \k'. 
adjusted.  When  at  length  the  task  was  accomplislic,!, 
the  buccaneers  swannetl  up  t(j  the  assault;  and  though 
many  were  hurled  down  by  the  defenders,  others  held 
their  looting  on  the  parapet,  and  ai'ter  jdying  the  gar- 
rison with  hand-grenades  and  pots  of  powder  coiit;mi- 
ing  lighted  fuses,  leaped  down  with  sword  and  pistol 
in  their  midst.  The  Spaniards  then  threw  down  tliiii' 
arms  and  craved  for  mercy;  that  is, all  but  the  governor, 
who,  single-handed,  maintained  for  a  wdiile  a  hopeless 
Btrnggle,  killing  several  of  his  assailants,  and  ruuuiii;^' 
tlirough  the  body  some  of  his  own  recreant  soldi;  is. 
In  vain  the  buccaneers  offered  him  quarter,  unwilling' 
to  ])ut  to  the  sword  so  gallant  an  olhcei-;  in  vain  his 
v.ii'e  and  daughter  knelt  and  entreated  him  witli  tears 
to  yield.  His  re})ly  was:  "By  no  means;  I  had  rather 
die  as  a  valiant  soldier  than  be  hantjed  as  a  co\vai(h  ' 
After  several  fit  tempts  to  overpower  or  capture  liiin, 
he  v.as  at  length  despatched. 

There  still  remained  several  castles  in  the  hands  of 
the  Spaniards,  one  of  which  was  strongly  I'oriiiied 
and  conuuanded  the  entrance  to  the  liarhor.  It  was 
deemed  necessary  to  capture  it  without  delay  in  oidor 
to  allow  the  lleet  to  be  brought  round  to  l*(jrtol>ello, 
for  tlie  losses  of  the  freebooters  had  been  so  se\eiv 
that  time  must  be  allowed  for  the  recovery  of  the 
wounded.  Turnino-  against  it  the  cannon  of  the  cii)- 
turcd  fort,  Morgan  compelled  his  captives  to  woik 


*E.iqHcmdin,  IJisl,  Lucankrs,  00. 


RUTHLESS  INVADERS. 


tlic  u'unr;,  and  fidvancini^  under  cover  of  tlic  firo  took 
it  liy  escalade  ai'ter  a  sharp  struggle,  in  which  all  the 
Sjiaiiish  officers  were  slain. 

Soon  after  nightfall  the  invaders  held  entire  pos- 
session of  the  city.  They  placed  their  own  wounded 
ill  cdHifortable  quarters  under  care  of  female  slaves, 
;nid  the  wounded  Spaniards  in  a  separate  a[)artnient, 
without  food,  water,  or  attendance;  and  after  posting 
their  guards  fell  at  once,  as  was  their  custom  after 
vietory,  to  feasting,  drunkenness,  and  foul  debauch. 
Miitron  and  virgin,  threatened  at  the  point  of  the 
swonl,  were  forced  to  yield  to  the  embrace  of  th<\se 
ciit-thi-oats,  whose  hands  were  vet  stained  with  the 
lilnod  of  their  husbands  and  brothers.  Neither  ivj;o 
iinr  condition  was  spared.  The  religious  recluse  torn 
I'l'oni  the  shelter  of  the  convent,  and  girls  of  tender 
;i''-e  dragged  from  their  mothers'  arms,  fell  victims 
alike  to  the  conquerors'  lust.  At  length,  stu[)efied 
witli  wine,  and  worn  out  with  twentv-four  hours  of 
continuous  toil,  the  marauders  sank  to  rest.  Fiftv 
resohite  men  could  then  have  delivered  the  town;  but 
all  night  long  no  sound  was  heard  save  the  moans  of 
the  wounded  and  the  cries  of  heart-broken  women. 

At  daylight  the  buccaneers  plundered  the  })lace  of 
all  the  valuables  they  could  find,  sacking  the  houses 
iif  tile  citizens,  and  stripping  the  churches  of  their 
Uo!(l  and  silver  ornaments  and  their  services  of  mas- 
sive plate.  Those  who  were  believed  to  be  the 
Wealthiest  of  the  ])risoners  were  questioned  as  to  the 
wlieieabouts  of  their  concealed  treasures;  and  i'ailing 
to  disclose  them,  were  stretched  on  the  rack,  until 
many  died  under  the  torture. 

For  fil'teen  days  Morgan  remained  at  Portobcllo, 
though  aware  that  the  president  of  Panama  was  })re- 
paring  an  expedition  against  him.  His  retreat  was 
<»l»on  to  the  ships,  and  the  threatened  attack  gave 
him  no  uneasiness;  but  many  of  his  men  had  died  of 
Wounds,  of  the  effects  of  drunken  excess,  and  of  an  at- 
mosphere poisoned  by  half-buried  corpses.    Moreover 


A.f 


;!  |.,i 


:!h 


''•. 

):!; 


III 


'ISS 


MOIIGAX'S  TwVID.S  ON  THE  ISTHMUS. 


jirovi.sioiis  began  to  run  short.  They  were  coir.jjel!  ;1 
to  Hve  iihno.st  entlrelv  on  the  ilesli  oi'  lior.ses  and  uiulis. 
]\Iany  of  the  captive  and  most  of  the  wounded  Span- 
iards had  perislied  from  privation,  havinjj;"  been  ii11:>\\  i  ,[ 
no  sustenance  but  a  morsel  of  nmle  meat  and  a  httlc 
muddy  unlUtered  water.  Preparations  were  llicic- 
loi'e  made  for  departure.  Phiciii;.^  the  Ijootv  on  Ijoaid 
the  fleet,  Mori^an  demanded  r)f  liis  prisoufi-s  a  raiis  .la 
of  100,000  pesos,  threatening  otherwise  to  buiii  ilic 
town  and  blow  up  the  casties.  Two  of  tlie  citizens,  Av- 
spatched  to  Panama  bv  his  orders  to  rais(!  tlu^  aniouat, 
gave  information  of  tlie  true  condition  of  affaii-s.  T!uj 
president  had  a  lorcc  of  fifteen  hundred  men  at  hi-; 
(hsposal,  and  at  once  marched  to  relieve  his  c(m;ii1!\- 
men,  and,  as  he  hoped,  cut  ofl*  the  retreat  of  the  ail- 
venturers. 

Forewarned  of  his  approach  IMorgan  posted  a  Iiiiii- 
dred  picked  men  in  a  narrow  deille  through  w]iii]i 
lay  the  route  of  the  Spaniards.  At  the  iirst  I'Dcoim- 
ter  tlie  main  body  of  the  Spanisli  forces  was  i-out.d; 
many  iled  at  once  to  Panama,  bearing  v\ith  tinin 
tlie  news  of  their  defeat;  and  for  a  time  the  e\[it".li- 
tion  was  crippled.  While  awaiting  reenfoi'(M'iinnts 
the  president  resolved  to  try  the  efiect  of  threats, 
though  aware  that  ho  was  in  no  position  to  eiii'irco 
them.  Sending  a  messenger  to  Morgan,  he  bid  liiiii 
de})art  at  once  I'rom  Portobcllo  or  ex[)ect  no  (juartrr 
for  himself  or  his  companions.  The  connnandei'  d' 
the  buccaneers  answered  by  doubling  the  amount  ni' 
the  I'equired  contribution^  and  stating  that  he  w<»iil>l 
hold  the  place  until  the  ransom  was  paid,  or  if  it  weiv 
not  paid,  would  burn  down  the  houses,  tlemolisli  llii^ 
forts,  and  put  every  captive  to  death. 

As  further  effort  appeared  to  be  useless,  the  jircsi- 
dent  left  the  inhabitants  of  the  town  to  work  out 
their  own  salvation;  but  surprised  that  a  ])la('e  de- 
fended   by    strongly    fortified   castles    should    fall  a 


hi  if 


^  ExqufincVm,  IJtut.  Flib.,  ii.  44,  and  Hist,  Biicaniers,  98. 


THE  TOWX  RANSOMED, 


Sj»!lU- 

a  little 

thrH- 
11  Ittiaid 
rnus-ra 
urn  tin' 

'A'US,(U'- 

[innnmt, 
rs.  The 
11  at  lii-i 
L'or.ntrv- 
tlic  atl- 


prcV  to  sf)  slon(1(>r  a  loreo,  ho  (lc's[)atclK'(l  a  niossenijfor 
t((  rcfiuc'st  of  the;  t'oiKHierors  u  spcciiiuMi  of  tlicir 
wiMpoiis.  ^[()i'L>-aM  icci'ivrcl  him  courteously,  and 
^vith  _L;"iiiii  liunior  lian(l(Ml  liiiu  a  nmsl;t't  and  a  lr\v 
bullets,  ItiddiiiLj  him  tell  his  master  "that  he  was 
uiiicli  )»leased  to  show  him  a  slender  |)attern  of  llu^ 
iiniis  wht'i'i'with  he  had  taken  l^oi'tolx'llo,  and  heLT.UC'd 
him  to  keep  them  a  twelvemonth,  after  which  he 
|ii(>iiiised  to  come  to  I*ananui  and  takt;  them  away." 
The  president  soon  returned  the  weapon,  toL';t'ther 
with  a  })resent  of  an  emerald  rin*^  and  a  messaLjo 
"that  h(!  did  not  want  for  arms  (;f  that  soi't,  hut  re- 
nietted  that  men  of  such  coiiracTe  were  not  employed 

«?  Oil/ 

(HI  some  just  war  under  a  jLJjreat  prince." 

.Meanwhile  the  freehooters  had  ajj^rcied  to  deliver  up 
tlie  town  on  receiving-  a  ransom  of  a  hundred  thou- 
sand |)i3sos.  The  amount  was  collected  and  ])aid  over. 
The  hest  ![:!;uns  of  the  strouijfhold  were  th(Mi  ])ut  on 
Ix^ard  the  vessels;  the  rest  were  sj)iked,  and  tlie  huc- 
caneers  sailed  for  Cul)a,  where  they  portioned  out  the 
spiiils,  which  consisted  of  coin,  bullion,  and  jewels,  to 
the  value  of  two  hundred  and  sixty  thousand  ])esos, 
counting'  the  jewels  at  less  than  lialf  their  real  value, 
hesides  lar^'c  stores  of  silk,  linen,  cloth,  and  other 
Dierchandise.  Proceedini^  thence  to  Jamaica,  they 
i-ijuandered  in  riot  and  gross  dissipation  the  wealth 
that  ctheis  had  accuninlated  by  years  of  ])atient  toil 
am!  self-denial.  A  few  days  of  swinish  debauchery 
ainiiiii4'  the  wine-shops  and  brothels  of  Poi't  lloyal 
1<  it  the  majoi-ity  of  the  gang  without  means  oi-  credit, 
aiiil  clamorous  for  some  new  expedition.  It  was 
iiiitliii)g  unusual  for  some  of  them  to  spend  or  gand)le 
iiwav  in  a  sinufle  u'lixht  their  entire  share  in  the  pro- 
<i"(ls  of  a  successful  raid,  and  to  ri'uder  themselves 
lialile  to  be  sold  next  mornin;''  as  slaves  to  satisl'v  an 
nii|iaid  tavern  score.  Some  would  drag  out  into  the 
streets  a  cask  of  wine,  others  a  l)arrel  of  strong  ale, 
and  presenting  their  pistols  at  the  passers-by,  coujpel 
them,  whether  men  or  women,  to  driidc  in  their  com- 


JIonOAN'S  RAIDS  ON  THE  ISTIIMUS. 


!    f 


!'  '  i 


m- 


r  M  <  ii !  5 1 


]>.'Hiy,  runiiiiiL^  up  and  down  tlio  stroc^is,  v/luii  crazi^l 
with  I'KjUor,  and  beating  or  hespattcriny  wlioui.socvcr 
thoy  nicit. 

Tlio  standard  of  liunianitv  aniont;  ilio  ImccaniM  rs 
Nvas  siu-li  as  niit^ht  l>e  expected  anionLf  men  wlio  liuvo 
l)een  cut  ofl"  IVoni  honorable  intercourse;  with  tlieir  IjikI. 
Many  of"  tlieni  had  been  ki<hiap]ied  in  early  yiuitli, 
and  slii|)ped  IVoni  J'inL,daiid  to  the  IJritish  AVest  liidiis, 
and  there  sold  as  slaves,  and  subjectcHJ  to  such  ti'crit- 
nient  as  ol'ten  reduced  those  of  weakly  constitution 
to  i<liocy.  Thov  had  been  stai'ved  and  racked  nnd 
nuitilated.  They  had  been  beattMi  till  the  blood  i;ui 
in  streams  from  theii-  backs,  anil  then  rubbed  w  ith  s;ilt, 
pep|)er,  and  lemon  juice.  It  is  not  stranj^'e  that  tlio 
t<'nipi!r  of  men  who  had  passed  Ihroun'h  such  ordeals 
should  be  permanently  warped;  that  their  hand  sliould 
1)C  a!4'ainst  everv  man,  and  that  thov  should  ai'teiw.nd 
inHict  on  the  jtrisoners  who  fell  into  their  ])ower  tor- 
tures as  cruel  as  they  themselves  had  sulfered  at  the 
liands  of  their  masters. 

The  fame  of  ^Ior«jfan's  exploits  induced  numbers  of 
both  J'^'rench  and  English  to  join  the  standard  of  tlin 
i'reebooter.  To  the  veterans  who  had  ser\ed  under 
liim  during  former  raids  was  added  a  swarm  of  recruits, 
«!ager  to  share  in  the  [)lunder  if  not  in  the  gloiy  of 
his  expeditions.  He  was  soon  in  eonunand  of  his 
s(]uauhon  of  fifteen  vessels  and  a  force  of  nhie  huii- 
di'ed  and  sixty  cond)atants,  and  appointing  as  a  icii- 
dezvo'is  the  islet  of  Saona  gave  orders  to  sail  nloiiir 
the  southern  coast  of  Espanola.  Heavy  gales  wen) 
encountered  during  the  voyage,  and  a  portion  of  !iis 
ships  being  driven  from  their  course  he  I'ound  liis  di- 
minished forces  inadequate  for  any  great  enterpiisc. 
linder  the  advice  of  a  French  captain,  who  had  scivcd 
under  L'Olonnois  and  Michel  Le  JBascjuo  at  the  captui'o 
of  ]\Iaracaibo  and  Gibraltar  in  IGOG,  he  deterniincsl 
to  plunder  those  towns  and  their  surrounding  minli- 
borliood.     The  proceeds  of  this  foray  amounted,  lu;- 


cnd  of  OetoL 


PIRACY  PArERS. 


401 


roitliii'L,''  to  sonio  nutlioriiics,  to  two  hundred  mid  fifty 
tlmii.-Miid  ])('S(  s.'*  Alter  det'eatiiio'  u  sIroiiLj  Spaiii-^h 
!-(|ii;i(lri)i»  stali(»m'd  at  llie  CTitranco  of  Lake  Maracailin 
1o  Icir  llio  osca])c  of  liis  fleet,  ^foi-g-an  returned  to 
Jiiinaiea,  whore  ho  found  most  of  liis  niissinsjj  vessels. 
Ltaininrjf  that  a  treaty  was  bein<j:  iie<i:()tiati'<l  hetween 
S|i,iiii  and  ( Jreat  Jh'itain,  whieli  woidd  soon  ]»utan  »'nd 
lO  Inrtlier  raids,  the  huceaneers  wi'n;  ea^'er  that  some 
iii'V,('\|)edition  should  boat  once  organized  on  u  larger 
si'iile,  ;uid  with  more  ambitious  intent  than  any  befoj-o 
uiiili  itaken.  IMorsj^an  readily  a^j^reod  to  take  eonunand, 
uiid  sendincf  despatehos  to  the  veteran  I'reeljooters 
i|ii;ii'tered  in  Santo  JJomingo  and  "J'ortugato  acciuaint 
tlicm  with  his  })urposo,  appointed  as  a  rendezvous 
i'mt  Corillon  in  the  island  of  Vaeho,  wheio  l)y  tho 
iiid  of  October  1G70  liis  followers  had  assembled  in 

t'liive. 

Tile  first  care  v.as  to  obtain  a  supply  of  provisions, 
iind  i'or  this  purpose  hunting  ])arties  were  sent  forth 
ihiily  to  scour  tho  woods,  while  a  squ;idron  of  four 
\('-s(  Is  with  four  hundred  men  under  tho  command 
nf  Captain  Bradlo}"'  was  despatched  to  the  main- 
1  ii!(l.  to  obtain  supjilies  of  wlieat  or  maize.  Entering 
till'  mouth  of  tho  Rio  Tfacha,  about  fifty  leagues  to 
tlii'  north-west  of  the  lake  of  jMaracailjo,  Bradley 
taiitured  a  vessel  ladeu  ])rincipally  with  cereals,  re- 
ii'ivcd  four  tliousand  bushels  of  maize  as  ransom  from 
:i  village  on  tho  bank  of  the  river,  and  with  other  booty 
;ai(l  a  iiund)er  of  prisoners  returned  alter  an  absence 
"I'  TiNe  weeks.*^ 

},l(irgan  next  .sailed  for  Capo  Tiburon,  v.hero  reen- 
fiiicciiicnts  from  Jamaica  joined  the  expedition,  and 

*  l'iiriiry\  nnrcniierrs  of  AmoJca,  02,  and  Archniho't',''  Hixt.  Pirnff.'^,  11(5, 
t'ivt'  the  jilmidor  at  '2."0,(HK)  i)csos,  lio'^iijis  shivi's  and  nicn'liMiidi.si',  l.iit  J:'j'- 
'inimilhi,  Jlis/.  Iiiicaii!ei\i,  119,  proliably  tlirough  a  tyi)0},'iai)liical  error,  at 
'J.),()(lo  pcsds,  apart  from  slaves  and  nicrcliaiulise. 

*Mx  vtssols  with  .^.jO  men  under  the  command  of  Vicc-Admiral  Collier, 
acciiMJiiir;  to  S/iiirji'n  Vo'/nr/r.i,  1'24. 

''In  Slifirjt\i  Voyaije.'i,  12.j-l'2G,  it  is  stated  that  the  expedition  was  ahs'-n!; 
•'-  ilii\  s.  and  made  prizes  of  two  Spanish  vessels,  and  that  Morgan  ascertained 
from  tli(.  jiiisoncra  that  the  president  of  l'anam;l  had  grunted  commissions 
!igaiu;,t  the  I'higlish  to  a  number  of  Spanish  privateers. 


M  f 


402 


MORGAX'S  IIAIDS  OX  THE  ISTIDIUS. 


Hiiii 


iU    \ 


, ;  ] 


he  now  f  nind  at  liis  disposal  a  ilcct  of  tliirty-si.'Vcn 
sliijir-i  and  a  I'orce  of  two  tliousaiid  fig'litiiifif  iiioii.' 

His  largest  ve'ssel  carried  tweiit3'-foiir  heavy  guii^ 
and  six  small  brass  cannon;'^  many  of  the  others  wcw 
armed  with  sixteen  to  twenty,  and  none  with  less 
than  four  pieces  of  ordnance.  ]\Iorgan  assumed  tin; 
title  of  admiral;  the  ro3'al  banner  of  England  w;;.'; 
hoisted  frt)m  the  main-mast  of  his  ilag-shi[);  and  cinii- 
missions"  were  given  to  the  officers,  authorizing  llie 
caj)ture  of  Spanish  vessels  either  at  sea  or  in  Jiaihor, 
and  all  manner  of  hostilities  against  the  Sjjanisli  na- 
tion, as  against  the  declared  enemies  of  the  king  (/(' 
Great  Britain. 

Artieles  of  agreement  were  signed  stipulating  tliat 
those  who  were  maimed  or  had  distinguished  llum- 
sclves  in  action  should  receive  compensation  or  rcwaid 
from  the  first  proceeds  of  .the  raid,  ;ind  that  \\w  rc- 
maindor  shoidfl  be  distributed  acconhng  to  the  rank 
or  office  of  tlic  members  of  the  exjiedition.** 

The   three   most   tempting  prizes  on  the  S[uuiis!i 

'Two  thoiistmd  two  liunilfRil.  Erqu'riulin,  lli<f.  rrh.,\\.  10").  An  inter- 
ccptcil  (kaimtLli  i'loiu  Hit'  prosiilciit  of  J'aii.'iiuii,  tiaiislatcil  in  Sh(irji'.-<  Vi'iiioje', 
I'li),  ;;ivc3  the  miinhci-  of  men  at  I!, ()()(). 

''Twenty-lour  heavy  giuis  and  eiiriit  lirass  pieces.  Kxipiniutiii,  li'i<!.  Nil'., 
ii.  10."). 

"  Indoi'snl  by  the  governor  of  Jamaica,  l^xiiucvulin,  Ili-tt.  J'iih. ,  ii.  I  lo.  Hut 
tiii.s  statement  is  not  eoniiiined  in  otlu  r  places.  'J'ho  J/i<>.  IJin-niiirrs,  I'JIi,  iiii- 
plie.i  that  Morgan  liad  no  riglit  to  grant  .such  commission.s.  See  al'")  NA"yV''-' 
i'oiidjfs.  ])refaee.  'J'he  governor  nnist  have  beiu  iiwarc  of  tho  treaty  pi  uiliiig 
between  llnghmd  and  Spain. 

'"It  was  agreed  that  one  hundredth  part  of  all  the  booty  shonM  In'  sit 
nside  for  tho  eommandi^r's  portion;  that  each  captain  .';hoidd  draw,  licsidts 
Iii.i  own,  tho  KJiares  of  »,  10,  or  \'2  nun,  according  to  tho  si/o  of  lii-<  mssiI, 
r.nd  that  the  !surg''on  should  receive  "JOO  pesos,  and  c^ach  earpeiiu  r  Mid  pesos, 
in  addition  to  their  regular  )i,iy.  For  those  who  should  bo  ni'iinied  iu  m'tinii 
conijiensation  was  thus  jji-oviiled:  for  the  loss  of  l)oth  eycc,  'J. 000  iiesos:  of  eiie 
eye,  UK);  cf  l)otli  ainis,  l,HOO;  of  both  legs,  l,.-)00;  of  ;i  single  arm  or  leg,  "i(«l; 
isnd  of  a  linger,  100  j)esos;  or  uu  e(pii\alent  in  slaves  -on  t!ie  ba^is  nf  um 
slave  for  each  one  liundredpesoi.  ]le  ax  ho  should  bo  the  liist  to  force  hiswiiy 
into  a  Spanish  castle,  or  to  haul  down  the  Spanish  colors  and  plant  llie  I'liiglisli 
tlandard  on  tlu!  Malls,  was  to  receive  .50  pesos;  ho  who  should  take  a  ijiishiht 
fioni  whom  K  iviccable  news  could  be  obtained,  100  pesos;  he  who  shuukl 
Ihrow  handgrenadcs  among  the  enemy,  .")  pesos  for  eacl;  ono  tiil'owu;  ami  ha 
who  in  fu'tii  n  should  capture  an  otlicer  of  rank,  risking  his  life  then  liy,  was 
to  be  ri'Wardcd  according  to  till' degree  of  his  valor.  AH  rewards  and  extra 
.Uowiinces  wer(!  to  bo  \iaid  over  bctoi'i!  a  general  division  should  be  niialeef 
tiic  booty.  1  lind  iiotliin;;  set  aside  for  ('lirist  or  the  church.  ICj-'i:ii  ladni, 
lild.  Flib,,  ii.  108-110;  JJh^l.  JJuaniivri',  120. 


CASTLE  OF  SAN  LORENZO. 


403 


on.' 

ivy  l;"U1is 
icrs  wrro 
/.it'll  less 

lllK'tl    lllL' 

land  was 
iiiid  coiii- 
izinij,'  tliL' 
n  liiU'linr, 
aiiisli  iia- 
i  kiii;4'  I't' 

itinp,'  that 
vd  tlirlii- 
or  rcwai'il 
it  tlu'  n- 
tlu;  rank 

p  S[Kinish 

All  iiiti'i'- 

ii.  lilt.  I'lit 

<ii,  !■.•:.  I'.'d,  ill'- 


onM  lit'  M't 
law,  lusiili'S 

r  1(1(1  pfsus, 
rmI  in  artimi 

„r  Ir'i.  .Mill; 

iiahis    nf   OIK' 

tVirci^  l.iHWiiV 
itUicK.M.^li^li 

I.  who  shmiM 
rown;  mni  Ih' 
tlicivl.y.  was 
nlsiiinl  I'Nf-'. 
1,1  W  liiinlcrl 


iDaiiiland  were  Panama,  ^"el■a  Crnz,  and  Cartaij;cna. 
A  ciiuiicil  was  suiinnoiied  on  Ijoard  the  adnHral's  sihip, 
and  it  was  decided  that  ^Morgan,  fuKiniiiLj  tlie  promise 
ln'  had  made  at  Portobello,  should  show  ]3oii  Juan 
]'( i\z  de  Guzman,  president  of  Panama,  the  use  the 
Ijiircaneers  made  of  their  weapons. 

It  hap[)ened  that  the  isthmus  of  J)arien  was  little 
l;Me\vn  to  any  of  the.se  sea-rovers,  and  before  ventur- 
iiii;-  on  the  mainland  it  was  determined  to  capture  the 
isK;  (if  Santa  Catarina,  which  was  then  used  as  the 
|)ciial  SL'ttleinent  of  the  Spanish  West  Indies,  and 
cniitametl  anKJiii^  its  garrison  men  servin,L>'  out  their 
si'iiteiice  under  ban  irom  l^inania.  Among  these  out- 
laws some  would  no  doubt  be  found  who  were  well 
acijuaiuted  with  the  approaches  to  that  city. 

Setting  sail  from  Cape  Tiburon  on  the  IGth  of 
Dcccnibei',  the  ileet  anchored  olf  Santa  Catarina  the 
filtli  day,  and  on  the  same  alternoou  the  freebooters 
landed  without  ojjjmsition  The  garri.son  and  inhabi- 
tants had  retired  to  a  small  adjacent  islet  defended  by 
tell  castles  which,  with  a  resolute  del'ence,  would  have 
lieeii  ini[)regnable;  but  the  governor,  when  sunnnoned 
to  capitulate,  cons(.'nted  on  condition  that  he  should 
lie  alloNwd  to  depart  umnolested  after  making  a  show 
(  ri'esistaii('(>.  A  sham  light  was  maintained  by  night 
I'er  siNcral  hours,  and  no  jiowder  was  si)a;v(l.*^  "Jlie 
liuccaneers  tlix-d  with  blaid^  cartridg(_',  and  the  S})an- 
iai'ds  were  oi'de"  ed  to  train  their  guns  so  that  the 
sliet  whistled  liarmless  overhead.  The  place  was  then 
suri'eiidered,  the  ])rison(.'i's  were  muster(>d  and  dis- 
ainied.  and  the  freebooters,  having  fasted  loi"  twenty- 
leur  lioui's,  waged  war  in  earnest  on  the  cattle, 
li^iultrv,  and  Lrame  which  the\'  found  in  the  ntiii-hbor- 
lieeil.  I'hi'ce  outlaws  Irom  J'anama,  two  of  them 
Jiuiiaiis  and  one  a  midat.t.o,  all  well  ac([uaiid:('d  with 
tile  most  I'avoi'able  J'outes,  were  delivered  U|>  as  guides. 
'1  lie  Indians,  aware  that  their  own  (.'ountrv'uen  woidd 

"  .n.'-'jUdiuliii,  Uii-t.  riibiiHUern,  ii,  117,  uml  Ji!4.  Hitcaiii'iv,  1-!),  130. 


If:   i 


4m 


MORGAX'S  RAIDS  ON  THE  ISTIDIUS. 


ni: 


«uficr  from  tlie  raid  in  common  Avitli  the  Spaniards, 
feigned  ignorance,  but  were  betrayed  by  the  mulatto 
and  put  to  the  torture.  One  of  them  died  on  llnj 
I'ack,  and  the  survivor  then  confessed  that  lie  knew 
the  roads,  and  consented  to  serve  his  captors. 

Before  kmrUng  the  main  body  of  the  buccaneers  on 
tlie  Isthmus,  Morgan  determined  to  capture  the  castlu 
(A'  San  Lorenzo,  whicli  guarded  the  mouth  of  thu 
Chagro  liivcr.  For  this  purpose  he  despatched  a 
squadron  of  five  vessels  with  four  Imndred  men'' 
under  Cai)tain  Bradk\y,  remaining  himself  at  Santa 
Catarina  with  the  rest  of  his  forces,  in  order  to  ii:  is'. 
his  main  desi<jfn.  The  castle  was  built  on  a  hi'i'i  n>  '  , 
steep  enough  to  render  it  inaccessible  on  the  so  ;: 
side,  and  was  ])rotected  on  tlie  north  by  the  riv 
w]ii(,'h  widens  at  that  point.  Four  bastions  mount 
with  artillery  guarded  the  approaches  by  land,  and 
two  faced  seaward.  At  the  i'oot  of  the  rock  wcvc 
three  batteries  which  commanded  the  mouth  of  tlio 
Chagre.  At  the  outlet  of  the  river  is  a  sunken  reef 
and  a  sand-bar,  over  which  the  breakers  roll  lor  almost 
the  entire  width.  Only  in  the  calmest  weather  ran 
one  detect  a  nai'row  passage  close  under  th  i  preci[ii(i', 
whose  height  is  still  crowned  by  the  ruins  ol'  tluj 
castle  of  San  Lorenzo.  The  fortress  was  surrounded 
with  ])alisades,  iilled  in  with  earth,  and  its  sIml;!' 
entrance  <'ould  be  approached  onl3''  by  a  drawl nivlgo 
which  spanned  a  crevasse  in  the  rock  thirty  fcl  i  i 
de|)th.  The  garrison  consisted  of  three  hundred  ainl 
ioiirteen  well  armed  and  veteran  troops,  and  a  party 
of  expert  Indian  bowmen  under  as  gallant  an  oliiccM'  as 
ever  (b'ew  sword. 

Bradley  saw  that  the  stronghold  could  be  assal!>'il 
only  from  the  land  side,  and  anchored  his  ves-!s 
in  a  small  bay  at  a  short  distance  irt)ni  the  i>ull<t 
of  the  river.  The  freebooters  went  ashore  soon  all'  r 
midnight,  and  after  cutting  their  way  through  w 


,'oo(ls 


'-Three  ships  and  470  men,  accorduig  to  Sharji'n  ]'ii>/a'jr>',  1150. 


A  GALLANT  DEFENCE. 


495 


tangled  with    iniclcrgrowth,   and   scaling   precipitous 
rucks,  debouched  about  two  in  the  afternoon  on  an 
open  space  within  gunshot  of  the  fort  and  advancetl  to 
the  attack.     Tlio  garrison  at  once  opened  on  them 
a  hot  fire,  crying  out:  "  Conic  on,  ve  cursed  Enghsh 
(lo^s,  and  let  your  companions  that  arc  behind   you 
collie  on;  you  shall  not  get  to  Panamd  this  bout." 
The  assailants  sutfercd  severely  and  were  driven  back 
to  the  shelter  of  the  woods:  but  returning  at  night- 
fall  came  close  up  to  the  edge  of  the  crevasse  and 
attciii|»ted  to  burn  down  the  palisades  which  bordered 
the  op[)()Hite  verge.     Guided  by  the  light  of  the  fire- 
halls  the  Spaniards  plied  them  incessantly  with  mus- 
ketry and  artillery  and  the  Indians  discliarged  their 
arrows  with  hardly  less    effect.     jMon  fell  fast,  and 
Bradley  had  both  his  legs  taken  off  by  a  round  shot. 
The  buccaneers  were  sorely  distressed  and  well  nigh 
despaired  of  success,  when  a  lucky  stroke  turued  the 
scale  in  their  favor.     One  of  their  party,  being  p)ierce(l 
with  an  arrow,  plucked  it  forth  and  winding  it  round 
v.ith  cotton,  shot  it  back  from  his  musket  toward  the 
fortres-s.  where  it  li<»htcd  on  a  house^^  thatched  with 
palm  leaves.     The  cotton,  ignited  by  the  Hash  of  the 
powder,  r-et  fire  to  the  roof.     The  flames  were  unno- 
ticed until  beyond  control,  and  spreading  rapidly  soon 
c  Aplodod  a  package  of  gunpowder.     Tlie  besieged  now 
vM'Ut  all  their  efftjrts  to  stay  the  conilagration  and  the 
freebooters  crowded  into  the  crevasse,  and  mounting 
111  '■■ich  other's  shoulders  burnt  down  tlie  stakes  of 
'.'.^  lialisades. 

Wy  daybreak  the  castle  was  almost  a,  ruin,  and  the 
ciirih  which  supjiorted  the  ])alisades  liad  lallcn  into 
the  ricvasse,  filling  it  in  ]»laces  to  a  level  with  the 
f-iirfaee.     A  mui'derous   hie  was   [(oui'eil  on  the  do- 

'^Tlic  r.ccouiit  {.nvcu  in  Sliarji'.'i  I'ni/rtifru,  1,10,  in  tliat  the  ImciniioiMs,  in 
plyiiiL;  lluir  liaiiil-;,'i'<'n;ulfs,  .set  tiro  to  ii  j,'Uiircl-li(>ii^c  tiuit  stood  on  tin'  ujill 
"t  til  •  (iistlc.  Tlii.s  si't'inH  iinpi'olitiblo,  for  they  were  sepiirated  from  the  fort 
liy  tiio  rievasso,  by  tlu!  jialisadoH  Ijeyond,  and  by  tlie  s])aee  betwei  n  tin'  [lali- 
^''1  '  mill  tlie  eaatle  walls,  whieli  nuiHt  have  been  beyond  reaeh  of  suuli  mis- 
bllts. 


ii 


iii 


] 


490 


MORGAX'S  RAIDS  OX  THE  ISTHMUS. 


I  !.        I! 


Mil 


W'  !,  iii  f 


r      'l 


u '.;■      is 


fenders  till  noon,  Avhcn  the  assailants  advanced  to 
.storm  the  breach.  Many  of  the  Spaniards  hurkd 
themselves  down  the  steep  side  oi"  the  I'oek,  jjrctri'- 
ring  death  to  surrender.  The  governor,  at  the  licad 
of  a  handiLil  of  men,  still  maintained  a  hopeless  stiu^- 
j^le,  hilt  a  musket-ball  through  the  l;cad  soon  laid  liim 
low,  and  all  resistance  was  at  an  end.  Only  thirty  of 
the  garrison  were  I'ound  alive;  among  them  not  a 
single  oiH(?er,  and  scarcely  a  dozen  unwounded  linn. 
The  ])risoners  gave  information  that  news  of  the  iu- 
•".(v/uled  raid  had  reached  Panama  by  way  of  Carta- 
several  weeks  previously;  that  a  d^.-serter  fiMin 
til  .'xpedition,  when  at  the  llio  Haeha,  l;ad  also  vr- 
vealed  ^lorgan's  design;  that  messengers  had  hem 
despatched  bv  the  jj^overnor  of  the  fortress  to  thi.; 
l)resident,  with  news  of  the  invaders' a[)pri)ach;  that 
ambuscades  were  already  posted  at  several  points  on 
the  banks  of  the  Chagn;,  and  that  the  ])resitlcnt  v.itii 
the  main  body  of  his  forces  awaited  their  a[)pi'oa(li 
on  th(!  ))lains  surrounding  Panama. 

The  S]xiniards  were  ordered  to  throw  down  tlieir 
dead  to  the  ibot  of  the  castle  rock,  and  there  to  huiy 
them.  A  neighboring  church  served  as  a  hospital  tnr 
the  wounded,  and  a  prison-house  for  the  cajiturol 
women,  wdio  were  subjected  as  usual  to  foul  outrage 
and  deiilement,  daughters  being  violated  in  ])resciic'e 
of  their  mothers,  and  wives  before  their  husbands- 
pantomimes  of  hell  performed  within  the  wails  ei'  ;i 
sanctuary. 

On  receiving  news  of  the  capture  of  San  Jjoi-cii/.n. 
the  connnander  of  the  buccaneers  gave  orders  that  all 
the  houses  on  the  isle  of  Santa  Catai'ina  should  h'-' 
burned  to  the  ground,  and  that  the  fortihcations  on  tin' 
adjacent  islet  should  be  destroyed  with  the  exc('ptinii 
of  one  of  the  strongest  castles,  which  he  nservcd  I'l' 
futui'e  occupation.  Casting  the  guns  of  tlu'  I'ortivss 
into  the  sea,  and  placing  his  ])i'isoners  on  boaid  tlio 
lleet,  he  set  sail  ibr  the  mainland,  and  arrived  oil"  tin' 
mouth  of  the  C'hagre  in  January  1G7  I.     Oveijo\ <  d  at 


Ur  THE  CIIAORE. 


407 


sccli!'.;"  the  Fji^'lisli  colors  flying  from  the  fort,  tlio 
tVccl looters,  through  oarcloss  navigation,  lost  lour  of 
their  shij)s  on  the  sunken  rock  at  the  entrance  of  the 
liver,  l)ut  prizes  were  made  of  several  large  flat-hot- 
toiiiod  boats,  and  of  a  number  of  canoes  built  s])ecially 
toi'  the  navigation  of  the  stream.  Five  hundrcMl  men 
wen;  left  as  a  garrison  for  the  castle,  and  on(;  hundred 
and  fifty  as  a  guard  for  the  fleet;  the  ca])tives  were 
(iidered  to  repair  the  breaches  in  the  fortress;  and 
the  main  body  of  the  adventurers,  at  least  twilve  hun- 
dred strong,"  started  on  tluMr  expeditioji  against  l\'in- 
aiiKi.  ]\J  organ  gave  orders  that  no  provisions  should 
be  t  iken  >.:*'  a  slender  stock  of  maize,  barely  sufHcient 
tor  a  siu'de  day's  rations.  He  told  his  men  that,  their 
lueaiis  of  conveyance  being  limited,  th(>y  must  not 
I'lieuiuber  themselves  \vith  unnecessary  l^auc^-a'^e,  for 
tiiey  would  soon  replenish  their  supjtlies  from  the 
magazines  of  the  Spaniards,  who  lay  in  ambush  along 
tlie  loute.  jNIoreover,  the  detachment  left  behind  at 
San  Lorenzo  numl)ered  with  the  prisoners  over  1,000 
jxTsons,  and  the  entire  supply  M'as  hardly  enough  for 
tlieir  subsistence  until  his  return. 

The  journey  was  begun  in  boats  and  canoes,  and 
Hdtwithstanding  a  rapid  current  and  a  want  of  skill 
in  niaua'>ini»'  the  overloaded  vessels,  about  six  leaii'ues 
wnv  made  tlie  first  day.  So  little  did  the  freebooters 
know  of  the  inn)ediments  they  were  soon  to  encounter 
in  their  ascent  of  the  stream,  that  they  took  with 
th(  ni  live  largo  scows  laden  with  artillery  and  anunu- 
nitjon.  A  few  of  the  party  went  ashore  at  night  to 
.search  for  food,  as  tlieir  scanty  allowance  of  maize 
was  soon  devoured,  but  nothing  eatable  was  discov- 
<n  d  and  most  of  the  buccaneers  lay  down  to  rest 
su]i[K  riess  with  nothing  but  a  pipe  of  tobacco  to  ap- 
|iease  their  hunger. 

"  [ii  Slttirp'x  Voynfi<!>,  l.'}.*?,  It  is  stated  that  Morgan  !(>ft  only  .300  men  to 
pinrd  till'  (astle,  and  ntartcil  lor  Panama  with  1,400  hiieeanecrs,  7  sni.'ill  whips, 
mill  :!i)  liiiats.  The  intercepted  despatch  from  the  president  of  I'anamii,  trans- 
liitiil  in  the  same  work,  st.ites  (pagi!  1,").S)  thai  Morgan  reached  ranaiiui  w  ith 
■A'l'."Mncn.  In  Kj-'iiioncliii,  /list.  Flih.,  i.  137,  the  number  is  gi\eu  at  l.oOO. 
IIwi.  Cent.  Am.,  Vol.  II.    33 


498 


MORGAN'S  RAIDS  ON  TUE  ISTHMUS. 


■iiiin 


Ml' 


On  the  socorid  cvonint^  they  arrived  at  a  spot,  wIkto 
the  river-bed  was  slioal  from  drought,  and  choked 
with  fallen  trees.  The  guides  assiwed  them  tliat  a 
few  miles  be\'ond  they  would  find  no  difficulty  in 
continuing  their  route,  either  by  land  or  water,  and 
next  uiorning,  leaving  a  strong  guard  over  tlieir 
vessels,  they  attenijited  to  make  their  way  throl1^dl 
the  forests  that  skirt  t'le  banks  of  the  Chagre.  The 
trees  were  matted  with  vines,  and  the  spaces  between 
them  filled  with  a  dense  wall  of  tropical  undergrowth, 
in  places  im[)enetrable  to  sight.  Most  of  the  men 
were  ordered  to  return  to  the  river,  and  leaving  then! 
the  scows  with  the  artillery  they  managed  to  (Iraij 
their  canoes  over  the  shallow-  j)laces,  a  portion  of  tlieni 
cmbai'king  wherever  the  water  was  of  sufficient  depth. 
The  remainder  cut  a  passage  through  the  woods  with 
extreme  difliculty,  and  on  the  following  afternoon  all 
asseniblcd  on  the  bank  of  the  stream,  where  they 
})assed  the  night  without  food,  benumbed  with  cold, 
and  unable  to  sleep. 

AVorn  out  with  toil  and  gaunt  with  hunger,  tlieir 
clothing  torn  to  rasfs,  the  buccaneers  resumed  their 
journey  on  the  morning  of  the  fourth  day,  some  et 
them  already  staggering  from  weakness  and  lialtinof 
now  and  then  to  gnaw  tlio  roots  and  leaves,  or  to  soak 
in  wat(?r  and  chew  strips  cut  from  the  empty  leath.ern 
sacks  which  had  contained  their  dole  of  maize.  Abi  nit 
noon  one  of  the  guides  called  out  that  ho  had  discov- 
ered signs  of  an  ambuscade — a  cry  welcome  to  thi' 
fretibooters,  who  advanced  at  once  to  the  attaek, 
hoping  at  length  to  obtain  a  supply  of  })rovisioiis. 
rorewarned  by  their  scouts,  who  had  given  timely 
notice  of  the  enemy's  approach,  the  Spaniards  had 
retired  to  a  safe  distance,  and  none  were  found  to 
otJ'er  resistance,  nor  any  scraj)  of  food  save  a  lew 
crumbs  scattered  round  the  spot  where  the  i'ugitlves 
had  made  a  recent  meal.  All  their  bright  visions  ot 
wealth  now  faded  before  the  grim  sj)ectre  of  faiiiine, 
and  their  one  thoujxht  was  to  obtain  the  means  ot 


HUNGER  AND  HARDSHIPS. 


ivlitviiig  the  gnawing  at  their  vitals.  Ill  had  it  fared 
\\\[\\  any  captive  who  might  then  have  fallen  into  the 
IkukIs  of  these  i'aniished  desperadoes,  for  ho  would 
surely  have  been  carved  and  eaten.  In  sonic  neigh- 
boring huts  were  found  a  fc!W  bundles  of  dry  hides, 
such  as  were  used  by  the  natives  for  making  l)ags  for 
the  storage  of  corn.  These  were  beaten  between 
rocks,  soaked  in  the  river,  cut  into  small  pieces,  rubbed 
I'V  hand,  and  after  the  hair  had  been  scraped  off, 
were  cooked  and  gulped  down  morsel  by  morsel  with 
(liaiights  of  water.  About  sundown  a  spot  was 
readied  where  were  traces  of  another  ambuscade,  but 
IK)  fratjfinents  of  victuals,  for  orders  had  been  cfiveii  to 
destroy  or  remove  everything  edible  beyond  reach  of 
the  invaders,  in  the  hope  that  they  would  be  forced 
by  starvation  to  retrace  their  steps.  Fortunate  was 
he  that  night  who  had  reserved  some  scraps  of  hide 
oil  which  to  make  his  evening  repast. 

At  noon  on  the  fifth  day  of  the  journey  they  ar- 
livod  at  the  village  of  Barbacoas,  near  which,  after  a 
liuvj^  search,  they  discovered  in  a  grotto  recently  hewn 
out  of  the  rock,  two  sacks  of  meal,  a  quantity  of  plan- 
tains, and  two  jars  of  wine.  This  scanty  supply  was 
]iortioned  out  among  those  who  wore  in  the  last  ex- 
tremity, many  of  them  so  weak  that  they  had  to  bo 
cairied  on  board  the  canoes.  Most  of  the  buccaneers 
aL;ain  lay  down  supperless  to  rest,  some  jesting  at 
their  sorry  plight,  but  the  mujority  threatening  to 
desert,  and  uttering  curses  loud  and  deep  against  the 
man  wlio  with  promise  of  rich  spoils  had  lured  them 
into  a  wilderness  where  they  seemed  fated  soon  to 
leave  their  carcasses  a  prey  to  the  vultures. 

Nevertheless  all  continued  their  course  next  morn- 
ing', and  about  midday  came  in  sight  of  a  plantation 
^vllieh  they  approached  W'ith  slow  step  and  staggering 
salt,  halting  every  few  paces  to  rest  through  extreme 
^veaknoss.  At  first  no  relief  was  found,  and  many  of 
the  IVeehooters  were  about  to  carry  out  their  threat 
(^it'i'etuniing  to  Cliagrc,  when  one  of  them  discovered 


!  .  T  ft 


rr^r- 


500 


ISrORGAN'S  RAIDS  OX  THE  ISTHMUS. 


II 


a  barn  filled  -with  maize  which  the  Spaniards  liad 
ne,i»lected  to  remove,  thinking  that  the  invaders  couM 
not  make  their  way  so  I'ar  across  the  Isthmus.  The 
stronj^er  of  the  party  at  once  beat  in  the  doors  with 
the  but-end  of  their  muskets,  and  after  devouilii'4' 
their  fill  of  tlic  raw  grain  made  way  for  their  coin- 
rades,  and  carried  a  portion  down  to  those  who  l;iy  in 
the  canoes  so  enfeebled  with  their  long  fast  that  tliev 
were  unable  to  crawl  further.  When  all  had  satislied 
their  hunger,  enough  remained  to  give  each  man  ;i 
good  allowance.  Toward  nightfiill  they  came  in  si^lit 
(»f  a  body  of  Indians  posted  on  the  opposite  side  oi'  the 
river.  Morgan  at  once  ordered  a  party  to  give  chasi.', 
hoj)ing  to  ca})ture  some;  but  being  more  fleet  of  foi^t 
and  in  better  condition,  they  easily  made  their  escape, 
after  <lischar2fin<>'  a  flight  of  arrows,  which  laid  Inw 
two  or  three  of  their  pursuers,  the  natives  cry  nig  lU.t 
as  they  brandished  their  weapons:  "Ha,  pernjs,  :i  la 
savana,  a  la  savana," 

At  sunrise  on  the  seventh  day  the  freebooters 
crossed  the  river  and  continued  their  route  on  tlio 
other  side,  arriving  in  a  few  hours  in  sight  of  the 
village  of  Cruces,  about  eight  leagues  from  l*aiiaiii;i, 
and  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Chagre.  Smoke 
was  soon  observed  rising  from  the  cliinmoys,  ami 
the  buccaneers  ran  forward,  exclaiming:  "They  ai\) 
making  good  fires  to  roast  and  boil  what  we  are  to 
eat."  One  more  disappointment  was  in  stori'  im' 
them:  the  place  was  found  to  be  deserted  ami  iln; 
houses  in  flames.  The  only  provisions  discovered  w*  re 
a  single  leathern  sack  of  bread  and  some  jars  of  wine. 
A  munber  of  dogs  and  cats  left  straying  around  tlic 
neighborhood  were  instantly  killed  and  devoureil. 
The  wine,  acting  on  stomachs  weak  with  fasting  aiiil 
disordered  by  unwholesome  diet,  caused  a  violent 
sickness,  and  for  a  while  they  believed  themselves 
]»oisoned. 

At  daybreak  next  morninof  two  hundred  of  the  hest 
armed  and  strontjest  were  sent  forward  to  search  lor 


AT  CRUCES. 


f)Ol 


niiil'iiscatles  and  to  reconnoitre  the  road,  Mor<T:an  liini- 
sv  It' followinijf  a  few  liours  later  with  tlio  I'est  of  liis 
i'oiccs.  Ai'ter  a  few  hours'  inarch  the  advancc^d  ^uard 
Mirived  at  a  spot  tlicn  called  Quchi'ada  (Jhscura,  a 
r;i\  iue  enclosed  between  M'alls  of  rock,  and  so  narrow 
tint  tliree  men  could  with  difficulty  walk  abreast. 
A  lli;4iit  of  arrows,  discharged  by  an  unseen  foe,  iMl 
u[)()n  them  as  from  the  clouds.  For  a  moment  the 
most  stout-liearted  hesitated.  Tiicy  were  not  tlu? 
111(11  to  shrink  from  peril,  but  they  saw  that  a  hand- 
ful of  resolute  troops  could  hold  the  ])ass  a_L^ainst  an 
army.  ])efore  them  lay  a  forest  from  whi<*h  artillery 
and  musk{;try  could  sweep  the  pass.  Overhead  were 
sluci'  precipices  from  which  rocks  hurled  on  their 
heads  iiiii;ht  easily  have  destroyed  the  entire  force. 
The  buccaneers  observed  some  Indians  o'lidiiiL^  anionic 
thr  trees  in  their  front,  and  pushing  forward  after  a 
hricf  delay  to  a  point  where  the  pass  widoiied,  fired 
a  v(»ll(y  into  the  woods  at  random.  The  Indian 
chieftain,  recognized  by  his  parti-colored  plumes,  iMl 
wounded,  and  when  the  freebooters  offered  him  (piar- 
tu',  raised  himself  on  his  elbow  and  made  a  pass  at 
(»iie  of  tliem  with  his  javelin.  He  was  instantly  sliot 
through  the  head,  and  his  followers  took  to  flight. 
In  this  skirmish  no  prisoners  were  taken,  and  the 
lfi>s  (»f  ^loi-sifau's  advanced  ijfuard  was  about  ten  killed 
and  as  many  wounded. ^^ 

Tlie  main  body  of  the  buccaneers  soon  arrived,  and 
after  a  brief  halt  the  march  was  resumed,  I'or  toward 
<liisk  a  lieavy  storm  of  wind  and  rain  set  in,  and  con- 
tinued far  into  the  night.  It  was  the  custom  of  the 
Spaniards  to  burn  the  houses  that  lav  on  the  liiu!  of 

'■'Autliorities  dilTcr  niiitcriiilly  in  their  !ic'C()Uiit3  df  this  skiriiii.sli.  Kxiiiu'- 
nuliii,  IliM.  r>{iciniii:r.<,  141,  iiml  Archuuholtz,  Hit.  /'ire'  t,  l."i.">,  sjii'aUs  df 
ii  llJL'lit  of  ;),000  or  4,000  arrows;  hut  there  is  no  eviile..  :e  that  a  hoily  of 
i-i'M'ial  thousand  Indians  was  I'Ver  assembled  iit  a  j.;iveu  jpoint,  and  if  this 
v.c'e  SCI  it  docs  not  apjiear  how  they  managed  to  shoot  sui'li  a  ilii;ht  of  ai'rows 
iliiwn  a  narrow  ravin.-.  The  J/isl.  J<lil)ii.<l}n:i,  i.  I.");t,  says  the  jiass  was  eut 
tlni.ugh  the  roek,  in  order  to  shorten  and  render  less  iliilie'ult  tlie  route  Ih-- 
t"i('u  I'a'iauul  and  Clingre;  in  tliat  case  it  eould  not  ha\-e  heen  of  any 
t'lMit  !en','lli.  Ji\  ,S/i>tr/t'n  I'lii/fiiidi,  l."!4,  it  is  stated  that  none  of  the  Inicca- 
i.'tib  ui  re  killed,  and  only  three  slightly  wounded. 


.!  ;■  I  i 


I 


502 


MORGAN'S  RAIDS  ON  TIIK  ISTHMUS. 


p< 


route,  and  the  men  passed  the  nli^ht  n'ithoiit  shelter, 
sitting'  liiiddled  on  the  ground.  A  lew  shephLnls' 
huts  afforded  scant  protection  for  the  wcnnided,  and 
storajxe  room  lor  the  arms  and  annnunition.  Tlic 
robbers  were  on  foot  at  the  Ih-st  gleam  of  dawn,  and 
after  discharging  their  fire-locks  at  once  fell  into  tliu 
ranks.  'Toward  noon  on  this,  the  ninth  day  of  the 
journey,  they  ascended  a  lofty  hill  which  yc;t  bears 
the  name  of  El  Cerro  de  los  Buccaneros,  and  Irotn  its 
summit  looked  down  for  the  lir.st  time  on  the  Pacitir. 
The  storm  had  broken,  and  a  few  white  sailing  boats 
were  seen  gliding  among  a  group  of  islands  that  lay  a 
few  leagues  to  the  south  of  Panama;  but  a  far  iiinio 
interestmg  sight  to  tlieso  toil-worn  and  fanusluxl 
marauders  was  a  neighboring  valley,  where  (h'ovtjs 
of  oxen  and  bands  of  horses  were  quietly  gra/cin'^. 
No  eneniy  appeared,  and  somo  of  the  cattle  wen;  at 
once  shot  down.  Hacking  them  j)ieceineal  they  cast 
tiie  ilesh  into  hastily  kindled  fires,  and  snat(;liiiig  it 
from  the  llames  while  still  half  raw,  tore  it  with  their 
fingers  and  devoured  it  with  the  greed  of  starving 
wolves,  the  blood  streaming  down  their  beards  and 
dripping  from  their  garments.  Before  the  meal  was 
over,  jMorgan  ordered  a  false  alarm  to  be  swiindcd, 
fearing  that  tlie  Spaniards  might  take  them  by  snr- 
prise.  It  soon  became  evident  that  this  was  no  need- 
less precaution,  for  an  hour  or  two  later  a  strong  de- 
tachment of  Spanish  cavalry  appeared  almost  witliin 
musket  shot.  Finding  the  enemy  prepared  to  recei\  ii 
them  they  quickly  withdniw,  and  the  sound  of  drum 
and  trumpet  soon  gave  notice  to  the  retreating  s(jund- 
rons  that  the  buccaneers  were  in  sight  of  Pananni. 

Two  or  three  piers  of  a  shattered  bridge,  a  Iraginent 
of  wall,  a  single  tower,  and  a  few  remnants  of  pidiho 
buildings,  half  buried  under  a  dense  gr-owth  of  creep- 
ers, still  mark  the  spot  where,  in  1071,  stood  a  city 
with  fine  streets  and  beautiful  edifices,  among  wliieh 
were  stately  churches  richly  adorned  with  altar-pico  s 
and  rare  paintings,  with  g(dden  censers  and  gobkls, 


BEFORE  PANAMA. 


m 


und  tall  candelabra  of  native  silver.  There  were  the 
abodes  of  the  merchant  princes  of  the  New  World, 
soiiio  of  them  the  descendants  of  men  who  had  fought 
utidcr  Cortes  when  he  added  the  empire  of  the  jVIon- 
tczumas  to  the  realms  of  the  Spanish  crown.  There 
wxi'c  vast  warehouses  stored  with  flour,  wine,  oil, 
sj)i<H'S,  and  the  merchandise  of  Spain;  there  were  villas 
ot'  cedar  surrounded  with  beautiful  gardens,  wheio 
fair  W(Mnen  enjoyed  the  cool  evening  breeze  as  they 
•razed  seaward  on  the  untroubled  waters  of  the  Paeitic. 
Ihit  what  was  Don  Juan  Perez  de  Guzman  doing 
wliilc  ]\[organ  was  on  his  way  up  the  Chagre,  after 
capturing  the  high-mounted  castle  of  San  J^orenzo? 
Masses  were  being  said  daily  for  the  success  of  the 
Spanish  arms.  The  images  of  our  lady  of  [)ure  and 
iiniiuiculate  conception  were  being  carried  in  general 
])r()cessi()n,  attended  by  all  the  religious  fraternity  of 
the  cathedral.  Alwavs  the  most  holy  sacrament  was 
kit  uncovered  and  exposed  to  public  view.  Oaths 
Were  Ix.'ing  taken  with  much  pious  fervor  in  the  pres- 
ence (if  the  sacred  effigies,  and  all  the  j^residcnt's 
relics  and  jewelry,  including  a  diamond  ring  worth 
loiiy  thousand  [»esos,  were  laid  on  the  altars  of  the 
holy  virgin  and  of  the  saints  who  held  in  their  s])ecial 
keeping  the  welfare  of  Panamd.  Surely  if  tlie  i'avor 
of  celestial  powers  can  bo  bought  with  prayers  and 
luoiuy  they  have  here  received  their  price,  and  should 
delivei-  this  city,  especially  when  the  jjirates  neglect 
tti  qlerily  God  with  their  spoils.'"  Sleek  Iriars,  with 
downcjist  look,  gathering  \\\)  these  votive  oftei'ings, 
and  taking  in  charge  the  gold  and  y\]v(  r  ornaments 
nf  tile  chui'ches,  im  oked  the  blessing  if  God  on  the 
loyal  banners  of  Spain,  and  hurried  off  beyond  reach 
of  the  eomimj:  I'l'ay  with  the  treasures  thus  lavished 
upon  them  through  the  instrunientality  of  Satan. 
The  foiees  of  the  Spaniards,  consisting  of  400  horse 
and  '2,400  lout,  with  a  few  pieces  of  cannon,  were  then 

'"  Sc(!  iiitorccpted  letter  from  the  president  of  rananid  translated  in  Sharp's 


i  I 


i  1  r 


;:;') 


\ri 


n  ,  >■ 


wm 


r.04 


MORGAN'S  RAIDS  ON  THE  ImI'MMUS. 


I 


drawn  up  in  tho  plain  witliout  tli<)  city.  Yet  ariofli.  r 
niodc  (»t"  warfare,  unique  in  New  World  adventim  , 
]»resents  itself,  as  2,000  wild  oxen,  under  the  i^niiduiicc 
of  Indians,  were  placed  on  the  Hanks  of  the  aiiuv 
ready  to  i)i-eak  through  the  enemy's  ranks, 

T\\v  huccaneers  pitched  their  cainj)  near  the  hrow 
of  a  hill  in  full  view  of  the  plain.  There  wc!re  vi^t  two 
hours  of  daylight,  and  the  Spanish  artillery  at  once 
o[)ened  on  th(!ni  with  round  shot,  but  at  too  lon^-  lauLj,' 
to  take  (fleet.  jSlor^^^an  posted  his  senti-ies  without 
the  least  niis^ivinj^^,  and  his  men,  after  makini,'  their 
sup[)er  on  the  renmants  of  tho  noonday  meal.  Ilinw 
themselves  upon  the  ground  to  obtain  what  rest  th.y 
ccndd. 

As  soon  as  tho  first  liieam  of  dawn  hei'alded  flu- 
ap[)roach  of  the  last  day  the  doomed  city  was  destiind 
to  witness  after  an  existence  of  one  huiuh-ed  ;iii(l 
fifty  years,''  the  morninii'  ufi  Vom  the  i)resi(lfiir"s 
can)p  gave  the  signal  for  botL  wies  to  fall  into  the 
ranks,  and  a  few  minutes  later  tlie  freebooters  weiv  nii 
the  march  toward  the  city.  Warned  by  tlieir  scouts 
that  and)uscades  were  posted  along  the  line  of  ihc 
main  road,  they  cut  their  way  with  some  (hlhculty 
throuu'li  a  nei<jfhborin<if  wood,  and  debouched  on  the 
sununit  of  a  small  eminence  that  still  bears  tl)e  name 
of  J']l  CV-rro  de  Avance.  The  Spanish  battalions,  ill 
armed  with  carbines,  fowling-pieces,  and  ai'(|Uel)Usc.s. 
but  dressed  in  [)ai'ti-colored  silk  unifoi'ms,  the  liDrsr- 
men  prancing  on  mettlesome  steeds  as  though  attend- 
ing a  bull-fight,  lay  before  them  almost  within  ninsket 
shot.  ]\[orgaii  di*ew  up  the  main  hotly  of  his  fniivs 
in  three  colunms,  and  sending  in  front  a  sti'ong  detncli- 
nient  of  his  best  marksmen,  descended  into  the  pl.iiii 
to  givi^  battle.  The  enemy's  artillery,  posted  in  ;i 
))art  of  the  field  where  it  connnanded  the  main  .nr- 
nues  (tf  approach  to  the  city,  was  far  out  of  range,  hut 

'"  Tlio  old  tiiMTi  of  Piinaintl  was  dcstroyoil  by  Alorgaii  in  .Tnniiaiv  li'7l. 
Erqiii  i,ii/:ii'.s  lihl.  BuaLKH'rn,  148.  In  Sharp's  Voyaijes,  1-fJ,  .lumiaiy  li)'*-' 
ia  yivt'U  a.i  Uie  date. 


PANAMA  TAKE.V. 


.■05 


111.  Iiorso,  under  Francisco  (1(>  Haro,  at  once  moved 
Idiuai-d  witli  loiid  slioiits  of  A'iva  d  j-cy!  to  liold  tlio 
iiKiiiy  ill  cheek.  The  ground  was  swampy,  yieldiii'^'' to 
llif  I'otjt,  and  unfavorahle  for  tlu?  aeticjii  of  cav.-ihy; 
iiKiivover  Morgan's  veterans  were  not  of  iho  stulf  t<» 
he  (lannted  by  a  batth'-eiy  and  the  onslaught  of  a 
I'l'W  s(|uads  of  troopers.  J^'orming  in  close;  order  with 
iViiiit  rank  Ivueeling,  and  resei'ving  their  fire  until  the 
Sp.iiiiards  came  U]>  almost  to  the  jioints  of  then  mus- 
k»ts,  they  poui'cd  in  a  volley  which  told  with  Jnurder- 
(uis  cilect.  Don  Francisco  led  his  men  re[»eatedly  to 
the  charge,  l)ut  no  impression  could  \)v  made,  and  the 
sliattd'ed  lines  at  length  wheeled  off  to  a  safe  dis- 
liiiice,  leasing  their  gallant  chieftain  dead  on  the  field. 
Meanwhile  tlu>  captain-general,  after  being  con- 
fessed by  the  priest  and  repeating  his  Ave  .^farlas 
iiiid  ](rayers  to  the  saints,  hud  come  forth  frtjin  his 
tint  to  s(.'e  how  the  battle  w.'is  progi'essing.  The 
Spanish  foot  Mere  then  ordered  to  assail  the  eiu-my 
ill  finiit,  while  bands  of  oxen  were  diiven  in  on  tlR'ir 
ll.iiik  to  break  through  their  l)attalions.  The  bucca- 
neers had  the  wind  and  sun  in  their  favoi-,  and  could 
eoiieentrate  on  a  given  point  as  many  men  as  their 
ii|ip()nents  could  bring  against  them;  for  in  rear  of  tlu; 
Inter  lay  a  large  morass  which  preventerl  them  from 
wheeling  their  main  body.  The  infantiy  were  re- 
ceived with  a  hot  fire  and  handled  so  roughly  that 
lliey  began  to  retreat.  Morgan's  left  wing  then  at- 
tacked them  in  flank  and  their  letreat  was  st)on  turned 
into  a  I'out.  The  wild  cattle,  maddentKl  by  the  uj)-' 
Kiai'.  the  smell  of  blood,  and  by  the  red  flag  shaken 
ill  their  faces — many  of  their  drivers  beini;  shot  down 
I'V  a  pai'ty  of  musketeers  tletailed  lor  the  pui'pose-  - 
Were  (h'iveu  back  on  the  Hying  colunms.  'I'he  pi'csi- 
(leiit  made  a  feeble  effort  to  rally  his  men,  until  tlx; 
stair  which  he  carried  in  his  hand,  the  only  weapon 
!!p])aiently  which  he  bore  that  day,  was  grazed  with 
a  shot,  when,  yielding  to  the  entreaties  of  his  chaplain, 
lie  1  etired  from  the  fi<>ht,  u^ivinef  thanks  to  the  blessed 


i'  i  I  *!i 


IM   ;l 


^iil 


BCJ 


MORGAN'S  rwMD3  ON  THE  ISTHMUS. 


m 


virgin,  "who  luul  brought  him  oft*  safe  from  amidst 
so  many  tliousaiul  bullcts."^^ 

Ill  two  liours  the  battle  was  won.  Six  hundred  of 
the  Spaniards  lay  dead  on  the  plains;  the  cavjiliv 
^vcrc  almost  annihilated,  and  the  infantry  threw  awav 
their  arms  and  scattered  into  small  parties,  many  of 
them  hiding  among  the  bushes  by  the  sea-shore  v.Ik  re; 
they  were  afterward  discovered  and  butchered.  A 
])arty  of  Franciscan  I'riars,  who  had  reniained  with 
the  army  to  offer  the  last  consolaticnis  of  reliutoti  to 
the  dying,  were  captured  and  shot  without  mcivv. 
')rders  were  at  first  given  that  no  quarter  sliould  bo 
granted,  as  the  buccaneers  were  too  much  crippled  to 
encumber  fhcmselv<^s  Vvith  })risoners.  An  excejilloii 
was  matle,  however,  in  the  case  of  a  wounded  S[)aiiisli 
otHcer,  who  was  brouglit  into  the  commander's  })i('s- 
eiice  and  gave  information  that  the  city  contained  only 
a  garrison  of  one  hundred  men,  but  that  the  streets 
were  ]>rotected  l)y  barricades  and  Ity  twentv-ciglit} 
])it>ces  of  cannon,  and  that  the  i>resident  would  proba- 
bly reoccupy  the  [)lace  if  he  could  reorganize  his  forces. 
^Igrgan  at  once  assembled  his  troop.s,  and  telling  tlicm 
they  must  lose  no  time  in  seizing  the  prize,  put  liis  col- 
umns in  motion  by  way  of  the  Portobello  road,  wliich 
lav  bevt)iid  reach  of  the  enemy's  iire,  and  within  an 
b.our  made  his  entrance  into  Pai;amti  without  ojtposi- 
tion.''-'  Warning  was  given  to  the  men  to  kee[)  out  of 
range  of  the  cannon  that  were  posted  in  the  })la/,a 

"Traiislatioi!  of  tin- prrsii'ciiL'fl  \cttcr  uv  SJiarfi'n  Voi/dfjcfi,  1.".'.  Tlu'iv  h 
"coiisiikTiililc  .iiKcrepaiiiy  iw  tlu'  varidi'H  aocmuu.:  of  tlu^  aeticiii  lie  tuiv  I'aiiaiiui; 
liiit  tli'.io  is  no  cvidcnco  I'nat  (ai/nian  ai'i|iiitt('(l  iiiiiisclf  in  i\u)  liast  lilic  a 
Kolil.it'r.  I'lMiuciiiclin,  l/isl.  I'lih.,  ii.  KiO,  ami  ll<st.  Jlmrdinirn,  14(i,  Sliai|>, 
I'oj/d'jrr",  l;{8  (in  the  ."■..tiior'fi  own  aci'onnt  of  the  battle),  and  Aril'.' iihult/, 
J/ist.  J'indr.i,  140.  all  au'ieo  that  the  cavaliy  boro  the  Itnint  of  the  lii.'ht,  iiml 
not  one  of  tlioso  autlioritit's  has  a  word  to  .say  in  favor  of  tho  pusillaiiiiiiuus 
captain-et^iioral. 

'"  Ht  I'o  i';.;aiii  authors  difTcr  essentially  in  their  narrative.  Exqni'mvlin, 
Hint.  Jlic-diiio-x,  147,  states  that  the  ficchootcvM  siiUVred  Kev<rely  from  tiio 
Spanish  artillery  as  they  ap])roaehed  tho  eity.  Arelienliollz,  //i-<f.  /'irn'm. 
Ill,  riiakeH  tlioHanio  statonunt;  hut  tho  Nisi.  F/ili.,  ii.  Kit,  fiiy^  that  tii<y 
eiieounterecl  no  opposition;  and  this  vi'rsioii  i.s  jii'ohalily  eoireet,  for  as  reir.ailcctl 
in  /liinii  i/'.i  Itw  itucorx  of  Aim  lira,  (17,  I'ananiil  Iiai.  no  re;;ular  fortilii  atieiiH, 
and  in  ])arts  lay  open,  and  was  to  Jie  won  or  dofen(!<.d  hy  plain  lii^htiiig. 
Sharp,  I'oydijeti,  141,  indor.ses  the  J I  int.  I'iib, 


BURNING  OF  THE  CITY. 


607 


mayor,  but  most  of  them  ran  to  and  fro  without  heed, 
in  search  of  phinder  or  in  pursuit  of  fugitives,  and 
tliL'  Spaniards,  pointing  their  pieces  at  several  tb.ickly 
clustered  gi'()Uj)sof  the  enemy,  poured  in  a  volley  fi'oni 
»>uiis  loaded  to  the  muzzle  w'nh  musket  balls  and  scraps 
(if  iron.  This  was  the  last  shot  fired  in  defence  of 
Paiiatnu;  for  the  cannonie]'s  wei"e  cut  in  pieces  bel'ore 
tiny  had  time  to  reload,  and  the  freebooters  rushed 
through  the  streets  hewing  down  all  who  otfered  re- 
sistance. 

I^xcept  large  stores  of  silk  and  cloth  little  booty 
was  discovered  in  the  fallen  city,  for  the  greater  part 
ol'tlic  inhabitants  had  fled  to  the  neiuhl)orin<:j  islands, 
takinix  v.ith  them  their  wives  and  children  and  all 
their  portable  property.  j\ [organ's  first  precaution 
was  to  forbid  his  men  to  taste  wine,  under  the  pre- 
tence that  it  had  all  been  poisoned.  He  f(!ariMl  that 
after  their  long  fast  they  would  as  usual  celebrate 
their  victory  with  feasting  and  drunkenness,  and  ^hns 
aftord  the  Spaiiiards  a  chance  to  rally  and  overpower 
theni  v.lien  stupefied  with  li(]Uor. 

The  buccaneers  had  barely  time  to  post  their  guards, 
!  11(1  t:ike  up  their  quarters  in  the  deserted  dwellings 
win  II  flames  we're  seen  breaking  forth  from  some  of 
the  jai'gest  liouses.  The  president  having  I'cceived 
iiilnrniation  that  Mori-an  had  amon<j'his  iiarty  a  voung 
rjii;lishnian  whom  he  uitended  to  crown  king  of 
Tierra  Tirme,  had  given  orders  for  the  meti'o|iolitan 
lity  io  be  burned  if  it  should  fall  into  the  hands  of 
the  pirates.'^''     The  fire  spread  rapidly,  although  the 

•"It  i ;  (liHicult  to  decide,  nniidst  a  conllict  of  iiutlioritics,  w  lictlicr  tlio  luirii- 
iii?  (if  l'ii:iiiiia  v.'as  diii!  to  tlic  Sjitiiiiiinl.s  or  to  Moifiui's  ordois.  ]ii  J\r<i"  ■ 
Mfllii,  J/ist,  Jj'uanilirti,  1-lS,  it  is  iiiii'liid  (liiit  Moij^im  .'uvo  siuli  nii  i-.dcr 
M'lrctly,  ri.d  for  jiriv.ui  Vdisoiis.  In  //'V/.  J-'HI>.,  ii.  Iti!).  it  is  positively  stated 
tliiit  Mov^ran,  fiai-iiig  the  Sj-aiiiards  mii^lit  Hiirprif^o  Iiiiii  liy  iii,L;lit,  caused 
tiictity  to  lie  iii'td.  'in  Arihiiluli-:'  //.'.<  J'lmf's,  M;i,  tiie  li'lanie  is  also  lidd 
t'lMii-aii's  cliurpc.  On  the  other  hand,  in  the  ]ii'e>ident's  des]'ati-h,  liana- 
l;it((l  ill  SI/fd-jKH  Voij(i(ji>i,  ITHi,  it  in  .•.dniitted  that  the  city  \v:i.s  liiitl  hy 
"laves  mill  hy  some  of  the  inhabitants.  It  is  ackno\vled;,'ed  liy  all  Ihcso 
wi'iti'is  that  the  fiielii  oters  utteniiited  to  stay  the  conllaf^rntion.  'J'lu  I'l;  set  nis 
iiii|:o(i(I  reason  why  Morgan,  who  had  now  at  his  disposal  '2S  iiieces  of  artil- 
liry,  .didiild  l;;ive  feared  an  attack  from  thi'  Spaniards,  or  '.liy  lie  slioidd  com- 
"iit  iiu  ai  t  \\  hieh  diatroycd  liiii  ehaiiee  of  reoeiviiig  u  ruusum.    lu  JiuUt!<,  JJocu.- 


iHii 


m 


"608 


JIORGAX'S  RAIDS  OX  THE  ISTHMUS. 


14 


l\ 


B  .'I 


freebooters  did  their  utmost  to  check  its  proQi-css. 
JScveral  houses  were  torn  down,  and  others  blown  u|» 
with  nun])o\vdcr,  but  all  eftorts  were  in  vain.  A  fiesh 
breeze  had  set  in  fi'oni  the  Pacific,  and  the  buildings, 
almost  entirely  of  wood,  many  of  them  well  stored 
M'ith  costly  furniture  and  adorned  with  pictures  and 
tn])estry,  iell  an  easy  prey  to  the  flames.  \Yitliiii  an 
jiour  an  entire  street  was  consumed,  and  by  midiiiuiit 
a  siniLifle  convent,  one  or  two  public  buildings,  and  the 
cabins  of  a  distant  quarter,  wi't^tchedly  l)uilt,  and  ooim- 
pied  only  by  muleteers,  were  all  that  remained  ot"  tlic 
seven  thousand  houses  of  cedar,  the  two  hundred  w.in- 
jiouses,  the  nu)nasteries  and  churches  of  a  city  wliidi 
but  a  few  days  before  was  peopled  by  thirty  thousand 
iidiabitants,  and  %med  as  the  abode  of  one  of  the 
wealthiest  c(Mnmunities  in  the  western  world. 

jMoi'jran  sent  a  detachment  of  one  hundred  and  fifty 
men  to  C'hagre  to  carry  news  of  his  victory  and  living' 
})ack  word  as  to  the  welfare  of  the  ofarrismi,  and 
oi'dered  the  remainder  of  his  oonunand  to  camp  in  tlh' 
jdains,  thus  heepinjjf  them  in  hand  and  rc.uly  I'l^i' 
action  in  case  the  president  should  rally  his  fon-cs  and 
I'enew  the  fij^ht.  Troops  of  Spaniards  and  Jndians 
were  seen  flitting  to  and  fro  along  the  edge  <if  tln' 
forest  M'hicli  skirted  the  savanna,  but  it  was  evidinr 
that  tiny'  had  no  confidence  in  their  captain-gciii'ial, 
for  as  he  himscdf  naivelv  remarked  in  his  intercrntid 
despatch:  "Although  Ik^  afterward  attempted  scviimI 
times  to  foi'm  an  ai'iny,  yet  he  could  not  do  any  giind 
ol"  it,  because^  no  man  would  be  persuadi'd  (o  I'ellnw 
him."  The  buccaneers  soon  rc'turiied,  thererniv.  Ic 
take  up  their  quarters  in  the  few  buildings  thai   had 

vifii/on  jKtrn  In  Ilixlnrin  rlr  Mtjicn,  sc'tIo  i.  tom.  ii.  117,  it  in  iiu'iitiniiiil  tluita 
loitiT  I'liiin  tlin  ])rc!si(lcMt  lit  I'iin.'iiiiii,  diitcil  Ajiril  ;t,  1(>71.  Diarly  ^ix  "i'il<- 
cfltr  M()r;;;iii'i*  (li'iiiirturc,  was  received  in  Mi'xico  in  ]  »('ci'ril:i'i'  of  that  vcni'. 
'rill'  K'ltiT  conliinis  the  intcici'ittcil  di'sih.i  ':  in  numy  luntiiiilars,  iinil  ailtls 
lliiifc  \\  lu'U  tin'  city  was  hiirncd  the  liiiccaiu'crs  '  finMKl  tiiciMsclvc^  vitlmiit 
]irovisi()ns  jiiul  supplies,  and  on  that  accdnnt  <lid  not  oairy  out  lluir  WMi 
i.'.ti'ulion,  uliic'h  v.i\n  to  pass  to  I'drtoliclld  liy  land,  hcsictie  it  with  vrsscls 
Iiy  wa,  and  captnrc  it  liy  blockadi'.  and  that  tiny  lirou^dit  «it!i  tliuii  iii 
until  i|iitii>n  a  Imy  A\liuin  tliiy  styled  tho  piincu,  tind  intiiidcd  to  cruxui  kiiii! 
of  Tiiria  lirnu'. 


Illl' 


COVETED  TKEASURE. 


50!) 


escaped  the  conflagration.  As  no  spoils  of  \:ilue  liarl 
v«t  l»ecn  found  cxcc])t  a  few  gold  and  silver  utensils 
liidden  in  wells  and  cisterns,  or  buried  beneath  tlu' 
iiiiiis,  parties  were  sent  to  scour  the  neighboring 
\V()(hIs  and  hills  in  quest  of  fugitives  who  might  be 
.sul)jected  to  torture. 

A  bark  laden  with  goods  for  the  use  of  the  refugees 
V, III)  li;ul  tied  to  a  neighboring  group  of  islands  had 
])vcu  ca})tui'e(l  on  the  evening  that  !M organ  took  j)os- 
stssion  of  l^uinnia.  Ordei's  had  been  given  that  all 
sea-going  vessels  should  take  their  departure,  but  the 
captain  had  lingered  for  the  turn  of  the  tide,  not 
(K'cniing  it  ]>ossible  that  so  sudden  a  disaster  could 
liofall  the  city.  The  vessel  was  at  once  despatched 
with  a  coni})any  of  twent^'-five  men  to  search  Ibr  thc^ 
tivasures  which,  as  the  buccaneers  learned  fi'oin  tluMi" 
captives,  had  been  conveyed  beyond  their  grasj).  '^i'he 
men  landed  the  next  day  at  one  of  the  smallest  i.slands, 
and  having  managcul  to  snuiggle  on  l)oard  a  few  jars 
el'  wine,  were  soon  half  stujx'Hed  with  licpior.  Toward 
evening  a  Spanish  shijt,  which  lay  oif  tlu^  o]»]iosite 
side,  of  the  isl(>t,  [»ut  ashore  to  obtain  water,  and  the 
Clew  were  caiitured  bv  some  ol'  the  i)iHtv  who  had  vet 

it/  It  ■ 

sense  enough  left  to  point  a  musket.  A  prize  w;;s 
new  within  their  reach  of  greater  value  than  all  the 
hiioty  that  the  adventm-ers  were  destined  to  obtain 
iVeni  their  raid.  A  galleon  of  four  hundred  tons,  ill 
manned,  pooi'ly  armed,  and  carrying  no  canvas  but 
till-  uj.j)er  sails  of  the  mainmast,  so  deeph'  laden  with 
in'^ots  of  gold  and  silver,  with  the  plate  and  treasures 
el' the  wealthiest  merchants  of  Pananni.  and  with  the 
gulden  vessels  and  decorations  of  tdnireh  and  monas- 
tery that  no  otlu'r  ballast  was  needed,''^  lay  alniest. 
within  caimon-shot.  The  captain  of  the  bark  did  in>t 
Venture  to  make  the  attack  at  nightl'all  with  his  feeble 
and  dnmken  band,  feeling  satistied,  moreover,  that  Ik.' 
uuuld  have  an  opportunity  of  capturing  the  vessel  at 

'"  Kj-f/iidncliii.  IIUI.  F/lh.,  ii.  171.     Tlio  ingots  of  gold  ami  silver  M-pre  of 
odiifsc  ill  transit  for  Spain,  and  liud  been  placed  on  Ixianl  llio  galleon  for  safo 


HI 


I,    ! 


kl'< 


I'lllg. 


510 


MORGANS  KAIDS  ON  THE  ISTHMUS. 


11' 


la! 


Id 


f  -m  -1 


daybreak;  but  alarmed  at  tbc  non-arrival  of  tlic  boat. 
tlie  commander  of  the  galleon  ordered  the  anchor 
slipped  long  before  midnight,  and  the  ship,  favoicd 
with  a  strong  breeze,  was  out  of  sight  when  thtj  sun 
apj)eared  above  the  horizon. 

The  detachment  returned  from  Chagrc  with  n(>Ms 
that  all  was  going  well;  so  ]\Iorgan  determined  to 
prolong  his  stay  at  Panama,  and  wrest  from  the  8p;iii- 
iards  a  portion  at  least  of  their  concealed  riches.  Par- 
ties were  sent  forth  to  scour  the  country  and  bring  in 
})risoncrs.  The  captives  were  placed  in  the  convent 
of  Mercedes,  San  Jose,  and  there  subjected  to  sucli 
inixemiitv  of  torture  as  miufht  satisfy  even  (Jreat  Ijrit- 
ain  that  her  people  were  not  behind  the  age  in  l>rutal 
barl)arities.  One  instance  only  need  be  reflated.  A 
servant,  dressed  in  his  master's  garments,  from  one  of 
which  depended  a  small  silver  key,  was  captured  hy 
the  buccaneers.  Ordered  to  reveal  the  hiding-placd 
of  the  cabinet  to  which  the  key  belonged,  he  leplicd 
that  he  knew  it  not,  and  merely  had  the  key  in  his 
possession  because  lie  had  ventured  to  don  his  masters 
attire.  No  other  answer  cominiif,  he  was  stretcheil  on 
the  rack  and  his  arms  disjointed,  A  cord  was  then 
twisted  round  his  forehead  until,  to  use  the  words  of 
Ex([uemelin,  "his  eyes  protruding  from  their  sockets 
appeared  as  big  as  oggs."'^''*  His  ears  and  nose  wore 
then  cut  oif,  and  th(^  wounds  seared  with  hurnint^ 
straw.  When  beyond  power  of  speech,  and  insoiisihlc 
to  further  suffering,  a  negro  was  ordered  to  entl  his 
life  by  I'unning  him  through  the  body."'^ 

Women  who  had  the  ill-fortune  to  fall  into  the 
liands  of  the  freebooters  could  only  escape  tortuic 
and  starvation  at  the  cost  of  their  chastity  or  by  pay- 

'■  In  Ifint.  Biiraniprn,  152,  it  is  stated  that  he  was  then  hung  up  liy  tlic 
private  pitrts,  ami  tlogijcd  in  that  position. 

-^  All  till!  leading  authorities  agree  that  the  prisoners  were  suhjceted  to 
excruciating  torture.  The  author  of  S!i(ir/>  n  Voyiuiin  makes  an  attein|it  to 
clear  Mor^i  n's  character,  and  to  throw  \idicnle  on  the  story  of  these  ntrnci 
ties.  The  work  -was  jmblished  in  London  in  1(184.  a  few  years  after  .Mnr.'.iii 
was  kniglit''d  liy  Cliurles  II.  The  writer  collected  his  inateri;d-i  in  I'lnt  lii'in 
impiiry  aniiiiig  the  Ijueeaucers  theinsehes,  and  may  therel''<re  be  wori!i\  ot 


A  CAPTIVE  GEXTLEWOMAX. 


m 


merit  of  a  licavy  ransom.    AinonGf  tlio  prisoners  taken 

at  the  islands  of  TaboL^uilla  and  Tahou^a  was  a  y()iin<jf 

iitid   l)eautilul  ji^entlewonian,  tlio  wife  of  a  wealthy 

iiicii'Iiant  of  Panain;!.     Like  many  of  her  countrv- 

woiiien  she  liad  learned  to  reofard  the  buecaneiM's  not 

as  rational  beings,  but  as  monsters  in  liuman  shape. 

The  lady  was  brought  into  IMorgan's  presence  and  at 

first  treated  with  respect,  lodged  in  a  separate  ai)art- 

iiicnt,  waited  on  by  female  slaves,  and  supjilied  with 

food  IVom  his  own  tal)le.    Surprised  at  this  usag(\  and 

mistaking  the  frerpient  and  blasphemous  oaths  of  her 

ca| iters  for   pious  ejaculations,  she   blessed  her  fate 

that  the  i)irates  of  England  were  such  fine  specimens 

of  Christian  gentlemen.     But  Morgan  had  his  little 

rf'dUH'  to  play.     His  amorous  proposals  were  nut  by  a 

tirm  ivfusal,  but  in  such  mild  lanijuaii'e  as  to  avoid 

rousing  his  anger.     For  a  while  he  sought  to  gain  her 

constiit  by  persuasion,  and  was  lavish  with  his  gifts 

of  rare  jewels.     All  failing  she  was  threatencvl  with 

to-.ture.     "lyiylife  is  in  your  hands,"  she  said,  "but 

sooner  shall  my  soul  be  separated  from  my  body  than 

I  submit  to  your  embrace."     Exasperated,  ^lorg.ni 

oidci'od  his  attendants  removed,  and  then  attempte'd 

violence.     She  tore  herself  from  liis  arms,  and  warn- 

iii<(  him  not  to  approach  her  again,  cried  out:  "Im- 

a'j;ine  not  that,  after  robbiniT  nie  of  my  liberty,  vou  eaii 

as  I'asily  deprive  me  of  my  honor."    As  he  still  per- 


sisted m 


foil 


owm 


,^'1 


wi\  s 


he  d 


rew  a 


dagg 


[lofcrcr  aiK 


1  said: 


"vSee  that  I  know  how  to  die  if  1  cannot  kill  thee." 
She  (hen  sprang  at  him  and  attempted  to  drixe  the 
l)la(!e  into  his  heart.  Thc!  conunander  recoih'd  several 
paces,  but  linally  succeeded  in  gaining  ])ossession  of 
anon.     He  then  retired  from  her  i)resenci>,  and 


le  Wc 


ordered  her  to  be  stripped  of  most  of  her  a])])ai'id, 
<'a>t  half  nakeil  into  a  dark  and  fetid  cell,  and  le-d  only 

cicdoiifc  ill  sdiiio  nmttcra  of  detail;  Itut  the  fact  that  10  out  of  'JO  pa,fi;os  of 
pi'itiiw  arc  taken  up  with  a  sorry  ofFort  'to  rescue  the  Honour  oi  that  iiR'oiti- 
p;u'all(!  ScmliliiT  ami  Scaiuan,'  while  the  narrative  of  the  raid  on  I'ananiii 
0  ■i.'iitii( -i  hut  "JO  out  of  170  pages,  seems  to  show  the  purpose  for  which  it  was 

writtfu. 


i'J: 


in 


1^' 


mii 


r,v2 


MOnCAN'S  KAIDS  OX  THE  ISTHMUS. 


with  ilic  coarsest  food,  in  quantities  so  small  as  barelv 
to  sustain  life. 

Moi'U^an  had  made  several  prizes  of  sea-goinji^  V(s- 
sels,  one  of  which  was  well  adapted  to  a  ])iratical 
cruise.  A  j)lot  was  concocted  by  some  of  the  men  to 
embark  on  an  exjtedition  to  the  islands  of  the  Padllc, 
tlience  after  obtaining' sulii<-ient  booty  to  sail  f(ir  l']uri»])(' 
by  way  of  the  East  Indies.  Cannon,  musliets,  auiinii- 
nition,  and  ])rovisions  had  beiai  secretly  obtained  in 
suHicient  quantity  not  only  to  equij)  the  vessel  hr.t 
to  I'oi'tifv  and  i>arrison  one  of  the  islands  as  a  base  of 
Operations.  Warned  of  the  desio-n  by  a  ivpc-ntant; 
cons])irator,  Morgan  ordered  all  the  shijjs  in  th(^  liai- 
bor  to  be  burne<l,  and  at  once  made  ])rej)arati()iis  in 
return  to  Chagre.  licasts  of  burden  were  collcclcil 
to  convey  the  plunder  to  the  point  where  the  caii(»i>, 
had  been  left  on  the  river;  some  of  the  wealtliid' 
Si)aniards  were  despatched  under  guard  to  obtain  tlic 
amount  of  their  ransom;  and  a  strong  detachnifiit 
was  sent  to  reconnoitre  the  line  of  march  by  w  liii  h 
the  buccaneers  were  to  return. 

On  the  24th  of  February,  after  holding  possession 
for  foiu"  weeks  of  Panama,  or  rather  of  the  site  whciv 
I'ananu'i  had  stood,  the  marauders  took  their  depait- 
urc  witli  six  hundred  })risoners,  men,  women,  and  ilijl- 
dren,  and  a  hundred  and  seventy-five  j)ack-aniiiials 
laden  witli  })lunder.  "When  fairly  out  on  t\\o  plain 
th(>  forces  were  ])ut  in  order  of  march,  and  the  cap- 
tives placed  between  the  van  and  rear  guard.  Manv 
of  them,  fresh  from  the  I'ack^  well  nigh  perisliiuL;-  nf 
himger,  and  scarcely  able  to  drag  themselves  aloni. 
were  goaded  and  beaten,  and  with  foul  oaths  made  [•> 
(juicken  their  ])ace  until  they  dropped  fainting  nr 
di'ad.  The  women,  among  whom  were  mothers  with 
infants  at  the  breast,  cast  themselves  on  their  knees 
and  pleadcvl  in  vain  for  leave  to  return  and  buiM  Im' 
themselves  huts  of  straw  amidst  the  pile  of  a-^hes 
which  had  once  been  their  native  city.  ],)ragL;e(l 
along  between  two  of  the  buccaneers  was  the  giiitk- 


DIVISIOX  or  SPOILS. 


513 


wdiiian  wlio  liacl  been  subjected  to  Morgan's  suit,  ai)d 
whose  ransom  was  fixed  at  thirty  thousand  pesos. 
jAiirning  that  it  was  his  intention  to  carry  her  to 
Jamaica,  she  begged  for  a  brief  respite,  affirming 
'•that  slie  had  given  orders  to  two  of  the  [)riests,  on 
whom  she  had  rehcd,  to  go  to  a  certain  phice  and 
(ilitain  the  sum  required;  that  tliey  had  promised 
i'aithtully  to  do  so,  but  liaving  procured  the  money 
liad  (nnployed  it  to  release  some  of  their  fiiends." 
Moigan  was  conquered  at  last.  He  inquired  into  the 
tiiith  of  her  assertion,  and  found  it  confirmed  by  a 
Icttoi-  delivered  to  the  lady  by  a  slave,  and  afterward 
liv  the  confession  of  the  priests;  whereupon  he  ordered 
In  r  and  her  parents,  who  were  among  the  prisoners, 
to  he  sot  at  liberty. 

]\lidway  on  their  march  across  the  Isthmus  the 
fivol looters  were  mustered  and  all  made  to  swear 
that  they  had  concealed  none  of  the  spoils,  but  had 
(klivcTcd  all  into  the  common  stock.  Al'ter  this 
(xviinony  the  conmiander  ordered  each  one  searched, 
liiiiisrlf  first  subniittinu^.  Clothes  and  ba<jf<>-a<»e  were 
caivi'iilly  examined,  and  even  the  muskets  were  takeii 
ti)  pieces,  to  see  that  no  precious  stones  were  con- 
cealed between  the  barrel  and  stock.  This  proceeding 
excited  much  indiijnation,  and  threats  were  made 
iiiiainst  ^Morgan's  life,  but  the  search-ofKcers  were  told 
to  eiiiiclude  their  work  as  quietly  as  possible  without 
divulging  the  nnmes  of  the  offenders,  ami  an  outbreak 
was  a\<)ided.  A  day  or  two  afterward  the  expedi- 
tiou  ai  rived  at  the  castle  at  San  J^orenzo,  where  it 
was  Inuud  that  most  of  those  who  had  been  wounded 
ill  tlie  assault  on  that  fortress  had  perished  of  their 
iiijuiies,  and  that  the  garrison  was  almost  destitute 
iif  |iii)\  isions,  being  reduced  to  a  small  allowance  of 
iiiaizi'.  A  vessel  having  on  board  the  prisoners  taken 
at  the  isle  of  Sant;^  f  itarina  was  then  despatched  to 
Poi'tobello  to  demand  a  ransom  for  the  castle  at 
(liable,  but  returned  with  the  answer  that  none 
wuiild  he  paid. 

IlisT.  Cent.  Am.,  Vol.  II. 


33 


r>i4 


MORGAN'S  RAIDS  ON  THE  ISTII?iIUS. 


i'l      t 


^i^ 


A  division  of  tlic  spoils  ^vas  next  in  order;  nud 
flioro  wore  nono  who  expected  to  receive  j'or  t!i(  ir 
share  less  than  two  or  three  thousand  ])ertos,  ioi-  the 
entire  value  of*  the  booty  was  set  down,  accordiu'.,^  to 
th«>  higliest  estimate,  at  little  short  of  (bur  and  a  IkiIi' 
millions.''"  Loud  wore  the  comjdaints  and  i'civc  llu; 
threats,  therefcn^c,  when  IMorgan  declared  that,  after 
payino^  the  extra  allowances  to  the  captains  and  oiW- 
cers  of  the  fleet,  the  compensation  to  the  vrouiidfd, 
and  the  rewards  to  those  who  had  distii^jfuislnd 
themselves  in  action,  each  man's  share  aiiKHiiitod 
but  to  two  hundred  pesos.  He  was  accused.  vauI  iim 
doubt  with  justice,  of  setting  apart  the  nio.-;t  valu- 
able of  the  jewelry  and  precious  stones  for  his  own 
portion,  and  of  estimating  the  rest  at  far  h; ;;  tlinu 
their  real  worth,  for  the  purpose  of  buying  thciii  in 
as  chea[)ly  as  possible,  lie  knew  that  nio.'.i  n|'  liis 
men  cared  for  money  only  to  squander  it  anion!'-  the 
taverns  of  Port  Royal,  and  tui'ning  his  ojiportiiiiity  to 
good  use  he  managed  to  store  away  for  hiniscli'  and  a 
few  of  his  accomplices  the  lion's  share. 

Morgan  now  began  to  fear  for  his  personal  safety 
and  for  the  security  of  his  stolen  treasures,  and  deter- 
mined to  make  no  lon^'cn'  stay  at  Clmgro.  Assuiodiv 
he  was  tlie  best  ])rize  his  fellow-pirates  could  iind  at 
this  juncture.  He  silenced  the  remonstrances  of  his 
followers,  however,  as  best  he  could,  and  set  thont  at 
work  demolishing  the  castle  of  San  Lorenzo.  The 
neighboring  edifices  were  burned;  the  surrouiKliii'j; 
country  was  laid  waste;  the  guns  of  the  ilisnianlled 
fortress  were  placed  on  board  the  fleet,  and  all  were 
ordered  to  hold  themselves  in  readiness  to  cniliaik. 

"'Quatrc  cent  qnar.intc-trois  millc  dciix  cons  livros,  comptant  l'av:'ciit 
roriipu  i'l  (lix  piastres  la  livre.'  E.rqii<'iiH'liii,  in  Hint.  Flih.,  ii.  I'.M.  In  p^^l:cs 
lOT-S  of  the  same  vohinio  tliorc  is  au  explanation  of  llie  manner  in  wliicli 
Miir;.Mn  eontrived  to  secrete  a  lav.'c  (juantity  of  proeions  stones.  The  tmcca- 
neeis  may  liavc  helieved  that  sueh  an  amount  of  plniuUr  had  hecn  chtaiiieil, 
thonnh  its  real  value  was  prohahly  less  tiian  one  thinl  of  what  tiny  .sappi'--eil 
it  to  he.  In  S/ini-ji' 1  Voi/fri'.i,  \i;i,  the  worth  of  the  spoils  is  .'^lati.d  at  .00. ■ 
000,  a  Slim  almost  insnilicient  to  dolVay  the  expenses  tliat  Morgan  must  liavo 
incurred  in  obtaining  his  title  from  Charles  II.  There  are  no  reliable  daUi  ou 
this  poiut. 


AX  EXGLISn  KXIGIIT. 


515 


Tlic  commander  tlicn  stole  on  hoard  his  ship  hy  night 
and  jtut  to  sea,  aecompanicd  hy  only  throe  or  lour  of 
the  ]']iiglish  vessels,  the  captains  of  which  were  in  his 
coiilideiiec.  The  remainder  of  the  hand  awoke  next 
innriiing  in  time  to  see  the  topmost  sails  of  the  vanish- 
iiig  squadron  disappear  helow  the  horizon,  and  at  once 
(lotcrtiiiued  to  give  chase;  but  they  soon  found  that 
iitiiily  all  the  annnunition  and  provisions  had  been 
sciTetly  carried  off  by  the  fugitives.  Seven  or  eight 
liiui(h'ed  of  the  buccaneers,  including  all  the  French- 
iiK'ii  who  had  joined  the  expedition,  now  found  them- 
selves in  a  strait.  They  were  compelled  to  separate 
into  small  parties,  and  after  obtaining  the  means  of 
subsistence  by  j)illaging  the  shores  of  Castilladel  Oro, 
n^turned  almost  empty-handed  to  Port  Royal. 

Morgan  landed  in  Jamaica  without  mishap,  and 
soon  hc!'an  to  lew  forces  ibr  an  expedition  to  the  isle 
of  Santa  Catarina,  intending  to  make  it  a  connnon 
ivn(l(!>:vous  for  the  brethren  of  the  seas;  but  Ihe 
Imleous  atrocities  connnitted  during  these  piratical 
raitls  had  at  lenixth  roused  the  Enu'lish  ministers  to 
a  sense  of  shame,  and  awakened  compunction  even  in 
the  breast  of  the  English  monarch.  A  new  governor 
was  (k'spatclu'd  to  Jamaica,  with  orders  that  tlie  treaty 
lately  ratitied  between  Spain  and  Great  ]3ritain  should 
he  strictly  enforced.  A  general  pardon  and  indenmity 
was  })roclainied  for  past  offences,  and  the  ex-admiral 
ot'tlie  buccaneers  soon  afterward  repaired  to  England, 
where,  by  a  judicious  use  of  his  wealth,  he  ohtained 
tVoni  Charles  II.  the  lionor  of  kniu'lithood,  as  before 
mentioned.  The  gibbet  would  have  been  a  more  iit- 
ting  distinction. 

Sii-  Henry  ]\Iorgan,  appointed  commissioner  of  the 
court  of  admiralty  and  afterwanl  de])uty  governor  of 
Jamaica,  held  office  u  "til  the  accession  of  James  11. 
when  the  court  of  Spain  procured  his  arrest.  He  was 
sont  a  i)risoner  to  his  native  country,  and  was  east 
ir.t::  j.i'ison,  where  we  will  leave  him.  He  was  a 
iiilhan,  whose  hell-born  depravity  of  heart  was  re- 


f  s 


S16 


MORGAN'S  RAIDS  ON  THE  ISTHMUS. 


r  't. 


1 11 


M:   \  ! 


i«    i  4 


t '? 


»i;     :'? 


■lit- 


licvetl  by  no  gleam  of  a  better  nature,  and  for  wlmiu 
one  may  searcb  in  vain  for  a  parallel,  even  anioiiif 
those  so-called  heroes  who  dragj^od  the  banner  of 
the  cross  through  the  blood  of  myriads  of  innoctiit 
victims,  as  they  bore  -westward  the  glad  tidiny.s  oi' 
Christ's  redemption. 


Ui:< 


m  ■ 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 

CORSAIIIS  IX  THE  SOUTH  SEA. 
1G71-1082. 
TiiK  \i:\v  City  of  Panama— Portobf.li.o  Sackfd  by  Pihates— A  BrccA- 

NKF.U  FlEKT  xXsSKMliLKS  AT  BoCA  DKI,  ToiiO — TlIK  CoRSAIRS  PlAN  A  RaID 

ON  I'axamA— TiiKY  CATTruE  Santa  Maria— And  Tiiknce  Saii,  for 
Plantain  Island — Massacre  of  their  Cai'tives— Desperate  Conflict 
IN  Tanaxta  Bay— Some  of  the  Marauders  IIetcr.v  across  the  Ism- 
Mrs— The  He-mainder  Proceed  to  the  Island  of  Taroca  — And 
there  Capture  Several  1'j:izes— They  are  Asked  to  Show  their 
CciMMissioxs— The  Answer — They  Sail  fcjr  the  Coast  of  Vera- 
(MA— Thkir  Kepi'lse  at  Pueblo  Nuevo — Their  Operations  on  the 
Coast  of  Sori'ii  Amei!U'a — Some  of  Tuem  Keturn  to  England — 
'I'liKY  ARE  Tried  and  Acquitted. 

WiiEX  tidings  of  tlie  destruction  of  Panama  roacluMl 
S|i;iiii,  the  court  ordered  that  a  new  city  lie  fortliwith 
built  (111  a  site  that  could  be  so  strongly  fortified  as  to 
jviidcf  it  impregnable.  The  one  finally  chosen  was  a 
small  peninsula  a  little  more  than  two  leagues  from 
till'  old  city,  at  the  base  of  the  hill  of  Ancon.  The  foun- 
(latioiis  were  laid  in  1G71.  The  town  was  surrounded 
l»yu  \v;dl,  from  twenty  to  forty  feet  high  and  ten  feet 
wide,  crowned  with  forts  and  watch-towers  two  or 
tliico  hundred  feet  apart.  So  costly  were  the  works 
tliat  the  council  in  Spain  when  auditing  the  accounts 
wrote  to  inquire  whether  the  fortifications  of  Panama 
Were  of  silver  or  gold.  A  deep  moat  divided  the  city 
tViiui  the  mainland,  the  entrances  being  through  three 
iiiaiNsive  gates.  Seaward  the  city  was  protected  by 
ronil  reefs,  extending  for  more  than  half  a  mile  into 
the  hay.  Even  at  high  tide  vessels  of  heavy  draught 
could  barely  approach  within  cannon  shot  and  an  in- 

(  517  ) 


^! 


i 


I 


i!  : 


i 

■:  "  i 

I  * 

A  :  ' 

I 
1 

•'-.'! 

;i;j 

- 1  ^.i  1 

i  1 

[ii 

518 


CORSAIRS  IN  THE  SOUTH  SKA. 


vading'  force  would  ho  oonipcllc'd  to  land  from  Ixvits 
wliic'li  would  Ik;  exposed  to  llie  lire  of  tlie  ufanisiin. 
Tlius  the  site,  when  iortitied,  tlunigh  ill  cIioscmi  in  \  icw 
of  the  connnereial  interests  of  the  eity,  all'ordcd  tlic 
inhabitants,  as  they  su[)[)osed,  sure  protection  against 
the  raids  of  huceaneers. 

The  new  eity  of  Pananul  was  laid  out  almost  in 
the  i'orni  of  a  s([Uare;  havinu^  streets  ri^i^ulai-  l)i;t 
narrow,  and  so  overhung  with  projecting  Ualcoiiiis 
that  one  might  ])ass  through  it  during  a  heavy  s]i()\\(  r 
without  being  drenched.  It  was  especially  di.sliu- 
gui.shed  for  its  church  architecture,^ .  largo  jiortion  nf 
its  area  being  occu[)ied  by  the  buildings  of  the  cccK  - 
siastics.  Tlie  church  and  convent  of  Santo  Domiiigd 
was  one  of  the  finest  and  most  imp(ntant  estahlisli- 
iiicnts,  not  oidy  in  Panama,  the  nty  of  churdics,  hut 
in  the  New  World.  The  main  l>uil(!ing,  a  hundii  d 
I'eet  in  length  by  iifty  in  breadth,  with  mas.iive  walls 
peri'orated  l)y  numerous  arch  h\  windows,  was  nej)aratc(l 
from  th  porch  by  a  strong  l)iick  arch  ;  bono  twenty 
foot  high  and  with  a  span  (if  fort}  ('aC;  the  radius 
at  the  key-stone  being  not  more  than  two  i'cvt.  Tlu^ 
ediliee  remaius  to  day  appai'ently  as  lirm  as  ov<>i',  a 
monument  of  the  architectural  skill  of  the  SiKuiianlti 
in  the  seventeenth  century. 

The  cupola  and  bells  for  the  now  cathedral  were 
fashioned  at  Madrid.  When  the  bells  were  ready  i"«'i' 
casting,  tho  queen  invited  the  public  to  be  present, 
and  at  the  hour  appointed  the  cupola  was  surrounded 
b}^  an  asscnublage  more  brilliant  than  any  tliat  liad 
ever  met  for  such  a  purpose  in  Spain,  llvv  ]\f;ijesty, 
with  maids  bejewelled  and  all  attired  in  rich  silks,  and 
dignitaries  of  court  and  state,  with  a  vast  concourse 
of  th<!  ])opulace,  gathered  for  the  ceremony  of  blessing 
the  bells.  As  it  progressed,  and  one  aftei'  anolli  r 
advanced  with  a  piece  of  coin  or  of  plate,  enthus.asui 

'  '  Tt  i^  licautilicd  with  a  great  many  fair  rinuvlios  ami  Rcli.'^idiia  ILmsr?.' 
J'ktmjiiir'n  Voy.,  i.  178-9.  So  in  Undc'ti  Univ.  Vol.  Vcy.,  (Ju,  ami  Curad, 
Voy.,  i.  92, 


rORTOr.ELLO  AGAIN  SACKED. 


sio 


inrroaKcd.  Women  tore  ofT  their  ornaments  and  (lunuf 
tliiin  into  the  lieatecl  mass;  decorations  of  olhce  and 
iiieiiienlos  orallection  were  eaLjeily  sacriiiced,  and  the 
(Icdiration  was  eoneluded  amidst  an  outburst  of  reU- 
LUUls  i^eiu. 

lUit  the  deity  would  not  at  the  price  sell  dtliver- 
aiiti:  (Vom  the  corsairs,  who  could  he  as  ("hristian  as 
any  of  Ihem  upon  occasion.  In  1G79  I'ortobelio  was 
jihiiidercd  by  pirates,  the  spoils  amountin;^  to  a  hun- 
(hcd  and  sixty  [)esos  per  cajiita;  and  during"  the  same 
vi  ar  a  buccaneer  fleet  assembled  at  the  IJoca  del  Torn, 
where  lay  two  English  privateers.-  From  tiiem  intel- 
lii;'(iice  was  received  that  the  Darieii  Indians  had 
rmdered  aid  to  the  French  ca[)tain,  Bournano,  in  an 
attack  on  the  town  of  ChejK).  llepulsed  befoi'e  that 
]ilacc,  they  had  offered  to  guide  him  to  a  large  and 
ricli  city  named  Tocamora,  but  as  this  enteri'riso 
called  lor  a  stronger  armament  than  he  had  at  his  dis- 
jiosal,  he  went  in  search  of  reenforccments,  [)romis- 
iii '•  to  return  in  three  months. 

The  pirates  who  had  sacked  Portobello  agreed  to 
take  part  in  the  contemi)latcd  foray,  and  at  once  set 
about  careening  and  reiitting  their  vessels.  As  soon 
as  tlie  necessary  preparations  were  completed  the  ileet 
flailed  eastward  along  the  coast  to  the  Sand)allas,  or 
isles  of  San  Bias,  where  they  were  visited  by  the 
natives."  The  Indians  dissuaded  the  loaders  of  the 
party  I'rom  making  a  raid  on  Tocamora,  suggesting 
instead  a  descent  on  Panama,  to  witliin  a  few  leagues 
of  which  city  they  could  guide  them  undiscovered. 
This  })roposition,  backed  by  the  argument  that  the 

Tinier  comm.nnd  of  captains  ITarris  and  Sawkins.   /,V//f/ro.vr"«  Vdi/a'jr,  2. 

•^  Tlio  loiiinlation  of  tlic  friendship  t;ct\vo(n  Uic  natives  of  Darien  and  tlie 
Imccaucei'i  was  laitl  by  Captain  Wrigiitwiiile  cruising  oil'  tlu-  S;uidi:d!an  alioiit 
K'li'i.  In  that  year  Wright  made  captive  a  hid  who,  in  1070,  when  the  cap- 
tain va;i  ag:;in  in  th(jse  parts,  convinced  his  people  that  Knglishnien  hated 
^|iniii:uilK,  and  would  therefore  prove  useful  allies.  In  proof  of  their  friendly 
il!s|,(isition  toward  the  Indians,  he  instanced  tlio  kind  treatment  he  had 
vcccivcd.  The  natives  then  hoarded  the  privateer;  and  being  jtidieiou.sly 
tre:it(  (1,  an  agreement  was  made  permitting  the  Euglish  tc  cross  this  territory 
to  tlic  South  fciea.  Dampkr's  y'oymjn,  i.  161-3. 


1* 


iii 


. 


520 


CORSAIRS  IN  THE  SOUTH  SEA. 


I  :\m  =;^ 


march  to  Tocamora  was  difficult  and  provisions  almost 
unattainable,  while  at  Panarnil  they  could  not  lull  of 
inunense  booty,  inclined  the  majority  to  follow  Ihtj 
Indians'  counsel.* 

The  French  contino-ent  considered  so  lon2f  a  land 
journey  too  hazardous,  and  parted  company,  while 
the  remainder  of  the  fleet,  nuniberinLj  seven  vessels, 
with  thirty-six  guns  and  three  hundred  and  sixty-six 
men,  sailed  under  the  guidance  of  the  Cacique  An- 
dres to  the  Golden  Island,  the  most  easterlv  of  t!ic 
Samballas,  where  this  chief  had  his  head-quaiters,' 
arriving  there  the  3d  of  April  1(580.  The  Indians 
now  i)roposed  an  attack  upon  the  town  of  Santa 
Maria,  situated  on  a  large  river  of  that  name,  which 
flows  into  the  gulf  of  San  jMiguel.  Hero  was  main- 
tained a  garrison  of  four  hundred  men,  for  it  was  tlie 
entrepot  through  which  passed  the  gold  on  its  way 
from  the  neighboi'ing  mines  to  the  vaults  of  PaiiaiiKi, 
If  Santa  ]Maria  failed  in  booty,  they  could  sail  to 
Panama,  where  success  was  certain.  This  plan  v.as 
generally  a])proved,  and  on  April  5th  they  landed  a 
strong  force,  divided  into  seven  companies,  each 
marching  under  its  distinctive  banner  and  led  by  its 
own  captain,  the  supreme  command  being  intrusi.,! 
to  Ca[)tain  Bartholomew  Sharp.  The  natiw  alhes 
accompanied  the  column  under  Andres  who  acted  as 


guide, 


However  perilous  this  expodition  ma}^  appear,  theie 
were  those  amono'  the  rovers   whoso    hopes   soared 


^ The  l)iicc!inocrR  Ikh^  just  capturcil  a  pai'lvot  conveying  l(-ttors  to  I'mt'i- 
1  ello,  sonio  (if  wliicli  were  uildrossi'd  to  I'ananiii  nieivliaiits  from  tluir  rd'.o- 
spoiiilonts  in  Spain.  'J'hcisc  lotttrs  alhideil  to  a.  prophecy  at  iliat  tinic  cinrciit; 
'Tliat  there  would  lie  I'aijilish  rrivatoeia  that  Year  in  tiie  West  Indies,  wlni 
wonld  ni.'iko  sucii  great  l)iscoveiie.s,  as  to  open  a  Door  into  tlie  South  Si',i-. 
1'iiis  was  intei'pieted  liy  the  eajitors  to  mean  a  iiassago  o\erhi')d  throu.;h  the 
territory  of  the  Indians,  and  tliis  intiipretation  coineidinLT  wiih  tlie  iiivitii- 
tion  of  the  natives  jirompted  tiiena  to  nn<lertake  a  march  on  ran'Uiui.  J'dm 
pk'r\t  Voi/'iiiCyi.  IS()-1. 

^Andres  was  ntylcd  the  'emperor  of  Darien,'  the  magn.nte  tc.  wiio.se  sir- 
vice  till'  freeiiooters  now  cliiinuMl   to  Ix  long.     Tliese  chieftains  at  one  tiino 
'•nled  a  huge  tract  alioiit  tlie  gulf  of  iJarien;  but  had  been  Ktraiten>'d  in  tluir 
"lundaries  by  ilio  Spanianls,  with  whom  they  waged  continual  war.  N/ai/yd 
Voyaijc,  -2. 


Ill      !■': 


THE  XEW  PANAMA 


321 


IS  almost 
)t  I'ail  (if 
How  the 

g  a  land 
ly,  while 
I  vossi'ls, 
sixty-si>; 
quo  An- 
ly  of  t'iie 
]uart(n's,'' 
!  Iiidiai'.s 
of  Santa 
le,  which 
•as  main- 
;  \vas  the 
1  its  way 
Paiiani;i. 
1  sail  to 
plan  was 

landrd  a 
ios,    each 

ml  hy  its 
inti'ii>i'  .1 
ivi-  allii-'S 

aetfd  as 

bar,  tliiM'e 
Is    soared 

Ii  thoirrcj'.-c- 

liiiuM'\iriviit: 

luclirs,  wlu) 

Isoiitli  Suns,' 

lliroii;4!>  t'"-' 

the  iiivitii- 

Iriliui.  I't'iii 

,  wllllSO   SlT- 

(it  (iiui  timo 

[ii.'il  ill  llii'ir 

ar.  .Sluti'ii'ii 


]iiL;li(?r  than  a  mere  swoop  on  Panama,  f.nd  who  mcdi- 
tatcMJ  a  triumphant  return  through  the  straits  of  Ma- 
eellan  in  a  licet  of  prizes  freighted  not  with  the  gold 
of  Panama  alone,  but  with  the  wealth  of  vlie  South 
American  coast.  Burdened  only  with  their  weapons 
and  a  slondcr  stock  of  provisions  the  buccaneers  liegan 
their  march  on  Panama.  After  passing  through  the 
outskiits  of  a  wood,  they  crossed  a  nuirsh''  about  a 
kaiiue  in  length,  and  struck  into  a  well  wooded  valley 
whicli  thev  ascended  1)V  a  good  i)ath  for  two  leagues 
nioie.  reaching  the  bank  of  a  river  for  the  most 
part  dry  at  this  time  of  year.  Hero  the}'  constructed 
lints  and  encamped.  They  were  now  visited  l)y  a 
cacique  who  recommended  thcia  to  carry  out  their 
proposed  raid  on  Santa  ^laria,  and  volunteLred  to 
lead  them  in  person,  informing  them  naivelv  that  "ho 
Would  have  Joined  them  at  once,  but  his  child  was 
very  ill;  liowevor,  ho  was  assured  it  would  die  l)y  next 
day,"  when  he  would  overtake  them.  The  chieftain 
tlien  departed,  cautioning  them  against  lying  in  the 
grass,  on  account  of  the  snakes,  whicdi  were  poison- 
(!us  and  of  great  size.  Stones  found  in  the  bed  of  the 
river  when  bi-oken  showed  traces  of  fjfold,  a  luirbin<>vr 
el'  the  yellow  harvest  toward  which  their  steps  were 
l)en1 :  but  tliis  was  not  enough  to  prevent  four  of  the 
cnin[)any  from  returning  to  the  ships,  thus  early  dis- 
couraged at  the  prospect  of  a  long  and  tedious  jour- 
ney. 

Tile  following  morning  they  climod  a  stoop  hill,  on 
the  other  side  of  which  a]>[)eared  a  river,  said  by 
Andi'es  to  be  that  on  whidi  Santa  ^lai'fa  was  situ- 
ated, The  lino  of  march  then  hnl  over  another  hill, 
iiKii'e  pre('i|)itous  than  the  fornu'r,  wIum'o  at  times  the 
]iaili  wouhl  admit  of  but  one  nnin  in  lile,  until  with 
evening  they  reached  thei'oot  and  encanq)ed  upon  the 
i^'M\r    liver,  having   marched  that   day  six   leagues, 

'■"Ovtra  Tiny.'  J!ii)rir'>si\i  ]'oi/.,  i.  'By  tin-  siile  cf  n  luiy.'  lli/nn >/'■•<  /'''.■■■• 
(""i:  ,S-iiiiliSr(i,  iv,  !»1.  'En  (Idoii  nvor  ouii  lulium  Viui  liyiui  cuii  Mijl  in  ilu 
li.'ii^'to.    Kcnuviialiii,  JJist.  Jjoccuiiicru,  148. 


■  n 


■u 


5H 


522  CORSAIRS  IX  THE  SOUTH  SEA. 

Next  day  they  followed  the  course  of  the  stream;  iIk^ 
current  was  extremely  strong,  and  the  dei)t]i  variid 
from  knee  to  \v'alst  deep.  A  short  thouti'h  Inli'min  -• 
day's  march  brought  the  column  to  a  halt  at  au  Indi.i  i 
village.  This  was  the  abode  of  Andres'  son,  Ant(  - 
nio,  styled  Ijonete  do  Oro,  or  King  Golden-cap,  by  the 
same  whimsical  buccaneer  nomenclature  which  d;giii- 
iied  his  father  v/ith  the  title  of  emperor.  ]\Iess(jngL'i's 
had  been  sent  forward  to  announce  their  ajijiroach 
and  the  presence  of  Andres  with  the  colunm.  TiTjia- 
I'ations  were-  made  for  the  reception  of  tlie  corsairs. 
(j!olden-cap  visited  them  in  state,  accompanied  by  his 
queen,  his  cliildren,  and  his  retinue.  The  mouardi 
wore  a  golden  circlet  round  liis  head,  gold  rings  in  liis 
cars,  and  a  gold  crescent  depending  from  his  iios^'. 
He  was  modestly  chid  in  a  long  cotton  robe,  wliicli 
reached  his  anldes,  and  he  carried  a  long  lance,  liis 
three  sons,  each  armed  with  a  lance  and  wearing  a 
cotton  garment,  stood  uncovered  in  his  presence,  as 
did  his  retinue. 

The  queen  was  tastefully  attired  in  a  pair  of  red 
blankets,  one  girt  about  her  waist,  the  other  draped 
over  her  shoulders.  She  carried  a  young  cliild,  and 
was  accom[)anied  by  two  daughters,  both  of  maniaur'- 
able  ag(\  their  faces  streaked  with  red  paint  and  their 
arms  and  necks  loaded  \\ith  variously  colored  beads. 
IJis  jMajesty  did  not  disdain  to  barter  his  stuck  ef 
])huitains  for  knives,  pins,  and  needles,  lie  was 
generous  enough,  however,  to  present  tliree  planlains 
and  s(V:ne  sugai'-cane  to  eacli  man,  gratis."  I'he  hand 
liahed  at  tliis  villa<«"e  all  the  followiu'T  dav,  wian  a 
conned  of  war  was  hekl  to  determine  how  tlu\v  nnunt 
liest  reach  Santa  ]\[aria  imdiscovered.  It  was  rt'sulveil 
to  end)ar];  in  canoe^;,  but  to  jirovide  a  sufficient  (|uan- 
tity  taxed  ihe  r(>sources  of  the  chief,  as  tlie  n'Uiiliei' 
was  now  inei-easeil  by  a  hundred  and  fifty  Indians,  all 


rr 

'  !■ 

!, 

'Ringrossc  sixakHcif  tliix  iiumarcli  with  intcnsp  gr.ivily,  iii;irroil  liy  ii"  tnue 
of  irony.  I'liilialily  tbis  \\U3  the  lirut  crowuutl  haul  with  v.liom  hf  IkuI  been 
on  iiitiiuiito  turuis. 


OVEllLAND  MARCH. 


armed  Vvlth  bow,  arrows,  and  lance,  and  under  tlio 
iiiuncdiatc  command  of  tlioir  caciques.  At  this  coun- 
cil Captain  Sawkiiis  was  appointed  to  lead  the  forlorn 
liope,  consi^^ting  of  eighty  ])ieked  men.  Ilesuming  tho 
march  next  day,  A])ril  9th,  they  contiiuied  to  lollow 
tl'e  course  of  tlie  river,  occasionally  passinj^  a  solitary 
liiitise,  at  which  times  the  owner  would  generally  come 
to  his  door  to  watch  them  pass  by,  and  give  each  either 
a  ripe  [)lantain  or  some  cassava-root.  That  night  they 
halted  at  throe  large  Indian  huts,  where  a  tjuantity 
(if  provisions  and  some  canoes  had  been  collected  by 
(Jolden-cap's  orders.  Early  next  morning,  before 
l)reaking  camji,  a  (piarrel  arose  between  Coxon  and 
Harris,  when  the  Ibnner  levelled  his  fusil  and  lired, 
l>ut  Avitliout  elfect.  Harris  was  about  to  return  the 
tile,  but  was  restrained  by  Captain  Sharp,  who  suc- 
oc(.'ded  in  adjusting  the  difiiculty,  and  the  fifth  day's 
trawl  began. 

('a])tains  Sharp,  Coxon,  and  Cook,  with  about 
siAenty  men,  were  detached  I'roin  the  main  botly  and 
rinbarked  in  I'ourteen  canoes.  Andres  and  Antonio 
jiccompanied  them,  and  v.'itli  two  Indians  to  navigate 
each  canoe  ])ut  oft'  ilown  tlu'  Santa  jMari'a  Iviver. 

Canoing,  hoM'ever,  was  i'ound  no  more  condbrtable 
than  tru(!ging  afoot,  as  the  crews  were  continually 
oliliged  to  leap  out  and  haul  the  boats  over  shoals, 
locks,  or  fahen  trees,  and  sometimes  to  make  ])ortages 
over  the  land  itself  I'hese  vexations  attended  the 
vnvaij'e  Ibr  three  davs,  and  were  vai'ied  only  bv  the 
vi>it  of  a  v;ild  animal  to  one  of  their  camps,  at  which 
liicy  dared  not  lire  lest  the  rt>[)ort  should  betray  tlieir 
I)i'cs(.'nce  to  the  SiJaniards."*  As  tiiey  did  not  fall  in 
with  theii- comrades  of  the  main  body  on  .\pril  liMli, 
Shai'p  and  Coxon's  detaelinient  began  to  suspect 
treachery  on  the  |)art  <:f  the  Indians,  who  might  Jiavc; 
<lcsigiie(l  to  divide  their  forces  and  betray  them   into 


'Ttin^fosc  callii  tlie  licnst  a  'Typrc,"  To;/.,  8;  l)ut  it  wsim  iiKM'n  )ii'(i1)alily  a 
jac'tiiii',  or  II  ti','i  r-r>it.  Il  Im  true  tlifri'  iimy  have  lii.'cii  risk  in  usIhl;  liri'-u'.ina, 
IjUf.  s\  liv  coiil<l  iKjt  tlio  huliaus  luivo  killed  it  witli  their  arruw.-i ? 


524 


CORSAIRS  IX  THE  SOUTH  SEA. 


mW 


F  T: 


Hf 


the  hands  of  the  Spaniards.  Happily  these  fears 
])rovcd  groundless,  for  the  next  day  they  reached  a 
])oint  of  land  at  the  confluence  of  another  brancli 
of  the  river,  a  rendezvous  of  the  Indians  in  tluir 
warfare  Avith  the  Spaniards,  and  halting  there  in 
the  afternoon  were  joined  by  their  brethren  in  arms, 
who  had  been  provided  with  canoes  the  day  he- 
fore,  and  were  also  in  a  state  of  anxiety  as  to  the 
fate  of  their  comrades."  The  entire  company,  tlms 
reunited,  pitched  their  camp  on  this  sjiot  to  get  their 
arms  in  order  and  pre])are  for  action,  which  was  now- 
believed  imminent.  Meanwhile  the  connnissariat  de- 
])artment  was  not  neglected,  for  several  canoes  ariivcd 
with  a  su[)[)ly  of  plantains  and  peccary  poi-K'.^" 

Very  early  the  next  morning  the}-  all  embarlced,  the 
flotilla  numbering  sixty-eight  canoes.  The  "enqx-ror" 
and  the  "king,"  says  Captain  Sharp,  continued  their 
vovan^e,  the  former  "Cloathed  with  a  loose  liolx^  ov 
Mantle  of  j)ure  Gold,  which  was  extraordinaiy  Splen- 
did and  liich.  The  King  was  in  a  White  Cotteii 
(^oat  I'ringed  round  the  bottom,  about  his  Xeck  a 
]>elt  ot"  Tygers  Teeth,  and  a  Ifat  of  i)ure  (lold,  with 
a  Ring  and  a  Plate  like  a  Cockk;  Shell  hanging  at  it 
of  (;!old  in  liis  Nose,  which  is  the  Faslii(;n  in  ihi;-; 
(*ountrv  for  the  people  of  (Quality." 

liitheito  the  canoes  had  either  drifted  with  the 
stream,  or  been  propelled  with  poles;  but  new  oars  ami 
paddles  were  constructed,  and  every  nerve  strained  to 

°  Am  iinonyniDus  autliority  states  tlmt  the  smaller  party  reached  tiie  reii- 
(lezvouM  (III  Ajiril  I'Jtli,  and  seeing  tlieir  friends  had  not  arrived,  iield  a  wliis- 
))ered  cdnsultatioii  among  themselves.  Andres,  on  iiliscrviiig  this,  des|iati  lud 
fi,  canoe  up  the  smaller  braiuh  of  the  river,  whieli  soon  returned  v.ith  two 
eanoes  rif  tlii'  larger  liody,  w]io  all  arrived  next  'lay.   Shurji's  I'o//.,  7  ^>. 

'"Sharp  s])eaUs  of  the  peeeary  as  tJK;  '  \Vaire,'  and  di>si  rilies  it  as  a  wild 
nniinal  .somewhat  reseinhling  the  hog  in  aiijiearance  and  llavor,  i)iit  'thu 
Navels  of  those  kind  of  animals  grew  on  their  haeks.'  Sli'irji'.f  Vi'ih.  4,  in 
lla<k( ,  Coll.  1'lierc  is,  however,  no  donbt  that  it  was  the  peeeary.  I'a^  ii.d 
de  And.'igoya  mentions  it,  falling  into  the  error  eomnion  to  old  writers  :irt 
n'gards  the  '  n.avel '  on  the  hack.  Aiiilii'jdi/d,  Nun:,  17.  It  is  also  noticed 
by  Aeosta,  jli^t.  /ii'l.,  lih.  iv.  eaji.  xxwiii.,  and  Heirera,  dei'.  ii,  lili.  ii.  cap. 
iv.  l)e  Itoelifort  speaks  of  it  nndei- tin;  name  of  '.lavaris.'  Hisl.  A'l''.  <l"> 
J.-l<sAiiti/l(..-<,  l.'!S(ed.  1()(m).  IiiC'ostaliiea  the  animal  is  still  vulgarly  kii'i«ii 
iis  the  'warn','  though  the  name  is  not  found  in  print,  and  I  have  thcrctoie 
udopted  phonetic  Englisii  spelling,  which  agrees  with  that  of  (.'aptain  Sharp. 


FIGHT  AT  SANTA  MARIA. 


roach  the  goal  as  soon  as  possible.  It  was  after  uiid- 
xi'vAit  when  a  laiidinix  was  effected  on  a  ])i(>ce  of 
swampy  ground  in  the  neighborhood  of  Santa  ^[ari'a, 
iind  the  weary  adventurers  stealthily  sought  shelter 
in  the  woods,  where  they  proposed  to  lie  until  day- 
break. 

At  dawn  on  April  15th  the  corsairs  were  aroused 
In'  a  discharge  of  small  arms  in  the  town  and  the 
sdunding  of  the  reveille.  Quickly  seizing  their  weap- 
ons they  formed  in  lino  and  began  their  advance. 
Oil  emerofing  from  the  shelter  of  the  woods  they  were 
ill  full  view  of  the  enemy,  who  had  been  ajipr:zcd  of 
their  landing  and  were  fully  prepared  to  receive  them, 
having  already  removed  the  whole  treasure  to  Pa- 
iiiiiiKi.  Instantly  betaking  themselves  to  the  shelter 
of  the  fort,  a  kind  of  tambour-work  com[)osed  of 
stiiclcades  twelve  feet  high,  the  Spaniards  opened  a 
randoiii  and  ill-judged  fire  upon  their  assailants  before 
the  ly^^ter  had  approached  near  enough  for  the  I'usillado 
to  ho  effective. 

Undismayed  at  the  warmth  of  their  reception,  the 
advance  guard,  led  by  Sawkins  and  Sharp,  charged 
witli  a  force  impossible  to  withstand,  and  tearing 
down  a  few  stockades  carried  the  work  by  storm,  with 
no  i'lirther  casualty  than  two  men  winmded.  The 
i';ij)i(lity  of  the  operation  may  bo  convinceil  from  the 
I'act  lliat  the  freebooters  were  masters  of  the  situation 
hi  lore  lifty  of  their  men  were  brought  into  action. 
Tlic  S]ianish  loss  was  twenty-six  killed  and  sixteen 
wntinded,  out  of  two  hundred  and  sixty  engaged.  The 
"garrison  was  ordinarily  much  stronger,  numerically, 
Iml  at  this  time  two  hundred  were  absent  serving  as 
I'scort  of  the  treasui'c  on  the  way  to  ]\inama.  The 
Li'overnor,  the  priest,  and  most  of  the  principal  inhab- 
itants Iiad  also  sought  safety  in  Might. 

The  causes  of  this  cheaply  bought  success  are  not 
lav  to  seelv.  The  'ort  was  doubtless  an  excellent  de- 
leiice  in  an  Indian  fio-ht,  but  was  in  no  wav  adapted 
I'.'f  protee>:i'ju  against  the  corsairs,  the  stockades  be- 


!      J 


'i.i 


I 


; 


ji      'j; 


I  i  i 


IV 


,   1! 


If 

ill 


mi.  'lli;   r;i 


520 


CORSAIRS  IN  Tlir:  SOUTH  SEA. 


ma;  iicltlier  strciincthcncd  bv  brickwork  or  nianoDrv 
nor  protcetod  by  a  ditch.  In  all  probability  tlieio 
was  no  banquette,  so  that  when  once  the  stalces  weiu 
forced  the  defenders  would  have  no  advantaf^'-e  oNtr 
their  assailants,  both  beinsTC  on  level  <2:round. 

The  Spaniards  emptied  their  pieces  at  raisdoiii, 
instead  of  reserving  their  fire  till  the  enemy  came  to 
close  quarters,  when  it  could  have  been  employed  witli 
deadU'  [)recision.  Their  foemen,  on  the  other  hand, 
wasted  no  time  on  a  useless  fusillade.  Kcb'inii,-  iiu- 
j>licitly  upon  their  acknowledged  superiority  in  a  haiul- 
to-hand  light,  added  to  the  well  founded  terror  (if 
their  name,  they  may  be  said,  ]iractically  speaking,  to 
have  burnt  no  [)owder  at  all,  their  brilliant  coup-de- 
main  l)eing  effected  with  the  cutlass  alone.  I*auic- 
stricdvcn  at  the  case  with  which  their  defences  were 
foi'ced,  the  Spaniards  opposed  but  a  feeble  I'esistaiice 
to  the  I'uthless  assailants  of  Portobello.  ILnnnicd 
within  their  own  stronghold,  from  which  there  was 
no  retreat,  they  flung  down  their  arms  and  sued  tor 
([uarter,  and  the  town  of  Santa  Maria  was  in  the 
liands  of  the  dreaded  buccaneers. 

As  regards  booty,  it  was  a  barren  victoiy.  Tlic 
gold  which  came  in  from  the  mines  was  shipped  to 
I'ananiil  two  or  three  times  a  year,  the  river  at  Sniita 
]\Iaria  being  nearly  six  hundred  yards  wide,  and  at  liii^h 
tide  iifteen  ieet  deep.  The  last  shijmient — three  luiii- 
dred  pounds'  weight — was  despatched  just  three  days 
before  the  attack.  This  was  a  cruel  disappoint  im  nr 
to  the  [)irates.  Worse  almost  than  that,  they  louiid 
])rovisions  (Miough  to  feed  them  for  onl}^  three  or  four 
days,  instead  of  the  abundance  they  antici[)ate(l. 

In  the  town  was  recovered  the  eldest  dauo'hter  ol' 
Antonio  Golden-cap,  who  had  been  abducted  by  oiu; 
of  the  garrison,  by  whom  she  was  at  that  tiino 
pregnant."     This  had  greatly  endjittered  the  chid's 

"  Exqiirincliii  thus  rolatoa  the  incident  referred  to:  'Ili'T  vonden  en  viT- 
losten  wo  d'oudste  Dogtcr  vim  de  Koniiik  van  Darien  (van  \vien  lii<  i'  lin'.tii 
k  gcwag  geniaakt),  die  zo't  schccn  dour  cen  van  do  Soldalcn  vaa't  Gnaini/uoi 


hi 


.1 

r  ■'<    ¥^ 


AFTER  THE  GOVERNOR. 


Tlic 

10(1    to 

Santa 
:,  liiL;"li 
L!  liun- 
'  (lays 
nx  nr 
I'ouiul 
r  tniir 
<1. 
\ic\-  ()(' 

t    time 
c'li'ul  .s 


-11  v\\  vi'i"- 

1-    llll'.CII 

lUinii/A'HJ 


liatrod  of  the  Spaniards,"  and  now  tlio  Indians,  v.lio 
(liH'ini^  the  a(;tion  had  avoided  stray  bullets  by  takin';^ 
advantage  of  a  depression  in  the  ground,  seized  many 
(if  the  prisoners,  led  them  into  the  neighboring  woods, 
and  butchered  in  cold  blood  as  many  as  had  previously 
fallen  in  fi-jflit.'^  Such  deeds  by  Indians  the  Europeans 
d'cnied  brutal,  thouij^li  falling'  far  sliort  of  some  (d' 
tJii'ii-  ov/n  in  this  quarter;  at  all  events  the  pirates 
jiut  a  stop  to  it  as  soon  as  it  was  discovered,  and  con- 
ilnt'd  the  8[)aiiiards  in  the  fort,  guarding  them  closely.-" 

As  soon  as  possible  after  the  capture  of  the  town 
('a})tain  Sawkins  with  a  part}'  of  ten  embarked  in  a 
(•anno  and  started  down  the  river  to  overtake  and 
cajiture  the  governor  and  others  who  had  escaped,  in 
order  to  prevent  their  carrying  news  of  the  capture 
to  l^anama.  Failing  to  secure  tlioir  prey,  the  pirates 
(Ictcrmined  not  to  retrace  their  steps  empty-handed, 
l)iit  to  push  on  to  Panama,  where  they  felt  certain  of 
a  ])rize  v/ortli  the  risk.  It  is  true  that  some  at  least 
ol' the  company  murmured  at  this  project,  and  wished 
to  return  to  the  ships,  more  especially  Ca[)tain  Coxon. 
Ill  order  therefore  to  secure  unanimity  in  the  advent- 
mc  Coxon  v/as  elected  con)mander-in-chief '^  As  a 
matter  of  precaution,  a  few  of  the  })risoners,  together 
with  the  small  amount  of  plunder  taken,  were  sent 
bade  to  the  ships  under  a  guard  of  twelve  men. 

The  Indians  were  averse  to  proceeding  larther,  and 
most  of  them  receiving  presents  of  knives,  scissors, 

till  t  L'cvvold  iiyt  lir.nv  Vadcrs  Iliiys  was  wcg  gcnomcn;  en  zwan^cr  by  hoiu 
Was.'  //(,<;  /IfK.raiiii r.-f,  ],"l!. 

'-The  iifl'air  i;i  not  noticed  liy  Sliarp.  It  fccnis  proli.nlilo  tliat  desire  for 
viui'.'caiu'c  ini,Li'lit  iiidncc  the  father  and  graiidtathci',  Antonio  and  Andres,  to 
exa;."_'i'rate  the  wealth  of  Santa  Mari'a. 

"'J'hi.s  iiiassnerc  is  not  mentioned  by  8har;i,  luit  lie  jilaecfi  the  Spanish  loss 
at.-iliont  70  in  killed  and  wonnded,  wliieli  wonld  pcihapj  include  tliuso  nnir- 
il(  red  liy  (he  Indians.  Journal,  (i;  in  liach's  Cull. 

"It  is  stated  that  disapiiointnient  (  f  their  booty  rendered  (he  rovers  inoro 
hlood-tliirsty  than  nsiial,  'for  tlioii^di  they  were  faintly  (^pj.o.sed,  and  lo.st  not 
a  man,  "JO  Spaniards  were  hilled,  and  l(i  wounded  in  the  assault,  and  many 
"till  Is  were  delibei-ately  l)utehered  in  thcMi;ods,  iailiseipient  to  the  surrender 
liy  the  liii'.ians.'  i'liltcd  Svnicc  Joiii'iial,  l.siiT,  pt.  ii.  liUi. 

'■'/.'(/(.'//■o.sc'.s  ]'oii..  II;  aharp,  JoiUHul,  7,  hi  JlacLc'd  Coll.;  Burnt  ij'.s  Dis- 
Cvr.  Soatli  ^Vo,  iv.  UO. 


fi28 


CORSAIRS  IN  THE  SOUTH  SEA. 


1^:^- 


it  w 


and  axes,  roturucd  lionio.  Xovcrtliclcss,  Emperur 
Andres  and  King  Antonio  Golden -cap  deterniiiud 
to  go  on  to  Pananui  and  see  the  end  of  this  displav 
of  European  savagism  and  be  present  at  the  sack  of 
the  city.  Andres  indeed  promised,  if  necessary,  to 
raise  an  army  fifty  thousand  strong  to  assist  in  the 
work.  Additional  encouragement  was  afforded  by  the 
Spaniard  who  had  abducted  the  chief's  daughter,  and 
who  volunteered,  in  consideration  of  being  protected 
from  tlie  just  revenge  of  the  Indians,  to  conduct  tin  in 
not  only  to  Panama,  but  to  the  very  cliamber-d(jor  ol' 
the  governor,  when  they  might  seize  him  and  nialce 
themselves  masters  of  the  city  before  they  could  h^ 
discovered. 

After  holding  Santa  Maria  for  two  days,  the  vic- 
tors took  their  departure  on  April  17th,  first  burning 
the  fort,  church,  and  town  to  gratify  the  rancor  of 
tl.'O  Indian  chief.  They  then  embarked  on  boaid 
thirty-five  canoes  and  a  piragua,'*^  which  last  was  ca[i- 
turcd  while  l3'ing  at  anchor  in  the  river,  and  dro[ii>c(l 
down  toward  the  gulf  of  San  Miguel,  whence  tlicy 
could  gain  Panama  Bay.  The  Spaniards  bogged  hard 
to  be  allowed  to  o-o  with  them,  rather  than  be  kit  to 
the  mercy  of  the  Indians. 

It  was  with  the  greatest  diflficulty  that  the  free- 
booters had  secured  canoes  enou<jfh  for  themselves, 
as  their  Indian  allies  had  taken  so  many  in  tlieii'  n- 
treat;  yet  the  terrified  Spaniards  managed  to  Jlml  a 
few  old  boats  and  construct  a  few  rafts,  and  so  ven- 
tured to  accompany  them. 

In  the  Santa  Maria  Piver  the  ebb  and  fiow  of  ili^ 
tide  is  remarkable,  and  at  nijjfht  the  naviu'ation  i-^ 
extremely  hazardous,  many  shoals  and  channels  \)in\'^ 
encountered  at  low  water.  Still,  having  good  nr.tive 
pilots  on  board,  the  (iotilla  paddled  down  on  the  el»l» 
until    midnight,    when    a    native    embarcadoro    v.as 


"^  The  term  ji'traiina  is  Iit-rc  applied  to  a  large  canoe  frequently  ciu  rvin;,' 
a  nuist  iiiul  umIIs,  iiiiil  quite  difiereiit  from  a  common  'dug-out.'  'Ilie  buctii- 
iicers  freuueatly  called  tliia  boat  a  bark. 


Mik 


ADVENT LT.E  OF  IlIXCROSE. 


S120 


reacliod,  and  it  was  decided  to  laud  and  fill  the  water- 
vessels,  the  river  water  beinLJ  salt,  and  none  siiitahle 
jor  drinking,'  likely  to  l)e  met  with  for  several  davs. 
At  the  landinijf-ijlace  Captain  Sawkins  was  found 
iiwaitinii^  them,  lie  had  failed  to  overtake  the  .•••«)V- 
tiimr,  who  luid  by  that  time  made  good  his  esea])e  to 
the  open  bay.  The  canoes  were  then  hauK'(l  asjioro 
for  tlie  night,  as  there  was  too  much  risk  in  (•(^ntinn- 
iiig  tlie  voyage  down  the  estuary  at  that  hour.  Xe.\t 
luoiiiing  they  again  got  under  way  and  ])i()ceeded 
down  the  river,  finding  two  mouths  by  wITkIi  they 
could  reach  the  sea,  one  of  them  being  dee})  and  llow- 
inu'  out  with  a  swift  current. 

About  noon  the  sea  was  sighted,  and  slioi-tly  aftcr- 
waril  the  j)irates  landed  on  a  small  island,  where  tlie 
MOVf-'ruor  in  his  ili'jfht  had  left  tw(j  women,  in  or-der  to 
lighten  his  canoe.  On  this  island  the  party  I'emained 
v.aitinsxfor  the  next  ebb,  when  thev  crossed  to  another 
isk'  two  leaijues  away,  makinu"  land  iust  before  ni'dit- 
I'all.     Here  were  found  two  canoes,  with  some  l)ows 


and  arrows,  w 


hiel 


1  were  c 


lest 


rove( 


1;  tl 


leu'  owners  were 


also  seen,  but  managed  to  elude  <'apture.  Cam})  was 
tlit'ii  }»itclied,  and  Ca}itain  Sawkins  (  :ice  mort;  de- 
spatched in  chase  of  the  governor,  with  orders  to 
it  their  arrival  at   Plantain  Island,  whether  suc- 


awa 


vv. 


■,i\i\  or  not.  The  following  day,  while  contimiiiig 
the  voyage,  a  severe  squall  struck  them,  the  wind 
tVrslu'iiinuf  from   the  seaward  and  meetinir  the  ebb. 


Oi 


If  canoe,  manne 


dby 


seven   Frenchmen,  ca 


1; 


the  crew  was  rescued  with  ditHculty,  and  ai'tei-  the 
loss  of  all  their  arms.^'  A  heavy  rain-stoi-m  Ibllowed, 
and  com})elled  them  to  I'un  for  shelter  into  a  sandy 
hay,  whei'o  the  canoes  were  beached,  and  the  tiretl 
roNrrs  took  U})  their  quarters  for  the  night. 
Meanwhile,  on  the  evacuation  of  Santa  ]\raria,  one 

'■  '  It  pleased  Gotl,  tliat  with  oxtreiim  datiger  even  to  those  tliat  rescued 
tlieiii,  tliL'V  were  all  saved.  It  lieiiig  a  eertaiu  truth  that  those  \\  ho  are  born 
t'l  lie  liaiigM  sliall  never  lie  (lro\vu"d,  it  proving  so  with  us,  one  of  nur  Coni- 
puiiy  lieing  liaiii;"d  at  Jrunniid  on  Puit  L'oi/ul;  And  we  were  very  near  it  hero 
lii  Luiiduii.'  ,S/i(tr/>'K  ]'i)!/(t'ii',  11. 

UiBi.  VhSV.  .\M.,  Vol.  II.     31 


''  i 

[' 

lUit 

: 


lii'''*. 


w 


I  w 


iM! 


630 


CORSAIRS  IX  THE  SOUTH  SEA. 


canoe  was  left  a  lont,'  way  astern,  bcint,^  heavy  and 
niuniu  ;l  l>v  liv(!  men  only.  It  was  i:ti(ler  the  eoiiiniaiid 
of  iJa.^il  Jlingrofse,  the  Ijueeaneer  1  istorian,  wlio  al'tti'- 
ward  <4'ave  the  woi'ld  so  faithful  a  narrative  of  iho 
e.\])l()its  in  which  ho  took  part. 

Itinn'rose  liad  no  Indian  in  his  canoe  to  pilot  liim; 
so  as  the  tide  ran  out  and  many  shoals  wero  exposed, 
he  (iutei'cid  tlie  wroni^cliamiel.and  ran  two  miles  insido 
a  shoal  hefore  discovering  the  mistake.  Tliere  hi;  was 
ol)lii;ed  to  lie  until  higli  tide,  when  he  ])rocee(led  ia 
hopes  of  overtakini^  the  other  boats.  That  ni<;ht  at 
low  water  he  mot»red  the  eanoe  to  an  oar  stuck  in  the 
sand,  and  the  men  took  turns  at  sleepinic  at  <lawa 
they  I'owed  two  leagues  farther  and  cam(!  up  witli 
the  main  hotly  as  they  were  just  putting  oif  from  the 
watering-place.  As  it  was  absolutely  necessaiy  to 
water  there  they  went  ashore  with  their  calabashes, 
and  on  regaining  the  river-side  found  the  Hotilla  was 
once  more  out  of  sight.  They  rowed  in  chase  as  hai'd 
as  they  could,  but  became  bewildered  among  the 
numerous  islands  near  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  sd 
again  lost  their  way.  At  length  the}'  hit  upon  the 
Boca  Chica,  l)ut  by  that  time  the  tide  was  running  in 
with  great  force,  and  finding  that  tliey  could  make  nn 
way  against  it,  beached  the  canoe  and  made  it  fast  te 
a  tree,  awaiting  the  turn  of  the  tide  which  n)se'  there 
upward  of  twenty  feet. 

As  soon  as  [)racticable  they  pidled  away  to  an 
island  outside  tlie  mouth  of  the  river,  in  the  gulf  ef 
San  ]\[iguel,  narrowly  escaping  being  swamped,  and 
passed  tlie  night  in  tlie  utmost  misery,  drenched  with 
rain,  and  not  daring  to  light  a  fire.  Next  morning  at 
da^d^reak,  A[)ril  ll>th,  tliey  once  more  launclied  the 
canoe  and  sliajied  their  course  Ibr  Point  San  ijoreiize, 
but  as  the  boat  neared  one  of  the  many  islands  et 
the  gulf  a  heavy  sea  overturned  it  and  thev  had  (e 
swim  for  their  lives.  Happily  all  made  the  shore  ni 
safety,  and  innnediately  afterward  the  canoe  was  east 
U})  high  and  dry.     Their  cartouch-boxes  and  ])owder- 


noli  the 

mini!,'  ill 

mkt'  iiM 

.  fast  t.> 

,e  there 

to   ail 

o'ult'   (if 

cd.  and 

■d  will  I 

iiiiij,'  ;it 
icd'tlu; 

orcll/.n, 

Ulds  nt 

had  t(t 

hoiv  in 

■as  ri\>t 

»()\vdt'r- 

A  KIND  ACT  REWARDED. 


S31 


lioins  l)clnc(  made  water-tiLjlit,  and  laslicd  witli  their 
anus  to  the  caiiot',  were  jiresi'rved,  hut  all  their  j'l'o- 
visioiis  and  water  were  s[»(»iled.  It  soon  ajuieare.! 
that  they  were  not  alone  in  luisfortune.  A  ))arty  of 
six  Spaniards,  lately  their  ]>risoiiers.  had  been  washed 
ashore  from  their  hroken  Ijoat,  in  worse  jdiijfht  than 
]iiii!L;rose's  j)arty.  Their  eonnnon  fate  united  the  casl- 
aways,  and  Spaniard  and   i']n«jjlishman  ate  their  meal 


tl 


111  |)ea('e  over  the  same  eainp-iire. 

While  debating  whether  to  go  forward  or  return  to 
their  shijis  at  the  Golden  Island,  an  Indian  was  seen, 
and  it  heeame  manifest  that  yet  another  party  shared 
their  isle  of  refuj^e.  A  j»ira^■ua,  manned  by  ei^ht  of 
their  Darien  allies,  had  for  some  reason  put  in  there, 
and  liini>rose  learned  by  siLiiis  that  if  the  whole  com- 
pany  embarked  in  the  Indian  piran'ua  they  could  over- 
take the  Panama  expedition  by  the  followini;  moriiinn'. 
Tlio  natives  wished  to  kill  the  Si)aniar(ls,  and  were 
vith  great  ditfieulty  |>revente(l  from  doing  so,  but 
liiiiijfrose  succeeded  in  sa\iii<''  their  lives  bv  allow- 
iiig  one  to  be  taken  as  a  slave,  and  placing  liis  dwn 
caiKie  at  the  disposal  of  the  remaining  five,      llv  and 


I V  v. 


|ome( 


1  th 


liis  men,  together  with  the   S[)anish   si 

Indians,  and  making  sail  on  the  piragua  soon  doul)led 

Point  San  Lorenzo.      During  that  night  two  cani])- 


tiivs  were  sitj'hted  on  the  staiboard  bo\ 


-1 


w,  wiiereui>on 


it! 


the  Indians  exhibited  great  delight,  and  shouting  tl 
names  of  their  chiefs,  Antonio  and  Andi'es,  headed 
diiert  for  tlie  land.  Xo  sooner  were  tliev  in  tin; 
lu'ealurs  than  out  rushed  some  sixty  Sj)aniards  from 
the  thickets  adjacent,  seized  the  vessel,  and  di'agge<l 
111  r  up  on  the  strand.  The  Indians  leaped  overhoard 
and  made  good  their  escape  to  tl 
otlicrs  v.ere  seized  and  made 


le  woods,   I) 


)d^ 


)Ut   tl 


le 


made  ]>risoneri 


Xoiie  of  these  Spaniards  could  speak  French  or 
English,  but  liingrose  entered  into  conversation  iu 
Latin  with  their  leader,  and  found  that  they  also  wer-e 
hum  Santa  Maria,  and  had  been  landed  at  that  jilace 
by  the  buccaneers  to  preclude  any  [)Ossibility  of  their 


ii 


1  n  i 

^i  ^i 

it        :  ■ 

^i;  ■■; 

Inn 

.i    'W 


.-,:V2 


CORSAIRS  IN  TIIK  SOUTH  SEA. 


!if 


.'I     ;!;    i   ■,,? 


I'i. 


m 


cati'viiiuf  tidinij^s  to  Paiiainu.  While  the  Spaiiili 
Kadcr  was  inttiTOf^atiiiijf  ]{ inclose  j)re|)aratf)iy  ti 
the  slauujhter  of  the  ])artv,  u|»  stejijjed  the  Spaiiiml 
whom  Hiiiijjj'osi'  had  <^iven  the  natives  as  a  sl;ivr. 
Ml'  related  the  whole  •ii-cuiustaiices  of  the  wreck  of' 
his  eaiioe  u[)oii  the  islan<l,  and  the  jireservation  of  tin- 
lives  (>f  his  i)a]'tv  hv  Kinufi'ose.  This  put  ii  luv,- 
asj)ect  upon  affairs.  Thi?  Spanish  captain  enihrinid 
the  ICnu'lisJinian.  and  after  j^ivin^'  them  suppei"  p 'i- 
niitted  hoth  [tirates  and  Indiajis  to  de|)art.  Aftci' 
this  llintj^rose  and  his  ])artv  held  their  course  ;i!l 
nit;ht,  in  drenchinu^  rain,  and  next  morninj^  ohseivid 
a  eanoe  rowing  rapidly  towanl  them.  Closer  insjiec- 
tion  revealed  one  of  the  huecaneer  craft,  whicli  wns 
ahout  to  attack  the  piraiji'ua,  under  the  inqtression  that 
it  was  a  Spanish  vessel.  Tliev  were  mutuallv  dc- 
lighted  to  meet  aij;'ain,  Rini^rose  and  his  crew  h.iviii'^*- 
Iteeii  given  up  foi-  lost.  Then  all  joined  the  tlotill.i, 
which  soon  continued  its  way. 

After  clearing  the  hay  the  ])Uceaneors  steered  fnr 
what  appeared  a  lofty  ]>oint  ahout  seven  leagues  dis- 
tant, and  there  made  Plantain  Island,  liandiiig  in 
the  afternoon,  they  clind)ed  a  steej)  ascent  and  siii- 
priscd  the  sentinel,  an  old  man  \\ho  had  not  seen  tlicin 
or  suspected  their  ap})roach  until  they  swarmed  arouml 
his  hut.  From  him  it  was  ascertained  that  tlu'if  ap- 
pi'oach  was  unsuspected  at  Panama;  so  they  thought 
they  would  surprise  the  city.  C'aj)tain  Sawkiiis,  wIki 
joined  them  here  in  accordance  with  his  instructions, 
reported  that  the  governor  of  Santa  ]\Ian'a  had  saiKd 
thence  for  Panama  the  previous  day.  Sawkins  was 
once  more  sent  in  chase,  hut  returned  unsuccessful. 

Shortly  before  nightfall  a  thirty-ton  bark  anclHinil 
off  the  island,  whereupon  two  canoes  were  hastily 
manned,  and  the  vessel  captured.  The  crew  stain  1 
they  were  eight  days  out  from  Panama,^'*  and  liad 
landed  a  detaciunent  of  trt)ops  at  a  point  on  the  iiiaiu- 


"*  Sharp  says  14  days.  Journal,  10,  in  Jlackcs  Coll. 


SEA-ARTISTS  AND  PIRATES  OF  (.EXIl'S. 


:.:<:{ 


1,111(1  not  far  distant  inv  tlif  piiipos*'  of  inlliriinn"  <-lias- 

tiscnicnt  on  certain   Jndiaus  and  iici^rocs.      Jiit<>  this 

■lalt  wore  innncdiatclv  placed  n  Imndrcd  and  tliirry 


il   Val 


11- 


iiHM,  uiidor  conjniand  <tt"  "that  Sca-Aitist,  an< 
iaiit  Connnandcr,  Captain  IJaitholonicw  Sharp."'' 

.VlU'horiniL^  ott' the  island  that  nij^ht  tlu;  pirates  ron- 
tiimcd  tlu'ir  V(>yai>c  on  the  following"  nuti-nini^",  niakiiiu' 
I'ni'  the  isle  of  Chepilio,  near  the  month  of  the  livei' 
("hepo.-"  8har[),  however,  parted  conip;iiiy  with  tin- 
ll(  rt,  and  l>ort;  np  to  Kin<4',  or  JVarl  islands,  in  search 
oC  water,  and  while  thei'e  captni'e<l  a  new  I»rii;aiitinf. 
to  whii-Ji  he  translerred  his  crew  al'tei'  scnttlin^'  his 
uwii  vessel,  Havinj;'  obtained  water  and  provisions 
lie  st't  sail  for  tlu-  rentlezvous  ahout  i'onr  o'clock  in 
the  afternoon,  bnt  owino-  to  oonti'ary  winds  failed  to 
make  it,  and  anchored  at  an  isle  i\\v  leagues  chstant. 
()ii  the  folloNvino'  day  at  noon  he  proceeded,  but  did 
not  reach  Che|»illo  before  nightfall.  Sending'  a  canoe 
a>lioi'e  he  ascertaint'd  that  his  men  Jiad  left  the  island 
a  few  hours  before,  as  their  tii'es  were  still  burning',  and 
that  a  fio'lit  had  tak(.'n  place,  as  was  indicated  by;, 
iiiiiiiber  of  dead  liodies.  k5har[)  now  stood  in  tcnvaid 
i' 


lUKuna. 


Alter  the  canoes  had  separated  from  the  l)ark,  ( 'aji 


tain 


Hi 


irris    succeeded   ni   ca[)turinn'   another  vessi 


th 


■1, 


V,  hieh  was  forthwith  manned  with  thirty  buccaneers, 
111  the  j)ursuit,  however,  the  Heet  became  so  scatteri  il 
that  it  was  not  until  the  following'  day  that  they  n- 
■d  com])any  at  the  island  of  Chejtillo.  ]>el'ori' 
•  arrival  a  Ijaik  had  been  chased  by  C\)Xo!i,  but 
e>ca[)ed  capture,  after  inllictini;'  on  her  |)ursuers  a  lo.-s 
of  one  man  killed  and  two  wounded."  This  failuii' 
caused  the    pirates    much   annoyance,   as   the   ^('ssel 


JnllK 
theil 


pvc 


iirnnirrK  o, 


10  ininilior  o 


,f  Ai 


i  i\i 


lis  i:!: 


rx  I'm/.,  20-1.     Tlit^  last-nfinuil  autiuir 


Uiic'ku,  CiJ.    I 


III/. 


ii.   10,  iiiul  Shall 


';/' ,  \'2.  .say  l.SO  iikmi. 

'Sec  Jliinici/'.^  lUsior.  Smith  Si  a.  iv.  98. 

//firLi'/i  ('ill.   Vny.     Sliarp  ifat'luil  Cliepillo  Island  .\\m\  iSd,  Imt  uw 


autliiirity  .statos  tliat  the  llcut  iiiul  tlic  liaik  jiarU'd  coiiipany  at  tliis  (lat« 


7; 


tlli'lUllIlK  I 


fAi 


ni'iri 


r 


'.l-'2.     Ouu  inuii  ki'"i'il  and  live 


Uuuiukd  iiL'cordiny  to  Harki'tiCol.  I'u;/.,  ii.  10. 


i  ( 


634 


CORSAIRS  IX  THE  SOUTH  SEA. 


uliicli  liad  oliulod  tlicir  grasp  Avould  carry  to  Panama 
the  iKiWs  of  their  raid. 

AtCh('j)ill()  they  took  I'ourtcon  prisoners  and  found 
a  })iran'ua  which  they  manned,  and  having  procuivd 
some  ])lantains  and  hogs  again  got  under  way  alx.ut 
four  o'clock  tliu  same  ai'terno(jn,  expecting  to  )(;iili 
Pananut  before  dayl)reak,  the  (hstance  being  oiilv 
!-.even  leagues.  Put  beibre  they  lelt  the  island  tin  y 
]ter[)etrated  one  of  those  ruthless  acts  so  comin(in  in 
i  heir  career  of  ci'inie.  A s  it  was  not  convenient  t< >  t;i!^i.' 
ji.loiig  the  i)risonci's,  and  to  leax'e  tlieni  alive  would  Kc 
unsafe,  it  Mas  determined  ^o  kill  tliem.  The  ca|iti\cs 
were  then  h.an.d''d  over  to  the  Indians,  who  weic  in- 
,stru(,*ted,  after  they  shoidd  li'ivo  anuised  themsehcs 
with  a  little  gladiator'ial  perfoi'inance,  to  slay  them. 
The  sea-shore  supplied  a  iitting  arena,  and  under  the 
eves  of  the  whole  Heet  the  murdi'rjrs  opened  ihcir 
tittack.  ]^ut  the  xictims,  tiiougli  unarmed,  nuidc  a 
iiisli,  and  despite  spear  and  arrow  some  (jf  tliein 
esca])ed  to  the  m-ighboring  woods.-'' 

Tlie  pirates  now  de[)ai'ted.  They  no  longer  liiipcd 
to  stii  prise  Panama,  but  in  the  bav  wei'o  riclilv 
ii'eii'iited  ships  which  tliev  woukl  like  to  seize.  On 
file  '2od  of  A[)!'il  tlujy  came  in  sight  of  the  city  licinre 
sunrise,-^  and  pix'sently  discovered  live'  large  men  ni'- 
war  ;nid  three  good-sized  bai'ks  at  anchor  ni'ar  tli!' 
iidand  of  J'-  xico.  "^flieii'  appi'oach  was  no  sooni  r 
])ercei\ed  than  tliree  of  the  men-of-war  got  undi f 
way  and   bore  down   upon   tliem.     The   tlag-shi|>   was 


-' According  to  y?»«'(i/i/i /■,■<  o/' .( //^' (•.  ii.;  Ji'iiii.roxi's  !'')//•  >  '-'-<  n"  *'"'  I'''''" 
<>!.i:is  cscjipcd  except  line.  I'lit  Sli.-uji  stiitciiu'iit  that  liis  nicii  rciiortnl  ^i 
l;iiii  'tliat  tliere  Mere  (lend  I'cuplc  Iv  ij,'  mi  tin-  Orouiid,  wliicli  iiiadi  tlnni 
(■ 'iijccturi' our  .Men  IiihI  Imd  a  l''iulit  \  ith  tlic  Spaniai'dM,'  IhirLi'a  ('of.  I  i ./.. 
ii.  I'J;  tS/i(irj)\i  I'ni/.,  Ii'.  (Ii^jirijv(,'><  l!i:  ^'tiKsc'V  vi  r>inn,  which  glosscH  ovci' this 
atrocity. 

-''I'lic  city  of  J'an;iiii:i  was  iisnall,  ij^anisoncd  Ky  .'100  ic^'iil.ir  tniojis  and 
l.ICO  iiiiiitia,  hut  wiicn  th(^  hiiccaiiccr.s  airivcd  in  the  hay  nmst  "f  thiil' 
.■i  >idicis  woro  ahst'nt  ficiin  tiiu  city,  and  the  jieople  wei-e  in  the  utnidst  r  ui- 
h.ti'inatiiiii,  li.'ivini;  oiil\  sunn'  t«cl\f  iionis' notice  of  the  inipcndiML.'  iill.c  i\. 
The  hest  of  tlie  .-iMldico  icniaining  wefc  placed  on  Imai'd  tile  sipiadinii. -m  it 
seems  hit'hly  pi'olialije  that  if  tiie  pirates  laid  hindcd  insteail  of  eiitraciii;,  the 
vat-shijis  tiny  niiuhl  luue  ;.ained  pu.^.su.s.siuu  of  the  place.  i>'(('''(i(.' '>■  >,/ 
^liiKi:,  ii.;   /i'(//;/('oM  ".<  Icy.,  "JS  !). 


Ih  1;. 


A  NAVAL  COMBAT. 


j3j 


ll()|IL'(l 

riclilv 

.    Oil 

ii'i'cri' 

Cll-Mi'- 

r  the 

the  pvis- 

pnlt.il  '   < 
vli      tlll'lll 

./,  I .  '., 

II  .|IS    Ull'l 

(.(■  til.  ir 

Most  fill- 

little,  k. 

nil,  S'l  it 

.ill-  ll'"' 


rnfinncd  by  oiglity-six  Biscavans  untler  oonimand  of 
Jiiciiito  do  Barahona,  the  lii^h  admiral  of  the  South 
Sea.  The  second  .shi[»  with  a  crew  <jf  seveiitv-scven 
ii(l,^roes  was  coujnuui<led  hy  Francisco  do  l?eralta,  an 
Andahisian.  In  the  third  were  si\ty-five  niuUittoes 
under  the  command  of  ])iego  do  CarahiijaL 

The  [)irato  flotilla  was  much  scattered,  the  two 
jiiran'uas  beini;'  unable  to  keep  i\\)  with  the  canoes,  on 
wliich  were  only  tliirty-s'x  men.  These,  liowevei',  as 
the  s(juadron  bore  down  :i|)()n  them,  succeeded  in  j.j'et- 
tiii!^-  to  windward  of  it  and  were  presently  joined  1)V 
the  smaller  pii';i!L,^ua,  which  raised  the  force  of  the  buc- 
caneers to  sixtv-ei^'ht.  tSawkins  and  llin^rose  jtlaeed 
themselves  in  j'ront  and  soon  were  entj;'aL;ed  with  ('ara- 
hnjal's  ship,  wliich  at  the  first  broadsitle  wounded  four 
of  Sawkins'  crew  and  oik;  of  Ivi uprose 's.  The  deck 
of  the  8]»anish  vessel,  as  she  tacked,  was  swept  by  a 
deadly  volley.  The  Hag-ship  then  came  U]>,  and  was 
encountered  !)v  the  five  caiioes.  As  soon  as  she  was 
N\  ithin  range  the  steersman  was  sti'uck,  and  the  vessel, 
lulling,  was  taken  aback.  Thismisliap  the  ])irates  ini- 
niediately  took  advantage  of,  and  ranging  astern 
laked  her  deck  fore  and  aft,  killing  every  one  who 
attt'iiipted  to  take  the  helm,  and  comniitting  havoc 
Avith  the  shi[)'s  tackling.  By  this  time  Beralta  was 
eiiiiiin'^  ;  )  the  su})port  of  the  flag-ship,  w]iei'eu[)oi. 
Sawkins,  whose  canoe  was  sinking,  went  on  board  the 
j'iiagua,  and  leaving  the  flag-shi[»  to  tlu;  attentions 
el'  th'j  four  canoes  engaged  .i\'ralta  single-handed. 
.Aleantime  the  first  shi[),  delayed  by  the  lightness  <A' 
the  wind,  had  slowly  eonie  about,  and  was  again  Ir  ar- 
ing  dou;i  to  take  part  in  the  action.  She  was,  how- 
ever, met  by  two  of  the  catioes  under  Springei's  and 
biiigi'ose  before  she  could  render  any  assistance  to 
the  .^iiMiiral,  and  so  deadly  was  the  fii'e  of  the  jiirates 
that  Cai'abajal  w;.s  glad  to  sheer  olf  and  escape  with 
the  lew  eflieient  iiieii  he  had  left.  Sitriiigers  and  King- 
I'lse  now  hastened  to  tlu;  suiiport  of  their  c<)mrad<'s, 
who  still    maintained   the  conflict  with  the  Hag-ship. 


1'  n 


'    i  I  r.ii 


CORSAIRS  IX  TUB  SOUTi£  SEA. 


::f 


Their  rotiirii  was  s^ax^etod  with  a  v.ilcl  choer  of  exulta- 
tion, whicli  was  answered  hy  the  erc;w  of  the  piran'iia. 
Drawin^-so  elosely  muler  the  stern  that  they  "wcd^X'd 
lip  the  I'udder,"  the  j)irates,  now  eoniident  of  vietory, 
aL;ain  beset  the  doomed  vessel.     The  admiral  and  ])iltit 
were  shot  der.d;  two  thirds  of  the  erew  bein^'  killed, 
and    most   of  the    survivors   wounded,  tho   lla^-   \v;c< 
struek,   and    the    triumphant   rutlians   boartled   their 
])ri/5e.     A  shocking  spectacle  met  their  eyes.      Out  of 
ein'hty-six  men  twenty-live  only  Avere  alive,  and  hut 
eight  ('a})able   of  bearing"  arms.      "Their   lUood   ran 
down   the   Decks    in   whole   streams,  and   scarce  one 
place  in  the  Ship  was  found  that  was  i'ree  from  blood." 
As  soon  as  they  had  taken  possessioi»  of  the  ves-^rl 
the  victors  despatched  two  canoes  to  the  assistance  <>[' 
Sawkins.  who  meantime  bad  maintained  a  desperate 
light  with  IVralta.      Three  times  the  buccaneer  \\r,d 
l)oarded  his  antagonist,  and  three  times  had  he  ^'-^ri",] 
repulsed  by  the  valiant  Andalusian,  whose  indonnta- 
ble  bra\ery  had  gained  for  him  the  outspok<ai  admira- 
tion of  his  foes.     As  soon  as  the  canoes  came  up  they 
saluted  l\'ralta  with  a  volley,  which  was  followed  hy 
a  hea\y  explosion  in  the  stern  of  the  S|)anish  vessel. 
.\ll  the  men  in  that  part  of  the  shii)  were  blown  into 
the  air:  yet  l\'ralta  had  no  thought  of  yielding,  and 
with  Noiec  and  hand  encouraged  his  mi-n.      Dut   t'ato 
was  against  him.      Soon  there  was  another  explosion 
in   the    forecastle,  and   in   the   smoke   and   confusieii 
Sawkins  once  more  boarded,  and  the  ship  was  takin. 
As  the  light  wind  slowly  carried  away  tln^  smoke  a 
scene  was  revealed  on  Ijoard  which  defiis  description. 
"Theri'  was  not  a  .Man,  but  was  either  kille<l,  dcspei- 
ately  wounded,  or  hoi-ribly  burnt  with   l*owder.      In- 
fciomuch,  that  their  JMack  Skins  wei'e  turned  While  in 
sevej'al  places,  the  Powder  having  torn  it  from  tlu.ir 
Flesh  and  Hones."''" 

■•'■'  A/.,  LVi-d,  Aiiotlit'i-  iici'ouiit  of  tliis  liattk-  dilTors  soinowliMt.  from  tlio 
alxivo:  '  W'l'  iMiiinltMl  (uk,'  of  lliciii.  <iiiil  liinicil  lur;  so  willi  lici'  \m'  toiik  tli''^ 
Bt'Odiul;  iiliil  tlu'  tliinl  liad  ('(itiiinl}  niii  the  .same  I'ato,  liii4  luit  slie  Bouillv. . 
away  in  tiiiu'.'  Sluirji'.i  Voijwji ,  l.']-ll. 


u 


frdin 


BEFORE  PANAMA. 


337 


Tlio  ol)^<tinacy  of  tliis  hattlo,  and  tlio  uiiflincliiDj^ 
courage  with  wliicli  it  was  i(»UL>lit,  un-  iiidicatod  l)_v  the 
]ii;i\y  losses  on  both  sich's  and  the  Iciiolh  of'tinii.'  the." 
oii_u';iL;'('iiK'iit  lasted.  From  shoilly  alter  sunrise  until 
iKKiii  the  ii^'ht  was  carried  on,  and  of  the  sixtv-eiu^ht 
jiirates  cngag'ed,  only  ahuut  a  scoiv  eanu'  out  un- 
Aviiunded.-"  The  reputation  of  the  Spanish  captains 
fci'  Inavei'v  was  of  the  liighest,  and  elicited  the  admi- 
ration of  their  foes.  The  success  of  the  latter  was 
r.udeuhtedly  owing  to  the  lightness  of  the  wind,  which 
(iial)led  them  to  take  a  ])osition  against  which  the 
S[>aniards  could  not  direct  their  cannon:  nor  does  it 
appear  that,  with  the  ey  'eittion  of  tlu'  single  l)road- 
side  tired  hy  C'arabajal,  the  8[)anish  gmis  wei'e  used 
(luring  the  enga.genient. 


11 


iviuLT  attended  to  the  woum 


ledth 


le  pirates  stcere< 


i'ui'  the  island  of  Peiico,  where  they  found  the  five 
Vessels  anchored  there  abandoned,  tlu^  laigest,  the  Saii- 
tisiiiKt  Triiii'ildd,   of  fouj-  hundi'ed  tons,  havinu"   been 


set  on  lire.     The  niai'auders,  1 


ioWe\('r,   succee( 


led 


ni 


suppressing  the  Hames  and  converted  the  vessel  into 
ii  hospital.  Of  the  others,  two  were  burned;  one  of  a 
liundredand  eighty  tons  was  assigned  to  (  'aptain  (Jook, 
and  the  third  of  fifty  tons  to  (/'aptain  ( 'o\on."' 

Two  days  after  this  action  ('aptain  Shar|>  joined 
coiiipany,  and  a  little  later  the  bark  capture<l  by  (ap- 
tain   Harris.'''     The  ])irates   remained    for   about  ten 


(lav 


oe 


fore 


anania,  dui'uig   w 


hich    Captain   ( 


o.\on 


withdrew    from    the    gang,      lie    had    been    chai-ged 


\\\\U   display  nig    more   caution    tlian    (.-ourage   (lui'ing 


di 


Ih 


le  engagement,  and  resenting  the  im]>utation  he  » 


\v. 


(1  ck'VL'n  Mill  Killcil  liylit  out, 


ilaiiu'i/rouslv 


iv.'  /./.,  n.   si 


btt 


Ii 


iii'.;niso  says 

hi 


til 


'i' 


o; 


,ti 


il  tliiitvfi) 


IV  ^;\\nv  iiiiliHu'l 


111'  iiiori'  \\'minilic[ 

llltil.i  's  (  'ill.     I'll)/., 


nss  WilS  IS    killfil    illlil    'I'l 


.1,  t\ 


.f  tl 


ir  ilMii;;  atti'iw'aii 


.f  wl 


'  ( 'iiiitaii 


IVto-   II 


iiinl  stDiit  soldier.  .  .hcnii  in  tlic  ('oiiiilyol  Kent.'  /, 


}iii-'iiii<  /•>■ 


./ 


nriuy  says  '  hSweru  killed,  ami  ahovu  :t() ' 


r.M 


Hint.  Jliii'i'.,  i>{);  as  ulsd 

ic  Nliips  (viptured  ill  tiit^  aetioll  were  also  iiunnd  later, 
riio  erew  of  this  yessel  had  iii|ituieil  aiiotJK  r  liark,  and  dismnntliiif:  tlh 


'.'I  Sii-rirt'  Jour.,  JS-i!",  \>t.  ii.  lUd. 
The  Nliiiis  (vintured  in  tlu^  aetioii 


and 


imttii 


till 


leir  iinsonei'H  oi 


till  lied  tluiii  adrift.  Jliiraiikrx  of  Aiiuv 


hoard  of  li>r  without  niust.s  or  s^uilsi 


I 


I 


■'  J I 


•Y-  I 


I  I 


f)3S 


CORSAIRS  IX  THE  SOUTH  SEA. 


i  ■  i. 


tcrmined  to  go  back  to  the  Xortli  Sea.  Witli  liis 
adherents,  to  the  imnihei-  of  til'tv,-"  lie  accord iii<']v 
"woiglied  anchor  one  ninlit,  leaving  about  twenty  uf 
his  own  wounded,  but  taking  with  him  the  best  sur- 
geon and  neai'ly  all  the  medicines.  With  him  th.' 
Darien  chief  also  went  back  and  the  chieis  Antonii. 
and  Andres. 

This  defection  did  not  discourage  the  remaiimvi 
buccaneers,  and  weighing  anchoi"  on  the  2d  of  M,i\ ,  ' 
they  stood  otf  to  the  ishuid  of  Tal)o<>a  two  lc;i"ii,.s 
from  Perico.  This  formed  an  excellent  ])oint  of  <iU- 
•servation,  every  vessel  passing  in  or  out  of  the  piUt 
of  PniiauKi  being  }tlainly  visible.  Several  small  ci'att 
wei'e  captured  which  supplied  the  adventurei's  with 
j)rovi.sions,  and  t)n  the  eighth  day  they  seized  a,  vcssi  1 
contiiining  wine,  gunpowder,  and  fifty  thousand  ])es()s, 
inten(U'd  lor  the  ])ay  of  the  J^lnamil  garrison.^'  To 
the  merchants  of  Panama,  who  had  now  opciu'd  a 
trad(j  with  them,  they  sold  the  wines,"-  and  these  same 
traders  on  two  occasions  conveyed  a  message  from  the 
governor  asking  them  to  ex[)lain  their  ])resence  hci'oic 
the  city,  and  to  state  from  whom  they  held  tlum'  '•om- 
missions.'"'  C'ajjtain  Sawkins  re[)lied  to  the  first  niis- 
sage  that  they  had  come  '"to  assist  the  King  of  Daiidi, 
who  was  the  true  Lord  of  Panama,"  and  demanded  ti\e 
hundi'cd  j)esos  for  each  man  and  one  thousand  for  cacli 
connnander  as  the  terms  under  which  they  wnnl.l 
peaceably  di'part.      1:1  is  answer  to  the  second  coniniu- 

""  At '(.'on  ling  to  Sh.'irp  in  /'/.,  14,  mikI  the  nnonynions  niuTiitoi-  in  .f/c/'y ')• 
I'f//.,  ).■).  Itingi'ose  snys;  'Hcdnw  oil' with  him,  t<j  the  nunilit.'r  of  Thive- 
Kcoru  iind  'J'ln  of  onr  .\iiii.'  /w/cin//' ;•■■.'  o/'.l //;<;•.,  ii.  ;{(>. 

•■"'Shiiip  li\.'.s  this  (late  ;it  Apiil  L'ilth.   IlnriynCnl.  Vfi/.,  Ki. 

''"  She  contiiinii]  'J.OOi)  jais  of  wine,  .">()  jars  of  giiiipowthr,  ami  ."')1,(1(I0  p'sioj 
ncconling  to  liingrosi'.  Jlimn.iir.i  of  Amti\,  ii.  .'U.  Shiiip,  who  iiiailc  tiie 
caiitui-e,  says  the  .shi|i  was  talien  on  thi'  '2(ith  of  A[iril,  liaving  l,4(l()  jars  "f 
wine  anil  hivimly,  some  iunmunition,  ami  .-)0,ll()0  iin.so.s.  Jlaclt'n  <-'ol,  Ic,"., 
ii.  1.-). 

:'■■' Fi>r  ,1,000  ]u'sos.    /-/..  Ui. 

■■'■'  So  closo  was  thi'  lilofUaih'  of  tho  city,  find  so  great  the  terror  insiiinil  hy 
tlie  Imeeaneers,  that  the  first  ui'Wis  rceeiv<'d  at  the  eity  of  Mexico  aliinin'l 
tiiat  J'anama  was  eaiitiirec],  many  Spaniards  slain,  ami  that  the  nuns  :iim1 
many  other  jieople  liail  tied  to  the  mountains.  'J'his  intelligenee  was  tiai]-- 
initted  liy  the  jiresident  uf  (iuati'liuda,  and  did  nut  rtaeli  Mexico  until  Au;4ii?t 
^,  KiSO.  'y.'oWi.s,  JJiaiio,  ii.  ;{10. 


ntli  Ills 
Ji'diiiLi'ly 
i.'iily  >>[' 
ic'st  sur- 
lim  til'' 
.Viitoiiit. 

IcaU'Urs 
it  <il'  nil- 
tllO    piiVt 

lall  craft 

■oi's  with 

a  Vfsstj 

1(1  ])rs(W, 

)U."'     T'l 

DpeiuMl  a 

eso  sal  111' 

f'lMin  tlu' 

■V  licl'iiv 

u'ir  '•(iiii- 

il'st  1IU'^^- 

it'  Dai'irii, 

indfd  live 

t'df  cai'll 

V    \vni;M 

CiillllllU- 

|r  in  iS/)'"'/' '' 
Ir  of  'riuTt- 


■)1.(1IU)11''SC3 

(I  mivW.  the 
ll.KKi  jiirsi'f 
\.i  Col.  I '!';/■. 


|-iiis|iiivilliy 

lirii  llliillllf'l 

■  mil  IS  iuul 

Will  trans- 

iiiitil  Au;^iist 


DKATII  OF  SAWKIXS. 


639 


nidation  was  "tluit  as  yet  all  his  company  were  not 
cdine  togetlier;  l)ut  that  wlieii  they  were  coiiio  up" 
tliev  would  visit  lilni  at  Paiuuiutand  l)rIuL;' tlicii'^Coiii- 
missions  oil  tlu!  ^Muzzles  of  their  Guns,  at  which  time 
lie  should  read  tht^ii  as  jilaia  us  the  Flame  of  (jruii- 
]iii\v<ler  could  make  them." 

( )ii  tlie  15th  oi'  ]\rav,  contrary  to  tlio  wish  of  Saw- 
];iiis,  the  Hect  sailed  to  the  isle  oi'  Otocpic,"'*  and  tlK'nce 
tn  that  of  Quibo,  off  tiie  coast  of  V(.'i'aL;'ua,'''^  famous 
I'lii'  its  ])earl  tishcries.  While  at  this  ishuid  Sawkins, 
who  had  hoeii  ap[tointe(l  chief  in  command,  and  Sharp, 
cniHM.'ived  the  project  of  makino-  a  dest^ent  on  Puolj) 
Xiievo,  a  town  situated  on  the  mainland  ein'lit  leagues 
(liK  Takini^'  with  them  ahoiit  si\ty  men,'"'  they  as- 
ciiided  the  river  on  which  the  [)lace  was  situated,  out 
sooii  found  that  defensive  measures  had  already  In'eii 
taken  against  them,  trees  liaviiiu;  been  felleil  at.-i'oss 
the  river,  and  tlu:  town  itrotected  bv  three  sti'oii!.*" 
breastworks."'  Uiuleterred  hy  obstacles,  the  ]>irates 
aticiii])te<l  to  take  the  jilace  with  a  rush,  as  in  tlie 
(■a>e  of  Santa  ]\Iaria;  but  they  sulferod  a  serious  re- 
]iiil>e,  and  Sawldns  was  killed  whih-  IcadiiiL;-  on  his 
nun.  till'  remainder  of  the  maruudt;rs  ivtreatini''  to 
their  canoes.'"^ 

"Wliilc  tlicro  Eingrose  complctcil  ;i  cliart  of  tlio  bay  of  ranniiKi  nml  .■» 
]»iitiou  lit'  till'  iMiast,  wliicl)  was  more  I'onx'ct  than  any  in  ilu'  iiosisessinn  (jf  tiio 
Slitiiianls,  Jiiirniiitjri  of  Aiiiur.,  ii.  .■(•_'-.■{.  Tin;  uiitiioritie.i  ayaiu  dilicr  witli 
R'ganl  to  the  date. 

"'  'Tlu,  Island  iju'iho  or  Cnhniia,  is  in  lat.  7  d.  11  ni.  \ortli  of  tlic  Kcjuator.' 
li'iiiij'ii  r'n  To//.,  i.  'Jl'J.  It  isoalkd  hy  Jlinu'roso  Caylioa.  Jliirn/tiirn  of  Ainvr., 
ii.  .'i.'i.  its  niodtTii  name  is  ( '(Kinindiii,  In  inissln^'  thitiiri- a  storm  \\ as  cn- 
i."lliitt!n d  and  two  harks  fonnduivil,  one  eontainin;,'  1.")  men  and  the  other 
s  'Vi'ii.  'J'his  storm  and  wieek  are  not  mentioned  liy  the  anonynions  w  riter  of 
akdcii't  r</v.,  t|u.u;iii  Shar])  himself  alludes  to  it  in  ll(i<li'x  dil.  ro//.,ii.  ;i4. 

^''  'They  vntered  the  rixcr  with  .")ll  Men.  .  .anil  on  their  way  up  found  two 
Vlssl'Is,  whieh  tliey  al)andoiied.'  Snnih  Si  n  ( '(ini/niiii/:  A  I'ii'ir  uf  Ihr  <  'mis/,  l(i'J. 

'■  I'll  fore  ijnittiTi,:^  Tatmua,  w»ere  they  stayeil  aliout  l-l  days,  (jne  of  t!iu 
1  luviiuers,  a  I'renelnnan,  lied  to  the  enemy  atel  betrayed  all  his  eouu'ade.i' 
I'laiis.  Tlio  stoeUades  were  Imilt  liy  the  Spanianl.s  un  the  udviee  of  the  run- 
iiwiiy  I'lc-nelunan.   //»('7' '.s  C'e/.  1(1//.,  ii.  ."t.'l-l. 

Mlcsiilfs  Saw  kin«  two  other  men  were  killed  and  three  more  wouii'Iid, 
acivitihiijito  l{inj,'rosc.  'I'lu;  anonymoii.s  w  ritei'  in.s'Ao  ;•;/.-;  I'o//..  I(!  IT,  says  that 
till,  tuilure  of  the  enterpri.'^e  was  o\vin^'  to  the  '  Kashne.ss  and  Want  of  eonduet' 
K 'SiwktHH,  who  rushed  to  the  assault  before  one  tonith  of  t!ie  men  Uud 
tuul  i'.    beiii^'  a  nian  that  nothing  upon  Marth  eouM  terrilie.' 


i  :l 


:iii 


iJlO 


CORSAIRS  IX  THE  SOUTH  SEA. 


Sawkins  was  \\v\d  in  liigli  (.'stecni  ainoiig  his  CKin- 
riuk's,''''a]i(l  Ills  (Icatli  was  iniicli  ren'retted.  It  c;uis( d, 
iiiori'ovcr,  a  serious  disscnsioii.  His  luou  imninicil, 
and  were  determined  te  retraee  their  steps  aeross  tlif 
Isthmus.  Xo  indueenieiits  lield  out  to  the  nialeeou- 
tciits  hy  Shar[)  eould  ])revail  U})on  tlieni  to  reiuain. 
and  on  the  .'Ust  ot"  ^Tay  more  tliau  sixty  of  lliciu*' 
se)>arated  eom[)any,  takini^"  with  tlieni  all  the  Indians 
who  had  remaineil.  After  the  departure  of  the  muti- 
neers trouhle  arose  between  Cook  and  his  nxii,  wliiih 
resultiMl  in  his  resiii;niuLJf  the  command  and  g'>in^'  on 
board  Shar])'s  vessel,  t!u;  TnuKlad.  His  own  sliip'' 
was  placed  under  the  orders  of  John  Cox,  who  tliu.s 
became  second  in  connnand.*" 

It  was  now  decided  to  cruise  southward,  and  on  \]v: 
Oth  of  June  the  IVeebootei's  set  .sail.  After  carrcimiL;' 
their  vessels  at  the  i.sland  of  (,ioro-ona  in  latitudi;  I  x. 
they  enoa^'cd  in  a  .series  of  operations  on  the  South 
A  .Mcrican  coast,  plunderini*'  towns  and  capturing'  many 
►S[)anish  vess(.'ls.  The  booty  they  amassed  was  im- 
mense.    J  )urinLr  this  cruisu  another  mutiny  occuiiid." 

"'••As  'aMiiu  who  was  .ts  ViiliiiiitnndCouragious  as  any  couM  l.i.  :iiiilliki- 
visf  iii'xt  tci  (  aiit.  .Sliarji.  tlit'  liust  beloved  of  all  our  Coiiipaiix  .  or  tlu'  iiinst 
I'urt  tiicrcof.'  Jliiritiiiirn  ij'A  in<.r.,  ii.  ;);{  4.  Sharp  was  not  a  i;<  Ufral  tavniito 
IfixmH  llii'  liiid'anrtTs.  l!iirncy  savn  that  '  Ilingi-osc,  was  not  in  JMi;:liiiiil  \\  Inn 
lii  j  iijirnitivi'  WJis  [uililishtil;  ami  aihaulam?  was  taken  of  his  alistiuo  ti  iiiti  r- 
pohite  in  it  .sonii:  ini])\i(l»nt  ]ias>ayr.(  in  iMinnn<  nil.iiion  of  .sliaip's  valor,'  \\<; 
goes  on  to  .s.iy  that  in  till'  MS.  of  i;inj,'rose's  .lournal,  ]iris(rMil  in  jho  Nlomiu 
Colk'i'tion.  Iiriti:-ii  Must  inn,  the  iiassa<;fi|  noted  conui'inin^'  Saukiix'  vhariictrr 
I'uns:  '  ( 'aiitain  .Sawkins  was  a  valiant  ninl  j;(  nci'ous  N[>iiiti'.t  man,  ami  lirln\i.l 
(ihovc  any  (itlicr  we  v\ir  liad  uuiiiiin  us,  wliieh  he  well  deserved.'  li'diiiii'-: 
/)is''or.  tSniifh  iSc'i,  iv.  Hl4  ^>  'Ulii  inf<'rene(!  f;uj.'gested  hy  Kniiny,  tliea- 
lore,  is  that  Shar[>,  or  .sonicf.iOdy  III  hin  JntLTeut,  foisted  in  the  pas!«iges  ciiai- 
aeteri/ed  as  '  impuilent.' 

•"' Aeeordinu  to  Uin^To.-c,  pn^e  '.i'l,  <^\ili  wonld  have  joined  them  hut  tnr  the 
dangers  of  th(^  journey,  ''15  men  left.  )o.-,  <  \t .  'j  hose  who  d<  jiaited  imnilieail 
ill  Hint  70,  wiiile  I4(>  leniiuned  v.  itli  ('ai)t.  SliHip.  JI(iiki'i<<'ol.  i'<ti/,.  ii.  :i.'<.  'iu 
this  nnitiny  7">  more  of  our  Mm  <<  t't  us,  and  retin  iicd  ov«'r  L.'iud  as  tluy  oame, 
•leliveriii^'  up  tluir  eonnnissions  to  oiir  Jiinperour.'  ii/itii/iM  Coy.,  17. 

*'  One  .John  (.'ox  took  e(pinniand  of  <  ook'n  nhip,  the  M'DijImrr,-,  witii  a  enin- 
pany  of  40  jnen.  S/inr/t'i  \'oi/.,  17-18.  Sliuij)  does  iiot  lueation  (A>.\  at  tliis 
time. 

'-  Uingroses  ship  had  hf'en  hurned  for  lier  iron, 

'^'J'Ik^  reason  of  the  mutiny  was  that  Captui))  Nimrp  had  now  some  ,'i. 000 
pesos,  and  wislied  to  return  h<»me  imiiieiliately.  Two  tliiidsof  theereu  Im'.v- 
ever,  had  no  tnoney  left,  liav  iu,:,'  gand>led  itall  away,  and  tluy  wert'  in  ii  ■  riiliu 
to  leturn;  no  they  Kuppcjited  the  elaijns  of  Walling  against  Sluup.  >'■   '/'" 


IS  ciiin- 
caiis(,(i, 
miiiii'd, 
"Ofss  the 
lak'Cnii- 
rciuiiiii, 

'   ih.'Ul*' 

Indiiiiis 
ic  iiiuti- 
i,  which 

II  ship'^ 
hn  tlius 

(I  (111  t!i'.' 
irrriiiii'4' 

Luh'  I     N. 

t'  S'liith 
ii^-  iiKiiiy 
[^vas  iiii- 

CUl'l't-'cl/' 

.  :iiiil  liki.- 

llic    lll"St 

i-:il  iiiviiiito 
:Liiiil  wlu'ii 
;'f  t.)  '\nUr- 

s"  I'hiiractfi' 

ul  lll'ln\i.l 

■  /;..,«..■/■< 

.  y,    tlliTL- 
-ages  cliar- 

l)Ul    tnr  till' 
ll  llUllllll'l"l'<l 

11.  :►'>.    'lu 

■il.  Vi'llMlk', 

17. 

(■,i\  at  this 


.  in  I) :,  niiiiil 
rji,  .S'i  ''/'» 


CAI'TURE  OF  KSPARZA. 


641 


^vhi(•h  rosulto.'l  in  the  deposition  of  Sharp  and  tho  ol(^- 
vatioii  of  one  .roliii  WatHni,''  to  tiiu  i)ost  of  c'(iniinan(h'r. 
Their  project  had  been  to  sail  homeward  tliroun'h 
the  straits  of  MaL;'ellan,  hut  they  now  ehang'ed  tlieir 
intention  and  a^'ain  dii'eeted  their  ])r()ws  northwarch 
At  an  unsuoeessful  deseeiit  on  Ariea  WatHn^'  h)st 
liis  lifi',  and  the  couunand  was  ai^ain  conferreil  on 
Shaip,"  l)iit  not  without  nnicli  dis[)ute.  Xor  was  tht- 
(|ii(stion  easily  settlecl  and  it  was  at  last  arranged 
that  the  matter  should  he  put  to  the  vote,  and  that 
the  uiinoiity  should  take  the  longd)oat  and  eanoes  and 
o-()  where  they  wished.  Their  votes  were  cast  on 
Amil  tlie  17th   near  the  island  of  La  Plata,  and  re- 


su 


Ited  in  the  defection  of  Inrtv 


seven  or 


tl 


le  maiecon 


ttiits,  amonijf  whom  was  William  ])ampier,  who  sailed 
I'lii'  the  Isthmus  with  the  iiitt'ntion  of  returnini''  oN'er- 


aiKl 


Sharp,  passing  hy  the  bay  of  Panama,  now  paid  a 
vi^it  to  the  shore  of  Costa  Rica,  and  «  ntei'inu'  the 
Liult'  of  Xicoya  anchoi-ed  in  the  I. 'ay  of  Caldera.  J  [ei'(.' 
lie  was  occupied  some  tinu'  in  carei'uing  and  i'(>Httin^' 
lii^  shij),  to  aid  him  in  which  work  he  pressed  into  his 


M  i'\ice  some  carpi'! 


iter 


s  cnni 


loved 


tlu 


an 


k  of 


-hi 


m  shi[»-l»uil(un<jf  ou 


I  neis-liUormu"  river 


T 


len,  alter  sacking 


and  burning  the  town  t>f  Es[)arza,^'^  he  again  sailed 

!'(»/, ,  ID.     '  While  wo  lay  at  tin'  i.--lo  of  .Toliii  Funiaiuld.  Tiqitaiii  Siiarp  was 
liy  KUK-'ii'l  iimsLiit,  <li:<iiliiri'il  fn.m  luiiiif  ('i)iiiiiiaiKKi';  the  ( 'i)iiijiiiiiy  liLJiiit  not 


miti.-ilu'l  i„itli(  r  witii  lii.s  ( 


Kiiiav'i'  or  luliaMdi 


/> 


II  Ill/Ill  r 


'"/".'/'>   iiitrod 


'I'lu'  story  of  till'  iimtiiiy,  without  any  (h.'tail,  i.s  fouml  in  Dni/.i ".«  (' 


"II- 


uirj)  isaVH  till.'  i'ous[)U'ai'y  a;:auist  liuii  wa.s  iiiaiiil\ 


t  U 


th.'  .1< 


(if.hiliii  ( 'ox,  wiioiii  ho  had  a)i|iointo(l  to  a  sojiarato  coiiiiiiainl  luulir  liiiii  lor 


uM 


uaintaiico'.s  hako.   I  htrb'x  ('i,l.    I '(,//.,  ii.  45-4(i. 


'Aitfv  Watling's  iloath,   'a  great  minilH'r  of  tlie  inoAncr  sort'  wishcil 
Sliar|Minoi'  more  chotcil  coiiiliiaii<l«'r,  hut  tlio  iiioro  c.Niii'rioliced  au<l  ahh;  ino:! 


wuro  not  satisliod  and  wmili 


1  not 


onsent.     'J'ho  ilili'cri 


iK.'O  lit  opinion  hocaiiie 


sogivat  thwt  it  was  ih'torinined  to  jmt  tlio  inattor  to  the  vote;  the  majority 
I  the  ininority  taking  the  long-hout  and  canoes,  and 

the   majority, 


l'],! 


th* 


siiii),  ani 


JJi'lllg    WUm:i'' 


Da 


they  wiMlii'il.     C'ajitain   Sjiarjis   party  heing   in    the   majo 
(I  tlie  .'^mailer  hody,  and  taking  th  ' 


iiiipii'r  |oine(l  the  .'^iiianer  body,  an 
tlii'V  s.iiled  for  the  Isthmus.   Dhidji'h  i'k  Ik//":/''' 


iiitii 


'f  1 


leil'  .share  of  lirovi.sions,  etc. 


I'P 


VI. 


irji  asserts  that  he  wa.s  unanimously  re.stored  to  his  eoinmand  .iftir 


the.lcathof  Wat! 
'"  lie  liirried  oil'  al 


d  does  not  mention  the  iiiiitiny.    llnrli'sCi  I.  I'l  v.,tS. 


so  Mcveral 


rniisoined   lor   l.OdO   pesos,     //"//«.     Jii/orm.    al  11' n,   MS.,    l'_':  A'. 


>ns  of  hoth  sexes,  who  wei'o  aftci'u 


ar.l 


L 


''iKum.,  .M.S.,  ii.  oijj.     Juurro.s,  UiMt.,  i.  >>,  nieiitions  that  Espi^rza 


'i 


I 


fn 


Ii 


I'll 


1 


542 


CORSAIRS  IX  THE  SOUTH  SEA. 


I  He «- 


li:   : 


illl^l 


soutlnvaril,  and  took,  near  the  lino,  llio  tivasurc-sliij) 
Sen  J*('(Jr<>  With  tliirty-sovt'U  thousand  jx-sos.  Still 
inu'suinn'  a  southerly  course,  these  human  si-ouim^ 
made  themselves  the  terror  of  tlie  roast,  [)lunderii!L;', 
burninin',  and  destroyin»j^  on  land  and  sea/^ 

In  the  latter  part  of  tlie  year  1G8  I  Sharp  hore  aw.iv 
lor  the  straits  of  ]\ra^'ellan,  hut  being  unsuceessriil  iu 
his  endeavor  to  find  the  })assage  rounded  ('aj)e  llntii 
and  st(H'rinijf  northward,  \\v]\  out  of  si^Jit  of  land, 
rt'aelied  the  J^arhadoes  on  the  28t]i  of  January  lf>s-_', 
hut  da.red  not  enter  port,  as  a  Britisli  iVinate  lav  at 
aiK'lior  at  J-Ji'iduetown.  He  therefore  steered  for 
Antigua,  where  he  ai-rivod  on  the  1st  of  Fehruaiy. 
Tlier-e  this  godless  ei'ew  disjiersed,  the  shi[)  hi'inM- 
given  t()  those  who  had  gambled  away  their  money, 
\,h)le  the  more  fortunate'  took  |)assage  for  England. 

At  the  instance  of  the  Spanish  andmssador  in  Lon- 
don Shaip  and  some  of  his  companions  were  tried  i'ov 
pii'at  V.  They  jdeaded  in  defence  that  they  had  acted 
undei'  the  authority  of  a  conniiission  granted  by  the 
caci(jues  of  J)arien,  who  were  absolutely  in(K'[)endent 
piinces  and  in  no  sense  subjects  of  Spain/'^  Tlu;  valid- 
ity of  this  [)lea  was  fully  established,*''  and  a  veidjet 
of  ac(juittal  obtained. 

liail  liccii  j);i'viiiusly  sacked  l)y  a  Freiicli  corsair  in  1070.  It  was  ag'iin  at- 
tacUt'il  liy  [lirati's  in  HiSli  or  IfiSS,  'wlicn  it  wa.s  aliandonoil  l)y  its  inlialiilant.-', 
who  ri'tired  to  tliu  valleys  of  Jiagacos  and  LandtL-lio.  J/ai/d  and  Xik  vu  A'-/'., 
Tit  snpi'a. 

"  'J'licii-  namo  insjiired  siu'li  di'cad  tliattlic  new  viceroy  of  I'eru  daiid  imt 
sail  from  Panama  to  liis  j,'overnnient  in  a  ship  of  2.")  guns,  hut  wr.ited  foi'  tlio 
arrival  of  tiie  ai'mada  from  t!ie  south.   Jliicdnii  rn  of  Aniir.,  ii.  l.'iCi. 

""Las  Casas,  in  his  llihiliiui  <•/  tin'  Siitmi.'di  I'di/aum  ami  ('ni<lt'«ft  in  the 
]V<sl  Iiiiri<.<,  -JIT,  distinctly  lays  down  the  luinciplc  that  'the  Siianiaids  Iiai 
no  1'itle  to  the  Americans,  as  tlicir  Suhjects,  liy  rigiit  of  Inheritance,  I'm- 
eiiase,  or  ( 'on(|iiest.'  J)/iriiii,  Difcnijc  of  the  SmlK  Sitf/rmi  nl,  ."t. 

'"''Ivingrose  exin'cssly  stated  that  they  acteil  thronghont  \\ithout  any  coin- 
mission,  liifitiili  rs  ojAimr.,  ii.;  liiiiijrofr's  I  <';/.,  \~i>,  and  Jliirii(i/\i  Jlis'-m; 
SiDilh  Si'd,  iv.  I'J.'J.  lUirney  .says:  'From  the  defectiveness  of  liie  eviiliiice 
]n'odueed,  they  escaped  conviction.'  /(/.,  iv.  \2',k  Three  of  .Sjiai'p's  men  uiio 
M'ed  at  .Jamaica,  and  one  was  lianged.  'J'ln^  narrator  said  this  man  wan 
wheedled  into  an  ojien  'onfession:  the  other  two  stood  it  out,  and  escaiicil 
i'oi'  want  of  witnesses  to  pi  ive  the  fact  against  tiiem.'  /</. ,  iv.  I'Jl.  See  al.'O, 
for  the  execution  of  this  nnu  ,  Sh(irj\^  I'-.'/.,  ii.  One  of  the  principal  chai  j;'S 
was  the  capture  of  the  J'uniii'i},  and  killing  her  captain  and  another  man: 
'hut  it  was  j)roved.' says  the  a.:thor  of  th';  anonymous  narr;itive,  wlio  was 
one  of  the  men  b;'uught  to  trial,  'il.'it  tlu'  Sfianiards  lired  at  us  lirst,  and  it 
waa  judged  that  we  \)\iei>t  to  defend  oui..  dvcs.'  /(/.,  iv.  ll2o-l-l. 


CIIArTER  XXX. 

FURTIIKR  I'JKA'JICAL  ItATDS. 
l(ksi-lilS7. 

I).\MriEK  AND  UIS  CilMRADKS  OS  TIIF,  S ANTA  MaKI'a  RiVK.Il  -TiIKY  MI'.F.T  WITH 

Spanish  Waii  Vksski.s — TiiK.iii  Mai!(  ii  m  Tin;  Xouth  Ska-  'J'iikv  l'\\i.t 

IN  WITH  A  FuKNfH  ShIV— AnD  SaU.   K(pINI)  ('a1>K  lIiiKN    TO   Till'.   Sdl'TIt 

Ska— TiiKY  Attack  Riiai.imo-  Thkv  Sail  fukthk  Isi.anpoi-La  I'i.ata   - 
IIi:i{i'.  Tiii'.Y  auk  ]!KKNi'oiu'Kr>-'l"iiKV  I'ui"kki>  to  htk  Coast  ok  Soitii 

AmKIMCA    -AVilKKK   IllKV(i  AIN   T\|KI.LI( ;  KNI  K  OK  TIIK  'I'KK\SIKK  I'"KKKT     - 

'i'liK  Pikatks  Sail  kok  tiik  1'kaki-  Islands  -'I'iikii;  Dkkkat  in  thk  JJav 
OK  I'axam.v — Raids  on  I.kon,  ];kai.kj(),  and  (  Ii; anada— -Piktv  ok  the 

FiLIBUSTKKS— FCUTHKU  OrKKATIOXS  OF  THE  FlKATKS. 

J)a.mi'1i:r  and  liis  rouiradcs/  aftfi'  thov  liad  jiai'tcd 
cniiijiaiiy  with  Sliarj),  shajicd  their  couisr  t'oi' the  Santa 
Alalia  Ivivor  flowinj^-  into  the  gulf  of  San  Mi^'uel,  and 
mi  tli(>  folhiwinLi'  dav  ca])turt'd  a  small  hark  anchored 
tn  leeward  of  Capo  Pasado.  This  was  a  piece  of 
i^n  at  ufood  fortune  as  their  hoats  wi're  too  small  for 
them.  On  the  24th  of  A])ril  they  touched  at  the 
island  of  Gorgona  where,  having  taken  sonu^  ]irisoners, 
tlh  y  learned  that  a  piragua  ei'ossed  oxer  iVom  the 
luainlaud  cN'cry  two  or  throe  days  to  recoiuioitie,  and 
that  three  ships  were  k(^pt  in  readiness  to  intercept 
them  on  their  return.  A\  ith  a,  favoraMe  hreeze  they 
sailed  from  Gorgona  the  same  evening,  and  on  the 
iiiisiiiiiig  of  the  'JSth,  on  eun'i'ging  from  a  rain  sipiall, 
t-s]iic(l  two  large  ships  to  windwai'd  alumt  a  league 
tunl  a  half  distant.  Dampier's  men  were  in  a  hazard- 
"Us  position,  between  tlie  Spanish  cruisei's  and  the 
'^hoiv,  which  was  only  two  leagues  olf.      Ha[»[)ily  the 

'TUiy  iiumbtTod  44  Europwnis,  onu  SpauiBli  Iiidiuii,  and  two   Mosiiuitu 

liiliaus.' 


I 


¥H 


II 


ii 


'ii 


Ml 


FURTIli:!!  PIRATICAL  RAIDS. 


ii  i 


(,i;  i 


rain  a^niii  caiiic  on  and  i.-naljk'd  tlicni  to  pnss  tlic 
ciicinv  uiisctii.  T\\v  next  inoniiiiLC  tlicv  aiiclidrcd  nil' 
J*()iiit  ( «;ii'a('liin;i.  ahoiit  hcVcii  Ica'^ucs  from  the  ^iill' 
(if  San  Mi^iul,  wlnro  tlu'y  rcniaini'd  all  day  drviiiL:' 
tlicii'  aniniunition  and  ])ivj)aring  tlicii-  \vrii|i(.iis  in 
anticipation  of  their  landing-  bciiiL,^  opposed.  S(»(iii 
al'ti'i'  dayl)ivak  on  the  .'JUtli  they  ontcred  the  L^ndl'aiid 
came  to  anclior  outside  a  lari^'e  island  four  miles  dis- 
tant iVoin  the  mouth  of  the  Santa  Maria.  Thoiioh 
the  title  was  t'avorahle  i'oi'  aseendin^'  the  river  thiv 
took  the  ]>rt'eaution  to  send  a  canoe  ashore  to  rrcun- 
iioitre,  and  a  shij»  was  discovered  lyint^  at  the  iiiniitli 
and  a  larL;'etent  ])itched  on  the  land  adjacent,  'riiou^h 
disheartened  at  this  news  the  f'reehoutc.'rs  wei'e,  ]iev(  i- 
theless,  bent  n})on  making'  their  i^-tui'ii  ovcrl.nid.  So 
the  canoe  was  again  sent  to  the  island  and  succefdid 
in  captni'ing  om;  which  had  put  oft'  tVom  the  eneiiiys 
shij)  lor  the  island.  From  the  ca]»tives  they  learmd 
that  for  six  months  the  vessel,  which  had  tweK'i'  guns, 
had  been  guarding  the  mouth  of  the  riv(.'r,  and  that 
the  foi'ce  amounted  to  one  hundred  and  lil'ty  suldiris 
and  sailors,  the  former  being  (piartered  on  shore 
Three  hundred  more  were  expected  to  ari'i\c  iVinii 
the  mines  on  the  next  day."  The  j)irates  now  delci'- 
mined  to  land  elsewhere  at  any  risk  that  night.  <a' 
early  tlu'  following  morning.''  With  wind  and  ti'li' 
against  them  tlu'y  reached  Cajie  San  Lorenzo  at  ilay- 
brtjak  and  sailing  about  a  league  farther  ran  iiitn  a 
ci'cek  sheltered  by  two  small  islands.  ]Iei'e  tiny 
landed  and,  jiutting  their  effects  ashore,  sunk  tin  ir 
vessel  and  made  all  preparations  for  a  march  into  the 
interior.* 

As  some  of  the  company  did  not  appear  in  '  mli- 

'Tliorc  wi'i-c,  iiioi'ODVcr,  two  ships,  one  cnrryiii,L' 20  guns  ami  •_'()()  imii.aii'l 
tliu  other  ten  guiix  iiiui  I'M  iiifii,  cruising  in  tlio  hay  hutwii'ii  tiic  gvili  au'l 
(iori;(;na.   Uitinii'wr'i  I'o.i/. ,  i.  <i. 

•■' J)ani]iiei- strongly  iifgcd  his  comrades  to  niii  for  the  rivtr  ( 'iMU'ii.  thnc 
li'a;4Ui'.s  distant,  and  Jisiund  it  to  the  limit  of  tide-water,  but  eould  in't  j"  i- 
siiade  them  of  the  existence  of  a  large  river  so  near,  'liut  they  would  land 
somcwlierc.  they  did  not  know  how,  where,  nor  when.'  LL,  7. 

^Tliis  lauding  was  ellcctud  May  1,  ItiSl,  Id. 


CROSSING  THE  CONGO. 


r)i5 


tinii  to  undertake  so  luii<jf  a  joiii'n<  y,  the  (.lesj)crate 
resolution  to  shoot  all  strau^'^lers  had  been  previously 
adopted  to  ))revent  them  talliuL;"  inl;)  tho  hands  of  tlie 
Spanianls  alive  and  bL'trayiiiL,^  their  conipanioiis.  Yt't 
tills  terrible  alternative  di>l  not  deter  a  sin^K;  n>;in, 
iind  in  t!ie  al'ternoon  the  band  of  I'reebooters  be^'.m 
llieir  iiKUv-h  and  advanced  a  h^a^jue  north-easterly. 
(>ii  tin;  I'ollowini^  morning,  striking  an  Indinn  tr;ii!, 
tliey  I'eached  some  nativi;  houses,  where  being  v.ell 
r.M'L'ived  they  purchased  provisions,  and  for  a  hatchet 
(ilttained  a  guivle  to  other  Indian  settlements.''  Xext 
(lay  they  struck  the  Congo  at  a  point  three  lenguei 
tV. mi  their  last  night's  halting-[)lacc,''' and  arriving  iit 
the  lion.'je  of  an  old  Indian  with  great  diiliculty  in- 
duced him  to  urge  tlu-ir  guide  to  accompany  them 
two  days  longer  for  anothei'  hatchet.' 

On  the  4th  of  ^Nlay  they  continued  their  course,  con- 
ti'.iUMlly  wading  through  rivers  and  streams,  drenched 
witli  the  heavy  rain  which  when  they  halted  prevented 
tlicm  from  obtaininu'  Hre  enough  to  warm  themselves 
or  cook  their  fixid.  Weary  and  hungry  their  miseries 
were  such  as  to  banish  all  thought  of  the  >Si)aniards, 
tlieir  only  anxiety  being  to  obtain  ft)od  and  guides. 
Ynv  several  days  they  journeyed  on  under  inc)edil)le 
luivilslnpri,  feeding  on  uionkeys  and  such  vegetables 
as  they  could  obtain  from  the  native  settlements 
through  which  they  passed. 

By  this  time  they  had  obtained  a  fresh  guide,  and 
eressino-  the  ConLi'o  had  arrived  at  another  ri\er,  the 
(lipth  of  wdiich  caused  them  great  trouble,  as  they 
Were  compelled  to  ford  it  several  times;'*  leaving  be- 

^  They  here  leamt'd  that  they  M'cre  not  more  than  three  miles  from  the 
C'uii\'o.  LI.,  ]'2. 

Jl '  Uik;  of  (jur  men  Ijeing  tin d  pivo  us  the  slip.'  /(/. 

'It  was  only  hy  l)iiiiging  feiiiali^  iiitlui'iiee  ti)  .bear  that  they  j:aino'l  the 
Iiiiliuu';;  assistanec.  His  wiie  was  jn'escnleil  with  a  '  Sky-eoloureil  iVtticcjat,' 
iiinl  M]iin  ovdcame  his  ol)(hiracy.    /</.,  K?. 

M\  hen  they  forded  it  the  last  time  the  tallest  men  stood  in  tlie  ilreiper.t 
IKirt  and  heljied  over  the  sick  and  those  of  smaller  stature,  so  that  all  i^ut 
over  -with  the  exception  of  two  who  had  lagged  behind.  ].)ampiiM-  carrieil  liis 
journal  and  other  writings  in  a  large  joint  of  Lumbuo,  the  cuds  being  closed 
with  w;ix.  /,/.,  l.VKi. 

llTBT.  Cekt.  Am.    Vol.  II.    u5 


>{>. 


V^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0     ;r  1^  IIM 


I.I 


2.2 


|3  2 

1^      ^ 

2.0 


1.8 


|l.25      1.4 

1.6 

^ 6" 

► 

% 


Va 


7 


VI 


'/ 


y;^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, NY    MSSO 

(716)  873-4S03 


I 


J 


d 


r/. 


f^ 


c\ 


\ 


O^ 


"^^ 


FURTHER  PIRATICAL  RAIDS. 


hind  on  tlio  last  occasion  two  of  the  party  who  wore 
nnablo  to  keep  up  with  the  main  bcxly.  Ni^htloll  on 
them  luipi-ovided  with  slielter,  and  to  add  to  tiitir 
mi.serie:?  a  thunder  storm  with  heavy  rain  hroke  (»vcr 
them. 

Next  morninjjf,  the  8th  of  ^lay,  the  guide  infornnd 
tliem  tliat  the  river  would  have  to  be  crossed  ai^aiii, 
but  it  was  now  so  swollen  that  fording' was  impossible. 
It  was  decided,  therefore,  to  sen<l  a  man  over  with  a 
line.  OiK!  of  the  band,  (jreorge  Oayny,  aecordin^lv 
made  the  attenipt,  but  the  line  which  he  had  lasteiicd 
about  his  neck  became  entangled,  and  the  man  on 
shore  who  was  paying  it  out  suddtMily  stoj)p(Ml  it. 
This  threw  Oayny,  who  was  half  way  across,  on  his 
back.  The  man  in  charge  of  the  rope  then  thiTW  it 
into  the  river,  hoping  that  (ilayny  might  recover  him- 
self, but  beiiiLT  weiufhted  with  three  hundred  ixses, 
whicli  he  carried  on  his  back,  the  im])etuous  current 
carried  him  away  and  he  was  diownech" 

Afti'r  this  failure  they  felled  a  l»»i'tv  tree  across  the 
river,  and  over  it  all  [tassed  in  sal'ety.  Their  guide 
now  left  tiuMu,  having  obtained  a  substiti'  Cross- 

ing another  river  their  way  led  througli  »eautiful 
valley  adorned  with  trees.  Five  miles  beyond  they 
came  to  a  settlement  and  were  somewhat  alarnnd  at 
the  sight  of  some  wooden  crosses  on  tlie  road-side, 
thinking  that  Spaniards  were  there.  Tiu'V  pre|taii'd 
for  action,  but  found  none  but  Indians  in  the  town, 
where  they  were  kindly  received.*" 

I'or  the  next  ten  davs  they  strugfjled  on  with  sev- 
cral  changes  of  guides,  incessantly  crossing  i"i\('rs" 
and  forcing  their  way  through  the  trackless  forest, 

*T!iP  two  mi'ii  left  l)cliiii(l,  nftorwanl,  wlicn  tlicy  ii'j;iiiu'(l  their  rninrndi'S, 
slnti.'il  that  tluy  fiminl  him  lyiiiL'  di'iul  in  u  tri^c^k  v  itli  ilic  imhik  y  miIII  (Hi  lii.i 
liiU'k,  1ml  tilt  y  tiiil  not  taku  it,  ueiiig  iutoiit  mi  limUiij^  Www  way  (iiit  ol  the 
couiitiy.   /i/. .   17. 

'"  Ili'iv  1  )iMtiii-  Wafer  mill  fiuir  otliiTH,  iiidiuliii^'  the  two  .^trairijli  is,  stuynl 
Itcliiiiil.     'J'iiiy  ii'joiiKil  theircoinnidcs,  liowevir,  uumc  iiiiiiitlis  laliT.  hi..  Ill, 

24;  ir«./;/V  r.,//.,  4  4;». 

"  OiR'  ilay  they  erousud  tliu  same  Hti'vam  'J2  timet)  in  ainurch  of  nine  iiiik-:!. 
Daiiipicr'i<  \'<'i/.,  i.  19. 


AT  THE  RIO  CHEPO. 


847 


some  days  not  advaiK-iiig-  more  than  two  or  throo  miles. 
Exliaustod  and  taniisht'd/*  witli  bli.stcred  i'ect,  and 
limbs  cliafud  and  raw  with  wading,  they  were  indeid 
ill  evil  j)li;L,dit. 

On  the  20th  of  !May  the  way-worn  corsairs  reaehed 
tlic  Chepo  Kiver,  which  they  crossed,  and  on  the  'JJd 
to  their  y^reat  iov  si<dited  the  North  Sea  from  a  hinh 
niountain-ridge.  The  weather  was  fine,  and  jjflad  at 
heart  they  descended  the  heiglits  and  encamped  on 
llio  bank  of  the  river  Concepeion,  the  first  whicii 
tlu'V  found  Howin<'  north.  The  followin*r  day  thtv 
moved  down  the  stream,  and  ere  long  procured  canoes 
to  carry  them  to  its  mouth,  louring  their  absence 
iiumy  English  and  French  ships  had  been  there,  but 
all  had  departed  with  the  excej)tion  of  a  Fri'mh  pri- 
vateer which  lay  at  La  Sound  Key.'^  Alter  lying  a 
iii'^ht  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  they  crossed  ovei-  to 
the  island,  and  went  aboard  the  vessel  which  was 
commanded  by  Captain  Tristain.  Purchasing  I'rom 
the  crew  bea<ls,  knives,  scissors,  and  looking-glasses 
with  which  to  reward  their  guides  they  dismissed 
them  with  the  additional  gift  of  half  a  j)eso  to  each. 
With  this  the  Indians  were  well  satisfied,  and  the 
jjood  feeling  R)r  the  English  was  manifested  by  their 
kind  treatment  of  Doctor  Wal'er  and  the  others  who 
had  I'eniained  behind  in  their  settlements. 

The  journey  across  the  Isthmus  had  occupied 
twenty-three  days,  during  which  they  travelled  i'or 
alidut  thirty-seven  leagues  over  nicnrntains,  tlirough 
valleys,  and  among  "deep  and  dangerous  Uivers." 
They  had  arrived  on  the  south  coast  just  as  the  rainy 
season  began,  and  the  rivers  were  soon  swollen,  and 


'■'For  two  (lays  they  were  entirely  without  fooil.  On  tlie  tliinl  '  we  got 
Miiiiiw-herries. .  .wherewith  we  hiitislied  Diirselves  tiiia  ilay  thoiijih  eoiiisly.' 
/'/.,  'J(t.  'I'heno  berries  were  innhulily  the  fiuiL  ol'  tho  greut  MiKaw-tiee  aero- 
ciiiin.i  Hi'lero  earpn. 

"One  of  tlic  Saniliallas  group  whicl»  extenils  aljout  'JO  leajrues  from  Point 
■''fiiiiliallaH  to  (Jolilen  I><huiil.  Tliese  ifthinds  hail,  silieo  KITU.  I>eeii  a  favurittt 
lil:ic  0  tor  eureening,  and  ho  hiid  lifeoine  a  rende/.vons  for  privateers,  many  of 
till  III  licing  numvd  after  cantainii  of  ve8»els,  us  iu  the  case  of  Lu  Sound  Koy. 
Id    •"-'»  °  *  ' 


MS 


FURTHER  PIRATICAL  RAIDS. 


yet  only  ono  man  perished.  Tliey  liad  cliosen  a  cir- 
niituus  route,  goiii;^  seventeen  leagues  f'artiiei-  tli;;!i 
if  tlu'V  had  ascended  the  Cliepo  or  the  Santa  ^r;iii,i. 
i)y  eithtr  of  whieh  courses  the  journey  could  have 
l)een  made  I'rom  sea  to  sea  in  thi'ee  davs,  the  lndi;ms 
i'rcuueiitlv  aceomplishin'jf  it  in  a  dav  and  a  half. 

The  hardships  which  Dampur  underwent  duriii.,' 
this  trip  did  not  deter  him  from  another  adventure  uu 
the  S(»uth  Sea.  In  the  latter  part  of  IGBn,  havin'^' 
joined  a  ship  connnanded  hy  a  Captain  Cot>k,  lu'  w.is 
a^ain  cruising'  in  comj>any  with  another  vessel  \uulr 
( 'a[»tain  ICaton  off  the  wt^stern  coast  of  South  iVim  )■- 
ica.  Althounh  thev  had  saih'd  round  C'ape  II'Mii. 
their  o{)erations  were  unim[)ortant  during?  the  A\h  '!■ 
of  their  voyaije  U|)  that  coast.  Their  intention,  i;i- 
<leed,  was  to  try  new  ground  and  make  a  raid  uinn 
Kcaleio  and  Ja'ou  in  Nicara<»ua.  When  thev  arrivi  1 
about  the  beginning  of  July  at  ( "ajie  Blanco,  on  lIi' 
(^t)sta  Rica  seaboard,  Captain  Cook  died,  and  J •  ilia 
Davis  was  a]>pointed  to  his  place.'* 

While  ennaned  in  burving  their  late  captain  <m 
the  shor(>  of  Calderas  ]iay  they  captured  three  IidIi'- 
breeds  Irom  v.hom  they  learned  that  the  S[)aiii;ii'.!-' 
1  ad  been  warned  by  the  peoj>le  of  l^ananui  to  bew.iiJ 
<  f  buccaneers.  'J'his  news  <h(l  not  prevent  <h<  in, 
liowevi'r,  fi'oin  proceeding  on  the  20th  of  July  tow. nil 
liealeio  whei-e  thev  arrived  three  davs  later.  TIm  ii' 
•  vibrations  here  were  unprofitablt>,  as  they  found  the 
Spaniards  thoroughly  prepared  fi)r  them.  They  there- 
i'ore  sailed  to  the  bay  of  Fonseca  for  the  purpose  <il 
eare(Miing  their  vessels.  Hero  an  attenijit  to  est;ib- 
l»lish  friendly  relations  with  the  Indians  of  one  oftlir 
islands  was  interrupti'd  by  the  rough  action   of  one 

"  Paviw,  aoco'-iliiijf  to  Kx(|n('iiu>liii,  wns  Imrn  in  .Tanmici.  linrdiilirf  r-J 
Avur.,  -I'X  LuHsiiii.  in  /./..  "Jd.  tstatos  tluit  lie  was  a  Flcniiiijr.  'J'lif  lir^t 
mitliiir  j^'ivi's  a  lnii  f  narrative.  Mitlimit  diitc,  of  a  lioltl  raid  iiiailc  by  this  lnu- 
laiii'ci'  into  Nirarau'iia  from  the  Athiiitic  siilf,  In  tiiis  fiiti'rjiri.sr  lio  must 
Ikivi-  passril  up  tlie  Sail  .liiaii  RivtT,  on  tlie  Itaiiks  of  wliicli  tin'  iiir.iti", 
SO  in  niiinlicr,  foiuwilcil  tlicnisclwH  liy  ilay,  ami  rowi'd  tluriii^'  the  iii^lit. 
A\  hat  I'ity  it  wan  tlioy  uttuckcil  is  not  clear,  Irnt  tlio  booty  obtuiiictl  was  ivnv 
tliuii  oU,iXX)  pu::>ua. 


SWAX  AND  iTAnnis. 


n4» 


)t'  the  buceaiu'crs,  ^vl^n•h  causfd  a  panic  aiiioni;'  tlur 


\VO(»( 


Is.      J)i 


n  IS,   However 


I, ;i lives,  wlio  Hi'cl  to  llu 
siici'o('«lt!<l  ill  indiiciiiL^  the  chitt"  and  hall'  a  ilozcti  of 
liis  triho  to  visit  thi;  sliips,  and  liavinij  won  tlnir 
^nod-will  hy  presents,  obtained,  durin;^-  the  time  tli<  y 
jriiiained  in  the  bav,  fresh  iK'ef  from   an  island   Ut 


'J ' 


wliich  thoy  directed  them.  After  eari'diiiiLj  an<l  le- 
paiiiii!^  their  vessels,  they  abandoned  their  iiiten'ioiis 
ii^aiiist  Kealejo  for  the  time,  and  on  the  .'5d  o\'  Si|»- 


ti'iiiuer 


J)i 


ivis  aufam  sai 


led 


soutJiward,  liaviii''-  i»ai 


•ted 


riiijii  Eaton  M'ith  whom  he  had  had  tronble.'"' 

On  the  20th  he  reached  the  islo  of  JMata,"'"  and 
^vllile  lying  there  was  joined,  ( )ctoher  I'd,  by  Captain 
Suiui  of  the  (^Hilitct  and  ( 'aptain  i'eter  Harris,  m-plicw 
ot"  the  buccaneer  of  that  name  who  was  killed  in  the 
I  ii^a^ement  before  l*anam;i  in  KlsO.  Swan  had  been 
siip[)lie(l  l>y  London  merchants  with  a  cari,^o  of  «r()()(l> 


t  radt 


ni 


tl 


lese   seas, 


but  h 


iivmi 


,Lr   fall 


en   in    witn 


th 


Harris  and  his  comrades  who  had  come  overland,  hi' 


IIKIl     Ct 


)mi 


)e 


lied   1 


lim   to  Join  th((   freebot)tei 


1" 


lie 


es 


iiHi'linLf  of  the  rovers  was  niaikcMl  bv  wicked  iov 
liulependently  or  collectively  they  en<;aL;i(l  in  a  scri 
ft"  cruises  off  the  coast  of  South  America,  the  isk 
•  if  IMata   l)ein<4   thi>   rendezvous.     Aft 


er  a  failure  tt» 
uprise  the  town  of  (iuaya((uil,  they  took  a  jtacket- 
i"iat  carryinuf  letters  IVom  l*anamil  to  ijima.  'I'hou^ii 
till"  Sjianiards  thrt'W  tlu.'  letters  ovcrhoai'd  with  a  line 
attached,  th(,'  ruse  was  di'tected.  and  from  the  package 
\\hich  the  buccaiKH'rs  ivcoxered,  they  leariu'd  the  joy- 
liil  lu'ws  that  th(!  armada  from  Spain  had  ai'ri\ed  at, 
J'nitobello  and  that  the  presidi'iit  of  j'aiiama  had  si'iit 


'■'Davis  left  to  tl)o  (•.■i(;ii|iK'  a  liaik  half  full  "f  llnnr  lis  a  I'-vvard  fur  liis  si  •■ 
vicr^.     llaton  ilcpaitrcl  uii  tin'  'lA  nf  Si-ptiiiilii  r,  having  taUiii  mi  liuai'l  I  «( 


ksnf  11, 


/(/.,  1-Jil;  Jh-«h 


■I.    \ 


'So  naiiifil  nfcoiiliiiL,'  to  riimrt  by   the  S|)aiiiiuils,   tti'ni   tin'   fart    tliat 


kc  tilt  ro  iliviiit'il  aiiioiii'  his  iiu'U  the  Hilvcr  with  wiiii  h  nu- 


ll hl^  |ii  i/.t  s 


laden.   J>tiiii]ii(  r^n  \'iii/.,  1;>'J.      It  was  also  ualltii  I  »i'alu' Jslaml. 
''  LasNan  >;iv»'!*  an  iiiioiiiit  ilillil'i'iit  from  that  of  l>anjiiiir.     lirstatrs  that 


iiii  I  iiiiniicr  on  iMianl  Swan  s 


liii  tohl  him  that  hliu  lull 


to  thi'  I 


Jul. 


^  I  vk  and  had  liccii  Hriit  out  to  take  a  iilaii  of  those  |iait  •,  and  that  Swan 


i.illni''  in  w 


ith  Di 


ivi«  was  eol 


ilii'lh'd  to  join  him  luiausu  'il  ainia  iiiieux  ceder 


ill  I'oihan  ijuu  d'eii  etro  jiris.'  Ji'Ufnal  </it  \'"i/.,  M-'k 


,ViO 


FURTHER  PIRATICAL  RAIDS. 


this  lK»at  with  instructions  to  hasten  tho  <l<'partino 


»t'  the  tivasuiv-iliH't  fr 


oni 


C'lU. 


T\ 


us  ocfurrcd  oii 


tlie  1st  of  January  IGHo.  The  wildest  exeiteintiit 
fiill(»\vc(l  as  the  |H'ows  of  the  vessels  were  tui'ih  ,| 
toward  the  J\'ail  Islands,  the  hest  |>laee  tr(>ni  wliidi 
t«»  sv'v/A'  the  treasure-ships.  They  ariived  there  tln' 
•J.'»tli,  havin<^  eaptured  on  the  way  a  ninety-ton  vo  ,  I 
hidi-n  with  Hour.  Then  they  careened  and  dcaiK  d 
tiuir  vessels,  and  hy  February  14th  all  was  in  rtadi- 
n -ss.  The  marauders  then  |»rocefd(.'d  to  I'erico  and 
•  ti^aixed  in  (;orres|K)ndence  with  tiie  president  of  Pa- 
nama ftir  the  release  of  two  oi"  their  men  who  Imd 
fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards.'"*  The  ivsult 
was  an  exchanjjfe  of  prisoners,  the  crew  of  the  vesst  1 
la-t  taken,  to  the  number  of  about  fortv,  bein"_r  sin- 
11  nderetl  as  ransom  for  the  two  lreel>ooters. 

^NTeanwhile  the  Sj)aniards  continued  in  their  puerile 

etforts  U>  rid  themselves  of  the  vijiei's.      On  one  occa- 

sion  a  ]»retended  merchant,  imdi-r  }iietext  of  wishing 

to   tratlie,  steere<l  a  vessel   lad"n  with   combust  iM's 

•lose  up  to  them  while  at  anchor.      Having-  ii^Miitrd 


his  Hi-e-ship,  he  and  his  crew  escaped  in  canoes,  wliii' 
the  buccaneers  wei'e  forced  to  cut  their  cables  in  all 
ha>te  to  avt)id  destruction.''* 

Soon  afterward  they  were  joined  by  no  less  tli.ui 
tw«»  hundred  and  ciLjhty  Fivnch  and  Knglish  budii- 
neei*swho  had  crossed  the  Isthmus,  and  who  re)Hirt<'d 
that  t»ne  hundred  and  ei^htv  more  lOn^lish  were  tM- 
lowini,'-  under  Captain  Townley.'-'  This  accession  was 
^^i-atifyiuL;';  the  nini'ty-ton  prizt;  was  at  once  surresi- 
dennl  to  till!  Fi'i'iich,  who  numbered  two  hundred 
under  Captain  GroL;iiiet,  while  the  JOnehsh  were  re- 
ei  ived  (tn  board  the  shi[)s  of  Swan  and  Davis."' 


"One  W!is  (•iiptni't'il   whik'  liuntiiiL.',  ninl   tlio  ntliiT  was  one  of  ("a]itain 
is'  iiM'ii  wlin  liiiil  Ih'cii  left  on  tlif  Santa  Maiia  Kiver  tliu  v*ar  bclniv. 


iiii\>i  r  < 


OI/. 


177  s,  l.s(i 


'  |)aiii|>ii'r  stall's  that  a  Captain  liond  planiiril  tliis  strataL'<'i 


r.oniI  li.iil 


Imi'Ii  aliainloni'il  Ity  Ivtton  ami  his  own  )iiliit,  Moitun,  and  jiciKuaiU'd  lii^  unn 
to  go  iiviT  lo  tin.' S|iaiii.iiils.   A/.,  Ks!»-!Mt. 

'''  F<ir  an  aci'uunt  uf  lIuM'  JDUi'ncy  m'i'  /.itssmi,  JmiftiuJ  ilit  i'oi/.,  'M  ft  rrn. 

-'  The  l-Riich  caiitaiu,  (.alluU  liy  Duinpitr  (.iroiit't,  oll'crwl  iJuvia  uml  s«uu 


SrANISn  STRATECEM, 


Col 


On  the  nd  of  Mjircli  tliov  wuro  joined  1)V  Townli  \-, 
who  had  captured  two  hr.rks  at  the  mouth  of  tin- 
Santa  Maria,  and  a  lew  days  later  an  Indian  hrouj^lit 
word  tiiat  another  band,  tliree  hunched  .stroni^',  were 
(III  their  way  overland  from  the  North  8ea." 

For  the  next  twx>  months  they  eruisi;<l  ahout  the 
bay  of  J'anama,  vi^j^ilantly  watchinjjf  for  the  treasun-- 
iKet.  ^leanwjiile  they  took  the  town  of  Chejio,  made 
some  captures,  and  interee[)ted  letters  from  which  they 
ascertained  that  the  pilots  of  Lima  had  been  in  oon- 
Miltation  as  to  the  best  course  which  could  he  adoptetl 
ill  onkr  to  elude  the  pirates,  and  had  j^^iven  <lirections 
accordin,i;ly.  They  also  learned  that  the  fleet  was  to 
be  manned  with  all  the  available  .streUL^th  of  IVru, 
Imt  had  orders  not  to  en<'a'»'e  with  the  buccaneers  if 
a  liattli!  could  possibly  be  avoided. 

On  the  'JSth  of  May  the  pirate  fleet  lay  between 
Pacheca  island  and  the  mainland,  Captain  (jlroufniet 
Ijciii'n'  "-  '"'1^'  to  the  northward.  It  consisted  of  ten 
y.\\\  carryim^   lifty-two  jjjuns  and  nine  hundred   and 


sixtv     men. 


About    eleven    o'clock    tlu 


wi 


atl 


ler, 


wliich  had  been  rainy,  chvre-d,  and  the  Spanish  fleet 
numbering  iouiteen  shi[)s-'*  beside  piraguas,  carrying 

Oi'rii  a  new  comiiiission,  cxtcndoil  liy  tlic  governor  of  Petit  Ciuivrfs,  \v!io  \v:i.s 
.■irriiNtoiiifd  to  Kiiinily  lii.s  captains  with  Mank  fonii.s.  Captain  llai-iis  ac- 
ic|itcil  niii'.  l)aiiii.ii'r  says;  '  I  nt'vor  read  any  of  those  French  < 'oininissions 
■while  I  uas  in  tins(r  Seas,  iKir  did  I  tlien  know  the  import  of  them;  Imt  1 
ha\c  h'ai'nt  since,  tliat  the  Tenonr  of  them  is,  to  give  u  Liberty  to  Fiali,  Fowl, 
and  11  lint.'  /inni/inT'it  \'<  i/.,  ]'.)•*. 

'- These  men  did  not  appear,  tliougli  Harris  was  sent  to  the  Santa  Maria 
ill  search  of  them.  On  the  l.'th  of  Nlaich  tliey  fell  in  with  a  hark  with  live 
o!-  six  Kn;^lislimen  on  hoard  conitnand<'d  hy  Henry  More,  'i'iiis  vessil  he- 
loiiL'cd  lo  <';iptain  Knii;ht,  wiio  was  cruisinf,'  otl"  tiic  coa^t  (pf  Mexico,  and,  in 
the  men  said,  had  jiai'ted  cumpaiiy  with  his  sliiii  one  niuht.  Swan,  in  order 
to  promote  Harris,  professed  to  helieve  tiiiit  tlie  meu  had  deserted,  and  iK - 
po.sin^  .More,  jjave  the  command  to  Harris.   77.,  1(17. 

-M)i\  ided  as  follows:  Captain  I  »a\  is' sliip,  ;t(!  j:iin.s  and  I.Vi  men;  Captain 
>«.ui  with  Mi  i^uns  and  140  n'cn;  tlic>e  \\  ere  the  only  vessels  that  had  aitil- 
liiy.  'J'owrdey  with  1 10  men;  Harris  witli  1(10  men.  'J'hes'' weic  nearly  all 
Kii;;lish.  Cnjitain  (Jroj^niet  with  .'Id.S  iiu'n;  Captain  liraiily  with  .'ll!  men; 
'I'lpwnley's  hark  \\  ith  SO  men;  and  two  tenders  with  a  ciew  of  eiijlit  nn  n  eacli. 
'I  licy  had  also  a  .'tO-ton  haik  I'onverted  into  u  tire-ship.  /</.,  '-'OS.  Liissan, 
•li'iinnil  iIh  Ik//.,  (»0-I,  gives  the  .same  numher  of  vessels;  with  icL'.ird  to  the 
INCH  he  says:   'lis  se  tronverent  monter  I'l  environ  on/e  cens  hunimis.' 

''  "First  the  Admiral,  SHCnns,  4.-)0  Men;  the  Vice-Adniir,il,  1  Minns,  40» 
^h  n;  the  liear- Admiral,  30  Giuia,  oUO  Men;  u  .Shij)  of  -4  (Jiii.s,  300  Men;  o:.e 


f 


d 


SM 


FURTHER  PIRATICAL  RAIDS. 


one  liuiidrod  and  scvonty-foiir  <fiu\H  and  niannod  liv 
nioro  than  three  thousand  sailors  and  marines,  was 
scon  a)>proa'•llinL,^  .Disparity  of  nunilters  did  imt, 
howevei",  intiniiihitc  the  bueeaneers,  and  Cor  the  nieat 
iirize  that  now  lay  in  siijlit  they  would  have  enua-'cd 
with  even  halt*  their  force.-'  IJeinjjf  to  windwartl  nf 
the  Spaniards  they  weii^hed  anchor  ahout  three  o'clock 
in  t\ui  afternoon,  hut  nii^ht  fell  upon  them  hefore  they 
could  elfect  more  than  the  exchaiiLre  of  a  few  sJiots. 
Althouj^h  Spanish  arms  had  greatly  deteriorated 
since  the  <laysof  the  conquerors,  there  was  still  soine- 
thin;j^  of  the  Spanish  strataujein  left  which  in  this 
instance  proved  a  match  even  for  })irate  cunniiin'. 
Vv'hen  the  darkness  had  set  in  the  admiral  of  the 
treasiiri'-lleet  Inw^  out  a  lii^ht  as  a  signal  ior  his  ves- 
sels to  come  to  anchor.  In  half  an  hour  the  li^ht  was 
extinujuished,  but  some  time  afterward  the  buccaneris 
aw  it  ai^ain,  stealint^  away  i\ 


oin 


a  nam  a. 


] 


>elli<'' 


Mell  to  th(^  windward  they  kept  under  sail  all  ni^ht 
in  si'^ht  of  the  siu^nal,  but  when  niornintir  dawned  tlicv 
discovered  that  thev  had  been  deco\ed  to  the  l(e\v;ird 
hy  a  solitary  vessel  sent  in  that  direction  and  that 
the  enemy  had  now  the  ^veathel■-,L!,•aL^e,  and  Avas  hcn-- 
iiii;'  d(twn  U[)on  them  with  all  sail  set.  Thus  were  the 
tables  turned,  and  their  only  safety  lay  in  lliuht. 
During  the  whole  day  they  maintained  a  running 
light,  and  having  sailed  almost  round  the  bay  of  Tan- 
am;i  anchored  their  now  battered  vessels  again  olf  tin; 
isle  of  J*acheca.-"   In  the  morninir  three  leauues  to  Ic. - 


iif  IS  duns,  2r)0  Men;  niul  one  of  8  (!uns,  2f)0  Mm;  2  p'cat  Firo-sliips,  (i 
Sliips  <i!ily  with  small  Aims,  liavinf;  S(K)  Men  on  Ixwinl  tlu'in  nil;  liusidrs  2 
(  1- .'i  Iniinlrcil  ,Mi'ii  in  I'ciiii.Ltots.'  'J'lii.s  iu'cnunt  waH  ohtaincil  jiftnwanl  tViiii 
<  'ajitain  Kniglit,  \vli<i,  \v!;fn  oH'tlu'  cnastdf  IVni,  gathcruil  the  iufoi'niaiiuii  t'lniu 
Biiiiic  I'Miifivi's.  J )<i lit ii'u  >•'■•'  I'll//..  2tl7  S. 

-'<  iroj^iiict  sailcil  avay  whin  Ihi'  Spanianls  came  in  .si;,'ht.  He  aftri\\;ivii 
ini.'cil  an  an  cxcnst^  tiiat  hi.s  nun  wcmlil  not  let  iiint  ]<  in  in  tholi.^'ht.  llr^.is 
lashiiTcd,  l)Ut  was  cvcntnally  aihiwcd  to  depart  w  tli  his  'diip  and  nun.  / '., 

2;iS-!l.     Sucii  is  the  l'ji<.'li^h  account.     JvUssiin,  li'iwevii,  states  that  I aii>u 

t  iroj.'nii'1'H  ship  had  no  j;uns  and  was  intercepted  liy  a  vessel  carrying  "JS  cau- 
mm  he  was  unalilc  to  join  in  tiie  eny;af,'enient.  t'oiirnal  ilii  To//.,  H.'  li. 

■"''I'iie  loss  of  Sianiards  in  this  engaj.'enii  nt  is  not  known,  hut  l>aiii|i'r 
makes  the  doul)tf  il  statement  that  the  pirat'-S  lost  only  one  man.  Ic//..  "J'''.'. 
'Jliu  account  j^iveu  liy  Lussan,  who  was  on  IIurriM'  ship,  diliers  maUriully 


IX  XICARAOUA. 


888 


v.nvd  tlio  Spanish  fleet  was  observed  at  auelior,  and  a 
liiilit  soutli  luv»'ze  |n-esently  s|ii-inLrinLr  nj»  it  saili-d 
;i\\ay  to  l*ana'.n:i,  witliout  uttcnij)tinj;  lo  juvss  I'urtlier 
till'  advantau^e  irained.-' 

Thns  after  nearly  six  montlis  of  plannini^  and  patient 
( xpectation  tlieir  great  prize  tluded  tlieir  gi'asp,  ami 
tln'  disappointe*!  and  exasperated  pirates  Ixtre  away 
loi'  tlu!  isles  of  C^uiljo.  There  a  eonsultation  was  held, 
v.hich  resultt'd  in  a  <leteiininalion  to  attack  tiie  city 
of  l^eon  in  Nicaragua.  They  at  once  hrgan  prepara- 
tions and  built  a  number  of  cancies  in  whi(  h  to  etfect 
tlieir  lan<ling.-~*  These  being  completed  they  sailed 
iir  the  port  of  Ivealejo  on  the  LMJth  of  July,^'  and 
iinived  on  the  coast  about  eight  leagues  distant  from 
tile  jiarbor  on  the  i)th  of  August.  Thev  now  manned 
tli(  ir  canoes,  to  the  number  of  thirty-one,  with  five 
Imndri'd  and  twenty  men,  and  made  for  the  harbor, 
tli;'  others  taking  charge  of  the  shi[)s.  On  the  way 
tli(  re  were  two  heavy  s<jualls  whicli  placed  them  in 
(  xlreme  peril,  but  by  dint  of  hard  rowing  the  maraud- 
ers entered  the  port  that  night.  At  daylight  on 
lli«   Ibllowing  morniiiij-  thev  rowed  up  the  creek  lead- 

fviiii  that  of  Dampicr.  IIo  asserts  tliat  tho  trc.isurc-flcot  succceilcd  in  getting 
t)  i'iinaiiiii  uiinfitici'il  liy  tlio  Imccani'irs,  .nnd  that  M-veii  vo.ssiIh  tlu'ii  wiilfil 
(..It  iiiiil  iiigagc'd  ^vi;ll  tlicui,  v.i'.Ii  nwiily  tliu  wiiiie  ri-suUrf  as  tlii'.sc  (ksciiljnl 
I  y  i'aiiiiiier.  Jlanin'  nliip  itctivcd  almvc  l"Jft  riimiiii  u  nliot,  ami  tlmsc  of 
li.vii  ,".11(1  Swan  suH'iTi'il  .>.ovtnly.  Jouniul  i/u  I'"//.,  71'  hS.  '1  lio  ilitHioni'o 
ill  (liitcs  l)ctwein  ])aiiii>iir  ami  l^ussaii  i.s  <  xiiiaincil  liy  tho  fact  that  tho 
!  II  Ml  li  Jiad  tiiri'i!  year.*  licfciri'  iiiadc  a  ciiaii^.'c  nf  tun  days  in  their  caifudar 
v.liirh  the  EnglibU  govcrnnitut  had  nut  done.   JJunni/'s  Jjincof.  Suutli  Sm,  iv. 

■  "We  were  plad  to  escape  thens;  and  owed  that  too,  ii\  ;i  (,'reat  measure, 
tu  till  ii'  want  of  t  uiiraije  to  pursue  their  .Vd\anta;.'e. '   /)'i,,i/iii  r'.-i  !'<<</.,  '_'l)!(. 

■  Wliile  tiius  oceupied  thi  y  Kent  a  drtaihim  lit  ai:aili>t  j'uelplo  XiieV(» 
villi.  >au kins  was  killed  in  l.'iSd.  'I'he  town  was  easily  taken,  hut  little 
hiKity  was  obtained.  On  the  .">th  of  July  tlu'V  vire  j'imd  liy  Captain  l\ni).'ht, 
V  lin>f  cruise  had  not  lieen  ]irolitalple.  /-/.,  'Jl.'{  4.  'J'he  de.-icnt  upon  ruclpli> 
Nilivo  Was  the  cause  of  th(!  defection  of  the  I'renchnieii,  who  still  rciimiiied 
ti)  t'le  nuiiiher  of  !.'(((.  'i'he  Freiicli  thoujjht  the  Kn>;iish  timk  advant;;;.'!' of 
tliiir  small  nundiers  and  refused  to  put  uji  with  their  domiiieei  in;:,  "ipiand 
ii'iiis  \  lilies  (prils  eoiitinnoieiit  i\  prendre  Kiir  nous  les  niemes  hauteurs,  uous 
ili.li,in|uaiues  cent  trente  l'"raiicois.'  J.iigsiiii,  Jmini'il  iht   \'<iii.,\Ki  4. 

-'llieir  fori'o  now  consisted  of  1)40  men  and  eight  ships,  under  captains 
llavi<.  Swan,  Townley,  and  Knight.  Captain  Harris  had  lo^t  ids  vessel, 
wliirii  'iicing  old  ami  rotten  fell  iu  pieces'  while  he  was  careening  her.  JJuin- 
ii'/V.  Ii,i/.,  I'lJ. 


5.M 


ITin-JKR  riRATICAL  IlAIDS. 


iii«^  to  licnii,  at  till'  head  ol"  wliirli,  on  the  rivt'i- l);iii!v, 
tlit'V  loiiiid  .1  I  )!•«  artwork,  'i'hcir  aj>|)nia(li  was  »li,. 
••((Vcn-d  liy  the  watfliim-ii  wlio  fled  to  Ijimii  .uhI 
nportcd  it.'"' 

T\\v  pirates  now  <juiclJy  cH'cctcd  a  landinLC  •'"*!  ''":'' 
liuiidrt'd  and  scvt-nty  hm'Ii  wcit  ddaili'd  in  foin-  (l(  - 
tachnn'nts  und*  r  tlio  ronnnand  of  Townlcy,  S\\.i:i. 
J)avis,  and  Knight,'"  wliilo  l)aini»i(  r  w  ith  tinj  itiii.iin- 
di'i"  was  li  li  in  cliarnc  of  tlic  canoes. '-' 

Townlev  w  itii  Iiis  (dni|iany  entere«l  tli(!  town  alioiit 
two  miles  in  advance  of  the  otluTs,  and  oveithiiw  a 
I>ody  of  ncaily  two  hnn(h'ed  liorsenien  wlio  cliarnid 
liiin  in  the  main  street.  Tlie  inl'antiy,  to  tlie  nuiiiln  r 
of  live  liundied,  wei'e  «hawn  uj)  in  tlie  jilaza,  hut  |i(  i- 
ci'ivini,'  the  (hscomliturt!  of  the  eavah-y  tied  wiilimit 
ott'erini*'  resistanci'.  and  Leon,  captured  l)V  (.i-'ht  v  nun, 
lay  at  th(!  nierev  of  tlie  freehooteis."'' 

At  n«»on  on  thi'  foliowiiiu^  (hiy  the  j^overnor  sent  ia 
n  ihi<f  of  truce  witli  olfers  to  ransom  the  town,''  h;;i 

^"  AiTonlini,'  tn  one  aiitlmrity  only  two  iii"ii  were  on  tlic  liHikoiit.  Our  "t 
Uii'sf  |u'ivi  ivi'il  tlu'  iMiiianri'is  iiiiil  liiislfiu'il  to  llii'i'ity  togivo  waniin;,'.  Hi* 
;  toiy  \\:iA  not  liclii'xcil;  lie  was  aiicstcil  jiihI  it  was  tin-  intention  to  liavi  him 
jiuliliily  lloym'd.     'I'liis  ocnnrfcl  Aiiun.st  -1.  KiS.").   Mnn/,  ^^v/^^  MS.,  17   ■>. 

•"  "Tow  nicy,  with  NO  ot   the  ln'i:  kcst  Men,  liiat'i'linl   lirloif,  <'a|i;aiM  Swan 

V  itii  l(!()  Men  nianhcil  ni'Xt.  unci  ( 'antain  I'avi.s  with  170  Mm  niar<-lii  cl  iicxt, 
tuul  ('a|itain  l\ni;;ht  lii'onj;ht  n|i  the  Kriir.'  Jhniij'ii  r't<  iH;/.,  "Jltl. 

''■"I'lirri'  is  II  (iisricpancy  in  the  account  of  I'anipiir,  w  iio  .states  tliat  •'■'.• 
ini'n  were  left  with  liiin,  whii'h  wouM  raise  the  nunilier  of  those  wiio  left  tlio 
llift  to  oIU).  withont  counting'  the  four  ca|>tains. 

•''  Tow  nicy  tooU  the  tow  n  at  ."{  r.  M  ,  Swan  ari-iveil  at  4  I'.  M.,  ;inil  l)avi<  I't 
r*  r.  M.  l\iii,L.'lit  "liii  not  eonio  »ij>  till  an  hour  later,  leaving  many  tii<Ml  out, 
W  ho  afteiwaid  iMii.e  stia;:j;lin^;  in.  The  Spiinianls  killeil  'a  stout  olddiey- 
lu-iiled  M.in  a;,'cil  alioutsi,  who  had  served  under  Oliver  in  the  time  nf  tin' 
Irish  iJciicllion.'  He  lunl  refused  to  renuiin  with  the  canoes,  and  w  In  ii -in- 
I'ounded  liy  tlu:  S|ianiar<ls  would  not  aceept  nuarter,  hut  ilischai'u'ed  his  l'uu 
at  thcni,  'so  tiny  .siiot  liini  dead  at  a  distani'c.  His  name  was  Swim;  he  wa.s 
.•!  very  nu'rry  hearty  old  Man,  and  always  used  to  tlcelai'c  he  would  never  ta!," 
«,>u.;r'tcr."  /-'/.,  -Jlir-JO.  Aceording  to  .Slorel  deStaCru/,  \'isilri.  MS,  4'v  tlie 
liiucanecrs   entered    the   town  at   II   .\.  M.,   (i|))>ose<l   liy  oidy  oO  men.   ♦.•it 

V  lioin  lied,  the  rem.iininj,'  one  tii;hting  until  di.sidded  l>y  many  wouuil-*. 

•"One  ."^niilh  who  had  dr(>i)ped  hehind  and  wa.s  eaptured  so  cx;iv';.'ei'.iti'I 
the  numbers  of  the  frci'liootcis  that  the  ^'ovenior  was  afraid  to  attack  tluni, 
though  •Smith  estimated  his  forecs  at  over  l,(M)Omen.  Smith  was  alter«;u'l 
est  han>,'eil  for  a  lady  of  hi^di  jxisition.  Diniijii'-r'n  I 'o//., '.*•_'().  l.ussin  st.itiH 
that  the  l-'reneh,  liavin;,'  arrived  at  the  port  of  Ivealejo  .some  months  l.itei', 
learned  that  .sueeor  had  heen  sent  from  towns  in  Nicaragua  and  Salvadoi-,  aii  1 
liiat  the  Knjilish  fivehooters  '  avoient  onvoyt'-  plusieurs  fois  oli'rir  h  ees  \hm 
di.'  >eeours,  Ic  eonihat  en  raze  savann,  ee  iju'ils  avoient  tolijours  ief\ise,  ilidaiit 
(jii'ila  uY'tuii.'iit  put)  I'ucuiv  tuus  miuusscz.'  Joitriud  du  I'oif.,  ll'.^'-3. 


VISIT  TO  REALEJO. 


5o5 


the  «l(;inainls  <)f  tlio  iiiaraiKU-Ts  wore  so  (»X()il)itai)t '' 
that  all  Ijc  could  do  was  tociulcavor  to  prolong  caititii- 
l.itii)Ms  until  liu  could  asseuiMc  a  force  stroiiiir  ciion-^di 
V>  tlislodi^c  the  invaders.  In  a  few  davs,  however, 
iIh  V  hecanie  aware  of  liis  desi;^fn,  and  «»n  the  14th  of 
the  month,  havin«(  coll(jcte<l  all  availahU'  hooty.  they 
hct  tlu!  city  on  tire  and  niarche<l  back  to  their  ciinots. 
The  jiirates  next<lirected  their  attention  to  Ht-ahjo, 
wjiich  they  entered  without  o|>p(»sition.  Hut  hen; 
auain  they  were  halked,  iindinj,^  nothih'L;  hut  eiiipty 
houses.  So,  foi"  a  week,  they  I'avaj^ed  the  suri-oun;l- 
iii'4  country,  killiiio"  cattK;  and  sackiii*.^  sunai--nii!ls. 
Tlicn  they  burned  the  town,  and  retuiiiiiiLf  to  tlieii- 
canoes  rejoined  their  ship.  1'he  loHowiiiLf  <lay.  whiih 
v.as  the  2oth,  JJavis  and  Swan  a!Ljree<l  to  sejiarate,  tho 
roiiiier  beiiiLj  an.xious  to  i-etui'ii  to  the  South  Anur- 
iciii  coast,  while  Swan  was  desirous  of  trying;"  his  tor- 
tuiie  olf  the  shores  of  Mexico.  Their  separation  was, 
liow(!vei*,   amicable,   and   the   two   I'reebooters,   when 


tiny  p.arted  company 


on  the  'J7th,    fired   salutes  a> 


they  turned  their  [)rows  in  o[»posite  directions.™ 

I>ut  the  unfortunate  cities  of  Nicaragua  were  not 
I'atcd  U)  be  left  in  jieace  after  the  dej)arture  of  this 
liiuid.  (jroLi^niet,  with  three  hun<lred  and  twenty  men 
ill  his  ship  and  five  canoes,  aftei*  separating-  from  Swan 
(ruis(>d  shtwly  northward.      His  first  opei-ations,  how- 

J)urinu'  their  vovatje 


ever,  were  ol 


illuli''' 


litth 


e  nnportance 


the  coast  the  party  landed  at  lli'alejo,  which 
they  found  abandoned,  and  thence  marched  to  Tie(»n, 
l)Ut  <lid  not  attack  the  town,  hndini"'  it  too  stronulv 


I 


'"Our  (';i]it!iiiis  lUiiiiinili'il  .'{OO.OOO  ricues  (if  Ki^'Iit  f<ir  its  l!:iiis(iiii,  inid  ,■:■< 
niiii'li  I'lMvisiiiii  lis  WDdlil  viituiil  l.ddil  Men  4  nicmtlis.'  hamjiii  r'.i  I'"//.  Ai - 
apiiliiii:  t(i  In//.,  .1  .\'«  ('•  ''"/.,  iii.  7S,  ,'<tt,iMIO  )iii'ci's  of  fight. 

■"''S«;iii  was  ai'i'iiinpaiiicd  liy  'I'uwiilcy  with  iiis  two  liaiks.  Kiiiirlit  ■,iv,<\ 
Hnriis  t'diliiwcil  pnvis.  J>aiii]ii(  r  ^a^t  his  jut  vitli  Swan  't(i;,'rt  siiiiic  UphwI- 
iili.'!'  nt'  the  NiiitlitTii  Parts  nf  tlii.i  ( 'ciiitiiiciit  nf  Mcxiiii.'  I>iiiii]t'i' I's  I  ".'/., 
■Jj;{  I,  Swan  aftiT  ail  ovi'iitfiil  riiii.-<c  iMi  tlu'  Mi'xicaii  cuiist  .•^trncii  iiciu  .s 
till'  I'acilic  hoiiu'Wanl  liomiil,  haviii;,'  iiartcil  cuiiliaiiy  vitli  'I'nwuliy.  .\ftcT 
ir.iiiuiiii;  Kicat   piivatidli  lu'  ii'arlicil  thi-  Laill'niu^  Islamls,  ami  tlu'ii 


to  thf  l'iiili]i|ii!i»'s,  wlitMV  liis  nu'ii  imitiiiii'il 


ic  |pri)- 
rtt  him  uilh  iiiiiru 


tliaii  to  otlurs  III!  the  island  of  Miudur.ao. 
tin.  uulivcs.   /(/.,  ;t7.'>,  44.")-(J. 


lie  wa.s  aftciward  imiichird  hy 


t'      'If 


S.'iO 


FURTHER  PIRATICAL  RAIDS. 


]tjariisonc'(l.^  They  tlicii  proceeded  a^'ainst  Piirl.].) 
Viejo,  and  haviiiLj  f'orai^ed  the  .smroundiui^  ('(Hiiitiv 
aj^Miii  directed  their  coui'se  southward  and  entered  the 
Ijay  of  Calderas  with  the  intention  <»t'taklni^  I'^sparza, 
to  execute  which  de.siL,'n  fifty  men  were  sent  ashore 
They  were  deterred,  however,  I'roni  inid:inL;  the  at- 
tempt hy  k-arniiiLJ  that  the  Spaniards  had  oatheicd  in 
considerable  force  to  oppose  tiiem.  Tlieir  sulltiin-^s 
from  hunj^er  became  excessive,  and  they  were  ((uu- 
pelied  to  kill  and  eat  some  liorses  wiiich  tiny  ciji- 
tuied,  after  four  «lays'  starvation.^ 

Tiieirship  liad  been  (k'spatched  to  tlic  island  of  S;m 
Juan  <le  I'ueblo  as  their  L,'eueral  ])lace  of  rendezvous,'" 
and  thither  the  canoes  now  turned  their  coursi".  Tli  ir 
next  operations  were  directed  at^Minst  (."hiri<|iiita, 
which  they  succeeded  in  surprisiuLf  on  the  Uth  of  .l.iii- 
uary  ir)8G  with  a  force  of  two  hundred  and  lliirty 
men.  llaviniLf  secured  a  number  of  prisoners,  i'.ir 
Mhom  tlu'y  afterward  obtained  a  ransom,  they  burned 
the  town  and  retired.^'^ 

On  their  return  to  PucIjIo  a  Spanish  fleet  of  scv.  ii 
shijis,  twelve  pirai,nias,  and  three  lon;^  barks  iiiadi! 
its  ajtpcarance,  and  was  recognized  as  Ji  s(|Uii(Irnii 
sent  against  them  from  Peru.  The"  '  ship  being  m* 
longer  serviceable  through  want  of  sails,  they  I'iHi  liri' 
aground,  and  took  U[>  a  favorable  position  on  ti:'3 
banks  of  a  river,  where  they  had  ah'eady  begun  biiiM- 
iii''-  larw-sized  i)ira';uas.  Here  the  enemv  dai^'d  imt 
attack  them,  and  having  burned  the  stranded  m  >■  1 
boie  away. 

On  the  14th  of  "^^!»rch,  having  ('om])leted  the  <"n- 
struction   of  the    piraguas,   they  left  I'ueblo  in  two 

'^  'A  causo  <lo  rfxcommiiiiicntioii  f|ii'i!s  avoiciit  eiix-nu-im's  fiiliiiiuir  c  ni' 
trut'lle. '  LuxK(iii,Jtiiirinil  tin  \'oi/.,  ll'.l. 

"■*  "Aprra  (|iiiitrt!  jour  (riiiu'  ulistiiu'iicc  fort  ('•troite.'  /«/.,  I'.'d. 

"•  Altout '-'()  luagii'  s  (U.staiit  from  Cliiiiiiuita,  ami  about  "Ji  leagues  \\«v-t  <i 
Paiianiii.  J>/.,  SS,  131. 

'''Lussaii  iK'arly  lost  Iiis  life  by  falling  with  four  others  into  an  aiiilm-  '•''. 
Hut  he  escaped  iinwuuiideil,  tiiough  two  of  the  ]iarty  were  killtd  aii'l  »  ii  'i  I 
lay  hois  (le  conihat.  The  faitii  of  this  freelmoter  in  the  proteitioii  ot  i  i  '  i- 
(K'uee  is  refreshing:  '  jo  no  fus  garanti  ilu  massacre,'  he  Mays,  'sans  ettr  i  ulc- 
luuut  bk'8su,  quuparunc  protc'utiuu  ilu  Ciel  toutu  luunitedte.'  Id.,  13o. 


TOWN.S  AnAXnONED. 


es7 


liaiks,  a  fortv-onrcd  <;alli-y,  ton  ])irncriin«,  niid  ttii 
ciiHx's,  .'iikI  lia\  iiiLf  licit!  ii  imistrr  of  tluir  iiicii,  r«)iiii(l 
that  their  mniilHT  li.id  l»i'fii  i-ediicvd  1)V  tliiity  siucf 
tlitii- separatitiii  iVoiii  the  Kii'>i  *1;  ir<.'elH>(>ters.*'  'I'heir 
(l('si;;n  was  to  i-ari'v  out  a  |H'e-\i«*i..  'v  fornu'd  intention 
!•  Mttaek  (Jranada  in  Nii-ara'Lriia,  hut  heinji^  hall'  <Uad 
with  huni^ci-  they  atteni|»ted  ji  «lesc'cnt  upon  l^ueM  » 
and    weie    somewhat   I'ollLjhlv    handled   hv   a 


ileV<», 


(let'.iehinent  of  the  S[»anish  ileet  lel't  at  the  mouth  oC 
the  live!'.'-  ][ereU|Kin  the  j)ifates  aujain  visited  thv- 
hay  ot"  (  alderas  and  the  town  of  Ksj)arza,  whi»h  they 
j'.'inid  ahandoiied.  'J'hey  ohtained,  h«»wever,  sf»me  pro- 
\i>ioMs  I'rom  a  ]tlanta(ion  on  the  hay.  They  nov 
consulted  as  to  their  method  of  attaek  on  (jlranada, 
iiiid  made  certain  rcLT'dations  amon^-  themselves  wlTjeh 
tliev  thouiiht  \vouiv.i  ensure  the  success  of  their  enter- 
prise.''^ 

On  the  2'_'d  Ch't><nuoi  fell  in  with  Townlev  and  one 


lnHidred  and  liftv  men  in  five  canoe: 


an( 


I  l)v  wav  of 


n  taiiation  lor  the  treatment  which  his  men  had  if- 
ceivutl  at  the  hands  of  the  KiiLjlish  huccaneers,  nuulo 
tlieiii  jirisoiiers.  After  keepiiiLj  them  in  durance  f  )r 
srvcral  hours  the  Frenchmen  iLjave  them  to  under- 
stand that  no  haiMn  would  he  done  them,  and  restored 
tluir  canoes  to  them.  1'his  led  to  friendship,  and 
Townlev  and  his  men  eajj^erlv  requested  to  he  ad- 
milted  MS  associates  in  the  meditated  ojierationsai^'ainst 
(liaiiada,  a  proposition  which  was  listened  to  with 
satisj'ac-tion. 

The  combined  forces  on  the   7tli  of  April  1G8G 


it, 


*'  l>iiiin!;  the  month  of  Fchniary  1-4  ilicd.   /</.,  14.'l. 

*■  'I  lie  jiinitcs  lost  in  tlii.s  ciK-'Hinter  4  killoil  aii'l  Vi'.i  wounded.   /'/.,  14(>. 

*'  '  Nulls  times  I'll  unite  dcs  ( »i(|ip|iiiiiincs  par  Icsiiiirlles  imllH  e(iiiil:iliiiiii)n3 
k,  jiiTihc  Iciir  jiait  di'  ee  qui  sc  jui  iichoit  cii  'v  lieu,  ei'iix  d'critrc  iicms  (Hii  si  r- 
"irlit  iMiiivaiinus  de  laiin'tc,  do  \  inl,  il'\  vniyiierif,  de  di'subeissaiue,  di'  lai- 
I'lii  \  d'etre  siirtis  dil  ^'I'os  sans  etre  ei)iiiniaiide/.. '  /»/. ,  l.")l. 

*'Aii..iiliiig  to  Muni,  Visiifi,  MS,,  :{•_>,  and  J'nhh'!',  Doc.  Il,  >.  M-x-.,  ii. 
4:ri,  tlie  sacking  of  (iranacla  oeeunvd  in  Ki.H.'t.  I'.iit  Liissan's  date  is  Nn[>- 
l>"rtrd  liy  his  niention  of  tiie  faet  tiiat  Ia'oh  and  KeaU-jo  had  lieeii  sacked 
hy  tl.e  Ku;,di4h  I'ii'f.tes  liefore  tiie  arrival  of  tlie  French  on  the  cnnst.  .Itun-mi! 
ili>  Vuij.,  IIJ;  and  L)anii)ier  states  that  those  cities  were  captured  in  Aii^Ubt 
\(ji.j.    ley.,  -Jlti-'Jl, 


il 


G5S 


FLTlTHFIl  PiilATICAL  RAIDS. 


landed  tlircc  hundred  and  forty-five  men/'  wlio  hy 
forced  nia relies  advanced  into  the  interior;  but  not- 
uithstandini:^  all  possible  precautions  thty  were  dis- 
covered, and  the  alarm  conveyed  to  Granada  while 
they  were  still  at  a  considerable  distance.*"   V 


erceivin^f 


If  J 


that  a  surprise  could  not  be  effected,  on  the  9th  tin  y 
halted  to  rest  and  refresh  themselves,  enfeebled  as 
they  were  with  hunger  .and  fatigue.  On  the  follow  in^r 
day  they  advanced  upon  the  city  which  they  found  to 
bo  weH  fortified  and  protected  by  fourteen  pieces  ot" 
cannon  and  six  swivels,  the  inhabitants  having  in- 
trenched themselves  in  the  great  square.^'  Never- 
theless they  at  once  charged  up  the  heading  street 
with  a  recklessness  that  astonished  their  f<)es;^^aiid 
having  put  to  flight  a  strong  force  which  they  en- 
countered ill  the  suburbs,  were  soon  activ<;ly  engaged 
with  the  fort. 

The  fire  of  the  artillery  was  heavy  and  rapid,  l)iit 
rendered  in  a  great  measure  ineffective  by  the  pirates 
'idroitly  bending  to  the  ground  at  every  discharge,  so 
that  the  balls  passed  over  them;  seeing  which  the 
Spaniards  ignited  false  primings,  and  postponed  the 
<li.scharge  of  their  guns  till  the  freebooters  had  as- 
sumed an  upright  position.  Then  the  latter  ranged 
tlieniselves  beside  the  houses,  and  having  gained  a 
small  eminence  at  a  convenient  distance,  so  ])]ied  tlie 
del'enders  with  bullets  and  hand-grenades  that  alter 
a  brave  resistance  for  an  hour  and  a  half  they  ahan- 
<loned  the  indosure  and  sought  refuge  in  the  jaineipal 
church.  They  were  quickly  dislodged,  however,  and 
the  city  of  Granada  was  in  possession  of  the  pirates, 


<■'  Lii.im)i,  Jovrnnl  (hi  Toy.,  ir)4.  Roblcs  says  900  men  entered  Leon  tnul 
Clrnnmla.  Diario,  ii.  43,"). 

^^  Lussiin  states  tliat  tlie  people  of  firana'la  liad  been  warned  three  weeks 
lireviously  by  the  autliorities  of  Esparzji.  Joitnial  <(u  Voj/.,  l.Vl  .">. 

*'  IJurney  states  that  (.iranada  was  not  regularly  fortified,  but  had  a  place 
of  arms  surrounded  by  a  v.all.  Dm-or.  South  .Sm,  iv.  '2{)7.  Lussan  says  tliis 
>™8  ea|r,.'ile  of  holdinj,' (i,(HX)  men.  Jouriiiil  da  i'lti/.,  KjO. 

*" '  lis  foncerent  duns  la  ville  les  yeux  fermez,  ehantans  daneans  coniino 
des  gens  qui  vout  ii  un  festin.'  Ltttrc  du  Gouv.,  in  Lunsini,  Jountul  du  Vuij-, 
'2M. 


GRANADA  TAKEN. 


659 


who  liatl  onlv  four  killed  and  eight  wounded,""  while 
tiie  loss  of  the  Spaniards  was  se\-ere. 

Xow  French  filibusters  were  no  less  devoted  ser- 
vants of  God  and  followers  of  the  fj^entle  Christ  than 
were  the  English  freebot)ters.'^  Though  they  were 
reckless  of  their  lives  and  bodies,  it  was  far  otherwise 
with  regard  to  their  souls.  Thev  might,  it  is  true, 
burn  towns  and  cut  oft'  the  heads  of  caj)tives  whose 
ransom  was  not  [)romptly  forthcoming,  but  they  did 
not  neglect  their  devotions.  So  thoy  reverently 
( lianted  the  te  deum  in  the  great  church  of  CjJranada; 
then  hunted  for  plunder  and  women,  and  getting 
neither,  opened  negotiations  by  means  of  a  })risoner 
i'oi-  the  ransom  of  the  city  from  fire.'^'  The  S[)an- 
iards,  however,  were  indiftercnt,  fully  relying  U[)oii 
the  assertion  of  a  straggler  whom  they  hatl  captured, 
that  his  companions  would  not  set  hre  to  (Jranada, 
as  it  was  their  intention  to  return  scmuo  months  later, 
and  pass  through  the  countrv  bv  the  lakti  to  the 
North  Sea,'^^-^  and  that  the  destruction  of  the  city 
^v()llld  be  inconvenient.  But  the  others  thoufjht  dii- 
ferently,  and  exas[)erated  at  their  bootless  and  toil- 
sMiiie  journey,  burned  the  cathedral  and  princip,al 
bu 


mgs.' 


The  ])irates  now  deemed  it  prudent  to  retire,  and 
(»M  the  \bi\\  bcLjan  their  march  to  the  sea,  directing 
their  cour.se  to  the  town  of  ]\lasava,  situated  on  the 


*■'  Mdi-ol,  Vi.-t'ki,  etc.,  ^rs,,  33,  f.ays  without  more  loss  than  1.1  men. 

■'"'riiu  ahsiinlity  of  practical  rcli^'ion  is  ivacluMl  wlicu  wo  liiid  it  fit.'ited  on 
pooi!  iiutli'nity  that  ono  of  the  iniiiLi]):il  liiiisi.i  of  tlio  iiiiitiin!  liftwocn  tliu 
rriMuli  iiiid  I'lntrlish  pifiites  was  the  iiiii»ii'ty  of  tli"  l.ittci',  'in- faisaiit  ]Miint 
(li;  MTUjiuk',  l()rs<m'iln  eiitroiont  dans  hs  K^'li.sos  de  coni)i'ra  coups  de  saliio 
ks  lii.i.t  des  (.'nicilixs,  &  do  loiiv  tircr  do  co;  |is  do  fusil  &;  ilo  pistolct,  hrisaut 
&  Miutillant  iivcc  Ics  nionu!:i  aniics,  les  iniaf^o  dos  Saints  on  derision  <lu  culte 
ijuc  iiiiiis  aiitros  Fran(,'ois  lour  rendions.'  l.nisnn,  Juin-iitil ihi  Idi/.,  il4. 

■''  All  the  wealth  of  the  city  had  liecn  placed  on  hoard  twi)  nhii)s  and  con- 
veyed to  an  island  in  the  lake,  hut  the  pirates  having  no  euuoes  could  not 
sci/c  it.   1,1.,  l(>;j-4. 

"'/'/.,  I(5"2.     The  Spaniards  helievcd  the  pirates' niesKago  a  mere  thrcut, 
and  did  not  try  to  redeem  the  city.   J/../v/,  I'lxiltt,  MS.,  ;{:{. 

■' \etaiicurt  states  that  tins  year,  l(J.S(i,  tlie  English  entered  (Jranada  ami 
lillcd  tlie  tondi  of  IJis-liop  Alonso  IJravo  de  Lagunas,  ami  that  having  strippecl 
tlunruanioiits  from  the  oody,  whicli  they  found  perfectly  preservi'd,  Ketlire  to 
the  cathedral,  with  whiuh  the  j.i  ;late's  remains  were  hurned.  Mtitoluij.,  130. 


5G0 


FURTHER  PIRATICAL  RAIDS. 


lake  of  that  name.  Their  sufferings  were  great  ;ii 
their  return  march.  Parched  with  thirst,  sccuclnd 
by  the  vertical  sup  and  choked  with  the  stitliii:^' 
dust,  they  toiled  along  discontented  and  niiseiahlc, 
incessantly  exposed  to  ambushed  fo(^s."  For  a  dav 
they  rested  in  JSIasaya,  where  the  Indians  receiwd 
them  kindly  and  implored  them  not  to  burn  tliiir 
town.  On  tlie  17th,  as  the  freebooters  were  emerg- 
ing from  the  forest  upon  an  open  plain,  they  were 
o}>posed  by  a  body  of  iive  hundred  Sj)aniards,  wlio 
had  hoisted  a  red  tlag  in  token  that  no  quarter  would 
be  given.  But  the  pirates,  never  fearing,  attacked 
and  overthrew  the  enemy,  capturing  fifty  of  their 
horses. 

After  this,  feeling  more  secure,  thev  slowlv  wendod 
their  way  to  the  ocean,  halting  at  convenient  jilaces 
and  resting  from  the  fatigues  of  their  exhaustill^■ 
march.  V>y  the  2Gth  they  reached  the  sea-shore, 
wliere  they  again  embarked.  They  now  once  more 
made  a  raid  on  Rcalejo,  captured  a  nund)er  of  tlie  in- 
habitants,^'' and  then  proceeded  to  Chinandega  i.iid 
burned  the  town.  During  these  forays  they  sulfeivd 
greatly  from  hunger,  since  tlie  Spaniards  systeiiiat- 
icalh'  destroyed  all  provisions  wherever  the  ireeboot- 
ers  made  their  appearance,  and  had  also  diiven  their 
cattle  from  the  coast. 

It  was  a  profitless  enterprise  that  these  rovers  liad 
been  eno-aoed  in,  from  first  to  last.  Their  bootv  \vn.s 
insignificant,''^  many  of  their  wounded  had  died  iVciii 
privation  and  the  eflfect  of  the  climate,  and  dilfereiicc 
of  o])inion  as  to  future  movements  finally  dis[ilay((l 
itself.  At  a  consultation  held  on  the  9th  of  May  a 
separation  was  decided  upon,  and  a  few  days  later  a 
division  of  bark?    canoes,  and  provisions  was  nuulo. 

'*  They  Imd  carried  off  from  (Jrannda  a  cannon,  but  were  obliged  tn  »lian- 
dou  it  the  first  day  owing  to  tiie  oxen  dying  of  tliirst.  Liigsan,  'ounail  'hi 
Voy. 

^*  'They  came  tijmn  \\m  Lexa  uncxpeetedij',  and  made  100  of  tlie  liilialj- 
itants  prisoners. '  Jiiinin/'^  J)i"roi'.  Smith  Sea,  iv.  ■JGl). 

^''lii  all  only  T,<JlK)  jusos,  and  this  sum  was  divided  among  the  crippli-'il 
and  wounded.  Luhnan,  Jounud  du  Voy.,  177. 


COSTA  RICA. 


6G1 


One  hundred  and  forty- eight  of  the  Fron(;h  with 
the  Enolihh  under  Townley  sailed  for  Panama,  while 
( Jrogniet  with  the  remainder  of  his  countrymen  steerud 
westward  up  the  coast. 

Townliy's  project  was  to  attack  Villa  de  los  San- 
tos '  on  the  liio  Cubita.  He  succeeded  in  surprisinijf 
the  town  and  captured  merchandise  estimated  to  he 
worth  a  million  and  a  half  of  pesos,  besides  iif'teen 
thousand  pesos  in  money  and  three  hundred  j)risoner.s 
of  both  sexes.  But  disaster  was  in  store  for  the 
marauders  on  their  return,  and  parties  of  them  were 
surprised  by  ambuscades;  many  were  killed  and  the 
huoty  retaken  by  the  Spaniards.  Then  followed 
mutual  retaliation.  The  bodies  of  the  slain  pirates 
Wire  mutilated  and  their  heads  (ixed  on  poles,  while 
their  comrades,  out  of  revenge,  decapitated  a  number 
of  their  captives  and  treated  the  heads  in  like  man- 
ner. Yet  these  pastimes  did  not  interrupt  negotia- 
tions; the  remainder  of  the  prisoners  were  ransomed, 
and  the  Spaniards  purchased  a  bark  of  which  their 
amiable  visitors  had  deprived  them. 

Townlev,  having  thus  arranged  matters  with  the 
inlialjitants  of  Los  Santos,  bore  awav  for  Pearl 
Islands,  and  for  the  next  two  months  cruised  about 
the  bay  of  Panama  making  descents  on  the  land 
and  ca})turing  prizes.  The  slaughter  of  the  Spaniards 
in  some  of  these  engagements  was  great.  On  the 
'J  1st  of  Auijust  the  buccaneers  attacked  a  frigate 
and  a  bark,  the  former  of  which  vessels  had  eighty 
killed  and  wounded  out  of  a  crew  of  one  hundri'd 
and  twentv,  and  of  the  crew  of  the  latter  onlv  eigh- 
trcn  out  of  seventy  remained  unhurt.  But  'J'own- 
Ity's  career  now  came  to  a  close,  louring  the  next 
t\V(»  days  they  captured  three  more  vessels,  and  in  one 
of  tlie  engagements  the  captain  of  the  ])irates  was 
uiortally  wounded,  and  died  on  the  8th  of  September. 

J)uring  the  remainder  of  the  year  the  buccaneers 

'"  'Qui  est  fi  trcntc  licttcs  sous  lo  vent  do  Panama.'  /(/.,  1 70-80. 
II18T.  Cent.  Am.,  Vol.  II.    30 


682 


FURTHER  PIRATICAL  RAIDS. 


cruised  among  the  islands  and  in  the  bays  on  the  coast 
of  V^cragua,  frequently  landing  on  the  main  in  order 
to  procure  food,  and  so  dire  was  their  necessity  tliut 
on  occasions  they  imperatively  demanded  provisions 
as  a  ransom  for  their  captives  instead  of  money.'^'* 

At  the  beginning  of  1687  freebooters  were  aLfaia 
oft'  the  Costa  Rica  coast  and  infesting  the  guU"  of 
Nicoya,  keeping  the  Spaniards  in  a  state  of  constant 
alarm,  wringing  from  them  ransom  for  captives,  and 
torturing  prisoners  to  obtain  informatitm.'''*  On  tlu' 
2Gth  of  January  they  were  rejoined  by  Captain  (Jro^j- 
niet,  whose  movements  had  been  principally  confined 
to  the  bay  of  Fonseca  and  the  coast  of  Nicaragua,  but 
dissension  occurring,  eighty-five  of  his  men  separated 
from  him,  and  with  the  remaining  sixty  he  tuiiied 
once  more  toward  Panama.*'^ 

Again  this  brood  of  ocean -banditti  directed  their 
course  to  the  r'ch  coast  of  South  America,  where 
they  and  their  fraternity  had  acquired  so  infamous  a 
rei)utation  that  the  women  they  captured  were  in 
dread  of  being  eaten  by  them."^  After  amassing  im- 
mense wealth  they  sailed  northward  and  coasted  aloni,' 
the  Central  American  and  Mexican  shores  as  far  as 
Acapulco,  burning,  destroying,  and  murdering  as  was 

'*At  San  Lorenzo,  near  Pueblo  Nucvo,  Mo  Commandant  ilu  lieu  vint  nous 
offrir  line  somme  tlurgent  pour  la  ran(;on  dea  prisonniers;  co  que  nous  i\fii- 
sanies,  parco  quo  noua  avions  bcaucoup  plus  besoin  de  vivres:  Nouh  Iiiy  ilii'X'S 
quo  s'il  no  nous  en  apportoit, . .  .qu'il  n'avoit  qu'acnvoyer  sur  I'lsluy  cluiii'licT 
lours  tetes.'  ///.,  '244  'i. 

"*()ii  ono  occasion  a  monntcd  Spaniard  displayed  his  liatred  for  tiic  piiMtc's 
by  reviling  tlieni  and  making  griniuces  at  tiiein  from  a  safe  distiMice.  Tliu 
intruders  ))lace<l  five  men  in  anunish  and  continued  their  march.  Tin'  uiitnr- 
tunatu  Spaniard  fell  into  tho  hands  of  the  concealed  party.  Lussnn,  w  it!i  liia 
usual  flippancy  when  treating  of  barbarities,  thus  describes  wliut  fcillowith 
'&  luy  limes  fairo  la  grimace  tout  do  bon.  On  I'interrogea  avec  k's  ccri'iiio- 
nit-8  ordiiiaires,  c'est  tx  dire  en  luy  donnaut  la  gene,  pour  s^avoir  oil  inms 
etioiis.'  /(/.,  '2G4-5. 

""(jirogniet  died  on  the  2d  of  May  following  from  the  effect  of  a  wnmid 
whicli  ho  received  at  Guaya(piil,  where  the  pirates  captured  a  liir^e  (|iiiiMtity 
of  liooty  in  morcliundiso,  pearls,  preeious  stones,  and  silver-plate.  Jil.,  •'<!-. 
308. 

•"  The  padres  persuaded  them  tliat  the  freebooters  were  not  even  of  Inniwii 
form,  and  that  they  would  eat  them  and  their  children.  On  one  ooMsii'ii  a 
Spanish  lady  fell  into  the  bands  of  Lussan,  and  with  tears  in  her  lyis  t'X- 
xLiiimcd:  'Segnor,  pur  I'amor  do  Dios  no  mi  cumo'  (sic).  Id.,  31)4-5. 


NUEVA  SEGOVIA. 


mi 


otlL,' 
as 
was 

,  iimis 

r.t'ii- 

(limes 

Till! 

,|!nr- 

ill  Ilia 
icnio- 

110118 

Aviimitl 
liUitity 

liiniKin 
iisiiiii  » 
vc'S  ox* 


tlicir  wont.  But  in  spite  of  their  sufferings  from  toil, 
liiiiij^or,  and  thirst,  the  pirates  had  amassed  much 
wealth,  and  they  now  wished  to  return  to  the  North 
Sea,  whore  their  liardships  would  end,  and  they  could 
fjquander  .ind  enjoy  their  ill-gotten  riches.  Having 
consulted  as  to  the  best  course  to  pursue,  they  de- 
cided to  march  overland  through  the  piovince  of 
Segovia  to  Cape  Gracias  d  Dios.  So  on  the  2d  of 
January  1C88,  after  they  "had  said  their  Prayers," 
tliey  started  on  their  perilous  journey,  two  hundred 
and  eighty  in  number.*^ 

Their  overland  march  through  the  wildest  part  of 
Central  America  was  somewhat  extraordinary.  The 
journeys  of  the  pirates  across  the  Isthmus,  like  those 
et"  the  discoverers  and  conquerors,  were  full  of  danger 
and  sufferings;  but  the  difficulties  overcf)me  by  these 
dauntless  villains  in  some  respects  surpassed  anything 
on  record. 

Their  route  lay  from  the  bay  of  Fonseca  to  Wank 
River,  down  which  they  proposed  to  descend  on  rafts. 
Marching  first  to  Nueva  Segovia,  they  found  the 
inhabitants  ready  to  oppose  them.  In  the  woods 
their  road  was  impeded  by  felled  trees;  in  the  open 
country  the  grass  was  set  on  fire,  so  that  to  avoid 
suilocation  they  were  often  compelled  to  halt  until  the 
fire  should  spend  itself  The  cattle  were  driven  away 
and  ])r()visions  removed  or  destroyed,  while  ambushed 
Sjianiards  assailed  them  everywhere. 

There  was  notl  'n^r  for  them,  however,  but  to  trudge 
{ilong,  which  the^  «A>utinued  to  do  until  they  reached 
Xueva  Segovia  on  the  I  Ith,  The  town  was  deserted. 
Everything  that  could  maintain  life  had  been  care- 

•^-Tlicy  carried  with  them  plunder  in  gold,  silver,  and  jewelry,  vnliied  at 
£'2(K),(K)().  The  silver  was  licld  in  little  esteem  on  account  of  its  woiglit,  and 
finiui  ounce  of  gold  80  and  100  piastres  in  silver  were  given.  Many  of  the 
nun  had  lost  their  share  of  the  booty  by  gambling  and  a  plot  was  formed  by 
tlusi'  to  murder  their  rich  companions,  Lussan,  liowcver,  who  had  accuniu- 
lutid  in  gold  and  precious  stonca  about  £7,000,  divided  liia  wealth  among  the 
riost  needy,  on  the  condition  of  their  returning  a  certain  proportion  to  hun 
wlicn  tliey  arrived  at  their  destination.  ArcheiihoUz,  JJist.  Pir.,'2lS-2l;  Lua- 
^'11)  J'^uniatdu  yoy.,S8'>-G. 


\T  ' 


ri&« 


furthi:r  piratical  raids. 


fully  roinovcd.  As  tlioy  continued  fiiniisiicd  and  Inot- 
hore  toward  the  rivor,  now  twenty  leai^uos  dist.i'it, 
thoy  were  harassed  by  a  force  of  three  liun<h'e«l  S|i;ui- 
isli  liorse,  constantly  threatening;  their  annihilation. 
The  road,  which  led  over  a  steep  mountain,  was 
found  on  the  second  day  from  Seijovia  to  \n:  in- 
trenched.  Thus  beset  in  i'ront  and  rear,  between  two 
bodies  each  largely  outnumbering  their  own,  what 
were  the  pirates  to  do?  Blood-l>esmeared  and  dctti- 
niined,  they  were  now  to  the  effenunate  Spaniards 
what  the  early  Spaniards  had  been  to  the  fiidiaiis. 
It  was  on  a  brii>ht  moonlit  nii'ht  that  the  filibusters 
encamped  before  the  intrenchment.  Nevertheless  two 
hundred  of  them  managed  to  steal  into  the  foicst 
unperceived  by  their  enemies."''  With  incredibK'  lah.tr 
they  worked  their  way  round  rocks  and  throuu'li  <niau- 
mires,  till,  guided  by  the  voices  of  the  Spaniards  at 
morning  prayer,  1)y  daylight  they  found  themselvis 
in  the  road  above,  and  in  the  rear  of  the  intrciiclii!! 
Spaniards,  A  dense  mist  which  had  arisen  just  bct'orij 
dawn  concealed  them  from  sight,  but  while  it  iu  sonn' 
measure  aided  them,  it  rendered  their  operations  luoic 
ilangerous  from  the  nature  of  the  ground,  Itapjicand 
that  there  were  three  intrenchments,  one  beliind  the 
other,  and  with  the  reversed  position  the  defenders  of 
the  rear  one  were  not  protected.     Upon  this  exposal 

detachment,  numbering  five  hundred  men,  the  i'l - 

hooters  fell  so  suddenly  that  the  Spaniards  i\vA 
panic-strickeh,  and  the  successful  assailants  were  iu 
possession  of  the  barricade.  It  was  equivalent  to 
victory.  There  was  no  hope  for  the  Spaniards  now. 
Cjiuided  in  their  aim  by  the  flashes  of  the  eneniyV  lire, 
the  j)irates,  well  protected,  poured  volley  after  volley 
U}»on  the  Spaniards,  who  did  not  know  where  to  slio  it 
or  what  to  do,    For  an  hour  they  held  out;  Imt  wlieii, 

"^Tlif  sick  and  wounded  with  the  baggage  and  horses  were  left  with  a 
guard  in  camp,  witii  orders  to  fire  their  niu.sketn  frequently  durin'jr  the  iii.iit 
that  the  enemy  might  tiiink  them  all  there.  Lu»sun  says  there  wi'ie  h(l  tliiia 
left  in  camp,  but  as  there  were  onl.y'JSO  in  the  'irst  place,  and  some  iuid  'Vwd, 
there  niU8t  luivc  been  a  miiituku.  E.ajuemeliii,  Jlisf.  I-'Lb.,  iii.  31- ~1. 


INTERNAL  DISSENSIONS. 


865 


!iill  enveloped  in  the  nii.st,  the  j)irates  cliari^ccl  upon 
tluiii,  nnperceived  till  almost  within  reach  ot*  swoid- 
liliiw,  they  turned  and  iled.  What  followed  was  mere 
l)Uteheiy.  The  Spaniards,  ini])eded  in  their  flii^ht  l)y 
their  own  defences,  were  slaughtered  till  the  ferocious 
victors,  "  weary  of  ruiniing  after  them  and  killinn," 
(Ksisted/-* 

The  cutthroats  are  now  master  of  all  before  theni, 
liut  nature  still  interjxtsed  her  forces  to  tlie  best  of 
her  ability.  On  the  following  day,  it  is  true,  they 
ariivt!d  at  another  intrenchment,  but  the  terror  they 
Ii.id  inspired  was  so  great  that  they  passed  it  unmo- 
Kstcd,  and  on  the  17tli  reached  the  banks  of  the 
I'tiiged-for  liver  which  was  to  carry  them  to  the  sea."' 
The  current  was  swift,  and  for  leau'ues  the  waters 
rii^hetl  down  ra])iils  or  plunged  in  cataracts  over  op- 
posing rocks,  eddviiiLT  and  seething  in  their  course. 
Vet  the  freebooters  hailed  it  with  dehght,  and  with 
wild  enthusiasm  constructed  for  themselves  small  rafts 
cull  cai)able  of  carrvinjj  two  men.""^  Trustin<jf  to 
tlicsi'  they  launched  themselves,  many  of  them  to 
their  death,  liesides  paddles  they  were  i)rovided  with 
long  j)oles  to  aid  them  in  avoiding  the  rt)cks.  Jt  was 
;i  I'carful  passage;  the  boldest  trembled,  and  his  brain 
j;i'(:w  giddy  as  he  was  swept  past  an  overhanging  j)reci- 
]iicc  or  whirled  about  in  the  sur<jfin'.r  Hood.      M(jst  of 


i 


tin-  rafts  were  so  overweighted  that  the  men  stood 


ii, 


'' Liissfiii,  Jnunial  dii  Voi/nr/c,  411.  Ncvc-tliclcss  tliis  author  rather  iii- 
coiii-isUutlyadds:  '  ("opt'iKlaiit  tDtiohi'Z  du  cinnpiis.sidii  par  la<mantit<!  do  saiii; 
(|iii'  II  urn  Vdyoiis  coaler  avuc  IVaii  do  la  r;i\iiie,  iioiis  (■p.irgiiaiues  Ic  rc'.^t^•.' 
Tins  .■<,'.im:  autliority,  who  was  one  of  the  aswiiliiiit>.  .states  that  the  iiiratt  s 
li;ul  (iiily  one  killed  and  two  wounded,  whieli  stalenient  Archeuholtz,  J/isl. 
I'll-..  'JJii,  sLiiously  i|Uestiaiis. 

"  'I'hi.i  .stream  is  or  was  known  liy  a  variety  of  n.-inies.  On  diirerent  maps 
I  iind  it  ealled  Uio  (irande  dvl  Coin,  HiodeOro,  Kio  llcrhia.s,  l!io  .Se^'ovi.t, 
\\\n\k  Kiver,  Varo  liiver,  and  (';i[ie  Hiver.  Areiienlioltz  r.'Uiailis;  "Tliis 
rivi  r,  wh(jao  name;  does  not  occur  in  any  of  tiie  historieal  mat  .lials  we  have 
ciiiisiiltcd,  liut  whicli  U]ipear3  to  l)c  the  river  Magdalen,  derives  its  source 
iiiini  the  mountains  of  New  .Se;;ovia.'  Jlii<t.  l'ir.,'2^M.  liurney,  liisrn-.  South 
Sill,  iv.  '2{y2,  says:  'aecordin;^  to  ])'Anville's  map.  .  .it  is  called  llio  de  Vare. 
Daiii]iier. .  .names  it  Cape  Uivor. ' 

'"  Liissiin  calls  them  piperies.  They  were  (".instructed  of  four  or  live  jiieees 
'f  iii;iit  timber  kiuhud  toijetlicr  with  liucs  of  the  bcjuco  pluut.  Journal  du 


^     ill 


i-^ 


II 


CCG 


FURTHER  PIRATICiVL  RAIDS. 


up  to  the  waist  in  water.  Among  those  wlio  had 
eseaped  with  their  hvcs  were  many  who  had  lost  all 
their  plains  acquired  hy  years  of  hardsliip  and  ot' 
crime."  Numerous  portages  and  the  building  of  ikw 
rafts  long  delayed  them,  and  it  was  not  until  the  'JOth 
of  Febrnary  that  they  arrived  at  the  broader  and  lr>.s 
impetuous  part  of  the  river.  In  the  mean  time,  in 
Hpite  of  peril  and  suffering,  the  evil  })assions  of  human 
nature  were  not  dormant.  As  there  were  no  S| lan- 
iards present  to  kill  they  killed  each  other  as  occasiun 
oftered.«^ 

When  the  river  became  navigable  for  boats  the 
freebooters  built  canoes,  and  on  the  1st  of  March  inui 
hundred  and  twenty  of  them,*"'  in  four  boats,  started 
down  the  river,  and  arrived  at  the  mouth  the  i)tli  <if 
]\Iarch.  On  the  I4th  an  En<jlish  vessel  arrived  liom 
the  isles  of  Pearls,'''^  on  board  of  which  about  lil'ty 
of  them,  among  whom  was  Lussan,  embarked.  This 
band  of  the  survivors  eventually  reached  F]en(  li  s«  t- 
tlements  in  the  West  Indies.  Of  the  subsequent  latu 
of  those  left  behind  little  is  known ;'^  but  the  grati- 
tude of  the  devout  ruffians  whom  Lussan  acconipanird 
for  their  deliverance  is  thus  chronicled:  "When  we 
were  got  all  ashoar  to  a  People  that  spoke  Fri^ndi, 
we  could  not  I'orbear  shedding  Tears  of  Jov,  that  alter 


*' Lussan  snys  there  were  at  least  a  hiintlrcil  waterfalls,  the  larger  onrn  v.ith 
trcnu'iidous  whirlpools.  These  eataracts  could  bo  passed  only  hy  ]iiirt;mc. 
'  111  short,  tlie  vliole  is  so  foriiiidaljl'.',  that  there  are  none  but  those  whn  linvo 
Bonic  Kxperieiice,  can  have  rii^lit  conceptions  of  it.  Jhit  for  inc. .  .a\  li".  :'S 
long  as  I  live,  sliull  have  my  iliiid  filled  witli  those  Risquea  I  have  run.  it's 
impossible  1  siioiild  give  such  an  Idea  hereof  but  what  will  conic  far  blmrt  vi 
what  I  have  really  known  of  thein.'  liiiciiviern  of  America,  i.  171. 

*"Six  Frenchmen  concealed  themselves  beiiiiid  the  rocks  and  fell  npoii  live 
Englishmen  who  were  known  to  be  well  supiilicd  witli  booty  ami  iiui.-.saiTcd 
tlieni,  'Nous  tronvamcs  mon  eonip."ignon  &  moy,  leurs  corps  I'teiulns  .-ur  lo 
livagc. '  LiiMHin,  Joiinidl  ilii  loj/.,  430-1.  The  murderers  csjaped  and  their 
companions  never  saw  them  again, 

*■*  Lussan  states  that  they  left  140  behind  finishing  their  canoes. 

'"Twelve  leagues  distant,  to  the  east  of  Cape  (iracias  a  Dios. 

"  Tiie  Knglisli  buccaneers  remained  for  a  time  with  tiic  Mosquito  lnili;iiis 
near  (.'ape  C racias  li  Dios.  The  greater  part  of  the  Frcnciinicii  iciuiud  tlio 
nettlements,  but  T-J  of  them  who  went  to  Jamaica  were  iniprisoncil  by  the 
duke  of  Allxjiiiarle,  the  governor.  On  his  death  the  following  yciir  llnv  \Mr<! 
released;  but  neither  tiieir  arms  nor  plunder  were  returned  to  them.  Bunr  ji 
JJiscov.  South  iS'tu,  iv.  203-4. 


BUCCANEER  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


5(37 


WO  had  run  so  many  Hazards,  Danpfors,  and  Perils, 
it  had  })lcasod  the  Ahnighty  Maker  of  the  Earth  and 
Seas,  to  grant  a  Deliverance,  and  bring  us  back  to 
those  of  our  own  Nation."'^ 

^■Lussan,  in  Bucaniera  of  Amer.,  iii.  180;  and  Journal  du  Voy.,  448. 


A  peculiar  feature  in  the  history,  particularly  of  >Spani.sh  America,  is 
prcMcntetl  by  the  hnccaneci-s,  a  New  World  revival  of  the  vikings,  whose  ad- 
ventures were  the  absorhing  theme  of  tlic  old  Norsemen,  as  preserved  in  the 
8ii;;as,  and  a  counter|)art  of  their  successors,  the  corsaira,  who  maintained 
<i|iial  sway  in  sunnier  elimcs,  spreading  terror  over  entire  kingdoms  and 
■  xai'ting  tiilmte  to  supiwrt  a  regal  state  of  their  own.  The  European  hordes 
who  under  th'J  name  of  conquerors  were  ever  alert  for  plunder  under  the  pre- 
tiiu'o  of  extending  the  domain  of  their  divine  and  royal  masters  scattered 
tVi'oly  the  sceda  from  which  sprang  tin.'  freebooters,  to  whom  the  rivalry 
lictween  Saxon  and  Latin  races  gave  a  desired  opportunity  to  prey  upon 
lilies  and  comniiTce.  Next  to  the  early-discovery  voyages  none  are  so  ab- 
sorbing as  the  exj)editions  of  these  wild  fellows,  culled  fronj  i.ll  nationalities, 
;u]i!  their  narratives  include  not  only  daring  raids,  bloody  feuds,  and  hair- 
li'.eadth  escaiu's  by  sea  and  land,  but  cover  the  usual  topics  of  exploring 
Voyages.  Indeeil,  their  transgressions  against  society,  while  covered  in  most 
eases  by  the  mask  of  patriotism  and  of  just  war,  or  retaliation,  were  frecptently 
condoned  by  discoveries  for  the  Ijcnefit  of  trsulc  and  science,  by  the  exten- 
sion of  geographic  knowledge,  of  natural  history,  ethnology,  and  other 
branches. 

'i'lie  first  special  account  of  the  buccaneers  appears  to  l)C  the  Zee  lioovrr, 
by  Klacs  Coni])aen;  Amsterdam,  1GG3;  but  the  great  original  for  the  many 
(Hilisc(jui'nt  works  on  them  is  the  book  written  by  A.  O.  Exquemelin,  cor- 
nilitcd  by  the  English  into  Esquemeling,  and  by  the  French  into  Oexnieliu. 
All  employe  of  the  Erench  West  India  Company,  he  had  in  iOG(»  gone  out  to 
th(!  Tortuga  Island,  but  trade  failing  here,  the  company  sold  its  ellects  and 
transferred  its  servants.  Exquemclin  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  lieutenant- 
governor,  under  M  hom  he  sull'cred  great  lianlship  till  a  new  and  kinder  muster 
lift  him  at  liberty.  Finding  nothing  better  to  do,  he  joined  the  filibusters 
ami  sailed  witli  them  till  lliT-,  sharing  in  Uiany  notable  exploits.  He  then 
ntiinied  home  to  Holland,  and  em]iloyed  his  leisure  in  writing  a  history  of 
liueeanecr  expeditions  in  the  Antilles  and  adjoining  regions,  including  liis 
own  adventures.  This  was  issued  as  JJe  Anuriraennrhe  Ziv-ltoovTH.  Jlf/iil- 
i^cinlc  reii  /'artiiidit  I'crharl  ran  alk  d-' Rovirif  <'/i  JJiiwiiMrtycfx  Vnilheclen 
ilic  (le  EixjcUchi'  en  Franrc  Jin(tvrr-<  Tojinit  de  Spa ii'i/uc idea  in  Ami rl-a  (le- 
]>'i:e;iht  Ifehhen;  t'Amsterdam  by  Jan  Ten  Iloorn,  1078,  sm.  4',  ISO  pp.  Few 
I'M'ks  iiavc  been  so  extensively  used,  wholly  or  in  part,  or  as  a  foundation  for 
romances  and  dramas;  but  the  ones  used  have  generally  been  of  the  numerous 
foreign  editions,  particularly  the  Spani.sh,  published  with  more  or  less  varia- 
tion, and  often  without  credit  to  the  author.  The  original  is  exceedingly  rare, 
one  copy  only  besides  my  own  being  known  to  Miillcr.     It  is  a  black-letter 


M8 


FURTHER  PIRATICAL  RAIDS. 


Bpecimoii,  on  coarHC  paper,  illustratcfl  with  curious  maps  nn<l  jilatcs,  ilcpict- 
iun  1):itt1«!  HL'ciics,  liuriiing  towns,  and  jJortraitH  of  Icailiiig  captainx,  an  Morgan 
and  L'(>Ioiinoi!«.  The  title-page  is  iKirdereii  hy  eij;lit  scenes  of  freelnM)teis'  nur- 
fare  and  cruelty.  ISeginning  with  his  voyage  to  tin;  Weiit  Indies,  Kxipienu  liii 
Iiroeeeds  to  dejiict  tile  geo|i;raphy  anil  i>olitieal  and  social  condition  of  the 
iitluinls,  including  the  rovers' retreat,  and  then  relates  their  doings  in  gencial. 
In  a  second  ami  third  pa'-t  ho  gives  Bpeeial  sketches  of  the  difl'crent  leailers 
and  their  cNiieditions;  and  in  an  appendix  are  found  sonic  valualile  statistiis 
for  the  Njianish  jiossessions  on  wealth,  revenue,  and  ollicials.  The  infoniia- 
tiou  is  not  only  varied,  hut  has  been  found  most  reliahle.  The  Knglish  editioa 
Mas  first  puhlished  in  London  l.y  Th.  Newhorough  in  lOiMt,  under  the  title  of 
'J'/ir  11 'iKliiry  of  the  liucuiifira  of  America.  The  second  and  third  editions  (if 
this  translation  appeared  in  1704. 

Several  of  the  Iniccaneers  have  hocome  known  to  readers  in  special  treatises 
hy  their  own  hand,  or  hy  biographers,  as  J'.itriieuit  de  Liiixan,  JmiriKtl  il'ini 
ro//(/;/r,  Paris,  1G80;  T)nmjiier\  New  royM.'/c,  Lfuidon,  U!!)7,  and  others,  which 
have  also  proved  rich  sources  for  compilers.  To  the  edition  of  l^xcuiiiiieliri, 
issued  in  1700,  Ten  Hoorn  added  two  parts,  one  being  an  account  of  Kiigli>li 
buccaneer  voyages  under  Sharp,  Sawkins,  and  others,  written  by  IJasil  liiiig- 
i-osc,  who  had  also  been  a  member  of  the  fraternity,  and  had  kc]it  a  journal 
from  which  the  tirst  edition  was  prepared  and  issued  in  10S4.  The  i^eioml 
part  gives  Lussau's  Journal,  followed  iiy  the  lieUuion  de  JJuntaubuii,  captain 
of  freebooters,  on  the  coast  of  (iuilica  in  UiO."). 

Itingrose's  account  funiishes  some  particulars  not  found  in  other  buccaiiier 
nan-ators  of  the  same  expt^ditions.  Though  ho  disapproved  of  Shar|i  a>  a 
leader,  his  statements  may  be  considered  truthful  as  well  as  fuller  than  tlm^c 
of  the  other  writers,  all  of  whom  corroborate  Ringrose  in  the  main  points. 
Ilis  narrative  is  also  published  in  the  alxjvc  mentioned  work,  7'//''  I/is'ori/ "j 
lilt'  Hiirrtiiirrrs  of  Amerkct,  under  tiie  title  of  The  JhiinjeroiiH  I'oi/inic  ami  I'mld 
Alleiii/ilx  of  C'dpt.  Jlurfolonifir  Sharp  iiud  otherx  in  the  South  Sen.  It  con- 
tains numerous  rude  cuts  of  islands,  points,  capes,  etc.,  on  the  western  coii.st 
of  .America.  l!ingro.se  was  killed  with  all  his  company  near  a  small  town  '21 
leagues  from  Compostela,  in.lalisco,  owing  to  the  inaulionlination  of  his  imii. 
l)ampier.  Vo;/.,  i.  '271-2,  says:  'We  had  about  ."lO  Men  killed,  and  among  the 
rest  my  Ingenious  Friend  Mr  liinijroife  was  one. .  .He  was  at  this  time  (';i|i('- 
Merehaivt.  or  Stipcr  Cargo  of  ('apt.  Swan's  Ship.  He  had  no  mind  to  tliia 
Voyage,  but  was  necessitated  to  engage  in  it  or  starve.'  The  most  important 
other  authorities  for  the  history  of  this  enterprise  are  ('apt.  Shurji's  ./onrn'tl 
of  his  Expedition,  Written  hi/  Himself  publislicd  liy  William  Ilacke  in  .1  C.7- 
lertion  of  Oriijiiiat  Voiimjai  (London,  KiOO).  Shai'p  omits  all  mention  <n  tho 
defection  of  the  men  whom  Dampier  accompanied  across  the  Istiiiiins. 

The  Voijatjex  (uid  Adreiifnres  of  Capt.  liurth.  Shar]).  London,  HiSl.  I'ho 
author  ia  anonymous,  and  was  a  strong  partisan  of  Sharp,  omitting  ninch  to:  1 
against  him  in  other  .iccounts  and  frcipiently  bestowing  upon  him  iiilsoiiio 
praise.  Many  pages  of  the  narrative  are  taken  up  by  mere  h)g- book  e;itriii 
of  the  ship's  sailing  and  contain  no  other  information.  Jhiwpitr,  A  .^'"■ 
VoijiKje  round llic  World.  London,  1()!)7- 1709,  .1  vols.  This  writer  toiielie- in 
his  introduction  very  briefly  upon  Sharp's  expedition  'becuusc  the  ^Vorld  has 


BUCCANEER  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


660 


aii'iiintn  of  it  jilrc-nly  in  the  relations  tliat  Mr  li'iii'iro^io  nnd  otliovs  liavo 
j.'ivn'  of  it;  liut  his  ui'coiiiit  of  Wim  return  ncrosH  tin'  IstliiuUM  is  intcri'Mtinj; 
uinl  minutely  <l<'Kfrilio<l.  ^Vafl'r,  A  j\iw  I'nifii'if  ttml  iJinrii/itiDii  i>j'  thi-  Inih- 
fiiiiA  III'  Ann  ririt,  (Uriii'jdu  Ai'i-itinildf  Ihc  Aiilhor'.f  Ahodf  (lurf.  Ijonilon,  l(i!C,l, 
iil-Jd  only  I'Ui-sorily  alluiles  to  Sliarji'H  voyaye,  hut  Hupplies  a  valuai>le  ileseriji- 
tinii  of  the  Istlinum  at  timt  tinu!.  WafiT,  who  aucoinpunied  hainpier  on  liis 
n  liiin,  liail  lieen  eonipelleil  to  fttay  Ix'iiind  on  ncoount  of  a  .severe  wound 
lau.-ieil  l)y  an  explo.sion  of  gunjM)\vder,  anil  remained  several  months  with  the 
Indians  on  the  Istlmius.  His  treatise  is  ])rineipally  contined  to  a  deseription 
iif  tlie  physieal  featur<;s  of  the  eountry,  its  (lorn  and  fauna,  aiul  the  oceui);i- 
tioiis  and  customs  of  tlu^  iidiahitunts.  It  contains  several  copper|ilates  in 
illiistrutiou  of  these  latter,  as  well  us  a  map  of  the  Isthmus  and  ehurts  of  coast- 
lilies. 

A  Collerl'ioH  of  Oriijlnal  Voya<jfH,  by  Captain  Wm.  Haeke,  London,  10!M(, 
VI  ,  with  some  rude  cuts  and  map,  contains  amon^;  other  narratives  Cowley's 
Voyage  round  the  (Jlolte,  touching  (,'cntral  America,  written  l>y  himself. 
As  a  sciinel  to  these  pulilieations  may  he  named  JuhiisDii'.H  (liui ml  lliiturii  i>j' 
(III  li'iilihi !•!('■•<  mill  Murdi'rx  of  the  inont  NoloriotLi  J'j/rnli's;  London,  17-4, 
vliith  was  adiled  as  a  fourtli  volume  to  the  French  Ex(|Uemelin  collection  of 
IT'K  and  later  editions.  Similar  condiinations,  more  (jr  less  com]>lete  and 
eiianged,  exist  in  ditl'd'ent  lan^ruagcs,  from  the  early /ifc'/ //(';■<  (./'.I /((rWrrf, 
Loudon,  1()S4,  to  the  /li^lori/  n/t/ii'  Jliirrdnirrs  of  Ainvririt,  IJoston,  1>S.")I{,  and 
Liter  editions.  The  iirst  thorou^'li  hook  on  the  suhject,  however,  and  one 
wliicli  enters  into  the  causes  of  the  iilihuster  movement,  carrying  on  the  nar- 
rative till  its  suppression  in  the  hegiunint,  of  the  eighteenth  century,  is  Ad- 
miral ISurncy's  lliilonj  uf  the  liiimiiiiirH,  London,  ISIO,  a  special  issue  of  u 
\mioi\mChroHoloijlcul  ilpitory  of  Discovery. 


j:i 


I  i 


CHAPTER  XXXI. 

PANAMA. 

107'2-1800. 

The  Scots  Colony —Tiir.v  PnorosE  to  Kstahmsii  Settlemkvtm  in  DAnir.v 

—  SlUSTHII'TIONS  Foil  THE  K.NTEKPUISE  — DErAUTlUE  OK  THE  Iaii  HI- 
TIOX— Irs  AllKIVAI.  AT  AcLA— SlL'KNESS  AND  FaMIXE  AMONG  THE  Ccild- 
NISTS  — TllLY     AnANDON    TlIEIll    SETTLEMENr — A    SUCOMI     I'aPEIpI  I  Ki.V 

Desi'atcuek— Its  Faim he— ('akta(;e\a  Sacked  r.v  1'i!Ivatki;i;s    Im,- 

IAN    OtTDKEAKS  — CoNFI.ACUATIONS    I\     PANAMA— PEAIU.    riSHElMES— 

MiMNc -Spanish  CoMMEKCE  Fai.lini!  into  the  Hands  oetim;  IJimtisii 
— Sei7,i"iie  of  liuirisii  Vessels  and  Malieeatment  of  thi  iii  Ckkw.s  - 
.Ienkinh'  Kaus— Declauation  of  Wau— V'eunon's  Opeuations  on  tiik 
IsTiiMi's — Anson's  Voya(;e  eopnd  the  Would  —  Vlunon's  Seiond 
Expedition — Its  Disastuous  IIesi.lt. 

Yet  anotlior  phase  of  lilb  and  restless  liuniati  oii- 
(leavor  on  the  Pananul  Istliinus  liere  jirescMits  ilsclf. 
(Ireat  Britain  is  seized  by  an  idea,  born  ot"  gi-ced  and 
nurtured  by  injustice;  and  this  conception  e.\j)aii(ls 
until  it  covers  the  earth,  and  until  the  p;'ood  people 
of  J']n<rland  and  Scotland  are  in  iniaijination  masters 
of  the  whole  world,  whieh  possession  is  accjuircd  imt 
throuijfh  any  honest  n^  ;ans,  but  ai'ter  the  too  lVt.'(|Utiit 
vile  indirectit)ns  of  t  lo  day  and  the  nation;  in  .ill 
which  the  people  of  '  osc  isles  give  themselves  and 
their  nionoy  over  to  h^     an. 

In  June  1095  a  n  nber  of  wealthy  Scotclinnii 
under  the  leadership  (     William  Paterson^  obtainrd 

'  Piiterson,  t lie  son  of  a  DiiiT:.ncsshirc  fiirmer,  was  bom  in  1<mS.  Tluie 
are  no  autliciitic  records  us  to  liia  early  career.  In  Fnniris'  Hist.  Ihinl:  fj 
Kiiijlituit,  and  Strniii\i  Inter,  ('om.,  1'),  it  is  stilted  that  lie  went  out  ;is  a  mi.s- 
sionary  to  tlio  West  Indies  and  afterward  joined  tlie  Imccanecrs.  Tlu'  stiiti- 
nient  is  not  so  improbable  as  it  may  seem,  for  the  freebooters  while  l■oll^iIl^' 
und  murdering  the  Catholiu  Spuuiurd  imagiucd  they  were  servill^'  Ihi'I,  ai 

(570) 


WILLIAM  PATERSOy. 


C71 


from  tjic  Scottisli  |)iiiliamont  a  statute,  nnd  luttr 
l.'ttiTs  patent  IVoiii  William  HI,,'  autlioiizitii^  tlunn 
ti»  plant  (V)l(Mjit's  ill  Asia,  AtVit-a,  ov  Aincrica,  in  j)lar(s 
iiniiilial)it(<i,  or  elsowlicro  by  p»  riuission  of  tlio  natives, 
inovided  tlio  toriitoiy  wero  not  occupied  by  any 
lOuropeaii  prince  or  .state.  l*atersoii  had  sjjeiit  several 
years  in  the  Indies  and  had  explored  the  j)rovince  dl' 
Darien.  Near  tli(!  old  settlement  of  Ada  ho  had 
l'>nnd  a  port  safe  for  shippiiii^.  Three  days'  journey 
liieiice,  on  the  other  side  of  the  Isiiimus,  were  other 
suitable  harbors.  By  establish ini:^  setthfiiKMits  on 
either  shore,  he  j)urposod  to  <;rasp  the  trade  wh(!reby 
lluropo  was  sup[>lied  with  the  products  of  Xorth  and 
South  America,  (.'liina,  Japan,  and  the  I'hilijtpino 
Isliinds,  with  Euroj)ean  i^oods.  From  tlu;  Isthmus 
to  .Iap;in  and  parts  of  China  was  but  a  few  weeks' 
sail,  and  the  products  of  Asia  could  thus  be  landed  in 
lluroiK!  in  iar  less  time  than  that  occuj)ied  by  the  ves- 
s(  !s  (>{'  the  India  companies.  Moreover  on  the  rich 
soil  of  Darien,  su''.ar,  indiiio,  tobacco,  and  other  articles 
of  value  could  be  raised.  "Tradt',"  said  the  projector 
of  tlu.'  bank  of  En^dand,  "will  beyet  trade;  nion<>y  will 
liiU'et  money;  the  commercial  world  shall  no  longer 
want  wcjik  for  their  hands,  but  will  rather  want 
hands  for  their  work.  This  do(jr  to  tho  seas  and  key 
to  the  universe  will  enable  its  possessors  to  become 
the  legislators  of  both  woi'lds,  and  tho  arbitrators  of 
••omnierce.  The  settleis  of  Darien  will  ac(]uire  a 
nobler  empire  than  Alexander  or  Caesar,  without 
taligue,  expense,  or  danger,  as  well  as  without  incur 
ling  (he  guilt  and  bloodshed  of  con(juer()rs." 

l*aterson  was  either  knave  or  fool;  having  been 
hotji  preacher  and  pirate  he  may  have  been  both  fool 
and  knave.  It  was  impossible  for  him  to  have  ex- 
)>lored  the  Isthmus  as  he  claimed  and  not  know  that 
tlu!  climate  was  deatllv,  and  that  to  tho  wild  high- 

<li'l  the  S|\iiniiril  when  he  ]ilnn<lci'eil  ami  slan^'htcred  tho  natives.  Wilkes, 
y/i<'.  O;r;/o(/,  4S,  says  he  was  supposed  to  have  hueu  originally  a  South  i\jneri- 
i;iii  l)Ue(.':inecr. 

^  iiee  Urij.  Papers  and  Letters  reUitinj  to  the  ^cuts  Cowjxiiiij,  00, 


■• 


:;       i 


572 


PANAMA. 


mi 


lander,  frosli  from  the  cold  north,  the  hai-hors  of 
Darien  could  prove  nothing  but  ])est-holes,  broedinnj' 
Kwift  destruction.  As  for  the  people  who  blindly 
threw  themselves  into  the  adventure,  they  wei-c  as 
jsheep,  and  d.tfered  little  from  the  human  sheep  of  the 
present  day. 

Spain  had  at  least  the  right  of  discovery  and  con- 
quest to  her  possessions  in  the  New  World,  oven 
tlioiigli  such  C(;nquest  had  been  attended  with  criultv 
almost  as  great  as  that  of  the  English  in  Hindostau. 
The  natives  of  Darien  were  never  indeed  entirely 
subdued.  Yet  even  according  to  the  European  code 
of  robbery  it  docs  not  appear  that  Great  Britain  liad 
any  more  right  to  plant  colonies  in  Tierra  Firnu*  than 
{^he  now  has  to  establish  them  in  portions  of  the 
Ignited  States  that  may  be  infested  by  hostile  Ind- 
ians. Nevertheless  in  the  year  1G99  when,  as  we 
sliall  see,  the  scheme  was  on  the  verge  of  failure,  the 
]']nglish  monarch,  in  answer  to  a  petition  from  "The 
C'om[)any  of  Scotland  trading  to  Africa  and  the  In- 
dies and  their  Colony  of  Darien,"  as  the  association 
was  styled,  asking  that  "]Iis  Royal  Wisdom  In: 
pleased  to  take  such  jNIeasures  as  miu'ht  effoctnallv 
vindicate  the  undoubted  Ivights  and  l^rivileges  of  the 
f-aid  Conipany,  and  su[)port  the  Credit  and  Interest 
thereof,"  ]'e[»lied,  "  l-»ight  Trusty  and  Well-beloved, 
Wo  greet  you  well:  Y(nu'  Petition  has  been  presented 
to  us  by  our  Secretaries,  and  we  do  very  nmch  regi'et 
tlu!  Jjoss  which  that  our  antient  Kingdom  and  tlio 
('omi)any  has  latelv  sustained."^ 

"To  prove,"  says  a  writer  of  the  ])criod,*  "the  I'alse- 
hood  of  the  Allegation,  That  the  I'rovince  of  Darieii 
is  part  of  the  King  of  Spain's  ])omains:  Ft  is  jxisi- 
tively  tlenicd  by  the  Scots,  who  chaihMige  the  Span- 
iards to  ])rove  their  lliglit  to  the  said  Province,  eilhef 
by  Inheritance,  JMariiage,  Donation,  Purchase,  llevcr- 

'  Ifl.,  ^tX  It  will  lio  oliscrvod  tliat  liis  Mnjcsty's  ministers  tlioii  as  to-(l;iy 
More  luit  always  very  jiiolifii'iit  in  Kiifrlisli  (,'raiiini!ir. 

*  '1  lie  anonyincius  a  .lIioi'  nf  'A  J>'/<  inc  <'/  t/n'  Sra/.^  Stttlmifiit  at  Dmiiit, 
LdiiiLuL'jj;li,  1(>1/1),  3.     lliiii  uuin  du  ]^)luniu  is  I'liilu  CulcUuu. 


THE  SCOTS  COLONY.  573 

sion,  Surrontlcr,  Possession  or  Conquest."  "  And  us 
to  their  (. -)aim  hy  the  Pope's  Donation,"  writes  another 
author  of  the  jieriod,^  "the  very  nientioninj^,  and  nuieli 
iiHire  tlie  pleadinij  of  it,  is  a  ri(Hculing,  as  well  as  han- 
ti'ing  of  Mankind;  seeing  even  on  the  supposal  that  the 
Roman  Pontilfs  should  be  aeknowledged  the  sueees- 
sors  of  8t  Peter,  which  as  no  Protestants  arc  forward 
In  believe  or  confess,  so  thev  have  never  hitherto 
jound,  nor  do  they  think  tlie  Pontifieans  able  to  ])rove 
it :  Yet  this  would  invest  them  with  no  right  of  dis- 
j)()sing  the  Kingdoms  of  the  World  as  they  please 
a!id  unto  whom  they  will.  For  Peter  being  eloathed 
with  no  such  Power  himself,  nor  having  ever  pre- 
tended to  exert  such  a  Jurisdictive  Authority  as  some 
Popes  have  had  the  Vanity  and  Pride  to  do,  how  could 
lie  convey  it  unto,  and  entail  it  upon  others,  under  the 
i|iiality  and  character  of  being  his  Successors"?  These 
and  similar  excuses,  however  sorry,  were  all  that  the 
ajtologists  for  the  Scots'  colony  had  to  offer  lor  thus 
grasping  at  this  territory.  It  may  bo  remarked  that 
the  claim  of  Great  ]3ritain  to  her  colonies  is  in  few 
instances  based  on  discovery,  and  that  nearlv  all  h(;r 
most  valuable  possessions  have  been  gained  at  the 
l)oint  of  the  sword.      M!!>-ht  is  rii^ht. 

Six  hundred  thousand  })ounds  were  required  for  the 
enterprise  and  the  amount  was  quickly  subscribed,  in 
Scotland,  England,  Hamburg,  and  Amsterdam.  The 
sclieme  was  a  bold  one,  out  the  promise  of  returns 
was  vast,  and  as  will  be  renuMnlx'red  this  was  tlu.'  era 
of  gigantic  and  insane  s])eculations.  in  Scotland  alone 
i!io  subscriptions  sunnned  u[)  three  hundred  tliousand 
1 '(Unds,  an  amount  which  alisorbed  almost  the  entires 
eiivulating  ca[)ital  of  the  country.  All  who  ]>()ssessed 
ready  money  ventuivd  at  least  a  ])art  of  it  in  the 
entei-prise.  Some  threw  in  all  they  had;  others  all 
tliey  could  borrow.  IMaidens  invested  their  [)ortions; 
widows  pledged  their  dowei",  expecting  to  be  iv[>aiil 

■' 'I'lio  writ'^r  of  'A  Jiiif  niid  MorlM  Viiidinx/lon  of  the  Scoln  Dmhjn,  Fur 
th'  liariii'j  L'sUiljiiihcd  a  Colony  at  Darkn,'  lOD!),  unoii. 


Wi 


I 


iiH^  I 


1 
.11 


574 


PANAilA. 


I  t-iiiiffi 


''(■if 

•n 
4 


IW 


fifty  or  a  hundred  fold.  In  England  half  the  capital 
stock  was  subscribed  for  in  nine  days,  one  fourth  beiu'c 
paid  in  specie  or  bank  notes,  and  the  rest  in  bills  pay- 
able on  demand.  The  total  of  the  subscription^  from 
all  sources  was  nine  hundred  thousand  pounds,  a  sum 
which  at  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century  \\a.s 
enormous  even  in  the  money  capital  of  Great  Britain. 
Soon  the  success  of  the  scheme  aroused  the  jealousy 
of  English  merchants,  who  feared  that  the  commerce 
of  the  world  might  pass  into  the  hands  of  the  Scotch. 
William  III.  was  at  heart  opposed  to  the  scheme', 
although  he  had  granted  letters  patent  to  the  asso- 
ciation; and  partly  through  his  influence  the  contrihu- 
tions  in  England,  Hamburg,  and  Amsterdam  were 
withdrawn.  Nevertheless,  another  hundred  thousand 
pounds  was  raised  in  Scotland,  thus  making  up  a  ca[)- 
ital  of  four  hundred  thousand  pounds  sterling. 

Permission  was  given  by  the  crown  to  Patersoii 
and  his  associates  to  fit  out  men-of-war,  to  plant 
colonies,  build  cities  and  forts,  make  reprisals  for  dam- 
age done  by  land  or  sea,  and  to  conclude  treaties  of 
peace  or  commerce  with  princes  and  governors.  They 
were  also  allowed  to  claim  the  minerals,  the  valuaMo 
timber,  and  the  fisheries  in  sea  or  river,  and  "in  the 
name  of  God  and  in  Honour  and  for  the  Memory  of 
that  most  Antient  and  Renowned  name  of  our  ^Mother 
Kingdom"  the  country  was  to  be  named  New  Cale- 
donia. The  enterprise  was  under  the  control  of  a 
council  of  seven,"  to  whom  was  intrusted  all  power, 
civil  and  military.  Paterson  was  of  course  one  of 
the  members,  but  from  all  deliberations  he  was  ex- 
cluded, and  in  the  final  arrangements  for  the  fleet  ho 

•In  December  109S  tlie  company  granted  to  a  council  constitntcil  from  it.s 
meiiitx'rs  certain  rights  confcrrctl  ou  tliem  by  tlio  Scotch  i)arliiiiiient  and  cmi- 
linncd  by  \ViUiaiii  IV.  In  An  Eiii/uiry  into  t/ie  Caiisrs  of  the  Misnirri'i'ji  cj 
t/ic  Smtn  Col  III)/,  (ilas^'ow,  ITliO,  anon.,  07,  the  full  text  of  the  declaration  <if 
tlio  council  is  given.  Tiiis  M'ork  was  iiublislied  in  answer  to  a  eliurgo  tiiat  tlin 
faihuc  (if  tlio  coniiiany  was  wholly  due  to  the  Scots  themselves,  and  especially 
to  the  oliicers  of  the  company.  The  English  commons  declared  it  'false,  tiai- 
torou",  and  scandalous,'  and  ordered  it  to  lie  burned  by  the  eonnnon  han!.'iii:iii, 
and  tlio  autiior  impriaoncd.  The  Scots  were  uo  less  incensed  and  equally 
clamorous  for  the  puuishmeut  of  the  offender. 


INSANE  EXPECTATIONS. 


675 


was  not  even  consulted,  bis  reasonable  request  tbat 
ail  inventory  of  supplies  be  taken  before  setting  sail 
beinu  refused. 

Tbe  expedition  bad  been  planned  and  ordered  in 
keeping  Avith  tbc  first  subscriptions"  and  was  tbe 
largest  and  most  costly  of  any  that  bad  yet  been  fitted 
out  for  sebemes  of  colonization  in  tbe  New  World. 
On  the  2Gtb  of  July  1G98  twelve  bundred  men, 
anionfj  tbem  tbreo  hundred  youths  beloniiinij  to  the 
best  families  of  Scotland,  and  many  veterans  who  bad 
been  discharged  from  the  British  army  after  the  peace 
of  liyswick,  assembled  at  the  port  of  Leitb.  A  wild 
insanity  seized  tbe  entire  population  of  Edinburgh  as 
they  now  came  forth  to  witness  tbe  embarkation, 
(xuards  were  kept  busy  holding  ba<'k  the  eager  as- 
]>irants  who,  hungry  for  death,  p 'esscd  forward  in 
throngs,  stretching  out  their  arms  to  their  departing 
countrymen  and  clamoring  to  be  taken  on  board. 
Stowaways  when  ordered  on  shore  clung  madly  to 
rope  and  mast,  pleading  in  vain  to  be  allowed  to  serve 
without  pay  on  board  the  fleet.  Women  sobbed  and 
gasf)ed  for  breath;  men  stood  uncovered,  and  with 
choked  utterance  and  downcast  head  invoked  the 
blcssinjjf  of  the  Almigbtv.  The  banner  of  St  Andrew 
was  hoisted  at  tbe  admiral's  mast;  and  as  a  light  wind 
caught  the  sails,  the  roar  of  the  vast  multitude  was 
licard  far  down  the  waters  of  tbe  frith.  The  breeze 
fr-cshened,  and  as  tbe  vessels  were  carried  seaward, 
cheer  after  cheer  followed  tbe  highlanders,  who  now 
bade  farewell,  most  of  tbem,  as  it  proved,  forever,  to 
their  native  land. 

'  Knglish  opposition  and  lii;,'li  prices  compelled  them  to  go  to  Amstordiim  and 
irutiiimrt;,  avIicic  tlicy  onlorcil  six  sliips  witli  50  yuns  caoli.  Jhniin,  I'lu/nin/, 
Nlf.  J'\)iii'  Kliip.s  only,  one  of  whidi  was  wi'd  before  the  first  expedition  started. 
liiiriivif'H  J)i,icor.  Soiilh  Sen,  iv.  lid'i.  The  ITtli  of  July  KiiW  tin.'  lirst  expe- 
tlitiuu,  uousistin;^  of  the  three  ships,  the  (kdcdoiiia,  tlie  St  Andrnr,  and  tiio 
I'liicorn,  and  two  tenders,  earryinj,'  ahout  1.200  men,  left  tiie  frith  of  Kdin- 
hiu'^'li.  ill.,  'M',].  July  '2(5,  l(i!)8,and  same  nundierof  vessels.  The  expedition 
Killed  from  Leith.  Wiiilcrliolhdm'H  Hist.  U.  .S'.,iv.  124;  Sira'ui\i  Iiili  r-('nni.,  1(5. 
lu  iM'tfinningof  Sept.  l(ii)9,  Siinwv'n  Hint.  Inlh.  4(5.  Tiie  last  named  is  evidently 
wrniii:;  and  eontradiets  himself  in  later  (juotations.  Winterbotham  is  probably 
correct  as  to  ilatc  and  point  of  departure. 


i 


:   t. 


i 


576 


PANAMA. 


On  the  4tli  of  November,  having  lost  fiftocn  of  their 
nuniljer  during  the  voyage,  they  landed  at  Arl.i; 
i'ounded  there  a  settlement  to  which  they  gave  tln' 
name  New  St  Andi'ew;  cut  a  canal  through  the  neck 
of  land  which  divided  one  side  of  the  haihor  from  tlic 
ocean,  and  on  this  spot  erected  a  fort  whereon  tliev 
mounted  fifty  guns.  On  a  mountain  at  the  opposite 
side  of  the  harbor  they  built  a  watch-house,  from 
which  the  view  was  so  extensive  that  thei'O  was  ii!» 
danger  of  surprise.  Laiids  were  purchased  iVoni  tlui 
Indians,  and  messages  of  friendship  sent  to  the  gov- 
ernors of  several  Spanish  jirovinces. 

On  the  week  following  the  departure  of  the  expedi- 
tion, the  Scottish  parliament  met  and  unaninidusly 
adopted  an  address  to  the  king  asking  his  sup])ort  and 
countenance  for  the  Darieii  colony,  but  no  time  was 
lost  b}'  the  India  coni]>anies  in  bringing  every  means 
to  bear  to  ensure  its  ruin;  and  notwithstanthng  tlie 
memorial  of  the  parliament,  tlie  British  monaicli  nv- 
<lered  the  governors  of  Jamaica,  Barbadoes,  and  New 
Vork  not  to  furnish  the  settlers  with  su|iplies.''  To 
such  length  did  rancor  go,  that  the  Scotch  eein- 
manders  who  should  presume  to  enter  English  ports, 
even  for  repairs  after  a  storm,  were  threatened  with 
ari'est." 

A  stock  of  provision  had  Ijec^n  placed  on  boai'd 
the  fleet  sufficient  as  was  supposed  to  last  for  eigiit 
months,  but  the  sup[)ly  gave  out  in  as  many  weiks, 
since  those   who  had  been  placed  in   charge  of  llic 

"  Sir  William  Bccstnn,  governor  of  Jamaica,  issued  a  proclamatii)ii  in  lir('|)- 
ing  with  tliijse  instnictiniis  on  the  8th  of  April  ](!!)!),  and  similar  orders  \m  lo 
issned  l)y  the  governors  of  liarbadoca  and  New  York.  JJaiicii,  Orii/.  J'c/.rrs, 
4-2-rt. 

"  Up  to  this  time  the  king  had  partly  concealed  his  policy.  June  "JS,  |(1!I7, 
the  council  of  the  I'onipany  complain  to  the  king  of  the  action  of  his  icsiilciit 
in  Hamliurg.  Aug,  'Jd.  the  secretary  of  state  repli<'»  that  the  rcsidtiit  luis 
heen  directeil  not  to  obstruct  the  com])any's  negotiations.  On  tlie  'JStlinf 
Septend)er  Kiit?  the  com])any's  directors  complain  that  the  resident  has  ic- 
I'cived  no  such  order.  .1  uly '2'2,  1()!)8,  parliament  was  besought  to  assist  in 
piocuring  f<'om  the  king  sucli  action  as  would  deter  his  resident  at  Ifauilnu'.'. 
An  inquiry  by  the  council,  Jan.  I'A,  KJiM),  is  answered  by  the  seci-ctary  of  stuto 
Feb.  7,  KiOi),  rec|uesting  information  about  the  settlement.  J)(iri'ii,  On;]. 
/'npcrs.  10,  '20,  '}4;  conlii'med  hi  Darirn,  Kiiquiry,'2C}-'S',i;  and  in  pi.rt  in  .'/"<■• 
j)ht'r60u'ii  AiiiHtlfi,  ii.  000. 


SCOTLAND  IN  DAKIEN. 


577 


commissariat  department  liail  embezzled  the  funds. 
Fisliing  a/id  the  ehase  were  the  only  resources,  and 
as  these  were  precarious  the  colonists  were  soon  on 
tlie  verge  of  famine.  As  summer  drew  near  the 
atmosphere  became  stifling,  and  the  exhalations  from 
the  steaming  soil,  united  with  other  causes,  wrought 
deadly  destruction  on  the  settlers.  Men  were  con- 
tinually passing  to  the  hospital  and  thence  to  the 
crrave,  and  the  survivors  were  only  kept  alive  through 
tlio  friendly  services  of  the  Indians.^" 

Matters  daily  grew  worse  with  the  colonists.  A 
ship  despatched  from  Scotland  laden  with  provisions 
had  foundered  off  Cartagena.  The  Spaniards  on  the 
Isthmus  looked  on  their  distress  with  complacency. 
Xo  relief  came  nor  any  tidings  from  Scotland;  and  on 
tlie  22d  of  June  1G99,  less  than  eight  months  after 
their  arrival,  the  survivors  resolved  to  abandon  the 
settlement.  Paterson,  the  first  to  enter  the  ship  at 
Lcith,  was  the  last  to  go  on  board  at  Darien.  Ill  with 
fever  and  broken  in  spirit,  his  misfortune  weighed  so 
heavily  on  him  that  he  became  temporarily  deranged.'^ 
Of  the  rest,  f(jur  hundred  perished  at  sea. 

Eight  weeks  after  Paterson's  departure  two  ships 
arrived  from  Scotland  with  ample  stores  of  provisions 
and  three  hundred  recruits.  Finding  the  colony  at 
Xew  Saint  Andrew  abandoned  they  set  sail  for  .la- 
niaica,  leaving  six  of  their  number,  who  preferring  to 
remain  on  the  Isthmus,  were  kindly  treated  by  the 
natives,  and  after  the}^  liad  lived  there  long  enougli 
to  satisfy  themselves  were  safely  brought  away. 

Not  until  several  months  after  the  dejiarture  of  the 
first  expedition  did  the  court  of  S|)ain  protest  against 
the  invasion  of  her  territory.  And  no  better  ])()]icy 
could  have  been  devised  than  to  liave  thus  let  dt'ath 
tlo  the  work;  but  on  the  3d  of  May  IGU'J  a  memorial 

'"  1m>!-  full  (k'scription  of  these  people  see  Xa'ire  Itarcn,  vol.  i.,  this  series. 

"  His  iviison  was  nstou-d  ufter  lie  I'etunied  home,  ami  he  liveil  until  171!). 
Four  years  heluiv  his  <leath  he  was  awuideil  the  sum  of  i;iS,'241  as  iudoiunity 
tur  Ilia  losses  in  the  Darien  eNpeditiou. 
Hist.  CtNT,  Am.,  Vol.  II.    a7 


•    f> 


578 


PANAMA. 


^va.s  presented"  to  William  III.  by  the  Spanish  am- 
bassador stating  that  his  Catholic  Alajesty  looked  on 
the  proceeding  as  a  rupture  of  the  alliance  between 
the  two  countries  and  as  a  hostile  invasion,  and  would 
take  such  measures  as  ho  thousxht  best  airainst  tlie 
intruders. 

Provoked  by  this  interference,  and  as  yet  ignorant 
of  the  fate  of  their  colony,  the  Scotch  soon  afterward''' 
despatched  another  expedition  of  thirteen  hundred 
men  in  ibur  vessels.  The  shijis  were  hastily  fitted  out, 
and  during  the  voj'agc  one  was  lost  and  the  others 
scattered.  Many  died  on  the  passage,  and  the  rest 
arrived  at  different  times  broken  in  health  and  spirit. 
The  dwellings  of  the  first  settlers  had  been  bunud, 
the  fort  dismantled,  the  tools  and  agricultural  imple- 
ments aljandoned,  and  the  site  of  the  settlement  was 
overgrown  with  weeds.  Meanwhile  two  sloo})s  had 
arrived  in  the  harbor  with  a  small  stock  of  provisions; 
but  the  su})[)ly  was  inadequate,  and  Wvq  hundred  of 
the  party  were  at  once  ordered  to  embark  for  Scut- 
land. 

In  February  1700  Captain  Campbell  arrived  at 
Xew  Saint  Andrew  with  a  company  of  three  h.mhvd 
men  who  had  served  under  him  during  the  campaii;'!! 
in  Flanders.  Intelligence  had  now  reached  t!ie  col- 
ony that  sixteen  hundred  Spaniards  lay  encam})ed  on 
the  Itlo  Santa  ]Maria  expecting  soon  to  be  joined  hy 
a  squa(h'on  of  nine  vessels,  when  it  vras  .})r()[)osod  to 
make  a  conc-erted  attack  on  the  settlement.  Caniji- 
bcdl  resolved  to  anticijiate  the  enemy,  and  marchin^^' 
again^>t  them  at  the  head  of  two  hundred  vetei'aiis, 
sui'prised  their  cam])  by  night,  and  <Hspersed  them 
with  great  slaughter,  lleturning,  he  found  that  tlic 
Spanl.-h  ships  were  off  the  harbor,  and  that  troejs 
had  been  landed  from  them,  cutting  olf  all  (diance  et' 
relief.      Nevertheless  for  six  weeks  the  Scotch  siis- 

'-'Wintcrli(>tl,;iiii,  f/is/.  U.  S.,  1-J."),  givus  KJOS  as  tlic  datpof  tlii  uiuiucivial. 
'j'iu  iC  is  a  ciipy  of  tlio  oiiyiuiil  in  D(j'eua',  Scut.'i  S(.ttUiui:i<l,  'J,  wlu  iv  tlie  'lato 
.Ls  jrivcn  iis  in  tln^  t("xt. 

"  111  Atiiriist  Ki'J'J, 


CARTAGENA. 


570 


f aincd  a  sici^c,  and  when  their  ammunition  cjave  out 
ihry  melted  their  pewter  diohes  and  I'ashioned  tlieni 
into  cannon  Ijalls.  At  length  provisions  ran  short 
and  the  Spaniards  cut  off  their  water  supply.  A  sur- 
render became  inevitahle.  Campbell  with  a  lew  com- 
rades escaped  on  board  his  vessel  and  made  his  way 
ti)  Xew  York  and  thence  to  Scotland.  The  rest 
capitulated  on  condition  that  they  be  allowed  to  depart 
wi.Ii  their  cft'ects,"  but  so  weak  were  the  survivors 
and  so  few  in  number  that  they  were  not  able  to 
wti'4'h  the  anchor  of  their  largest  ship  until  tin;  Span- 
iaids  generously  came  to  their  assistance.  All  but 
two  of  the  vessels  were  lost;  only  thirty  of  the  m(3n 
Micceeded  in  rea(fhin<jf  home,  and  after  the  loss  (»f  more 
tlian  two  thousand  lives  and  several  millions  of  money, 
the  Scotch  abandoned  further  attempts  at  colonization 
in  Tierra  Firme.^^ 


While  the  Spaniards  were  thus  anno^'cd  by  foreign 
encroachments  in'Darien,  the  capital  of  the  neighbor- 
iiig  ]>roviiicc  was  caj)tured  by  iilibusters.  This  was 
in  l(>07.      To  Pedro  do  l[(>re(lia  had  been  assigned  in 


as  wi 


11  1 


JO  I'emembered 


)ro\ince  m 


X 


ue\a 


Aiidaluci'a;  and  there  had  been  I'ounded  the  colony 
o\'  Cartagena,  which  toward  the  close  of  the  sixteentli 
o  ntury  had  become  a  ilourishin-''  settlement.    A  bun- 


(ll'Cl 


years 


later  Cartagena  rankinl    lu'xt  to  ]McKico 


among  the  cities  of  the  westtMii  world.  Situated  <;n 
a  capacious  harbor,  esteemed  as  one  of  the  l)est  in  the 
.!n(Ii(\s,  it  possessed  several  large  streets,  each  nearly 
r.'.ir  sixth  of  a  leaa'ue  in  leiiu'th,  witli  well  built  iiou 


ses 


(II    Si 


ono 


•atl 


a  catneiiral,  several  clau'cnes. 


and  nunuM'ous 


convents  and  nunneries 


lt> 


l)()pU 


lat 


ion  was  i)ro 


,babb 


lit  lie  short  of  twenty  thousand,  of  whom  about  tliree 
thiiiisand  were  Spaniards  and  the  remainder  negroes 
mulattoes.      It  was  strongly  fortilied  by  nature 


and 


\v 


lu!  c;ipi 


tnlnti 


was  signed  M;>rcli  ."51,  1700. 


nil   iii'ws  ill  nvci 


ISlt 


jf  111 


itulati 


)f  tlic  Scotch,  tlio 


o!ir,i\!i  huUsi  wi'ic  run;'  and  a  soluiim  thaiiUs;'iviiiir  observed,  lloblct,  JJiario 


hi. 


n. 


^  I 


580 


PANAMA. 


and  art,  and  had  to  some  extent  superseded  tlie  cities 
of  the  Isthmus  as  an  entrepot  of  coinmcroe  Ijetwoiu 
the  heniisphercs.  Here  the  pearl  fleet  called  onci"  ;i 
year,  an  entire  street  being  occupied  with  the  shops 
of  the  ]>carl-dressers,  and  here  was  brought,  by  \v;iy 
of  the  Desaguadero,  the  sugar,  cochineal,  and  indigu 
sent  from  Guatemala  for  shipment  to  Spain. 

Cartagena  was  therefore  a  tempting  prize  for  tlio 
banditti  who  infested  the  waters  of  the  North  Sea. 
Drake's  oi)erations  off  that  citv  have  already  been 
related.  A  f(  w  years  after  the  decease  of  that  famous 
adventurer  i  was  laid  in  ashes  by  French  privateers; 
and  now,  in  iGDZ,  it  was  captured  by  a  French  fleet 
having  on  board  twelve  hundred  men,  of  whom  seven 
hundred  were  filibusters  under  ccmimand  of  Le  Baron 
de  Pointis.  The  spoils  of  this  raid  were  variously 
estimated  at  from  eight  to  forty  millions  of  livrcs; 
and  yet  it  is  said  that  before  the  capture  of  the 
city  a  hundred  and  ten  mule-loads  of  silver  were  de- 
spatched to  a  place  of  safety. 

In  1726  the  governor  of  Panamd  gave  authority  t) 
the  mestizo,  Luis  Garcia,  a  man  whose  exploits  liad 
brought  him  into  prominence,  to  lead  the  Indians  in 
a  war  of  extermination  against  the  French  filibuste).-, 
who  still  continued  to  devastate  the  Isthmus. 

A  brief  but  sharp  campaign  resulted  in  the  death 
of  the  French  leader,  the  notorious  Petitpied,  an;l 
Garcia,  on  his  return  to  Panamd,  was  amply  rewarded. 
The  Cana  mines  proved  too  great  a  temptation  to  Gar- 
cia after  his  return  to  his  home  in  Darien,  and  findin  ;' 
that  some  of  the  caciques  whoso  territory  extendel 
to  the  Balsas  River  were  in  a  state  of  mutiny  en 
account  of  grievances  inflicted  by  the  curates  in  tl:o 
name  (^f  tlie  church  and  the  king,  he  made  a  comjiact 
with  them  to  throw  off  Spanish  allegiance,  withdraw 
their  forces  to  the  mountain  fastnesses,  and  form  a 
government  of  their  own.  A  rendezvous  was  estab- 
lished in  the  Cordillera,  and  Garcia,  growing  mure 


LUIS  G^VECfA. 


5S1 


resolute,  resolved  on  an  aggressive  war  upon  tlio 
Spaniards  and  their  Indian  allies.  The  ean)j)aign 
opened  in  a  frontier  town  on  the  river  Yavisa,  where 
tliey  killed  the  cura,  the  tenit-nte  dc  jiistieia,  a  few 
Spaniards,  and  all  the  Indians  who  would  not. join 
them;  then  they  })lunderi.'d  the  place.  Elated  by  this 
victory,  Garcia  continued  his  march  until  he  reached 
Santa  Maria,  where  he  attempted  the  same  system 
(if  spoliation  and  slaughter,  lie  was  less  successful, 
l';!r  the  inhabitants  had  lied  with  most  of  their  valu- 
ahlcs.  Garcia's  men  entered  the  town,  burned  it,  and 
killed  every  Spaniard  they  could  capture  in  the  neigh- 
borhood. 

Meanwhile  news  of  the  revolt  had  reached  the 
])i('sideiit,  and  seventy  picked  men  well  officered  had 
been  sent  to  suppress  it.  This  and  other  attempts 
threw  the  people  of  Darien,  now  numbering  twenty 
thousand,  into  consternation,  and  concerted  action  w'as 
jijanncd  with  Pananul  A  large  reward  was  offered 
tor  the  body  of  Garcia,  dead  or  alive;  he  perished  at 
hist  by  the  hands  of  a  negro.^" 

Althouo-h  the  Isthmus  was  the  seat  of  the  first 
Spanish  settlement  in  America,  as  I  have  said  before, 
the  natives  of  Darien  were  never  completely  sub- 
dued. The  Spaniards  built  strongholds,  gathered 
the  Indians  into  settlements,  introduced  missionaries, 
guarded  the  coast  with  men-of-war,  but  all  in  vain. 
Ill  1745  Fort  San  liafael  de  Terable  was  built  by 
(iovernor  Dionisio  do  Alcedo  on  a  small  peninsula 
hordered  by  the  river  and  bay.  In  1751  the  natives 
carrying  out  an  oft  repeated  threat  attacked  this 
stronghold,  and  of  tlie  garrison  but  two  or  three 
wuuiuled  men  escaped.  In  175G  the  population  of 
Vavisa,  composed  chieily  t)f  friendly  Indians,  was 
massacred  by  the  Chucunacjues.  A  iort  was  erected 
in  17G0  at  this  )X)int,  and  a  lew  years  later  it  became 
the  capital  of  the  }>rovince  and  the  seat  of  the  resi- 

^"'Ariza,  Darkii,  MS.,  18-21.  In  this  work  the  cai-ccr  niul  fatu  of  Garcia 
aru  told. 


^ 


■■'     : 


I 


r  '1 1  I 

,  4i 


\:V 


1 


lil 


1' 


5S2  PANAMA. 

dcncc  of  the  governor.  In  17G8  the  Cliucunaqncf? 
slauj^Iitcred  the  garrison  at  Port  Ypclisa,  i)lun(l(jri':l 
the  place  of  arms  and  tools,  and  in  the  same  year  laid 
waste  the  banks  of  the  Congo. 

Ten  years  later  another  extensive  raid  occunvd; 
but  in  1774  Andres  de  Ariza,  being  appointed  gov- 
ernor, dealt  vigorously  and  skilfully  with  the  hostile 
tribes.  He  discovered  numerous  secret  passes  and 
well  cut  roads  from  their  quarters  to  various  portions 
of  the  province;  he  deciphered  a  system  of  alanu 
signals,  and  found  a  number  of  caves  where  the  light 
boats  of  the  natives  were  constructed.  By  his  efforts 
the  Indians  were  kept  at  bay  or  brought  under  con- 
trol. 

But  outbreaks  among  the  natives  and  the  raids  of 
corsairs  were  not  the  only  misfortunes  to  which  tlie 
Isthmus  was  exposed.  During  the  eighteenth  century 
the  city  of  Panamd  was  thrice  devastated  by  lire. 
On  the  1st  and  2d  of  February  1737  a  conflagration 
occurred  which  destroyed  two  thirds  of  the  buildings; 
March  30,  175G,  a  second  fire  destroyed  one  half  of 
the  city;  and  on  the  2Gth  of  April  1771  fifty-fivc 
houses  were  burned.*^ 

While  the  peo^de  of  Tierra  Firme  thus  suffered 
many  disasters  at  this  period  of  their  history,  and  as 
we  shall  see  later  were  frequently  subject  to  attack 
from  the  armaments  of  hostile  powers,  they  appear  to 
have  been  remarkably  free  from  the  internal  dissen- 
sions which  prevailed  at  an  earlier  date.  The  uii- 
.seemly  strife  between  the  church  and  the  audiencia 
had  now  entirely  ceased,  and  little  worthy  of  note  is 
mentioned  by  the  chroniclers.  During  the  latter  por- 
tion of  the  seventeenth  centurj'-,  and  for  the  first  il;u' 
3'ears  of  tlie  eighteenth,  records  as  to  the  successiiMi 
of  governors  in  Panamd  are  meagre.  In  1708  the 
marques  de  Villa  Rocha  was  in  power;  but  incurring' 
the  displeasui'e  of  the  audiencia,  he  was  deposed  in 
June  of  that  year,  and  confined  in  the  castle  of  Porto- 

''  This  iuforniation  ^^■as  furnished  by  the  dean  of  the  cathedral  of  raii;;iu;l. 


POLITICAL  ^L^TT::us. 


583 


licllo.  Ills  successor,  Fernando  tic  TTaro  ^Tontcrroso, 
tlie  senior  oidor,  who  luul  been  mainly  instriuiunital  in 
ell'ecting  the  downfall  of  the  marquis,  held  the  ruins 
of  government  for  about  six  months  when  he  was 
])r()secutcd  for  alleged  outrages  of  so  grave  a  charac- 
ter that  ho  was  sent  in  custody  to  Spain  fir  trial. '^ 
From  Alccdo  we  learn  that  Juan  Bautista  do  ( )ructa 
V  Irusta,  alcalde  del  crimen  of  the  audiencia  of  Lima, 
succeeded  to  the  gubernatorial  office,  and  ruled  until 
1710,  when  a  governor  of  the  king's  appointment 
arrived,  and  Orueta  returned  to  Lima. 

Li  June  1711  Villa  lloclia,  having  boon  released 
and  seeing  an  opportunity  of  seizing  the  reins  of 
pi )wer,  hastened  to  the  capital  and  proclaimed  himself 
governor.  Flis  career  was  short,  for  within  twenty- 
lour  hours  Jos(5  ITurtado  de  Amedzaga,  mariscal  (L-l 
camix)  of  the  royal  forces,  compelled  him  to  abdicate, 
anil  he  himself  took  possession  of  the  governor's 
cliair,  occupying  it  until  17 IG,  by  which  time  he  had 
rendered  himself  so  obnoxicms  to  the  people  that  he 
was  i-emoved  by  the  king's  order.  The  government 
was  then  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  bishop  of  the 
diocese,  and  the  authority  of  the  audiencia  was  sus- 
])ended.  Following  Haya  wo  find  that  Doctor  Fray 
Jose  de  Llamas  y  liivas,  bishop  of  Panamd,  adminis- 
tered the  government  from  the  deposition  of  Villa 
IJocha  to  January  1719.  Authorities  differ  as  to  the 
order  of  succession  of  the  different  governors.  I  have 
selected  Haya  as  probably  the  most  accurate.  This 
writer  informs  us  that  Governor  Aldereto  began  his 
administration  of  Panamd  on  the  25th  of  A|)iil 
17i!5,  and  that  he  was  deposed  and  sent  to  Spain 
in  173X). 

The  successor  of  Aldereto  was  Juan  Jose  de  An- 
<ll;i,  marques  de  Villa  Hermosa,  who  was  promotetl 
IVoiii  the  governorship  of  Cartagena  to  the  presideney 
ot"  Panamd.     In  1735,  after  live  years'  service,  he  was 

'"lie  died  in  prison  at  Madrid.  Akedo,  Die,  iv.  4.5;  and  I/ai/a,  in  Dutaa 
Intra  la  IJintoriu  dd  IsttiKHi, 


in 


f  1! 


Hi 

I,  in 

1 

1 

1 

1 

J 

1 

684 


PANAMA. 


^^ivcn  a  ji^cncralshlp  in  the  royal  army  of  Spain,  and 
returned  there  with  lionors. 

Dionislo  de  Aleedo  y  llerrcra  was  appointed  a  few 
years  hiter  with  authority  over  all  the  lortilied  cities 
which  had  been  the  objective  point  of  tlie  Englisli  in 
tlie  war  which  they  had  declared  in  17(31). 

()u  the  day  before  Christmas  1749  the  <j^overn(ir- 
ship  of  Panama  was  conferred  on  Jaime  Mufioz  de 
Guzman;  but  on  the  same  day  one  ap[)ointed  by  llie 
crown  arrived  in  the  person  of  ^Manuel  de  Monliaim, 
who  held  the  office  until  the  11th  of  Xovenibir 
17j5.  IMontiano  was  yiromoted  to  this  position  I'lom 
the  governorship  of  Florida,  and  was  a  mariscal  de 
canipo. 

While  cns^agod  in  geodetic  surveys  at  the  Isthmus 
about  this  time,  Ulloa  had  an  opportunity  of  witnes>- 
ing  the  manner  in  which  justice  was  bought  and  soM. 
Matters  had  come  to  such  a  pass  that  the  members 
of  tlie  audiencia  chose  the  most  dexterous  oi'  tlieii- 
nundjer  and  empowered  him  to  negotiate  with  rival 
l)arties  as  to  what  amount  of  bonus  they  were  rcsjuT- 
tively  disposed  to  pay  in  consideration  of  a  favorable 
verdict. 

Panamd  in  1758  had  for  its  governor  Antonio  Gr.ill, 
au  officer  of  unusual  merit,  and  one  whoso  exocntive 
ability  was  highly  prized  by  the  crown.  lie  was  pm- 
moted  to  the  captain-generalship  of  Chile  in  17GI. 
In  the  following  year  Jose  Raon  succeeded,  and  was 
jnomoted  to  the  presidency  of  Mi,  aila  two  years  hiter. 
In  17G4  Jose  Vasco  y  Orosco  becanic  governor.  Ito 
died  in  17G7,  and  was  succoodei  in  January  17G1)  by 
Vicente  Olaziregui,  others  acting  provisionally  durinij 
the  interval.  Temporary  appointments  were  made  till 
1779,  when  Ramon  de  Carbajal  took  charge,  return- 
ing to  Soain  in  1786. 

Until  1718  the  three  provinces  of  the  IsthnuH 
wore  subject  to  the  viceroy  of  Peru,  but  after  that 
they  were  incorporated  with  New  Granada,  the  \  ice- 


PEARLS  AND  GOLD. 


CS5 


roy  of  wliicli  resided  at  Santa  Fc  do  Bogota.  The 
iattcr  was  endowed  with  the  j)rero!4ativcs  of  i-oy- 
jilty,  the  only  ehecks  upon  hi.s  authority  lu-in^'  the 
rcsidencia  and  the  ri;,dit  of  appeal  to  the  audieneia  of 
]\inaniil.  The  audieneia  enjoyed  the  privilege  of 
direet  conuiumication  with  the  soverei-ni,  and  with 
tliu  council  of  the  Indies.  Any  beneficial  eftect  which 
that  institution  might  have  had  was  counteracted 
largely  by  the  vast  powers  of  the  viceroy  and  their 
consequent  means  of  influencing  any  and  every  subor- 
dinate. 

In  1774  there  was  instituted  at  Pananiii  a  new 
audieneia  real  y  chancillerfa,  having  for  its  limits  the 
province  of  Castilla  del  Oro  as  far  as  Portobello,  the 
iTovince  of  Veraguj ,  and  toward  Peru  as  far  as  the 
])orts  of  Bucnavista  and  the  river  Dai'ien,  the  tciTi- 
torv  under  its  control  beinLf  bouncUsd  on  the  east  and 
south  by  that  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  audiencias 
of  Granada  and  Quito;  on  the  west  by  that  of  Gua- 
temala; and  on  the  north  and  south  by  the  two  oceans. 

It  has  alrc\dy  been  stated  that  about  the  close  of 
the  sixteenth  century  the  fisheries  of  the  Pearl  Islands 
became  exhausted,  and  that  they  were  abandoned  ibr 
several  decades  thereafter.  In  lG97the  Italian  trav- 
eller Gemelli  Carcri  visited  Panama,  and  according  to 
his  report  the  fisheries  then  yielded  pearls  equal  to 
those  found  near  Ceylon.  He  mentions  one  belong- 
ing to  a  Jesuit  priest  that  weighed  sixty  grains,  and 
for  which  the  owner  refused  seventy  thousand  pesos.''' 

About  the  same  time  the  industry  of  gold-mining 
v>as  revived  on  the  Isthmus.  In  IJarien  and  W'ra- 
gua,  but  especially  in  the  former  province,  n)inos  which 
Iiad  been  abandoned  were  again  worked,  and  new  one^. 
discovered.  The  operatives  were  slaves,  free  negroes, 
sambos,  and  mulattoes,  who  received  for  their  wages 

"  Oiro  del  Momh,  i-iO.  Captain  S<cmau  niontiona  tli:it  tlie  laru'cst  and  most 
liiuntiful  j)carl  ever  found  ou  lla:  coa.stof  ranaiiii'i  nitii«iiri'd  tlirt'o  ciuartors  of 
an  inch  in  diameter,  and  was  perfectly  round.  It  was  obtained  at  tho  i'uerdua 
Islands.   Vvy.,  i.  '20S. 


iP..  S^ 


I] 

■  '   V 


ji 


■'■n 


580 


PANAMA. 


a  oorlain  amount  of  pay-dirt,  and  often  pilfered  gol;! 
dust  cnouijjh  to  make  thcni  as  rich  as  their  masters. 
It  was  the  dehght  of  the  negroes  to  give  fancy  halli 
to  their  inamoratas,  at  wliich  they  would  appear  with 
their  hair  glistening  with  golden  trinkets,  sometimes 
sprinkling  the  ball-room  lloor  with  gold  dust. 

A  slave  of  Antonio  do  Sosa  discovered  a  pocket  of 
gold  which  is  said  to  have  yielded  sixty  thousand  c;is- 
tellanos;  and  making  tliis  known  to  his  master,  was 
rewarded  with  his  freedom  and  that  of  his  wife,  and 
presented  with  a  house  and  lot  in  Panamii  and  a 
HKxlerate  income  wherewith  to  enjoy  his  liberty.  ( H 
a  vagabond  mulatto  it  is  related  that  he  suddenly 
reappeared  in  the  church  of  Santo  Domingo,  and 
attracted  the  gaze  of  all  by  a  remarkably  brilliant 
rosary  I'ormed  of  large  nuggets  of  purest  gold.  Tin; 
])lace  of  discovery  was  subsequent!}''  known  as  t]\<i 
llosario  mining  district.  Among  other  nug<>'ets  un- 
earthed  was  one  found  at  the  mines  of  Santa  ^Faiia, 
weighing,  according  to  Dampier,  a  hundred  and  twtiity 
l>ounds.  Instances  like  these  might  be  niultiplicd, 
but  enough  has  been  said  to  show  the  value  of  tho 
mines  froni  which  at  this  time  more  gold  was  sent  to 
Panama  than  I'rom  all  the  others  in  the  Spanish  prov- 
inces. As  late  as  1720  they  yielded  a  handsome  rev- 
enue to  the  Spanish  crown. 

The  mines  of  Cana  in  the  mountains  of  Espiritii 
Santo  were  especially  rich,  and  in  the  early  part  ot" 
the  eighteenth  centur}'  were  so  frequently  exposed  to 
the  raids  of  robbers  that  for  a  season  they  were  aban- 
doned. In  1702  and  1712,  at  the  former  of  wlii'h 
dates  the  town  ol'  Cana  contained  nine  hundred  houses, 
the  nlace  was  sacked  by  the  EuLdish;  in  1724  bv  tht; 
French;  and  in  1727  by  the  Indians.  During  the.so 
and  later  years  other  parts  of  the  Isthmus  were  s(  \  - 
oral  times  invaded  by  corsairs,  or  by  the  armanienis  <  1' 
ICngland  ostensibly  by  way  of  reprisal  for  injuries  in- 
llicted  on  Pritish  connnerce. 

In  1713  CJreat  Britain  obtained  an  asicnto  for  sup- 


MINES  AND  MERCHANDISE. 


587 


plyliifif  the  Spanish  colonies  with  nej^ro  slaves,""  and 
iilso  the  privileiL>-e  of  sending-  annually  to  Portobello 
a  five-hundred-ton  vessel  [•ulen  with  Eurojiean  nici'- 
chandisc.  British  factories  were  soon  established  at 
Cartagena  and  Pananul.  xVnd  British  merchants, 
]»roni[)t  to  take  advantage  of  this  license,  poured  in 
goods  with()i;t  limitation  or  restraint.  Instead  of  a 
vessel  of  five  hundred  tons  they  usuall}^  sent  one  of 
nearly  double  that  capacity,  accompanied  by  two  or 
three  smaller  shlj)s,  which,  mooring  in  some  neighbor- 
ing creek,  sup[)lied  fresh  bale:?  of  goods  when  the  stoci; 
Oil  board  the  larn^er  vessel  became  exhausted.  The 
inspectors  of  the  fair  and  the  officers  of  the  revenue 
were  bribed,  and  gradually  tlie  innnense  commerce  of 
tlie  merchants  of  Stnille  was  diverted,  and  the  .squad- 
rons that  were  wont  to  be  the  pride  of  Spain  and  tlio 
envy  of  the  nations  sank  to  insignificant  propoi-tions, 
the  o-jdleons  having  little  other  freiu'lit  than  that  fur- 
nislied  by  the  mines  an<l  the  royal  tribute.  In  17  I  i) 
an  efFort  was  made  to  regain  this  lost  ground,  foreign 
commerce  being  intei-dicted  and  increased  facilities 
being  given  for  domestic  trade  by  a  cedida  of  Decem- 
ber Ist.-^ 

After  the  treaty  of  Seville  was  concluded  between 
S|)ain  and  England,  complaints  were  frequently  made 
of  the  de])re(lations  committed  by  S[)anish  guard.'i 
costas  on  l^ritish  commerce  in  the  \Vest  Indies.  The 
I'Jiglish  of  course  retaliated.  Whoicupon  the  Span  ■ 
iai'ds,  not  satisfied  with  jdundering  Britisli  mercliant- 
ships,   maltreated  their  crews.     A  squadron  of  jour 


'•'"Tho  nsionto  was  to  last  30  years,  to  ^lay  1,  1713.  Tin-  pontr.'.ctors  wcro 
to  i'\])ort  4,iS0i)  iR'ui'()i'«  luimiall y  aiul  to  |iay  to  tlu'  crown  of  S|riii.  .'>.'l!  t'scinlns 
f  1-  till  li  oii(^;  mill  also  to  advanco  liis  Catliolii;  Majesty  '_'(l!>, ()>)>)  escinlos  pay- 
iililc  in  'JO  years.  .Should  more  mercies  1)0  reriuireil,  4,S()I>  ixtia  Mii'.rlit  In,' 
i\liort(-'il,  for  each  of  v '  .  \i>^  yvsus  \wvt:  to  l>v  paiil.  XeirriMS  eari  ieil  to 
tin:  uiiulwai'd  coast  \v>-.  .lot  to  lie  sold  for  more  tlitni  .'{()()  pesis  eacl',  Knt 
tliiT"  was  no  limit  to  price  in  Tierra  Firmour  New  S])ain.  No  (it].er<'nin|iiiny 
v.is  to  he  allowed  to  eiiL'aL'c  in  this  trallie,  and  no  merehnndise  coi.ld  lie  c,u - 
riid  nnder  jieiialty  of  I'onliscation.  'i'lie  ihips  of  the  contractois  o  uld  ,siH 
finiii  either  liritisii  or  Spanish  I'orts.    ,S(iliir,i,'.s  M<„l.  Ili.-.t.,  iii.  •_'I!)-'_''J. 

'■'/,'«(/<.•■■  Cidiilax,  MS.,  i.  ly-i;  Utiija,  Injvnnc  at  Uoj,  4;  JivUft^uii'i  Ui4. 
AiMsr.,  ii.,  ;JU4-'J. 


588 


PANAMA. 


1^ 


K 


twciity-gun  ships  and  two  sloops  was  desp^tcliod  to 
the  Indies,  and  accounts  of  the  atrocities  infhcted  or 
permitted  by  the  captains  of  Spanish  vessels  wore 
continually  brought  by  vessels  arriving  from  the  New- 
World.  In  1738  the  house  of  commons  deteiiuim d 
to  investigate  the  matter,  and  to  ascertain  the  nunilur 
of  ships  that  had  been  seized  by  the  Spaniards,  tlio 
\alue  of  their  cargoes,  and  the  nature  of  the  alleged 
cruelties.  An  instance  which  was  related  before  a 
committee  of  inquiry  appointed  by  the  connnons 
arcmsed  a  feelim?  of  resentment  throusxhout  Gr<  at 
Britain.  One  Captain  Jenkins,  master  of  a  brig 
trading  from  Glasijow,  stated  that  his  craft  had  liccii 
boarded  by  a  guarda  costa,  that  his  crew  had  been 
ill  used,  and  one  of  his  own  ears  cut  oft",  the  captain 
of  the  vessel  placing  it  in  his  hand  and  bidding  him 
carry  it  home  to  the  king,  whom  he  declared  lie 
would  treat  in  the  same  manner  if  he  had  him  in  liis 
])ower.  Discredit  was  afterward  thrown  on  this  storv; 
but  whether  it  were  true  or  false  it  was  at  the  time 
believed  by  the  commons  and  the  people  of  England. 
On  the  14th  of  January  1739  a  convention  was 
signed  between  the  two  countries,  wherein  Spain 
agreed  to  indemnify  British  merchants  for  their 
losses,  but  the  Spaniards  afterward  refused  to  ])ay 
the  stipulated  sum.  In  consequence  of  which,  and  of 
the  maltreatment  of  British  sul)jects,  letters  of  nianjiio 
and  reprisal  were  issued  by  the  admiralty  m  July  el' 
tlut  year,  but  not  until  October  following  was  war 
fori  lally  declared. 

It  was  now  resolved  to  despatch  a  strong  squadron 
to  the  West  Indies ^^  for  the  protection  of  British 
commerce,  and,  in  retaliation  for  the  injuries  inflicted 
by  the  Spaniards,  to  attack  Portobello.  So  strongly 
was  this  city  fortified  that  during  a  debate  of  t!ii3 
house  of  commons  one  of  the  mend)ers  stated  that  it 
ct)uld  not  be  captured  with  less  than  fifty  or  sixty 

■'^Lrttcrs  of  inanine  wore  isfnird  on  July  '21st,  nnd  Vernon's  squailrou 
bailed  on  the  "JOtli,  touching,  purluips,  at  Portsmouth  for  orders. 


A  GENTLEMAXLY  ENGLISH  COMMANDER. 


5S9 


incn-of-war;  whereupon  Captain  Ethvard  Vernon,  him- 
self a  member,  happeninij^  to  be  present,  rose  and  said  : 
"I  will  forfeit  my  life  if  I  cannot  take  it  with  six 
ships."  The  offer  was  promptly  accepted ;  the  captain 
was  given  the  command  of  an  expedition,  and  being 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  vice-admiral  sot  sail  on  tlie 
20th  of  July  1739.  Touching  at  Port  Royal  he  ob- 
tained a  rcenforcement  of  240  troops,  and  after  wait- 
ing in  vain  for  more  land  forces  from  England,  put  to 
sea  with  seven  vessels,  six  of  them  having  on  boai'd 
L\735  men  and  370  guns;  one  was  ordered  to  cruise 
ci"  K  'ni  agona,  that  the  commander  nn'ght  make  good 
li!-.  pii  ■  'se  to  capture  the  city  with  six  ships  only. 
<)n  nearing  the  coast  three  Spanish  war-vessels  were 
sighted  and  chased,  but  made  good  their  escape,  and 
loLUid  safe  shelter,  as  their  captains  supposed,  under 
tlie  camion  of  the  forts. 

At  daybreak  on  tlie  21st  of  Xovember  the  British 
squadron  entered  the  harbor  in  line  of  battle.  A 
brisk  fire  was  at  once  opened  froUi  the  strongest  foit 
of  the  Spaniards,  known  as  the  Iron  Castle,  and 
against  this  point  Verm  a  directed  his  attack.  The 
Hampton  Court,  a  vessel  with  70  guns  and  500  miMi, 
led  the  way,  and,  anchoring  almost  within  a  cables 
Irngth  of  the  fort,  bore  Ibr  some  minutes  the  whole 
lifimt  of  the  '.  gii"*^.  Within  half  an  hour  two  other 
Vessels  cai!u  i^!;  ai^ion,  and  soon  the  uj)per  portion 
(tf  the  castle  "^vali  "vas  Itat-tci-ec'  down,  when  many  of  the 
Spaniards  abandcr'^-,  lueir  guns  and  lied.  Observing 
this  the  admiral  ordered  a  lieutenant  with  fortv  sailors 
aiiil  a  party  of  niariius  to  land  and  carry  the  fort  by 
assault.  He  then  anchored  his  own  ship,  the  Biir/of</, 
within  half  acable's  length  of  the  enemy's  cannon,  in 
niiler  to  cover  the  storniiiig  party.  He  met  with  a 
wai'm  rccep:  ion,  for  the  Spaniards  opened  a  ]><)int- 
lilniik  tire  "i.  ,\\o  Buiford,  and  every  gim  took  etl'ect. 
One  shot  pa-.  ■  '  thiough  the  fore-top-niast,  anotlier 
struck  within  iwo  inches  of  the  main-mast,  a  third 
broke  through  the  l>ulwarksof  the  (juarter-deck,  close 


590 


PANAMA. 


to  the  spot  where  Vernon  stood,  kilhno-  two  men  and 
wounding  five  others.  The  stern  of  the  adnilmrs 
barge  was  shot  away,  and  a  largo  carronadc  on  Hk! 
niahi-dcck  was  disabled.  But  soon  the  Hag-sliin 
brought  her  starboard  broadside  to  bear  on  the  cast  ](.', 
and  at  the  first  discharge  drove  the  Spaniards  from 
their  lower  batteries;  then  swinging  round  on  lur 
cable  she  poured  in  another  voile}'  from  her  larhoaid 
guns.  The  fire  of  her  small  arms  connnanded  ilio 
lower  embrasures;  the  men.  meanwhile  had  made 
good    their   landing    I  the    boats;  and  soon  the 

white  fla!Tf  was  hoisted  a  the  Iron  Castle.  Firiii''- 
v»as  continued  until  dark  irom  two  other  forts,  wliich 
then  guarded  the  harbor  of  Portobello,  but  on  tlio 
following  morning  the  city,  the  fortiiications,  and  all 
the  vessels  in  port  were  finally  surrendered  to  tlic 
English.'* 

Vernon  would  not  allow  his  men  to  pillage  the 
town"-^*  or  molest  the  inhabitants;  but  ten  tliousaiid 

^^Tlio  governor  of  the  city,  Francisco  Martinez  dc  Retzcz,  inuleiwcut 
Idtter  Imniilialion  if  wc  iiiiiy  believe  Sir  E(-hv;inl  Senward,  \\  lu>  u.';s  at  tlio 
time  a  prisiiner  in  Portoljello.  Seawanl  and  his  fricml  Captain  lvni;:lit  hm] 
l)eeii  arrested  ou  aeeount  of  an  altcroation  wi'LJi  the  jj;overnor  and  f.ir  rcfus. 
in;(  to  apc)lo:;i^e  to  tlio  hin%'  of  Sj  ain  fi.ir  liavin,'  in  tho  jircvions  year  released 
certain  captives  imprisonetl  in  I'ortohcllo.  JloAx  v.'erc  ill  treated,  and  whvn 
tliey  reporUd  tho  matter  to  Vernon  tl;o  admiral  ordered  tho  ^f()vern<jr  and 
the.nselves  til  appear  befoi'c  him.  'I  have  no  quarrel  \vilh  1  )on  I'ranciscu 
^iartine;:  ilo  Itctzo;;  on  my  own  account,'  Kaid  Seav.'ard,  '  Init  I  have,  and  ever 
sh:dl  have,  a  (piarrel  with  him  on  account  of  the  king  my  master,  wlieni  l.o 
most  j;rca;jly  intialted  Iiy  di;irc':pcclfnl  v.'ords,  in  tho  jircsenco  of  ('apt:'ia 
Kni;;!it  and  my.sclf.'  '^Vllat  did  lie  aayV  aohed  Vernon,  'lie  llrst  insulcrd  Sii- 
];dward  ,Seaw;;rd,  by  the  nio..t  indolent  and  con'.  in[]tuou.!  Leluivior,'  re]r.iiil 
tho  e::;iL;.in,  '  r.nd  v,  hen  I  remonslr:ited,  telling  him,  that  he  bhouhl  reeollu't 
that  Sir  Jldward  Siviward  was  eipial  in  rank  t )  himself,  hoh'.ing  hnnoural  lo 
conians;  ions  under  tho  liing  of  J'lngkuid,  he  replied,  "  I  do  not  cun:Uikr  (In; 
king  of  Jlngland  him  ;elf  c(|ual  in  rank  to  nie;  for  hois  little  better  tli;in  a 
JJiiteliman."  '  Vou  ilanmed  ]ioltrooii!'  ror.red  tho  admiral,  'with  all  yeiir 
lung  yarn  of  hard  nnnie,-:,  what  .s!ia!l  I  call  you?  Down  on  your  i::arii>v- 
l)o'!e:!,  you  scoundrel,  and  Ijeg  pardon  r:f  the  king  our  master,  or  I'll  kick 
you  from  hell  to  JIaekney  !'  'J'he  don  as!;ed  pardon  of  his  lato  cnptivi's  hut 
w.iuld  do  no  more.  Tliis  wouhl  not  sati.sfy  Vei'non,  and  throwing  dov. a  a 
guinea  ho  f.'rasped  him  by  the  neck  and  forced  him  into  a  ttoopin;;  po>i:i  'ii, 
Kliiiutiug,  '  Thero  is  the  king's  picture!  down  on  your  knees,  you  l/lmk- 
guard,  and  ask  forgivene  a.'  1'he  governor  took  up  tlie  coin  and  cxclaiiiiii!;,' 
jn  a  low  t(jne,  '  Yo  he  ot'endido,'  laid  it  down  ag:.in.  'J'his  was  eousideied  ;\ 
8\illieient  apology.  Hiuirurd'.!  Xan:,  edited  by  Jane  Porter,  .'Jd  ed.,  Liin'l"ii, 
bSl  I,  ii.  'JiN(»-  I,  1:',)»!-l'.  'J  lie  work,  no  ih  \\\n  lar-c  ly  liclioii,  jau'iiorls  to  liavu 
liCen  cduiiiiled  fioni  the  MSS.  of  Seawaid's  iliarv. 

-''J  he  crews  of  the  giuudas  costas  and  oilier  Spanish  vet^sch:  in  the  liailj^a' 


VERNON'S  EXPEDITION. 


591 


pesos  iiitondcd  for  the  pay  of  the  garrison  M'crc  found 
concealed,  and  distributed  among  the  ]']nglish  forces."^ 
The  most  serviceable  |)ieces  of  ordnance  were  placeil 
on  board  the  fleet;  the  rest  were  spiked;  the  am- 
munition was  secured,  and  after  blowing  up  all  the 
i'ortifications  of  the  city,  Vernon,  being  now  reenforced 
by  several  vessels,  returned  to  Port  Iloyal,  whence 
alter  refitting  his  lleet  he  sailed  on  the  25th  of  Feb- 
I'uary  1740  for  the  mouth  of  the  Chagre  with  six 
men-of-war,  and  several  lire-ships,  bombketches,  and 
tenders. 

Tlie  castle  of  San  Lorenzo  which,  it  will  he  remcm- 
h(  led,  was  demolished  by  Morgan  in  1G71,  had  been 
rebuilt  and  strongly  fortified.  Vernon  now  resolved 
ti)  destroy  it  and  thus  strike  another  blow  at  S|)ain's 
dominions  in  Ticrra  Firme;  but  first  to  punish  the 
iiiliabitants  of  Cartagena  from  which  city  the  Spanish 
adnnral,  Don  Bias,  had  sent  him  while  at  Portobello 
a  message  which  savored  of  insolence.  The  don  had 
accused  him  of  I'ear,  and  remarked  that  ''to  take  Cities 
and  destroy  lioyal  Fortifications  was  an  unusual  and 
unexpected  V/ay  of  makmg  lleprisals."  This  remark 
t!ie  ]Jritish  connnander  deemed  suilicient  cxcus(3  lor 
KJielling  the  city,  during  whlcli  pr(K'ess  (he  custom- 
linuse,  the  Jesuit  college,  a  cliurch,  and  other  build- 
ings were  laid  in  ruins  thoug'i  he  did  not  succeed  in 
cajituring  Cartageria.  Tlu;  castle  of  San  Lorenzo  was 
surrendered  with  but  slight  resistance^;  and  after  com- 
mililng  i'urther  depredations  on  tlie  coast  Vei'uou  set 
8ail  irom  the  shores  of  Tierra  Firme. 


fi'.l  to  iiliircloriuti  rortolii'lli)  on  the  nif^'ht  of  its  capture  .'ind  tlic  iiilialiitant-i 
liC'."'(.'il  tlie  luliiiivarti  in'oteL'tinn.  ^'c;/.  ainl  Ilist,  Jlr.-trri/i.,  i)'.  ///</,,  [,'■[>, 
1.  lUiloli,  1741.  Tlii-i  work  ^;iv<'H  ii  Iniit'  i<kttcli  of  tlu;  liisidi'y  of  Cal'lii'jeiia, 
I'll'.  LuIkUo,  Vein  Cruz,  llaliana,  iiuil  S.iu  A';Usliii  up  to  the  lie'.Juuin','  of 
171.1,  with  a  (li'scriptioii  of  eaeli  of  tliese  eitics.  It  i,-i  (•laimcd  tliat  tlie  honk 
\v:i:i  eouipilod  fn^iu  auUieutie  ineiiicir.s,  and  a:<  it  v.as  ]nihlislieil  less  tliau  t\>0 
Jeatr,  alior  tiie  capture  of  I'uiloliello  it  i-i  jiroliahly  Wortliy  of  Hoiue  ercilenee, 
t.<|ii'rial!y  in  matters  of  detail,  rdilioui:h  Massed  in  the  main. 

'•'III.,  1J8.  In  JJdiiijhu'  Siunii.'uri/  l/i"!.  mid  J'ol.  (Loudon,  17"i">),  4(i,  it 
is  .stated  that  Vernon  sei;^eil  th''  Spanish  faetory  and  carried  oil'  jLtoods  to  t!io 
Vahc  of  .1:7. ).():;().  .March  y  Lalmres,  in  //is',  .y/ariiiti  /.'sjinnula,  ii.  0G-,  miyst 
'N.i  uicuntri)  alii  el  vtaieedor  la  ricpie/a  (pie  se  prniiiflia.' 


502 


PANAMA. 


About  three  weeks  after  the  declaration  of  war 
between  England  and  Spain,  Captain  George  Anson 
arrived  at  Spithead  from  his  cruise  off  the  coast  nf 
Africa  and  in  the  West  Indies.  He  was  placed  in 
charge  of  an  armament  consisting  of  six  ves,sels  wiili 
1,510  men  and  23G  guns,  and  was  promised  a  I  )rce  if 
ini'antry  composed  of  several  hundred  choice  roo])s, 
the  purpose  of  the  expedition  being  to  operate  on  tho 
coast  of  Peru,  and  thence  to  proceed  northward,  attack 
Panamd,  and  capture  the  treasure-fleet. 

In  1741  Vernon,  who  was  now  at  Jamaica,  was 
placed  in  charge  of  the  largest  fleet  and  army  tliut 
had  ever  been  <lespatched  to  the  West  Indies. 
Twenty-nine  ships  of  the  line,  with  a  large  nunilni' 
of  frigates,  boniMc etches,  and  fire-ships,  manned  l>y 
15,000  seamen  and  having  on  board  about  12,0(^0 
troops,  were  here  collected  for  a  descent  on  the  main- 
land. Anson  was  directed  to  cooperate  with  Vernon 
by  way  of  the  Isthmus;  and  had  not  these  expeditions 
suffered  a  series  of  reverses,  caused  in  part  by  tho 
vacillating  policy  of  the  British  ministry,  Spain's 
dominion  in  the  wester' i  world  might  now  have  cumo 
to  an  end. 

But  in  place  of  choice  troops  a  number  of  raw  ic- 
cruits  were  placed  on  board  Anson's  ships,  the  only 
veterans  being  invalids;  and  the  departure  of  his 
squadron  was  delayed  until  the  18th  of  Septenih.  r 
1740.  After  clearino;  the  straits  of  Magellan  tip  v 
encountered  a  furious  storm  which  lasted  for  tifty-ciuht 
days.  The  vessels  were  parted,  and  on  the  Uth  of 
Jun''  'n  tho  following  year  the  admiral's  ship,  tho 
Centurion,  arrived  at  the  island  of  Juan  Fernamici 
with  her  crew  prostrated  by  scurvy.  Here  he  was 
soon  rejoined  by  two  others  of  the  squadron,  and  ni'uv 
remaining  a  hundred  and  four  days  at  the  island  m  t 
sail  for  the  coast  of  South  America,  sacking  and 
burning  the  town  of  Paita  and  taking  several  vessr!>, 
by  the  men  on  board  one  of  which  he  was  told  th;it 
Vernon  had  been  defeated  at  Cartauvna.     It  v/as  ic- 


AXSOX'S  EXPEDITIOX. 


593 


solved  not  to  make  any  attempt  on  Panama;  and 
alter  some  further  adventures  Anson  sailed  toward 
^Manila,  and  captured  in  that  vieinity  a  prize  whicli 
ivwarded  him  and  his  followers  for  all  their  toil  and 
sviifering.  This  was  a  Spanish  galleon  having  on 
l)()ard  nearly  a  million  and  a  half  of  pesos.  Anson 
then  set  his  face  homeward  and  arrived  in  England 
ly  way  of  the  Capo  of  Good  Hope  on  tlie  1  i")tli  of 
.lunc  1744,  having  occu{)ied  three  years  and  nine 
months  in  his  circumnavigation.-" 

After  his  repulse  at  Cartagena  Yernon  returned  to 
Jamaica,  where  he  was  soon  reeiiforced  hy  lour  mea- 
ot'-Vv'ar  and  three  thousand  troops  despatched  fr(ji.i 
]'n'«land.  On  the  9th  of  March  1742  he  sailed  for 
l*ortobello,  intending  to  proceed  thence  to  Panama 
and  capture  that  city.  On  arriving  at  the  Istlnnus 
lie  ibund  that  the  rainy  season  had  already  set  in; 
Lis  men  sickened,  and  a  council  of  war  beinu'  hold  it 
was  resolved  to  return  once  more  to  Jamaica.  Hence 
lie  v.as  soon  afterward  ordered  home,  the  iei')nant  of 
l:is  forces  now  mustering  but  a  tenth  part  oi'  the 
iiiiniber  that  had  been  intrusted  to  his  commaml. 
Thus  in  disaster  ended  an  expedition  sent  to  the  con- 
(juest  of  an  empire. 

Notwithstanding  the  defeat  of  Vernon's  expedition 
till'  settlements  ontheNorth  ISea  had  been  so  freipvutly 
laid  waste  that  alter  1748  thei'o  was  little  intercourse 
l)L'tween  S[)ain  and  her  colonics  in  Tierra  Pirme  and 
South  America  exce[)t  by  way  of  Cai)e  Horn.  The 
(lospatch  of  lleets  to  the  Isthmus  was  discontinued. 
Licenses  w-ero  granted,  however,  to  vessels  called 
register  ships,  and  in  17G4  a  monthly  line  of  ])aek('ls 
was  established  for  interconununication  with  l\jilo- 


■      ! 


'"Soon  nftcr  Anson  left  Enrtl.'ind  tlio  S|),'niisli  jrovornnn'iit  (IcsjiMtclicil 
iiinlc'l' Ailniii'iil  I'ixiUTf)  a  s(|iiMlroii  of  six  vessels  to  (Icfoat  Aiisnn's  |'iir|iiis(\ 
Till'  twi)  iirniinnc'iits  sii^litccl  each  other  m  n'r  tlie  straits  of  Mauell;in,  Imt  ihii-- 
iii.u'  tlie  storm  tnciilioiieil  in  thi>  text  three  of  the  Spanish  vessel,-,  were  wveekr, I, 
t\'.<i  (if  the  others  rea/.'hiiiu'  the  iiicmth  of  La  Plata  with  a  I'lss  of  half  ilirir 
crtw,  anil  the  reniainiiiL;  shiji  ariiving  thcru  witha  loss  uf  oOi)  out  of  tJ'J  nion. 
UisT.  CtNT.  Am.,  Vul.  II,    as 


594 


PANAMA. 


bcllo  and  Cartagena.  A  few  years  later  restrictions 
on  trade  were  removed  by  international  treaty;  but 
long  before  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century  tho 
commerce  of  the  Isthmus  declined,  and  tho  road  from 
Panama  to  Portobello  could  no  longer  be  called  one 
of  the  chief  commercial  highways  of  tho  world.  Agri- 
culture and  manufactures  were  neglected;  the  mints 
were  exhausted;  and  the  trade  which  had  for  more 
than  two  hundred  years  been  the  life-blood  of  Panama 
existed  no  more. 


CHAPTER  XXXII. 

MOSQUITIA,  XICAllAGUA,  AND  COSTA  RICA 
1701-lSOO. 

The  SAMr.os  of  jro.<QriTi.\ — Their  TEnnrroiiY — A  JIosQriTo  Ciiikftaix 
Ckownkd  King — Treaties  r.EXWF.EX  Spain  and  EN<iLANi)  —  The 
BuiTisH  Occci'Y  MosQriTiA— Galvez  CAPTrRKS  AN  Enclisii  Settle- 
ment ON  the  Black  IIiver — An  Armament  Despatiiieu  from  Ja- 
maica TO  MosQriTiA — Sfrrender  of  the  Spaniauus — Colonists 
Ordered  to  Leave  the  Coast — The  Governors  of  NicARAorA — 
The  British  Defeated  at  Tort  San  Caiilos— They  Caitcre  Fort 
San  JrAN — BrT  are  Cojipelled  to  Keti;eat — Chl'uch  Matters — 
Missionary  Expeuitions  to  Talamanca — Affairs  in  Costa  IIica. 

Ox  the  eastern  coast  of  XicaraLTua  and  Hondiirns 
there  lived  in  the  seventeenth  century  a  people  known 
among  themselves  as  Misskitos,  and  called  by  the 
S]ianiard  Mosquitos,  or  more  Irequently  sambos,  the 
oUspring  probably  of  cimarrones  and  native  \vomei\ 
Tliey  were  ruled  by  an  hereditary  king,  whose  terri- 
toiy,  when  buccaneers  first  visited  his  domain,  was 
in  very  limited  extent,  though  the  ]Mosquito  laiigungo, 
\vliich  was  identical  with  the  one  spoken  by  those  of 
similar  origin  in  the  West  Indies,  spread  in  after 
years  from  Cape  Honduras  to  the  Desaguadei-o,  and 
as  iar  inland  as  Black  River.  They  were  a  warlike 
race,  and,  as  we  sliall  see,  could  hold  their  own  against 
the  Spaniards.  Their  chief  weapons  were  the  b(»w 
and  arrow,  in  the  use  of  which  it  is  said  that  the 
v,omen  were  as  expert  as  the  men.  The  bow  was  of 
ironwood,  often  six  feet  in  length,  and  strung  with 
twisted  bark.  The  ariow  was  of  wood  (»r  reed,  hard- 
ened in  the  fire,  and  tipped  with  lisli-bonr,  Hint,  or 


COG 


MOSQUITIA,  XICARACUA,  AND  COSTA  RICA. 


tiH'tli,  poisoned  in  tlio  juice  of  the  nuiuzanilla  tree. 
'^i'hcv  Ibimlit  also  Avitli  lances  of  cane,  nine  feet  in 
length,  and  uitli  javelins,  clubs,  and  li(,^avy  sharji- 
])ointcd  swords  made  of  a  poisonous  wood.  TIk  ii-  di  - 
ieiisivo  armor  was  of  ])lated  reeds  covered  with  tig!  r- 
skins  and  hi'decked  \\'\i\\  feathers.  Toward  the  clti^o 
of  the  century  the  Mosqultos  could  put  more  tli;i!i 
forty  thousand  warriors  into  the  lield;  they  selectt  .1 
as  leader  on  each  expedition  the  bravest  and  mot 
ex}>erienced  of  their  lunnbcr.^ 

"The  inner  j)arts  of  the  Mosqiieto  country  are  very 
barren,"  states  an  Englishman  who  was  in  those  })av(:s 
near  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century  and  ^\  loio 
his  descri])tion  about  1G99,  "but  in  the  woods  iii.ir 
the  river  sides,  and  by  the  great  lagunes,  are  maiiV 
sorts  of  fruits,  wild  beasts,  and  fowls,  in  ])lenty... 
Plantains,  and  banai.as,.  .they  have  pleniil'ully,  in 
small  plantations,  in  obscure  parts  of  the  woods,  nc;  r 
the  riversides.  .  .Pine  apples  too.  .  .they  have  enougii 
of,  and  mamnio,  which  last  is  a  very  sweet  fruit... 
and  groM's  on  middling  low  trees  like  apjjles.  S;!l!;i- 
dilla  trees,  which  bear  berries  as  big  as  sloes,  oi'  ;i 
vellowish  colour,  which  are  very  pleasant  to  the  ta>le 
and  wholesome,  of  extraordinary  virtue, ..are  vriv 
fre(jucnt  in  their  woods;  as  are  likewise  a  sort  of  ;i 
pleasing  ])lum  tiee,  which  grows  ver}'  large,  and  is  dl' 
a  most  tlelieious  odour.  .  .Great  Indian  wheat,  or  ni;iis. 
they  plant  a  little  of  to  make  drink  with;  and  likew'.M' 
some  cocoa  trees,,  .but  their  laziness  will  not  jjeimit 
them  to  plant  much  of  the  last,  because  tluy  c;iii 
steal  it  ready  gathered  from  the  Spaniards,  wlio  li;i\i' 
large  plantations  thereof  at  Carpenters  river,  in  t 
manv  leau'ues  fi'om  them.  Suu'ar-canes  I  have  se<  ii 
growing  in  old  king  Jeremy's  plantation,  nmch  laigii' 
than  I  ever  saw  in  Jamaica,  but  the  Indians  not  know- 
ing how  to  make  sugar  or  rum,  neglect  them.  .  .l'a|»- 
j)aw  trees  which   bear  a  sweet  fruit,  almost   like  ;i 


'  For  physical,  pocial,  raul  moral  ilcsrription  of  tlic  Mosruiitus,  gee  Xulite 
Haccs,  i.  711,  this  series;  uuil  of  their  luugiiage,  /(/.,  iii.  071--,  7J3--'J0. 


GENERAL  DESCRIl'TION. 


J07 


mns1{-ni(  Ion  in  sliapo  and  taste.  .  .arc  vt'iy  plentiful. 
Cocoa-nut  trees,  cocoa-}»lunis,  an<l  large  ^'rajtes,  grow- 


iiiLi'  on  u'reat  trees,  with  lari-'e  stones  in  tlieni 


,  SJl'OW 


u\)  and  down  near 


the    water-sides.      ^lonelo  tr 


ees, 


whose  fruit  hangs  down  like  frencli-heans,  and  are  a 
^■(■r_v  rich  jierfunie  when  dried,  and  the  Ix^st  for  choco- 
late, grow  very  [jlentitul  on  the  banks  of  JUack  Kivcr, 
ill  this  countrv.  All  the  llesh  that  these  people 
cat.  .  .thev  get  hv  hunting.  .  .'I'liev  have  a  small  sort 
of  fallow  deer,  like  our  3'^nglish,  with  shorter  horns, 
v.hich  haunt  the  inner  sides  of  the  woods,  clos(!  to  the 
Savanna.  .  .The  mountain  cow,  which  the  natives  call 
TiUni,  is  of  the  bigness  of  an  English  calf  of  a  year 
old,  having  a  snout  like  an  ele[)hant  and  not  horiu'd; 
tliev  hide  all  da}'  in  nuiddy  plashes,  to  escape  the 
tigers,  and  in  the  night  swim  across  the  river  to  get 
i"  )od .  .  .  \\'arree  and  j)ickaree  abound  in  great  herds, 
and  are  two  sorts  of  Indian  wild  lio'js,  liavinu"  both 


their  navels   on   their  backs. 


•>ome   parts   oi 


tl 


lis 


country  are  pretty  w'ell  stocked  with  f  )wls.  .  .A  pi-ett  y 
lirgc  sort  of  fowl  haunt  their  ])lantain  walks,  whit-h 
the  natives  call  cinawmoes  and  i]\o  Enu'lish  coi'as; 


o(.'s : 


they  arc  a  small  sort  of  Indian  turkey ..  .Wood 
]'igeons.  .  .and  a  sort  of  lat  doves  creeping  com- 
monly on  the  ground,  are  ])lentiful  enoiigli ,  .  .The 
Is  are    stocked  with    a    variety   of   other    f)wls, 


\VOO( 


most  curiously  painted,  which  are  good  for  i'ood, 
In   the  fj'esh  water  rivers  they  have  a  sort  of  tor 
>ise,  called  cushwaw,.  .and  on  the  coast  abundanct 


t< 


arijfo  sea-tortoise; 


Tl 


ley   liave    <j,T( 


mullets,  silver-ilsh,  cat-fish,  cavalli 


OS. 


at 
Iiarl 


slioal 


nurses. 


SI i;t lepers,  arov. 


pe 


rs,  some'  sea 


1,    St 


uigrays,  wliiprav 


and  sea-devils.  .  .Their  best  hsh  is  the  manatee,  or 
!^ea-cow.  .  .they  are  sometimes  found  straggling  in 
tlie  laguncs,.  ..but  aref-not  suffered  to  increase,  thro' 
tih!  greediness  of  the  Indian,  who  spares  no  pains 
wlien  he   hath  a  pros})ect  of  getting  any."'     Here, 

Using  tlio  wui-il  navel  Koniowliiit  in  tlic  sensu  it  is  applied  to  a  portion  of 


a  shield,  tiiat  i 


s  ;i  pi'djeetinj,'  i)ai't 


T/ic  Moaqucto  Kiii'jd'jiii,  wiitten  about  10*J'J,  by  M.  W.  in  Churchill'* 


I 


m 


C"S 


MOSQUITIA,  NICARAGUA,  AND  COSTA  KICA. 


tlien,  v.as  a  territory  rich  in  natural  resources,  wliicli, 
tlioiiifh  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1502,  was  left  uii- 
disturbcfl  by  the  S[)aniards  for  some  two  centuries,  the 
reason  bein<^  cliielly  that  no  fjfold  was  discovered  there. 
The  wesli-rn  or  North  American  division  of  the  coa^t 
(jf  Central  America,  from  Cape  Cracias  d  Uios  totlio 
gulf  of  LTraba,  was  granted  as  we  have  seen  to  Diego 
de  Xicuesa,  whose  disastrous  expedition  to  Veragua 
has  already  been  j)resented/  In  157G  the  coast  d' 
!N[os(juitia  was  conv(!yed  by  royal  cedula  to  the  licen- 
tiate Diego  Garcia  de  Palacios,  Captain  Diego  Lojx/, 
being  a[)pointed  by  tb.o  licentiate  governor  and  captain- 
general  of  the  jirovinco,  and  undertaking  to  attetnpt 
the  concjuest  of  the  territory  at  his  own  risk.""*  But  it 
does  not  appear  that  the  captain  took  any  action  in 
the  matter,  and  the  natives,  cimarrones  and  !^^o-- 
quitos,  were  left  undisturbed  until  the  arrival  of  the 
l)uccaneers,  who  found  in  the  intricate  bays  and  wind- 
ing rivers  of  ]\Iosquitia,  many  ])laees  well  adapti d 
for  the  concealment  of  their  light  swift-sailing  cnd't. 
The  head-quarters  of  the  freebooters  were  at  Caj)0 
Gracias  a  Dies.  Here  they  met  to  divide  their  booty 
and  decide  upon  new  expeditions;  and,  whenever  oji- 
])ortunity  offered,  the}'"  darted  thence  like  hawks  upon 
the  galleons  that  were  freighted  with  the  riches  of 
Peru. 

English  settlements  with  which  it  was  pretended 
that  the  buccaneers  had  no  connection  were  estab- 
lished in  this  territory  before  1G70,  and  by  the  treaty 
of  ^Madrid,  signed  at  that  date,  the  riglits  of  Great 
Dritain  were  rec:ognized.  The  seventh  article  of  this 
treaty  stipulated  that  "the  King  of  Great  Britain  his 
heirs  and  successors  shall  hold,  and  possess  for  ever, 
with  full  right  of  sovereign  dominion,  property  an  I 


Ci:>".  Vo]i.,y\.  nOO  ct  scq.,  London,  17;">7.  It  is  not  improbable  that  M.  W.  w:i3 
a  lnuranecr,  one  of  tliosi'  who  crossed  throiiLjh  Honduras. 

*  1114.  t'lHt.  Am.,  i.  •2!t4  ot  8e(|.,  Iliis  sei'ies. 

*1"hcre  is  a  copy  of  tl.is  ci'dula  and  of  another  one  dated  the  same  your 
Mii'hori/inL;  the  aiidicncia  of  (juateniahi  to  allow  such  a  contract.  Cahv, 
'J'ra.tcs,  \i.  l'JO-203. 


GREAT  HRITAIN. 


BOO 


posscfjsion  all  lands,  oonntrios,  islands,  colonics  and 
dominions  ^vliatever,  situated  in  the  Vv^cst  Indies,  (»r 
in  any  part  cf  vVniorica  which  the  said  King  of  Groat 
IJritain  and  his  subjects  do  at  this  present  hold  and 
possess."  In  the  same  year  an  alHanco,  offensive  and 
defensive,  ^vas  made  between  Great  Britain  and  Mos- 
quitia." 

In  1G87  one  of  the  Mosquito  chieftains  was  sent 
to  Jamaica  in  order  to  place  his  native  land  under 
]>ritish  protection.  "But,"  says  Sir  Hans  Sioane, 
"  he  escaped  from  his  keepers,  pulled  off  the  clothes 
his  friends  had  put  on  him,  and  climbed  to  the  top 
of  a  tree."  He  was  presently  induced  by  promise 
of  kind  treatment  to  descend,  whereupon  he  received 
a  cocked  hat  and  a  piece  of  writing  under  the  seal  of 
the  governor  dubbing  him  king  of  Mosqui'ia. 

In  truth  the  action  of  the  British  government  at 
this  time  admits  of  little  excuse  so  far  as  it  concerns 
the  Spanish  possessions  in  the  Indies.  The  governors 
of  Jamaica  connived  at  the  raids  of  the  buccaneers, 
and  as  we  have  seen.  Sir  Henry  Morgan,  the  titled 
l)uccanecr,  held  hiiih  office  in  that  island;  althouu,ii 
when  he  became  rich  by  swindling  his  fellow-cut- 
throats, he  punished  those  who  did  not  bribe  him  witli 
a  share  of  tlieir  spoils.  The  governors  were  frequently 
changed  in  order  that  Great  Britain  might  remain  on 
IViendly  terms  with  Spain,  but  this  measure  did  not 
prevent  the  outrai^e.s  which  have  been  described  in 
l)rovious  chapters. 

After  the  conclusion  of  the  peace  of  Byswick  in 
1G97  we  hear  no  more  of  piratical  raids,  and  in  that 
year  the  island  of  San  Cristobal  was  restored  to 
Spain.  Treaties  wore  signed  between  Great  Britain 
and  Spain  in  1713,  1715,  and  17'21,  in  the  last  of 
which  it  was  stipulated  that  commerce  and  na\  i- 
gation  should  be  left  free  to  the  Spaniards  in  the 
West  Indies,  and  that  the  limits  of  New  W(jrld  pos- 

"  J/o^'7H(7o/a//(/f'',  2.').  'Since  1070  the  MosfjViitos  Imvc  solicited  the  pro- 
tection auil  Kovi.n-ei^nty  of  Great  Biituiu.'  Jiicwo  Mcxkunv,  "Jda  Op.  104. 


U 


000 


MOSQUITIA,  XICAEAGUA,  AND  COSTA  RICA. 


sessions  should  ronuiiii  as  tlicy  wcro  in  the  days  of 
CVj'los  II.  of  Spain. 

In  1720  a  treaty  was  conchided  between  Sir  Xicholas 
Lawes,  tlicn  governor  of  Jamaica,  and  Jeremy,  tlicii 
king  of  the  sambos,  whereby  the  latter  agreed  to  as- 
sist tlio  English  planters  in  capturing  runaway  slaves, 
the  ]\Iosquitos  being  provided  with  boats,  arms,  and 
anminnition,  and  receiving  pay  for  their  services.' 
IJut  the  natives  thus  arinetl  and  equipped  took  advan- 
tage of  their  opportunity  to  make  raids  on  the  neigli- 
boring  Spanish  settlements. 

The  archives  of  (luatemala  contain  the  report  of  an 
alcalde  mayor  of  Togr^cigalpa,  then  resident  in  t^iit 
province,  and  made  by  order  of  the  president  i;i  oho- 
dience  to  a  royal  cedula  previously  issued.  "  Tho 
sambos,"  says  the  alcalde,  "have  jilenty  of  vessels. 
])i'ovis!ons,  ai-ms,  and  ammunition,  for  tliey  are  sup- 
l)]ied  bv  the  En'dish  of  .Famaica,  who  ci^lt  them  on  to 
hostilities  a'jfainst  tlie  Spaniards.  Their  countrv  is 
also  a  place  of  refuge  for  the  mulattoes,  negi'ocs,  and 
other  evil-doers  who  ilee  I'rom  justice  in  the  Spanisli 
sc'ttknnents,  and  wlio  give  them  information  of  tho 
Spanish  plans,  as  well  as  join  them  in  the  executinii 
of  their  own.  They  have  had  the  effronteiy  to  call 
their  chief  '  Jeremias,  Hoy  dcd  jMosquito.'  This  nrm 
gives  letters  of  marcpie  to  his  so-called  vassals,  who 
I'avage  the;  coast  from  lioli/ce  to  Portobello,  koepiiig 
the  subjects  of  Sfiain,  who  tratlic  in  those  seas,  in 
constant  alarm — some  of  v/hom  have  lost  their  livt  s, 
others  their  liberty,  and  others  their  property.  Those 
people  iiihiibit  the  region  fi-om  the  juriscHction  of 
Coniiiyagua  to  tliat  of  Costa  Ilica,  always  near  tho 
coast.  J]etween  them  and  the  Spanisii  settlement-; 
is  a  conhllera,  for  which  reasons  they  make  their  i;i- 
eursions  by  ascendin'>'  tlie  rivt'rs  Their  country  has 
a  wi»!(!i  oi'  some  six  loi.gues  between  the  mountains 
and  the  sea,  the   half  nearest  the   sea  being  wlieio 


"  J/c.--/.  T<rr.,  (\{p,:  r,  ,;:,  in  Mn.<q.  JJoc,  GO-3. 
by  tljc  li  ,i:jlaUvo  a.ssi  luMy  ut  .l.-iuiaica. 


This  treaty  -waa  ratilicJ 


AX  ALCALDE  ^LVYOR'S  REPORT. 


COl 


flicy  have  their  cultivated  lands  and  tlioir  cattle,  the 
other  portion  being  useless.  They  live  in  randierfas, 
1)1-  in  scattered  houses — even  in  the  ranchcrias  the 
] louses  never  being  one  near  tlie  other — so  tl  at  if 
one  house  bo  .attacked,  the  people  of  tlie  others  niny 
haA'e  time  for  defence  or  flight.      Tluir  princi[)al  set- 


tlement is  about  the  centre  of  this  coast  liiK 


It 


II  a  lagoon,  and  here  dwell  their  so-called  king  iuid 


s  prnicipai  men 


d 


TI 


le  se 


-tlement  is  surroundi'<l  I 


)V 


a  waU,  a  moat,  broad  and  deep,  and  covered  in  sueli  a 
\v;iy  that  the  apparently  solid  earth  gives  way  under 
the  tread  of  the  unwary  stran-'-er  seeking  to  enter  llie 
town.  There  are  but  two  enlrnnces  into  the  town, 
and  these  are  known  only  to  these  j)eoi)le,  to  Spaa- 


"s 


iai'ds  who  have  l;)een  prisoners,  and  to  tlui  refuge 

In  this  report  furthcn*  depredations  of  tlie  native-^ 
are  mentioned;  and  it  is  reconunended  that  expecH- 
tions  be  sent  aLfainst  them  bv  land  and  sea  to  extermi- 


nate the  Q'ui 


ity  1 


)ersons. 


In  17-1'^,  ]']n' ''land  and  S!)ain 


being  then  at  war,  the  governor  of  Jamaica,  in  a  l<-i  i<>r 
t.>  the  duke  of  Newcastle,  states  tliat  there  wi-re  then 
about  a  hundred  Enelish  in  the  territory  and  su'j;^''ests 
that  they  might  be  used  to  incit':  the  sambos  to 
a  g'eneral  u[)rising  against  the  ;S[)aniar(ls.  Colonel 
IJohert  llodu'son  ^vas  sent  to  that  coast  durinu'  tl 


10 


sa 


me  year  on  a  special  nussion,  and  wiiimng  oxer  tiie 
nd)o  king  and  the  leading  men  olitained  froi'i  them 
a  cession  of  their  territory  and  hoisted  the  Jjiglish 
l!ag  on  the  shori.;  of  .}.ios(]uitia ;  but  the  faiku'e  of 
Anson's  and  Vernon's  expeditions,  whieh  lunc  already 


heel 


1  descril)ed,  and  tlie  rel'r.a-tory  s})i)it  of  nx 


tlu;  natives  prevented  any  inv 


ision  o 


r  ih( 


|iam.-n 


]irovinces.     l!i  174  1-  Hodgson  was  appoiii 


ted 


tendent  of  tlie    ^Ios(piito   shol'e,   subjeet   to   t 


suj)er;n- 

1, 


■ov 


crnor  o 


f  J; 


unaica,  and 


troo] 


is  were  lorwarciei 


Were  erected  and  mounted  with  ordna 


nee 


le 


)lli  l.'-ll. 


tllU^ 


tak 


m<. 


ssion  (» 


f  tl 


le  countr 


tl 

The   Span 


^.U-mi~,  Iiijonnc  >tuhtr  Inn  }f':ii-ii',ii)n,  M8.     Tin;  rciiort  is  cDjiitil  I'luiii  lliu 
su'i'iuvLs  (jf  tUo  o;i[.'taiii-i,'t  iif.al  ot'  •  auilniial;'.. 


C02 


MOSQUITIA,  NICARAGUA,  A.N'D  COSTA  RICA. 


iards  never  ceased  tlieir  rcnionstrances  against  tluse 
encroaclnnents,  and  in  1750  threatened  to  expel  tin; 
intruders  by  force.  Hodgson  was  then  instructed  to 
represent  that  his  presence  was  merely  for  the  ])ut- 
pose  of  restraining  the  natives  from  committing  dep- 
redations on  Spanish  settlements.  This  explanaticii 
was  accepted  at  the  time,  through  motives  of  p<>licv, 
l)rt  still  the  depredations  continued,  and  the  disputes 
arising  in  connection  with  England's  policy  in  tliis 
matter  hel})ed  to  bring  about  the  rupture  ended  hv 
the  treaty  of  Paris  in  17G3,  wherein  it  was  stipulated 
that  Great  Britain  should  destroy  all  forts  that  she 
liad  caused  to  be  erected  in  the  Spanish  provincL>:, 
including  the  jNIosquito  Coast. 

When  England  withdrew  from  the  military  occu[)n- 
tion  of  Mosquitia  most  of  the  settlers  still  remaineil; 
and  bclievinij:  that  Great  Britain  would  ere  Ion'- 
establish  a  provisional  government  on  the  coast,  some 
of  them  purchased  lands  from  the  natives  suitable  i'r.v 
the  cultivation  of  sugar-cane,  cotton,  and  cacao.  In 
1771  eight  persons  joined  in  the  purchase  of  a  lar  .v 
tract  on  the  Polloy  River,  said  to  contain,  gold,  aul 
extending  thirty  miles  on  either  bank.  Two  years 
later  a  number  of  miners  were  set  to  work,  but  throu-^li 
their  misconduct,  as  it  is  alleged,  the  venture  met  with 
j)Oor  success. 

A  new  system  of  administration  for  the  British 
settlements  in  Mosquitia  was  framed  by  Lord  Dart- 
mouth in  1775,  and  put  in  execution  by  Sir  Ba^il 
Keith,  then  govertior  of  Jamaica. "^  Hodgson  \\;is 
ordered  home,  and  in  177G  Colonel  Lawrie  took  hi-i 
place.  The  new  sujierintendent  found  the  natives  ami 
settlers  greatly  agitated  on  accoimt  of  the  seizure  hy 
Spaniards  of  an  English  vessel  on  the  Black  River," 

'A  council  was  appointt'il  of  which  the  superintendent  was  prosidrnt,  ;v 
court  of  conmiou  plras,  and  justices  of  tlio  peace.  Mosq.  Terr.,  Ojl'.  Con-., 
ap]i.   iv. 

'"In  .Tannary  I77.">,  an  cni1)assy  consisting  of  Young  George,  son  of  tho 
Mos(juito  king,  Iriaaf  iiis  brother,  and  two  ^los(|uito  chiefs,  arri\eil  in  l!n..'- 
lar.d.  Tiii'ir  main  olijoct  was  to  olitain  redress  foi'  wrongs  inlliet(<l  ti|"  ii 
natives  iii  tliu  iiiteiiyi-j  w  Ucjice  free  nieu  were  buiny  coiitinuiilly  carried  oil  to 


tC.CiiniifontS 


:il 


It 


ULUtFIELDSOLUrF 


Alo.siiriTo  Coast. 


( Wi:J .) 


II 


4 


604 


MOSQUITIA,  NICARAGUA,  AND  COSTA  KICA. 


.and  the  attitude  of  the  latter  toward  tlie  sambos  and 
their  alhcs.  The  colonists  were  in  a  diloiiiina,  for  the 
Spaniards  hated  them,  and  the  English  governuicnt 
gave  them  little  encouragement." 

In  IVIarch  1782  Mat  fas  de  Galvcz,  tlie  captain- 
general  of  Guatemala,  left  Trinidad  with  a  llotilla 
^vell  manned  and  equipped,  for  the  avowed  pui-pose  (if 
chastising  the  men  of  Mosquitia,  and  driving  the  Eng- 
li.sli  from  the  shore.  Galvez  had  chosen  his  time  woU. 
After  the  disaster  of  1780,  wliieli  will  be  described 
later,  the  English  had  left  Black  Iliver  in  a  defence- 
less condition,  and  in  the  A})ril  following  a  detachment 
from  Trujillo  had  scattered  the  few  remaining  colo- 
nists, pillaging  and  destroying  their  settlements.  Soon 
afterward  Superintendent  Lawrie  returned  to  Black 
Itiver,  with  the  remnant  of  the  settlers,  nuieh  reduced 
and  in  precarious  health.  There  were  stationed  at 
that  point  twenty-one  regular  soldiers,  according  to 
the  English  official  report,  besides  settlers,  negroes, 
and  several  hundred  natives.  They  were  ill  preparetl 
ibr  defence,  being  short  of  arms  and  provisions. 

The  Spanish  forces  advanced  from  the  southwai'd, 
with  l,8r)0  foot  and  100  horse,  and  from  the  westward, 
with  1,000  men,  A  line-of-battle  sliip  and  a  frigate 
came  to  anchor  in  the  river  and  imder  a  heavv  liro 
landed  500  men.  The  day  alter  tlii^se  vessels  arrived 
Captain  Douglas,  who  commanded  the  Englisli  militia, 
s])iked  his  guns  and  while  in  retreat  was  captured  by 
the  Spaniards.  A  council  of  war  was  hold  and  it  was 
resolved  to  retire  to  Cnpe  Grac;ias  a  Dios,  which  point 
the  ]3ritish  and  their  allies  readied  in  safety,  tliougli 
sutlering  severely  from  sickness  caused  by  want  of 
ibod  and  clothing, 

tin;  slave  markets.  On  their  return  voyngc  tlioy  nnrmwly  escaped  cnpturo 
l)y  S]i!inis,h  crnisers.  After  lamling  tlic  )  af-seiiuers  at  Cape  Uraeias  ii  I'i'S 
tlicMessel  proceeded  to  her  destination  at  Jjlack  Iliver,  and  was  seized  wliUo 
at  anelior  in  tiie  roadstead.  /(/. 

"  In  1777  some  of  tJio  principal  settlers  smt  to  England  two  assorted  •■ai'- 
fj;oes  of  siiLjar,  mm,  indigo,  hark,  sarsaparilla,  tortoise-shell,  and  other 
tirticles.  Tlio  sugar  ou  board  each  vessel  was  refused  admission  at  the  cus- 
toms. /(/. 


EXGLISn  NAVAL  VICTORY. 


C05 


Galvoz  soon  afterward  returned  to  Guatemala  l>y 
way  of  Trujillo,  leaving  garrisons  at  several  points  on 
the  river.  These  soon  found  themselves  in  a  critical 
position  on  account  of  the  numerous  hostile  2)artit'S 
who  roamed  the  neighboring  woods  to  intercept  provi- 
f  ions  and  cut  off  foraging  parties.  By  sea  the  wiiid^ 
and  currents  rendered  supplies  diflicult  to  obtain. 
Moreover,  heavy  rains  had  made  the  roads  almost  im- 
passable. At  a  council  held  July  10th  it  was  re- 
solved on  abandonment  unless  relief  came  by  the  last 
of  the  month.  Before  that  time  arrived,  however,  a 
number  of  veterans,  under  one  Terry,  succeeded  in 
reachiniif  the  Black  River.  The  fjarrison  was  fur- 
thcr  encouraged  by  the  news  that  an  armed  merchant 
vessel  was  lying  at  Trujillo  awaiting  orders  from  the 
[)resident  to  operate  in  their  behalf. 

The  decisive  naval  victory  of  the  English  over  the 
French  in  April  enabled  the  governor  and  admiral  at 
Jamaica  to  turn  their  attention  to  the  Mosquito  shore. 
A  small  squadron,  with  a  detachment  of  troops,  fur- 
nished with  arms,  stores,  annnunition,  provisions,  and 
jiresents  for  the  natives,  sailed  from  Port  llo^'al,  and 
tlie  17th  of  August  arrived  at  Cape  Gracias  a  13ios, 
the  purpose  of  the  expedition  being  to  assist  the  set- 
tlers and  natives  in  expelling  tlie  Spaniards  from  the 
nci'>'hborhood  of  the  Black  Biver.^'-  Here  thov  found 
the  su})erinteno.cnt  at  the  head  of  eight  hundred  set- 
tlers, Mosquitos  and  negroes,  intending  to  start  in  a 
few  days  for  an  attack  on  the  Spaniards. 

The  armament  sailed  from  the  capo  on  the  COth 
di'  August,  Colonel  Despard  in  command,  and  on 
the  28th  landed  at  I'la.ntain  Biver,  where  it  v>as 
joined  by  a  number  of  free  men  and  negroes  in  that 
neighborhood,  and  by  Captain  John  Campbell,  who, 
with  about  150  volunteer  negroes,  had  attacked  and 

'■  The  Kirrlish  fleet  wnH  composed  of  two  liiio-of-battlc  pliips,  six  'war 
fiigaLcs,  a.  soliuoucr,  ami  two  briys.  I'Llucr.,  Mtui.  O'uat.,  iii.  rJ7. 


;,;'ii 


i; 


COG 


MOSQUITIA,  XICARAGUA,  AXD  COSTA  RICA. 


carried  Fort  Dalling,  which  was  defended  by  a  hkc 
number  of  Spaniards. 

On  the  29th  the  entire  body,  mustering  about  a 
thousand  men,  advanced  to  the  bluff  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Bkick  River,  and  the  next  day  encamped  on  the 
banks  of  the  lagoon  opposite  the  enemy.  The  SpniiLsh 
commander  then  opened  conference  with  Colonol 
Dcspard,  which  resulted  in  a  capitulation,  and  his 
men,  thouijh  numberinir  more  than  seven  hundred 
regular  troops,  surrendered  as  prisoners  of  war. 

In  1783  a  treaty  was  concluded  between  England 
and  Spain,  in  which  the  former  agreed  to  abandon  all 
settlements  on  the  Spanish  continent;  but  England 
would  not  concede  that  the  Mosquito  Coast  was  in- 
cluded in  this  definition."  Hence  disputes  arose;  and 
three  years  later  a  supplementary  treaty  was  nego- 
tiated, on  the  first  article  of  which  it  was  distinctly 
stipulated  that  "His  Britannic  Majesty's  Subjects,  and 
the  other  Colonists  who  have  hitherto  enjoyed  the 
Protection  of  England,  shall  evacuate  the  Country  of 
the  Mosquitos,  as  well  as  the  Continent  in  general, 
and  the  Islands  adjacent,  without  exception,  situated 
beyond  the  line  hereinafter  described,  as  what  ought 
to  be  the  Frontier  of  the  extent  of  territory  granted 
by  his  Catholic  Majesty  to  the  English." 

In  article  II.  certain  territory  in  Yucatan  is  ceded 
to  the  British,  of  which  mention  will  be  made  in  its 
place.**  Positive  orders  were  soon  afterward  sent  to 
the  settlers  to  depart  from  the  coast.  Most  of  tlioiii 
obeyed,"  though  slowly  and  reluctantly,  a  few  only 
remaining  at  their  own  risk,  and  carrying  on  a  trade 
with  Jamaica,  principally  in  slaves. 

After  the  treaty  of  1786  the  British  government 
held  no  further  relations  with  the  natives  of  the  Mos- 

"  While  the  treaty  was  under  discussion  it  was  a  vexed  question  whether 
the  term  Spanish  or  American  continint  shouhl  be  used.  It  will  be  rciiicm- 
bcred  that  the  surrender  of  Connvallis  occurred  during  the  preceding  year. 

'*Tlie  full  text  of  this  treaty  is  given  in  (anfellon,  Mosq.  Question,  i'i2-(i. 

'-■The  number  of  English  settlers,  with  their  slaves,  who  left  the  Mosijuito 
Coast,  was  3,5J0.  Soc.  JJex.  Geoij.,  lioL,  'Jda  i-p.,  i.  393-400. 


GOVERNORS  OF  NICARAGUA. 


«07 


fjuito  Coast  until  Spain  had  lost  her  possessions  in 
Central  America.^"  Meanwhile  there  were  several 
attempts  by  oovernors  of  the  Spanish  provinces  to 
make  permanent  establishments  in  Mosquitia,  but 
without  success.  In  1796  the  sambos  captured  their 
last  settlement  on  Black  River,  and  drove  the  Span- 
iards from  their  shore. 

Of  affairs  in  Nicaragua  during  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury little  need  be  said.  The  administrations  of 
Pablo  de  Loyala,  the  first  governor  of  whom  we  have 
any  record^^  during  this  period,  and  of  Miguel  do 
Camargo,  were  uneventful.  To  Camargo  succeeded 
Jose  Calvo  de  Lara,  and  in  1721  appears  the  name  of 
Sebastian  de  Aransivia  y  Sasi,  who  was  superseded 
in  the  following  year  by  Antonio  Poveda,  the  latter 
losing  his  life  during  an  insurrection  of  the  Indians. 
In  1728  Tomiis  Duque  de  Estrada  was  appointed  to 
ciflice,  and  in  1730  Bartolome  Gonzalez  Pitoria.  In 
1744  Jose  A.  Lacayo  de  Brioncs^'*  was  in  ])Ower,  and 
iu  1757  Melchor  Vidal  de  Lorca  y  Vellena  Vivas  was 
acting  governor.^"  In  an  official  report,  dated  1759, 
ni)pears  the  name  of  Colonel  Pantaloon  Ibahez  as 
ruler. 

Among  the  governors  of  Nicaragua  in  this  period 
V.  as  Alonso  Fernandez  de  Ileredia,  mariscal  de  cauipo 
of  the  royal  army.  As  to  the  precise  year  authori- 
ties differ.  Juarros  mentions  17G0  as  the  date,  while 
Pt'laez  states  that  a  report  of  the  guardian  of  mis- 


'"Soon  after  the  departure  of  the  English,  the  kiiifj  of  tlic  sambos  and 
siiiiK'  of  Ilia  chicft.Tins  proceeded  to  Cartagena  and  signified  tlicir  dc'^^iro  lo  ho 
i  ajiiizcd.  Tlicir  re(iiicst  wns  giuiitid,  aiul  tlic  cciLiuouy  was  purUuiiK-'d  in 
liicj  calhcdial  by  the  nrcliliish(.j)  (f  New  (Irauada  July  8,  ITSS.  .Mi».'io!;a- 
liis  ucro  also  sent  to  Mosi|uiti:i  at-  Ihiir  instance,  but  their  labors  weio  fruit- 
lii^.s.  ]\l((iz,  Mem.  Oiiat.,  in.  l.")l. 

'•  Aflcf  his  term  of  olhce  expired,  Luyala  weut  to  ^*  "-'ico  and  became  a 
ilvsiiit.  Jjici'.  Univ.,  Ifinl.  O'coij.,  iv.  !!(!;). 

''^  jV,('.,  jV«('ra  Discusion,  G-7.     He  is  also  in  Pflaez,  Mem.  Gnat.,  ii.  177. 

^'■' Jie'driun  Piiiictunl,  MS.,  18.  reUwx  says  that  the  same  name  appears 
in  the  book  of  sentences  of  the  audinuia,  .liinc  18,  1700,  but  his  own  alln- 
ti"i]:i  to  the  two  next  named  make  liiii  date  inadmissible,  unless  tlieie  was  a 
reappointment,  or  Lynch  was  mistaken. 


COS 


JilOSQUITIA,  NICARAGUA,  AND  COSTA  RICA. 


s^lonarios  alludes  to  him  as  acting  in  1747.'^"  Doniiniro 
Cabcllo  was  governor  in  17GG,  as  appears  from  II lo 
audiencia's  book  (  ■'*  sentences  of  December  in  the  i'ol- 
lowing  year,  and  ?.Ianiiel  do  Quiroga  in  1780. 

About  this  time  was  an  eruption  of  the  volcano 
Nindiri  at  no  great  distance  from  El  Infierno  dc 
Masaya.  In  1775,  when  the  outburst  occurred,  a  tor- 
rent of  lava  rolled  into  the  lake  of  Masaya,  destroy- 
ing the  f]sh  and  heating  the  lands  adjacent  so  that  tin; 
cattle  perished.  A  brigadier  of  the  royal  arm}-,  named 
Jose  Estaclieria,  was  made  governor  of  Nicarai;'i;;i 
in  1783,  and  ruled  until  1789,  when  he  departed  (or 
Spain,  lie  was  afterward  appointed  governor  of 
ram])lona,  and  eventually  president  of  Gaateniala. 
The  last  governor  to  whom  reference  is  made  in  Iho 
eighteenth  century  was  Juan  de  Ayza,  probably  liu 
who  defended  San  Juan-^  during  the  attack  of  the 
British  under  Poison  and  Nelson,  which  will  be  men- 
tioned later. 


The  Desaguadero  had  in  1727  twelve  militarv  sta- 
tions  along  its  winding  course  of  nearly  one  hun(hv;l 
and  twenty  leagues.  Among  these  was  the  castle  ot' 
San  Juan  and  Fort  San  Carlos,  which  had  been  ca[i- 
tured  and  restored.  Fort  San  Juan  was  built  at  a 
bend  of  the  river,  and  could  connnand  it  from  above 
and  below.  The  hill  upon  which  it  stood  was  steep 
and  rocky,  and  it  could  be  approached  only  on  one 
side  by  a  narrow  tortuous  path.  Through  this  port 
flowed  the  commerce  of  Nicaragua  with  Europe  and 
the  West  Indies.  It  was  made  a  port  of  entry  l)y 
royal  order  of  the  king  in  February  179G,  and  by  a 
cedula  of  the  month  following  regulations  were  issued 
for  furthering  the  settlement  of  the  adjacent  country. 
In  1769  the  English,  with  an  armament  of  two  tlioii- 

'"  He  hail  prcviou.?ly  governed  in  Comaj-agua,  Florida,  and  yucataii,  nul 
vaa  promoted  from  the  governorship  of  Nicaragua  lo  the  presidency  of  <l":i- 
teiiiala.  Jucrro.^,  Conij>.,  "209. 

°'  His  name  occnrs  as  the  olDc(;r  in  connnand  in  JJarroeta,  Uelacion  .subn 
Mosqiiitos,  5,  no.  ol. 


NELSON  IN  NICARAGUA. 


C09 


sand  men  and  fifty  vessels,  attempted  the  capture  c)f 
Fort  San  Carlos,  which  they  desired  as  a  basis  i'or 
future  operations.  Pedro  de  Ilerrera,  the  governor 
of  tlie  post,  lay  in  the  throes  of  death,  and  surrender 
seemed  inevitable.  But  his  daughter,  a  maiden  of 
sixteen,  at  once  issued  orders  from  her  father's  deatli- 
chaniber  for  the  defence,  and  then  placed  herself  at 
the  head  of  the  Spanish  troops.  Inspired  by  her  fear- 
less mien,  the  garrison  fought  with  a  courage  rarely 
seen  among  Spaniards  of  that  day,  and  repulsed  the 
assailants  with  loss,  the  governor's  dauGfhter  firitiij: 
with  lier  own  hand  the  two  last  cannon  shot  at  the 
discomfited  British. 

A  few  years  later  the  English  government  decided 
on  an  expedition  against  Nicaragua,  intending  to 
strike  a  blow  at  the  power  of  Spain  in  tlie  heart  of 
her  possessions,  and  control  the  conununication  be- 
tween the  two  oceans.  The  plan  of  operations  Mas 
finally  arranged  at  Jamaica  in  January  1780.  It 
was  ])Urposed  to  ca[)ture  Fort  San  Juan,  take  j)osses- 
sion  of  the  Desaguadero  and  Lake  Nicaragua,  occupy 
the  cities  of  Granada  and  Leon,  and  thus  sunder  the 
S[)anish  provinces  of  Central  America.  Anotlusr 
object  in  view  was  the  capture  and  retention  of  the 
route  for  an  interoceanic  canal,  a  project  then  dear  to 
the  heart  of  the  English  nation. 

The  British  force  consisted  of  at  least  eighteen 
hundred  men,"  includinof  three  reijiments  of  the  line 
and  a  party  of  n^arines,  the  latter  being  undcT  com- 
mand of  Horatio  Nelson,  then  a  post  captain  of  about 
twenty-three  years,  but  one  who  had  already  given 
])ioof  of  the  qualities  which  afterward  I'aised  him  to 
the  foremost  rank  amoiig  naval  commanders.  The 
English  proceeded  U])  the  Desaguadero  in  boa^^s, 
cncountcrinof  manv  difficulties.  On  a  small  island 
named  San  Bartohjme,'^  in  a  portion  of  the  stream 


•■'Tlic  nunilwr  given  in  a  diary  of  1780,  reprintetl  iu  Xic,  Bui.  OJi'c, 
Apiil  -jy,  IS.'iT,  p.  7,  is  '2,r>00. 
"'JS'uw  l>:irti)!a. 

liisi.  Cent.  Am.,  Vol.  II.    30 


ml 


r 


GIO 


MOSQUITIA,  NICARAGUA,  AND  COSTA  RICA. 


wliorc  iiie  current  was  swift  and  shoal,  a  small  garri- 
son  had  boon  stationed  and  earthworks  erected, 
mounted  with  a  few  swivel-guns.  On  approacliinr' 
this  spot  Nelson  leaped  from  his  boat,  followed  by  a 
few  of  his  men,  and  though  sinking  ankle-deep  in  the 
mud  and  exposed  to  a  hot  fire,  captured,  or,  as  he  ox- 


Nelson's  AND  Polson's  Expedition,  San  Juan. 

presses  it,  '  boarded '  the  island.  Here  the  Englisli 
reuiained  for  a  brief  rest,  and  the  future  hero  of  Traf- 
algar narrowly  escaped  being  bitten  by  a  poisonous 
snake,  and  afterward  suffered  severely  from  drinking" 
the  water  of  a  spring  into  which  poisonous  leaves  had 
been  thrown.  The  English  were  now  joined  l)y 
*  George  King,'  a  Mosquito  chieftain,  and  a  laroe 
number  of  his  subjects,  together  with  several  English 
The  Mosquitos  proved  invaluable  allies 


smugglers. 


24 


*'  Four  hiuulred  Mosquitos,  and  the  smugglers  brought  several  pieces  of 
cannon  with  them.  Nic,  liol.  OJtc,  29th  April,  1857,  p.  7. 


ILL-SUCCrSS  OF  THE  ENGLISH. 


611 


indeed,  and  but  for  their  bravery  and  fidelity  it  is 
probable  the  British  would  have  perished  to  a  man. 
Two  days  after  the  capture  of  San  Bartoloine  tlio 
expedition  arrived  before  Fort  San  Juan.  Nelson 
advised  an  immediate  assault,  believing  it  could  be 
carried,  but  his  senior  officer,  Major  John  Poison,  de- 
ciilcd  otherwise.  Next  day  the  English  secured  a  hill 
in  rear  of  the  fort,  threw  up  batteries,  and  began  the 
siege.  Nelson  was  now  seized  with  a  violent  attack 
of  dysentery,  and  was  compelled  to  return  to  Jamaica,'^' 
where  he  arrived  in  such  weak  condition  that  he  was 
carried  on  shore,  life  being  saved  only  through  skilful 


nursing. 


After  a  siege  of  ten  days  the  fort  was  surrendered, 
the  garrison  being  allowed  their  libert}^  and  permitted 
to  march  out  with  the  honors  of  war,  and  vessels 
being  furnished  to  convey  them  to  any  port  of  Spanish 
America  that  might  be  agreed  upon.  The  situation 
of  the  English  was  now  very  critical,  and  they  foun<l 
it  iin[)ossiblc  to  proceed  farther.  The  rainy  season 
had  begun  and  brought  with  it  malaria  and  deadly 
fevers.  Their  force  was  soon  decimated  and  their 
condition  was  distressing  and  helpless  in  the  extreme. 
There  were  not  strontj  men  enouuh  left  to  build  a 
hospital.  It  became  impossible  even  to  bury  the  dead 
with  decency,  and  many  were  dropped  in  the  river 
.'iiid  devoured  by  carrion  birds.  Longer  stay  became 
impossible,  and  a  retreat  was  ordered  of  all  the  men 
engaged  in  this  expedition.  Exclusive  of  the  Mos- 
quito contingent,  only  three  hundred  and  eighty  sur- 
vived; and  of  Nelson's  crew  of  two  hundred,  only  ten 
lived  to  return.^"    Thus  ended  the  first  attempt  of  the 

'^Nelson  in  his  autobiography  thus  modestly  states  his  share  in  the  expe- 
dition: 'In  January  17S0  an  expedition  was  resolved  on  against  San  Juan. 
I  V,  a.s  clioscn  to  command  tlie  sea  part  of  it.  Major  I'olson,  wlio  commanded, 
vill  tell  you  of  my  exertions;  liow  I  quitted  my  sliip,  carried  tnjojjs  in  lioats 
100  miles  up  a  river,  which  none  but  Spaniards,  since  the  time  of  the  Bucca- 
neci.s,  have  ever  ascended.  It  will  then  be  told  how  I  boarded  (if  I  may  bo 
allowed  the  expression)  an  outpost  of  the  enemy  situated  on  an  island  in  tho 
rivtr;  that  I  nuide  batteries  and  afterwards  fought  them,  and  that  I  was  a 
principal  cause  of  our  success.' 

-In  ly03  Xelsou  writes:  'The  fever  which  destroyed  the  army  and  navy 


6V. 


MOSQUITIA,  XICARAGUA,  AND  COSTA  RICA. 


Britisli  to  iraiti  a  fxjtlKild  in  Xicaragna,  and  to  ohtain 
possession  of  tlio  routo  lor  an  inturocuanic  canal. '^' 

Dnring  tlio  eij^litoontli  contury  fifteen  prelates  uro. 
recorded  as  lia\inL?  occu})ied  the  ljisli()[)ric  of  Nicaia- 
f:^ua.  Diego  ^lorcillo  was  tlie  first;  he  took  possessioa 
in  1704,  and  in  170!)  was  i)ronioted  to  La  Pax.'* 
Bishop  Benito  Garret  took  charge  of  the  diocese  in 
1711.  He  became  involveil  in  a  turbulent  coutroveisy 
with  the  audiencia  of  (jruateniala,  and  was  dismissed 
from  ollicc  on  the  4th  of  July  171G.  On  his  way  1  > 
Sj)ain  ho  was  ill  at  Pedro  Ursula,  and  died  the  7tli 
of  October.  In  1718  Andres  Quiles  Galindo,  a  gradu- 
ate and  a/tcrward  a  professor  in  the  university  dl' 
JNIexico,  was  on  the  eve  of  departure  for  Europe,  as 
2)ro  miiiistro  ])wn'n('ial,  when  he  received  his  nomina- 
tion to  the  bishopric  of  Nicaragua.  Ho  did  not  Ywc 
to  reach  the  diocese.™'  A  native  of  Leon  do  Nicaragua, 
Jose  Giron  de  Alvarado,  was  coi  jecratcd  bishop  of 
tliis  see  and  assumed  the  administration  of  its  dutic;^ 
in  1721,  but  died  within  the  same  year,  his  successor 
bein<]f  Dionisio  do  Villavicencio,  whose  decease  oc- 
curred  in  1735.  In  the  following  year  Donungo 
Antonio  do  Zataram,  precentor  (^f  Pueblo  de  los  An- 
geles, was  chosen  bishop  of  Nicaragua,  and  was  con- 
secrated in  Guatemala  the  5th  of  October  17;i8. 
Isidro  Marin  Ballon  y  Figueroa,  an  honorary  chaplain 


attached  to  that  expedition  was  invariably  from  thirty  to  forty  days  before  it 
attacked  the  new  comers,  and  I  cannot  give  a  stronger  instance  than  that  i.i 
tlio  Iliwhiiihrooh  [Nelson's  ship],  with  a  complement  of  200  men,  S7  too!;  i ) 
their  beds  in  one  night.' 

'' Statements  diil'er  as  to  the  losses  of  the  British.  'Tliis  expedition  en.-,: 
the  English  5,000  lives  and  £1,000,000.'  Ancclo,  Cvl.  Dm:  An/hj.,  171. 
Three  million  dollars  and  4,000  men.  Nic.  Oar.  Siijk  Goh.,[)2,  '  Les  Angl:ii.! 
fnrent  obligc's  do  so  retirer  honteiisument  aprus  avoir  perdu  4,000  homims  i  L 
di'pcns6  plus  de  troia  millions  de  piastres,  scion  lo  tenioignagc  du  coluiitl 
Hodgson.'  JJdhj,  Nlc,  i.  .SO. 

''^Xic,  Cor.  1st.,  in  dnt.  Am.  Pap.,  iii.  ?^22.  News  of  his  appointnn  nt, 
was  received  in  Mexico  Nov.  2,  1701.  JtohJcs,  JJiario,  iii.  3I!2,  405.  It  is  auili  il 
that  he  resigned  the  ollicc  and  no  allusion  is  made  to  any  promotion. 

'^'^Alatlo,  Die,  iii.  ,325.  It  is  simply  said:  'lie  did  not  go  to  his  diocr>e,' 
in  X.  Ey>.,  Breve  licmmcn,  ii.  387;  l>ut  in  Xh\,  'He  was  elected  in  17-7.  ^isi  1 
diiil  in  the  city  of  Seville  while  preparing  to  embark.'  L'orrto  dd  Idino,  in 
(Jtiit.  Am.  Pujjcrs,  iii.  322. 


rAcincATioN  OF  Tin:  f;uATU5?os. 


618 


of  tlio  liliig  and  rector  of  tlio  ^olk-j^o  of  tlie  order  of 
.Vlcvintaru  at  Salamanca,  was  uloctcd  l)i«liop  in  1743 
and  died  in  1740.  In  iho  year  of  his  election  was 
liiiished  the  ^reat  cathedral  of  Le  ai,  which  Iiad  occu- 
]iied  tliirtj-seven  3'ears  in  its  construction,  and  cost 
live  millions  of  pesos.  On  the  decease  of  IJallon,  IV'di'o 
.Vgustin  ^[(jrel  de  Santa  (*ruz,  dean  of  Cuha,  was 
iiopointed.  In  1751  and  175-,  he  nuule  an  inspection 
of  his  diocese,  givinLj  seven  months  to  an  examination 
of  every  })art  of  its  wide  domain,  preachinL^,  coniess- 
in,!L>',  and  conlirmin^^  wherever  ho  went.  lie  \vas  soou 
alter  promoted  +0  the  bishopric  of  Cuba. 

Jose  Ant(jnio  i'lores  de  llivera,  a  native  of  Du- 
laiiyo,  Xew  Sj)ain,  venerable  in  years  and  distin- 
iiuishcd  in  scholarship,  was  elected  to  the  cpisco[tacy 
of  Nicaraixua  in  175;5.  lie  was  consecrated  with 
great  })omp  ^lay  1,  1754,  in  the  city  of  ]\Iexico,  and 
entered  on  his  duties  in  February  1755,  amiilst  the 
I'joicings  of  the  people,  for  his  reputation  for  kindli- 
.less  and  charity  had  preceded  him.  But  their  joy 
was  .short-lived;  ho  died  in  July  of  the  followiiig 
year,*'  being  succeeded  by  j\Iateo  de  Xavia  y  Bola- 
iios,  a  native  of  Lima,  and  the  latter  by  Juan  de  YW- 
elies  y  Cabrea,  dean  of  the  cathedral  of  Nicaragua, 
V  ho  was  in  charge  of  the  diocese  until  his  death  in 
1774. 

In  1775  Esteban  Lorenzo  do  Tristan  was  appointed 
to  the  see,  and  remained  in  that  position  until  1783. 
lie  laboi'ed  zealously  in  his  cause.  During  his  ad- 
ministration and  a  few  years  previously  several  at- 
tempts were  made  to  pacify  the  Guatusos,  but  without 
success. 

In  1750  Father  Zcpeda  left  Guatemala  for  the  pur- 
pose of  exploring  this  region.     He  followed  the  entire 

'"'Cnsfro,  Dhirio,  in  Dor.  Ilixf.  3frx.,  s6rio  l,  torn.  iv.  23.V7,  2.^0-41,  •J").'?; 
V.  {;-7,  ll.'-13,  30-40,  lU'J;  vi.  'J7.  Ak'cdo,  Vic,  iii.  IVM,  with  iiis  usual  luiu- 
lissiiess,  says  lie  died  in  I7'i7.  In  Flora  y  lUf< ru,  L'/njioK,  in  J'<(/).  I'ttr.,  7">, 
it  is  said:  'V\'ry  warm  euloyios  were  pronounced  upon  tliu  duccascd  at  tlio 
luiivursity  of  Mexico  ou  the  "JOth  of  October  1730.' 


%; 


i 


l!:i 


614 


MOSQUITIA,  NICARAGUA,  AXD  COSTA  EICA. 


chain  of  the  mountains  of  Tilaran,  "the  country  of 
many  ■watercourses,"  to  say  nothing  of  the  many  volca- 
noes,''^^ and  braved  all  manner  of  hardsh-ps  until  he  came 
to  the  great  plains  beyond,  where  ho  spent  several 
months,  and  reported  the  existence  of  more  than  live 
liundred  liouses  and  gardens  occupied  by  the  native  s. 
In  1751  the  guardian  of  the  Franciscan  convent  at 
Esparza  communicated  the  information  received  fioiii 
the  padre  to  the  governmenc  of  Costa  Rica,  and  beiii  .;• 
instructed  to  follow  up  the  discoveries,  accordinnlv 
set  forth  with  several  comrades,  but  the  party  lost  its 
wav  and  came  near  being  starved  to  death.  In  ]7('il 
were  captured  ni  the  mountams  several  natives,  whom 
the  chroniclers  describe  as  of  a  mixed  breed,  andwli;i, 
when  taken  to  Esparza,  revealed  some  knowledj^r  of 
Christian  doctrines.  The  many  conjectures  to  wliicli 
the  circumstances  gave  rise  were  soon  to  be  ex[)laiiit!l 
by  the  fact  that  a  native  of  Tenorio,  who  had  qualilit  1 
for  orders,  came  under  the  displeasure  of  the  bishop 
and  fled  to  tlie  country  of  the  Gnatusos.  There  lio 
lived  and  died,  not  being  permitted  to  return. 

The  cura  of  Esparza  and  the  friar  Zamacois  tlien  vol- 
unteered for  the  work  and  took  the  captured  natives  as 
their  rjwides,  who  led  them  into  the  forests  and  theio 
deserted  them.  Father  Tomiis  Lopez  in  1778  made 
another  attempt  to  penetrate  the  country.  Settiiiij; 
out  by  water  from  the  island  of  Omctepec  in  Nicara- 
gua, he  proceeded  to  the  Rio  Frio,  entered  it,  ami 
ascended  the  stream  until  he  reached  cultivated  gai- 
dens  and  ])lantations.  Rut  the  moment  his  attoiul- 
ants  caught  a  glimpse  of  a  raft,  evidently  maniiod 
by  the  Guatusos,  they  turned  the  boat  and  lied,  la 
vain  did  Lopez  threaten  and  implore;  he  could  not 
even  prevail  on  them  to  allow  him  to  land  alone. 

In  1782  Lopez,  accompanied  by  Friar  Alvarado  «il' 
Cartago,  entered  the  country  by  way  of  Tenorio;  hut 

''Not  nicntioiiinji  the  lesser  )ncs,  10  largo  volcanoes  came  iiitlie  follow  iiij; 
oi'ilcr;  ]'oi'tnL;a,  liiucon  ilc  la  Vicja,  llcridcnta,  Mir.ivallis,  Cneciialajia, 
Chciiorio,  i'clado,  Uiiciiavista,  Clioiuc,  and  Ayuiicatc.  J'ci((c,,  AiiiudiS  df 
]'vi/.,  cli.  y. 


ox  THE  RIO  FmO, 


C15 


after  seventy-five  days  of  wandering  found  liimsclf  on 
the  shores  of  Lake  Nicaragvia,  a  long  wiiy  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Frio.  President  Galvez,  considering  it 
necessary  to  make  a  survey  of  this  river  and  the  adj.i- 
cent  country,  sent  Captain  Brizzio  for  that  purpose  in 
the  same  year.  He  ascended  its  banks  until  he  sjiw 
a  number  of  fishing  canoes  and  many  large  cultivated 
fields;  hue  it  docs  not  appear  that  he  had  any  connnu- 
nicatiou  with  the  Guatusos  themselves. 

Bishop  Tristan,  when  informed  of  Brizzio's  dis- 
covery, applied  for  and  was  granted  two  vessels  with 
which  to  Ibllow  up  the  hitter's  exploration.  On  tlie 
20th  of  February  1783  the  })relate  and  his  suite  en- 
tered the  Frio.  On  the  fouiteenth  day  they  discov- 
ered in  a  secluded  and  shaded  bower  on  the  banks  of 
the  river,  three  fishermen  "  of  good  size  and  white," 
who  at  the  sight  of  them  at  once  threw  away  nets, 
])rovisions,  and  everything  except  their  bows  and 
arrows,  and  took  to  fiiglit.  They  were  followed  by 
]jopez  with  cries  of  peace  and  good-will  in  the;  lan- 
guage of  the  island  of  Solcntenanii,  but  he  was  not 
heai'd,  or  if  so  was  disregarded. 

TIiC  bishop,  concluding  that  a  town  coukl  not  bo 
far  distant,  and  that  a  few  would  be  less  likely  to  cause 
akirm  than  if  the  whole  party  came  in  sight  of  it, 
sent  a  small  boat  forwai'd  containing  fathers  Jjopez, 
^Mejia,  Alvarado,  and  Corral.  They  soon  beheld 
evidences  of  populous  life,  and  saw  descending  the 
liver  a  raft  on  which  was  a  solitary  voyager  \\h\i 
])lantains  and  provisions,  a  lire  being  lit  on  t!ie  lal'l. 
The  Indian  landed  in  a  grove  of  carao  trees,  which 
seemed  to  extend  as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach.  F^o- 
pez  followed  him,  atti'nded  by  a  servant  and  three 
iiatives  of  Solentanami  to  act  as  interpreters.  No 
sooner  had  these  gone  asliore  than  the  voyager  re- 
appeared upon  the  bank  of  the  rivei",  and  raised  lond 
and  peculiar  outcries,  which  soon  brouglit  to  his  aid 
iKunbeis  of  the  natives,  who,  without  parley,  began 
to  discharge  arrows  at  the  padre  and  his  companions. 


I 


'f,  m 


:i:f| 

$ 


I  i;' 


CIG 


MOSQUITIA,  NICAEAGUA,  AND  COSTA  RICA. 


Olio  of  the  interpreters  was  wounded,  and,  overcome 
with  fear,  ])liinged  into  the  river  and  swam  down  the 
stream.  The  missionary  lay  down  in  the  Ijoat  and 
nride  signals  of  peace,  which  were  unheeded.  The 
])a(h'e  tlien  advised  his  attendants  to  leap  overboard 
and  escnpe,  which  advice,  nothing  loath,  they  followed. 
Lopez  then  rose,  cruciiix  in  hand,  and  presented  him- 
self defenceless  and  alone  before  the  crowd  of  assail- 
ants. The  attack  ceased,  and  in  compliance  with  his 
signs  of  entreaty  a  nund)er  entered  his  boat  and 
escorted  him  to  their  village.  The  companions  of 
IjO[)ez,  who  had  fled  for  safety,  observed  these  pro- 
ceedings from  a  distance,  but  as  they  were  soon  after 
];nrsued  by  a  party  of  the  natives^  they  continued 
their  flight. 

The  woundc.l  interpreter  had  in  the  mean  time 
reached  the  boats  left  by  Lopez  a  little  lower  on  the 
river,  and  reported  that  the  latter  and  his  compan- 
ions Imd  been  attacked  and  killed  by  a  nuiltitude  of 
natives;  whereu[)on  the  party  hastened  down  tlio 
Frio  to  inform  the  bishop  of  the  catastrophe.  Tlicy 
accom})lished  in  three  hours  a  distance  whicli  IkmI 
taken  a  day  and  a  half  when  rowing  against  the  stream, 
and  the  bishop  and  his  associates  decided  to  return 
immediately  to  Granada.  The  morning  after  tlicir 
retreat,  the  attendants  who  had  left  Father  Lojjcz 
and  witnessed  his  movements  toward  the  village,  hav- 
ing seized  an  al)andoned  canoe,  overtook  the  bishop, 
and  somewhat  calmed  the  excited  ['arty  by  their  dis- 
closures. It  was  decided  to  coitinue  the  retreat,  how- 
e\er,  and  Fort  San  Cilrlos  was  soon  reached.  Tlio 
connnandant  inunediately  applied  to  the  govc^;  nor  of 
the  province  ft)r  aid  to  atten)])t  the  rescue  of  Lojtez; 
but  it  is  not  known  wh(;ther  the  i-equosfc  was  granted, 
or  what  ])ecame  of  the  padre.  No  further  ex})editioiiM 
were  attem))ted  and  the  matter  remained  a  niysteiy. 
Who  the  Guatusos  were,  and  how  they  lived;  what 
their  religion,  language,  customs,  and  whence  derived, 
none  knew,  and  it  seemed  as  though  none  were  destined 


THE  TALAMAXCANS. 


G17 


to  know.  Tlicy  nppear  to  have  sworn  that  no  one, 
no":  born  of  them  and  aniont^  thoin,  should  set  foot 
Avithin  their  domain.  Armed  soldiers  succeeded  no 
Ix'tter  than  peaceful  missionaries,  and  the  see  of  Homo 
!^-aw  fit  in  after  years  to  bar  this  inscrutable  region 
from  the  benefits  of  clcrij^y."'' 

In  178^  Juan  Felix  de  Villcgas,  inquisitor  of  Carta- 
gena, was  appointed  bishop  of  Nicaragua,  but  was 
}>romoted  to  the  archbishopric  of  Guatemala  in  1704, 
Avhen  Juan  Cruz  lluiz  de  Cabanas  y  Cres])o  was  ap- 
pointed his  successor,  but  while  jjreparing  to  set  forth 
Vvas  elected  to  the  see  of  Guadalajara.  The  last  bisho[) 
of  the  century  in  this  diocese  was  Jose  Antonio  de  la 
Plucrta  Caso,  who  was  consecrated  by  the  archbishop 
in  Guatemala  May  29,  1798.='=' 

Resuming  the  narrative  of  the  pacification  of  the 
Tacamancans  in  connection  with  the  expeditions  which 
resulted  in  the  su1)iu'j:ation  of  their  territorv,  we  iind 
the  Franciscans  the  loadinr^  s[)irits  in  all  that  was 
vmdertal^en,  although  to  the  college  of  Jesus  in  (niate- 
niala  it  had  been  first  assigned.  If  the  Talaniancans 
Iiad  in  1502  a  civilization  of  their  own,  and  in  l(;02 
a  civilization  imported  b}^  the  Spaniards,  they  had  l)y 
1702  reverted  to  a  barbarism  whicli  lacked  the  vital- 
ity of  the  first  and  the  grace  of  the  second,  withi>ut 
any  compensating  element.  The  close  of  the  seven- 
teenth century  witnessed  the  establishment  of  the 
I'ranciscan  missionary  college  at  Guatemala,  and 
thence   in   1G94,  under  the  direction  of  Lopez,  had 

'''-^[^  Sijuicr  iiicliiics  to  lli^  li<'liif  tlmt  tlio  Ountiisofl  arc  of  tlio  Azti'c  ftock, 
liut  littlu  more  i.H  kiiiiwii  to-(l:iy  of  tlicii'  ori^'in  than  was  tliu  caso  ii  cciifiiry 
a";(i,  us  llicy  Iiavo  liciMi  k-ft  almost  iiii<listuil)Kl.  Jn  tlio  '  'roiiicn  (In  Co-^la,  Iti'-'i, 
lifi'.  n,  l!S.i7,  iippcai.s  tlio  following  Ijy  ail  otlicir  in  llio  Costii  Kiuii  mTvirr: 
'  It  is  ]irc'tL'nik'.l  tiiat  tiio  Ouatiisos  aro  lU'sri'niU  il  from  t!io  colon istn  wiio  (Icil 
ficini  K>^iaiva  when  that  cilywas  taken  hy  early  lililmstcrs.  Sncli  an  have 
clianceil  to  «ce  them  atliini  that  tlicy  ui'o  wliito.  htarded,  anil  jiiactb-o  li 
s',sli;ni  of  military  discipline.  .  .Twice  we  acco>ii,ianicd  the  ^.'cncrai  of  th.c  Klo 
I'lio  with  the  intention  of  exploring  the  territory,  hnt  without   linding  a. 


l:ini;injj;-p!acc. ' 

'"  He  attended  a.  liuetin.'r  of  the  IJeyal   I'l'.triotic  Society  of  <lpateniala, 
lii'M  on  the   loth  of  thine,  \~'y\  and  was  luaile  r.n  liouoiaiy  memljcr.  .Voc, 


Calalv(jo,  in  I'ap.   I'm:,  uu.  43,  p.  1. 


.;i:  I 


•eis 


MOSQUITIA,  NICARAGUA,  AND  COSTA  PJCA. 


prorootlcd  Francisco  do  San  Josu  and  Pablo  do  TXo- 
bull'.da  to  tlio  tcrritoiy  of  the  Changuoncs.  Andiado 
and  Uenavidos  returned  to  Guatemala  from  a  brief 
visit  of  inspection  in  1G05,  and  through  the  guardian 
of  the  college  made  the  oft-repeated  demand  for  a 
military  escort.  On  the  31st  of  March  a  council  of 
war  adopted  the  system  put  in  force  half  a  centmy 
before  in  Vera  Paz  when  dealing  with  the  Chols  and 
Manches.  Fiftj  soldiers,  with  Captain  Noguora  as 
governor,  accompanied  the  fathers  to  Talamanca. 

Francisco  Bruno  Serrano  do  Peina,  who  was  gov- 
ernor of  Costa  Pica  in  1704,  does  not  appear  to  have 
acted  with  much  alacrity  in  the  matter,  and  the 
guardian  Arrivillaga  reported  complainingly  to  the 
audiencia  on  the  4tli  of  April  1707.^* 

Many  of  the  Talamancans  were  gathered  into  set- 
tlements;"'' but  none  the  less  insecure  was  the  posi- 
tion of  the  missionaries;  their  dan!jer  so  increased 
that  Andrade  started  for  Guatemala  to  beu:  nicire 
adequate  protection  than  the  remnant  of  an  esccnt 
left  with  them.  It  was  too  late.  While  the  ques- 
tion was  being  discussed  in  Guatemala  the  Talamnn- 
cans  rose  in  revolt,  burned  their  churches,  tore  down 
their  dwellings,  and  killed  the  friars  and  the  soldi(M's, 
the  latter  but  ten  in  number.  Pebullida's  head  they 
cut  off  on  the  28th  of  September  1709. 

On  the  20th  of  ]\Iay  preceding  this  catastrophe  a 
royal  cedula  ordered  tlie  conquest  of  Talamanca,  with 
a  view  to  improve  the  counnunication  between  Guate- 
mala and  Costa  Pica  with  Veragua.^"  Lorenzo  An- 
tonio do  Granda  y  Palbin,  the  governor  of  Costa 
Rica,  reported  to  the  audiencia  the  massacre  in  Tahi- 

'*IIc  was  aecuscil  Feb.  4,  1704,  of  carrying  on  commcrco  with  foreigners, 
Ho  was  afterward  lieutenant  of  royal  otiieers  of  tiio  jinnince,  and  tluii 
maestro  do  canipo  l)y  decree  of  Aug.  'M,  171(5.  Palaez,  Man.  Hid.  Glial.,  ii. 
17".2-3. 

^■' Fatlier  Andrade,  in  a  letter  of  Nov.  10,  1700,  say.?  that  they  gathond 
from  Uriiianm4l,  fmni  Caveear  upwards  of  700,  from  Sau  Jos(5  31)0,  and  I'H) 
others.   Pilar.,  Man.  UkI.  Gnal.,  iii.  .SO  I. 

'''Simil.ir  ci'dulas  wero  issii((l  Sept.  I,  \~l'\;  June  10,  1714;  Aug.  0.  1717; 
Dee.  'JO,  17.'>7;  M^iy  '-'1,  17.'{S,  and  afterwaiil,  .sliowinL,' the  importauce  attaclad 
to  the  matter.  lUjurano,  Iiij'oriiic  nohre  la  Takununca, 


EARTHQUAKES. 


C19 


iiianca,  and  in  accordance  with  their  orders  took  sum- 
mary vengeance  on  the  natives.  Balbin  collected  a 
largo  force,  and  sent  one  detachment  by  the  pueblo 
Tuiz,  heading'  himself  a  force  of  two  hundred  who 
made  a  detour  by  the  province  of  Boruca.  Both  de- 
tachments met  at  San  Jose  de  Cabecar,  in  the  heart 
of  the  enemy's  country,  where  they  intrenched  them- 
selves. They  killed  many  of  the  Taiamancans  and 
captured  others,  bringing  with  them  over  five  hun- 
dred prisoners  of  all  ages  and  both  sexes.^'  The 
rebels  were  utterly  routed,  and  their  cacique  was 
tried,  sentenced,  and  executed  as  an  instigator  of  re- 
volt. 

In  1719,  in  a  report  on  the  condition  of  the  coun- 
tiy  to  the  king  of  Spain,  Governor  de  la  llaya"^  of 
Costa  Bica  says:  "In  reference  to  the  establishment 
and  mainteuciiiec  of  missions  which  had  been  the 
l)rimary  object  in  the  conquest  of  Talamanca,  nothing 
had  been  done  since  the  massacre  of  Se[)tember  170'.); 
no  precautionary  measures  had  been  taken  in  behalf 
of  missionaries." 

The  Recollets  did  not  believe  this  polic}^  of  indif- 
ference and  neglect  to  be  accordin<x  to  the  roval 
pleasure,  and  petitioned  the  king  for  the  establisli- 
ment  of  a  suitable  gai'rison  and  the  founding  of  a 
Spanish  settlement.  I3y  whatever  motives  inq)clled, 
several  parties  came  from  the  mountains  of  Tala- 
manca at  sundiy  times  between  1713  and  1710,  to 
request  the  presence  of  missionaries  from  Cartago. 

In  res[)onse  to  the  })etiti()n  of  the  Kecollets,  the 
king,  by  cedula  dat(!d  Sej)tend)er  1,  171.'),  direetfcl 
tlu!  president  to  convene  a  junta  of  state  oiHcials  and 
l)ersons  familiar  with  Talamanca,  to  devise  and  ad(i[)t. 


IB 


m 


"Many  of  thorn  fled,  others  ilii'il,  and  the  rest  remained  in  the  service  iif 
the  Spinianls  at  and  near  CartaLio.  Ihnjd,  hij'oniw  <il,  Jlcy,  l"). 

:i»  I  »io{.'o  tie  hi.  Ihiya  rernanile/  in  xm  ntiimed  as  ;,iis-ern()r  of  Costa  I^i(  a  on 
Xiiv.  10,  17!"',  luiil  iii,'uii\  on  .Inly  7,  17--,  wlien  his  jiredeei.'ssors  are  named. 
'I'liere  is  a  di.-!rt'e]ianey  even  in  th(;  report  (.f  Jlaya  hiMi:<elf  -in  tlic  iM'^'iiinini; 
it  is  written  (  ut  in  full  tliat  he  tonli  in  sseosicn  of  tlio  f^overnnient  at  (  arla^^o 
in  1718;  'El  alio  jjasado  de  mil  setecientus  liiez  y  oeho  toine  yusesiun.' 


C-20 


MOSQUITIA,  XICARAGUA,  AND  COSTA  RICA, 


by  majorit}'  vote  plans  f(jr  the  occupation  of  tliat  <<i- 
litory.  The  junta,  which  was  not  held  until  the  IJth 
of  September,  1710,  consisted  of  the  president  of 
rruateniala,  the  oidores,  royal  officials,  two  Recollcts, 
and  a  representative  of  the  revenue  of  Cartage.  The 
Ilecollets  advocated  the  })lanting  of  mission  stations 
])rotected  by  a  garrison.  The  rest  of  the  council 
iavored  the  establishment  of  a  military  guard  of  lift y 
sohHers,  and  the  removal  of  fifty  families  from  Car- 
tago  to  Boruca;  it  was  a  compromise  measure,  but  it 
carried  the  votes. 

The  fathers  were  discouraGfed.  The  town  chosen 
was  without  the  missionary  field,  and  the  force  nauu'd 
inadequate  to  eflfect  subjugation,  and  needlessly  strong 
for  a  simple  escort.  But  the  arrival  of  a  new  presi- 
dent, Itivas,  and  the  disastrous  earthquake  of  1717  iu 
Guatemala,  crowded  such  ujatters  from  view. 

In  a  report  dated  the  1-lth  of  March  1723  Haya 
tells  us  how,  from  the  IGtli  of  February  till  the  14th 
]Marcli,  there  had  been  rumblings  beneath  the  cit}'  of 
Cartago,  as  if  from  the  rushing  of  subterranean  rivers, 
while  the  volcano  of  Irazu  ke[)t  open  jn'.v's,  and  belclied 
forth  billows  of  smoke.  The  sulphurous  exhalations 
well  nigh  stilled  the  people  alike  on  the  slopes  and 
in  the  valleys.  Sheets  of  tlame  illumined  the  sky  by 
niijjht,  until  miles  of  the  horizon  were  brighter  than 
in  the  glare  of  day.  lied-hot  cinders  and  scoriiu 
niulti})lied  in  volume  until  the  waters  of  the  neigh- 
boring stream,  river,  and  lake  were  turned  into  seeth- 
ing nmd;  the  city  was  strewn  with  burning  dust;  and 
buildiny^s  were  loosened  from  the  trembling  earth. 

Costa  Rica,  if  we  can  believe  Haya,  was  the  poor- 
est province  in  all  America.  The  only  currency  was 
cacao;  silver  was  never  seen,  and  the  name  for  auglit 
its  people  knew  might  have  been  adoi)ted  in  derision. 
Officers  were  in'j'ipable  and  stupid;  the  people  (juar- 
I'elsome,  chimerical,  and  unruly.  There  was  not  in 
all  the  province  a  physician  or  apothecary;  nor  even 


PIRATES  AXD  THE  MILITARY. 


r,-21 


a  1)arbcr.  Of  foivigii  trade  there  was  prnctlcnlly 
none. 

In  Cartago  tlio  ayiiiitamionto  had  conic  to  an  end; 
at  ICsparza,  the  only  other  city  of  the  province,  thcie 
liad  been  none  for  thirty-nine  years  past,  for  no  one 
had  money  enongli  to  send  to  Spain  to  have  an  ;>[)- 
]iointincnt  confirmed.''^ 

Tlie  decay  of  the  settlements  in  Costa  Rica  miuht 
have  l)een  irremediahle  but  for  tlic  sharp  pruiiiii.,^ 
jndicionsly  applied  by  Haya.*°  His  successor,  Frai!- 
cisco  de  Valderrama,  made  a  report  to  the  captain- 
f^eneral  of  Guatemala  in  17;12  containing  a  curious 
I'cvelation  of  the  condition  of  affairs.  The  governor 
describes  himself  as  fuliilling  the  functions  of  a  ckilc 
I'ather  than  those  of  a  governor,  as  there  was  not  a 
single  j)erson  in  the  province  capable  of  writing. 
OiHces  remained  vacant,  because  the  poverty  of  i\\o 
country  did  not  allow  of  even  its  chief  resi<lents 
appearing  in  tlie  jJaza  in  a  coat.  If  the  erection  of 
Fort  Matina,  then  in  progress,  was  to  proceed,  an 
artificer  would  have  to  be  sent  out,  ns  the  only  one 
familiar  with  such  work  was  an  old  Indian  v*li'>st; 
])roper  business  it  was  to  rejiair  roofs,  and  ho  un- 
ibrtunately  had  just  died  of  the  small-pox.*^  Twice 
during  the  year  1740  the  province  was  harassed  by 
])irates,  who  carried  off,  as  was  their  custom,  the 
crop  of  cacao,  and  such  slaves  as  they  could  lay  hands 
upon. 

The  military  force  stationed  in  Costa  Rica  about 
tlie  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  was  little  slioit 
of  one  thousand  men,  and  yet  the  magistrates  through- 
out the  province  were  unable  to  I'ldorce  their  ;iu- 
thoritv.      Tlie   atlministration  of   iustice   had  ceased. 

'"So  tlie  governor  appoints  liuiitrnnt-f:('n(;rMls  for  tlio  two  cities,  fniir 
jiiil;^'i's  for  tlie  iu'i,:,fhl)oriiiLr  Viilleys,  ami  a  teuieiite  in  Matiiia,  ]5i'nii'a,  aiiil 
liailia.  Tlieie  is  not  iin  cseiil)aiio  in  all  the  proviiiee.  J/'i;i'i,  In/oniif  al, 
/.''//.  !l. 

'"  'riii.s  governor's  ivports.  ami  liis  eneotn'ageiiieiit  of  trade  ami  agi  ieiilture, 
Went  tir  to  avert  the  woi'st  i'oii«c(ni(iiees.   .[■■^iiihiifiwjn,  i'liit.  Am.,  .")4. 

^'  I'lvcn  till.-!  ]io\eify-sti  ii.'lirii  eounUN  was  nut  pour  encnij,'h  to  e.^eape  ile- 
spelling  hy  stiuiljos  and  curBuirs. 


11 


C22 


MOSQUITIA,  NICARAGUA,  AXD  COSTA  mCA. 


Judges  did  not  dare  to  impose,  nor  governors  exociito 
sentence  upon  criminals."  Even  the  forms  of  re- 
straint disappeared.  Yet  officials  were  numerous 
enough.  The  governor  appointed  on  the  first  day  of 
the  year  1740  five  lieutenant-generals,  one  each  for 
Cartago,  Esparza,  and  Matina,  and  two  for  the  valley 
country,  invested  with  civil  and  criminal  jurisdiction, 
besides  four  alcaldes,  an  attorney-general,  and  an  ad- 
ministrator. 

After  1746  we  have  no  reliable  records  as  to  the 
succession  of  governors  in  Costa  Rica  until  1773. 
In  the  former  year  Francisco  Fernandez  de  la  Pastora 
was  in  power;^^  in  the  latter  Joaquin  de  Nava.  To 
him  succeeded  in  1779  Josd  Perie,  and  then  occur  in 
the  order  of  their  succession  the  names  of  Juan  Fer- 
nandez Bobadilla  in  1780,  Juan  Flores  in  1782,  and 
Josd  Terci  in  1785. 


*'  'During  my  sojourn,  1752,  two  notorioua  prisoners,  after  sending  threats 
of  inuiishnicut  to  their  captors,  freed  tlicmsclves  and  disappeared.  Xo  stops 
were  tidton  for  their  recapture,  even  the  governor  expressing  relief  when  no 
more  mischief  was  done.'  Morel  de  Sta.  Cruz.  See  also  Aic.  and  Costa lika, 
MS.,  3-4. 

"  He  is  referred  to  in  the  Cnaderno  HiMorhd  de  Mivonex.  Palaez,  Mem. 
Tlixt.  Clint.,  ii.  173.  According  to  the  same  authority  Navarro  was  goveniur 
in  1748,  but  according  to  Lyncii,  Rclanon  Puncltud  (\~31),  MS.,  3,  Pastoi;i 
was  governor  until  he  lost  liis  life  in  175G,  being  slain  by  Mos<(uito  Indians  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Maya.  In  the  reports  on  missions  in  Talanianua, 
briuadicr  Luiz  Diez  Navarro  is  mentioned  as  the  governor  of  Costa  Rica  in 
1748  and  Miuiuel  Soler  in  1759. 


CHAPTER    XXXIII. 

I 

BELIZE. 

1050-1800. 

BcccANEER  Settlements  ik  Yucatax — The  Pirates  Enoaoe  iv  Wood- 
cuTTiNO — Governor  Figcteroa  Ordered  to  Expel  Them— Raid  of 

THE   \VoOI)-CCTTER3   ON  AsCENCION    BaY— TlIEY   ARE   DRIVEN    BaCK    BY 

THE  Governor — Tiieib  Settlement  in  Belize  Destroveu  by  FuiCEROA 
— TiiEY  Return  in  Stronger  Force— Fcrtiier  Expeditions  against 
I'liKM— The  Wood-cctters  under  British  Protection — They  are 
Attackp-d  by  Governor  Rivas— The  Boundaries  of  Belize  Defined 
BY  THE  Treaty  of  Versailles — Stipulations  of  a  Later  Treaty — 
Further  Encroachments  of  the  English. 

Not  the  least  valuable  among  tlie  spoils  obtained 
by  the  buccaneers  during  their  dej^redations  on  the 
Spanish  main  were  the  quantities  of  dye-wood  which 
Ihcy  found  deposited  at  certain  points  on  tlie  coast  of 
Yucatan  and  Honduras  awaiting  shipment.  With  tho 
decline  of  their  lawless  pursuits,  the  more  industrious, 
especially  tlio  English,  turned  their  attention  to  tho 
cutting  and  shipment  of  dye-woods  and  mahogany, 
and  with  this  object  established  settlements  on  tho 
coasts  of  these  two  provinces.  The  most  extensive  of 
their  settlements  were  those  in  tho  bay  of  Terminos. 
Here  they  remained  for  many  years,  varying  their 
industrial  pursuits  with  occasional  incursions  into  tho 
surrounding  country,  or  attacks  on  the  Si)anish  ves- 
sels which  plied  between  Catnpeche  and  Vera  Cruz. 

Neisxhbors  so  dangerous  could  not  lon<j^  be  tolerated, 
and,  as  soon  as  circumstances  permitted,  the  authori- 
ties of  New  Spain  took  measures  to  expel  them.  Tlie 
wood-cutters  successfully  resisted  the  many  exjiedi- 
tions  sent  against  them,  not  unfrequently  i-etaliating 

{C'SJ) 


li 


Hi.' 


1^1 


b:' 

1 

II 

H 

V'i 

H 

!■:], 

ul 

1  i', 

H 

ii 

it.;?'! 

1 

1  ;      ;■ 

[^;:.l 

1 

Li 

C24 


BELIZE. 


by  l:iyinj^  Wfislo  the  Spaiiisli  sottlonicnts,  until  about 
1717,  w'lcn  they  were  iiiiiilly  driven  from  that  ])ait 
of  the    oast  and  tlieir  estabhshnicnts  destroyed. 

In  the  hitter  half  of  the  seventeenth  century  that 
portion  of  Yucatan  bordeiinf^  on  the  bay  of  Honduras; 
was  abandoned  by  Spaniards,  owing  to  the  destiiic- 
tion  by  pirates  and  Indians  of  the  town  of  I3acalar.' 
Its  lienceforth  isolated  position,  together  with  tlu 
i-n<T<Tcdness  of  the  surroundinu  country  and  the  uuiii- 
berless  reefs  and  shoals  on  its  sea-coast,  made  it  pecu- 
liarly iitted  for  the  haunts  of  the  buccaneers.  One 
of  tliese,  Peter  Wallace,  a  Scotchman,  landed  witli 
some  eighty  companions  at  the  mouth  of  the  Belii:o 
River,  and  erected  on  its  banks  a  few  houses,  v.liidi 
he  enclosed  with  a  rude  palisade.  His  name  \vas 
given  both  to  the  river  and  settlement,  and  subse- 
quently to  the  whole  region  occupied  by  the  English, 
By  the  Spaniards  this  territory  was  variously  termed 
Walls,  ]>alis,  and  Walix,  and  the  word  became  finally 
corru[)ted  into  the  present  name  of  Belice  or  Belizc.- 

The  district  was  rich  in  dye-woods  and  mahogany, 
and  wood-cutting  soon  became  the  chief  occupation 
of  the  freebooters,  whose  numbers  had  gradually  in- 
creased. With  the  same  object,  many  Mosquito 
Indians  had  also  settled  in  the  country.  The  bucca- 
neei's  who  were  driven  from  the  bay  of  Terminos  also 
harbt)red  in  Belize,  and  after  attcnqiting  in  vain  to 
retake  their  settlements  linally  settled  there. 

The  existence  of  the  piratical  establishment  of 
Wallace  and  his  companions  was  not  discovered  by 
the  Spaniards  until  the  l)ei>inning  of  the  ei'T^htecnth 
century.  In  17-5  Antonio  de  Figucroa  y  Silva  was 
ordered  to  expel  the  English  from  Yucatan,  and  for 

'  An  .Tccount  of  the  abandonment  of  this  town  liaa  been  given  in  IliM.  Mix. , 
this  scrii-'s. 

'  J'<  ii/cIk',  Ih'licf,  in  Soc.  ^fer.  Oco^.,  Bohi'in,  2ila  (!'p. ,  i.  217-9;  Pvlnf-., 
Mrm.  J/lsl.  Oiiaf.,  iii.  i;>(),  140;  Slont's  A'ic,  '2i>H.  Squier,  Stut,.  ('cut.  Am., 
TpT-VO,  states  that  the  n;uiie  was  also  said  to  bo  derived  'from  tlie  l'"rcii(;!i 
lia/ixi'.  a  beacon.'  Tliis  he  is  disposed  to  aecejit  as  correct,  'since  no  (li)ulit 
soiiio  signal  or  beacon  was  raised  here  to  guide  the  freebooters  to  the  cuinnn-.a 
rendezvous. ' 


FIGUEROA'S  EXPEDITION. 


C25 


tliis  purpose  was  appointed  ^-ovornor  of  that  prov- 
ince.^ Soon  afterward,  in  (A)cdience  to  instructions 
from  the  crown,  he  visited  the  ruined  town  of  ]]aca- 
lar,  or  Salamanca,  as  it  was  also  called,  and  erected  a 
fort  which  he  garrisoned  with  forty-five  men.  This 
fortress,  situated  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name  and  con- 
nected with  the  bay  of  Espiritu  Santo  by  a  naviv;d)lo 
river,  was  to  serve  as  the  base  of  future  (>[)erali()ns. 
To  insure  its  permanency  it  was  decidi^l  to  rebuild 
the  town.  The  want  of  settlers  in  Yucatan,  however, 
conjpelled  the  transportation  of  a  colony  from  the 
Canary  Islands,  the  first  jjortion  of  which  did  not 
arrive  until  several  years  later.* 

Meanwhile  governor  Figueroa  began  tlio  prepara- 
tions I'or  a  combined  sea  and  land  expedition  against 
the  English  settlements,  which,  it  was  hoped,  would 
result  in  their  comi)lete  destruction.  A})i)rised  of 
this  design,  the  wood-cutters  of  Ijcli/e  not  onlv  pre- 
pared  for  a  determined  resistance,  but  with  tlieir  u,'-  lal 
intrepidity  resolved  to  antici])ate  the  Spaniards  by 
invading  their  territory.  A  large  force  of  Indians 
was  obtained  from  Mosquitia,  and  an  exi)edition  de- 
spatched by  sea  to  Ascension  ]jay  marched  on  the 
important  town  of  Tihosuco.  The  first  settlenunt 
encountered,  named  Chuhuhu,  was  taken  and  sacked, 
but  ere  long  Figueroa  arrived  with  a  large  ibrce  and 
drove  them  back  to  their  vessels  with  considerable 
loss.^ 

This  event  induced  Figueroa  to  hasten  his  prepa- 


3  Poiirjie,  DcVtce,  in  Soc.  Mex.  Geo<j.,  Ilohfin,  2ila  op.,  i.  220-2.  Acroidin;^ 
to  ^Martin,  lI'tHf.  West  Indies,  i.  i;}8,  and  I'ehicz,  Mem.  Ilist.  Gnut,.  ii.  !  !(>,  ;i, 
liirgo  ffirce  from  Pcti^n  attenipted  to  (li.-ipos,scsH  tho  ■wood-cutti.'rs  of  tlic  r>rli;:o 
Kivcr,  Init  intimidated  l)y  the  hold  front  of  the  ]MiL;li-h,  they  tiontcnted  thi  ni- 
selves  vith  bnilding  a  foit  on  its  north-west  br.inuh,  wiiieh,  however,  v,;i.s 
abandoned  after  four  years'  pos.session. 

''A  portion  of  the  colony  had  aheady  arrived  in  \~'M).  Sulci  do,  Curia,  in 
>S'oo.  Mi.c.  (I'enij.,  Jjo/eliii,  2(liiej).,  i.  22."i. 

■'The  date  of  thi.s  expedition  in  uncertain.  Sierra,  Ojiaihi  sohir  /ii/i'r, 
places  it  in  1727,  but  cites  no  tlocunient  in  support  of  his  assertion.  Aneona, 
Jl's/,  Yiii\,  ii.  410,  who  follows  him  elosch'.  is  doubtful  as  to  its  correcLneMS, 
altlio\igh  this  latter's  opinion  that  it  occurred  before  tin;  vi.-it  of  ]'igu(r(;a  to 
liacalar  and  caused  tho  occupution  of  this  place  is  apparently  founded  oa 
Conjecture. 

Hi8T.  Cekt.  Ah.,  Vol.  II.    10 


!*! 


G20 


BELIZE. 


rations,  but  it  was  not  until  about  tlio  cml  of  1732, 
or  the  be;^nnninj,'  of  the  following  year,"  that  the  ex- 
pedition set  out  for  Bacalar.  The  land  force  it  W()u!<l 
uj)})ear  numbered  considerably  over  seven  bundled 
men,'  but  of  those  who  went  by  sea  no  mention  is 
made.  Arrivisd  at  Bacalar  the  troops  embarked,  aiitl 
the  fleet  sailed  in  the  direction  of  IJelizc. 

The  wood-cutters  in  the  mean  time  had  strenntli- 
eneti  tlieir  fortifications  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ixlizc 
liiver,  nmstered  all  their  available  force,  and  were; 
said  to  have  received  aid  frouj  the  governor  of  .Ja- 
maica. Their  nund^er  at  this  time  it  is  difhcidt  ti» 
ascertain.  According  to  the  report  of  a  8})anish  mis- 
sionary in  1724,  there  wei-o  at  that  date  about  three 
hunch'ed  English,  besides  ^Mosquito  Indians  and  negro 
slaves,  these  latter  having  been  introduced  but  aslioi-t 
time  before  from  Jamaica  and  IBernuida.  It  is  equally 
difficult  to  ascertain  fclic  extent  of  territoiy  occupied 
by  the  wood-cutters  at  this  period,  for  althougli  ])re- 
vious  to  1718  their  settlements  extended  betwec'U  the 
rivers  Hondo  and  Belize,*  in  17;]3  they  were  appa- 
rently confined  to  the  course  of  the  latter  river." 

Figueroa's  plan  was  to  land  his  tr()oi)s  on  tlie  coast 
at  some  distance  from  the  mouth  of  the  Bolizi',  and 
while  the  fleet  engaged  the  attention  of  the  euiiiiv 

0      0  t 

by  a  feigned  attack  in  front,  to  make  a  detour  with  ii 
land  force  and  fall  on  the  rear  of  the  town.     This 

•^Sierra,  Efi'mrr'uleK,  says  Belize  was  attacked  February  22,  1733.  nml  in 
his  Ojiuda  aolire  Ili'liri'  the  same  author  states  that  tlic  expeilition  was  tnrim  il 
nnil  cariied  out  between  172(5  and  1730.  Lara,  Ajinnds  Jll.-itorico",  j^'ivcs  uu 
date.  I'enielie,  in  Sor.  Me.i:  Gcoij.,  Jioletiii,  2da0p.,  i.  22"-."i,  luUows  Siena, 
but  gives  a  eopy  of  a  letter  from  Goverr.oi  Salcedo  to  tlie  king  of  An  ;iist  7, 
1730,  in  wliicli  1733  is  given  as  tlie  date  of  1' igL-."roa's  expedition.  Aneniiu, 
Jli<t.  Vac,  lias  aeceptod  the  date  given  by  this  lett:;r. 

'  Sierra,  Vjcnda  Sohre  lidivc;  Lara,  Ajmnten  Uixlijricos,  and  Peniclic,  cited 
above,  say  that  on  his  way  to  Bacalar  Figueroa  was  joined  by  tlic  eoloiii>t3 
from  the  Canary  Islands ;  in  wliieh  statement  they  an;  followed  by  Aneoiia, 
Jl'isl.  Yiic,  ii.  41.")-17.  Tills  is  evidently  a  mistake,  ai'  tlie  letter  of  Sakeilu 
already  cited  shows  that  even  in  1730  but  a  portion  of  them  liad  arrived. 

^Pdcif^,  .Vein.  nut.  Gnat.,  ii.  140-1. 

^Salcfilo,  (jftrta,  in  Sor.  Mix.  0'fO<i.,  Boletiiu  2da  ^p.,  i.  22.5-0.  I  repro- 
duce here  'A  Ma))  of  a  part  of  Yuratan,  or  of  that  part  of  iiv  Iji.tteni  shure 
wilh'm  the  JJuij  of  lloudnran  allolted  to  Great  Britain  for  the  C'liffiini  of  L'",i- 
wood,  ill  coiinnpii'iivi'  of  the  Vonvention.  Siijned  with  Sjia'ui  on  the  l.'ilh  July 
176'G.     Bff  a  May-JIau.' 


DEFEAT  OF  THE  WOODCUTTERS. 


«B7 


proved  suocohisful,  for  wliile  tho  EiiL^Ti.sli  wore  oaij^crly 
iiunitin;^'  the  approach  ol'tliu  llcut,  I'igucroa  siidduiily 
{i[)p(.'ared  in  their  rear  and  attacked  them  with  such 


— ^ — Trrrrr, 

Ki  i'i.iii|«(iniiY""''Jjr 
rnoviNCK       oi     ^  'uA* -vla  itra 


Mahogany  Land 


THt  TMREK  Qt^    W^    \ 


.^''.-^ 


.1' 


:nguts      '• 
'oint 


RN    ^/i         ENGLISH  KEY 

^^  SOUTM^l 

"    LONC.  KEiJ 


.ns   %,    <^5     ^ 
t     <i     --.^ 

wdy  Point    N   % 

:5,S.ttee'i     ^     \ 
f  Pomt  P   5^    ^V 


Belize. 


impetuosity  that  despite  their  efforts  their  town  M'ith 
nearly  all  its  defenders  was  within  three  hours  in  the 
hands  of  the  Spaniards.  Plaving  destroyed  the  town 
and  fortifications,  and  all  other  settlements  on  the 


■; 


I'i 


lif-l 


I 


&2S 


BELIZE. 


I  'II 

•  i 

m 


i!*  ^\^ 


river,  and  seized  or  destroj-ed  tlie  vessels  and  otlicr 
property,  the  expedition  returned.^" 

Tlie  Spaniards  were  greatly  rejoiced  at  this  success, 
but  their  joy  was  short-lived.  The  wood-cuttci's  siHiii 
returned  with  reenfbrcements  and  a  stronjj^  fleet,  reoc- 
cupied  their  former  settlements,  suceesstully  resisted 
all  sul)sc'(|uent  attempts  to  ex][)el  them,  and,  as  we  shall 
see,  the  English  government  afterward  extended  dncv 
them  its  protection.  In  17o(),  after  various  unsuc- 
cessful efforts  to  dis])Ossess  them,  the  governor  nf 
Yucatan  proposed  to  the  Spanish  crown  that  a  stionu' 
fort  be  erected  at  the  mouth  of  the  iJelize  lii\  i' lo 
prevent  the  passage  of  vessels,  l)ut  this  suggesiion 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  acted  on." 

In  f789  war  again  broke  out  between  Spain  and 
England,  and,  com[)ellcd  to  defend  their  coasts  I'loni 
a  powerful  English  fleet,  the  Spaniards  desisted  Ibi-  a 
time  from  further  operations  against  Belize,  altiioULjh 
the  determination  to  regain  theirterritorvthususuipcd 
had  not  been  abandc>i;nd.  Peace  was  declared  in  f748; 
but  it  was  not  until  two  years  later,  in  a  subsequent 
treaty,  that  the  connnci'cial  I'elations  between  tlie 
two  countries  were  settled.  The  damage  caused  liv 
Figucroa  had  in  the  mean  time  been  made  the  suhjcct 
of  diplomatic  neu'otiations,  and  thouixh  no  delinilc 
niKlcrstandiiig  was  reached,  the  efforts  c»f  Engl.inil 
appear  to  have  been  limited  to  the  })rotcction  of  licr 
sul)iects  from  molestation  in  the  bav  of  Hontluras, 
while  the  Spa)iish  government  continued  secTctly  to 
ado})t  measures  for  their  expulsion." 

In  April  1754,  a  foiniidal)le  attempt  was  n  adc  to 

'"On  his  way  to  Mi'Tida  from  Ijiicalar  Figuoroa  wan  seized  with  lliuss  jiinl 
•littl.  On  till-  lOtli  of  Augn.st  I".'!."}  I.ara.  A/i'iiit.  llisl.,  allinus  lat  at  tl.o 
(U'lnaiids  of  the  l''iiiflish  f;nvi  riiiiicut  Kiguoroa  was  ri'prcii(.iiiUil  \<\  lie  tiowu 
fui-  tliis  attadv,  whitli  so  niiirl.i(ii.'(l  iiiiii  as  t<>  caiifti.'  liis  ihath.  'i'liis  vcivinn  is 
acei'ptiil  liy  Sierra  in  liis  (ijcdda,  ,-0''/;t  JJi/in,  and  also  hy  /'ii,irli<,  in  >'•  ■' 


M<' 


<•'(-()(/.,    /j'r//( 


2da 


2-J(i 


))ut  u.s  tiu^e  .-tatoniints  arc  ni('nti"in 


hy  no  otiier  aiitlmrity  and  are  diseredited  hy  Ancuna,  Jiist,  Yitc,  ii.  ■ll'.'--ii 


I 


IIMI    lIlSllllSlM 


/' 


-•//( 


to  rcjeet  them. 


in  .'ioi 


,1/. 


in  /'/..  'i'-V)  (1:  A  I 


( init/. ,  Jjnli  t'l 


j/is/.  y 


ii.   41  ;!•-••_'. 


,a  (^'p. 


'•2'2-1;  Sttktdo,  Vtuia, 


I\iiulii.  ia  (i'uc.  Mt.c.  O'twj.,  JJvhtin,  iMa  ep.,  i.  iJ'JS-ol. 


THE  WOOD-CUTTERS  KEEXFORCED. 


629 


expel  tlio  wood  euttors.  An  expedition  of  fifteen  Inni- 
dred  men  was  org-aiuzed  for  this  pui'poso  at  l*eteii, 
(Juateinala,  l)ut  Ujxm  reaching'  tlie  coast  after  a  lon<i^ 
;iiid  ditiicult  inarch,  tliey  were  met  by  two  hun<h'ed 
and  fifty  of  the  J*]ii'.^iis]iand  comjiU'ti'ly  defeated.  'Phis 
appears  to  liave  \)cvi\  the  last  expeelition  sent  against 
J)eHze  for  several  years.''' 

During  the  seven  years'  war  in  ICuropc,  which  hegan 
in  175G,  England,  in  her  endeavors  to  induce  S[>a!r.  to 
loin  lier  a<_!-ainst  France,  offered  amonix  otlier  things 
to  evacuate  tlie  estahlisliments  made  by  fier  sui)- 
jccts  in  tlie  l)ay  of  Honduras  since  ()cto1>er  1748,  in- 
cluding !Mosquita,  all  of  wliicli  liad  been  made  the 
sul)ject  of  complaint.  Tins  does  not  necessarily  imply, 
as  certain  Spanisli  writei's  would  have  us  l^elieve,  that 
Kngland  therel>y  acknowledged  the  illegality  of  the 
wood-cutter's  right  to  occuj)V  that  territory.^* 

Indeed,  it  is  clearly  evident  that  England  con- 
sidered, or  pretended  to  consider,  that  her  subjects  in 
Ijclize  had  acijuired  the  riglit  to  cut  and  shi[>  d3'e- 
\\<>ods  and  mahogany  in  this  and  other  districts, 
Vv  ithout  molestation,  for  in  the  subseipieiit  treaty-  with 
Spain,  in  17G3,  althouu'h  agreeiuij  to  demolish  "all 
fi'itilications  which  her  subjects  may  have  constructed 
in  the  bay  of  Honduras,  and  other  places  of  the  ter- 
ritoiy  of  Spain  in  that  part  cf  the  world,"  England 
insisted  upon  the  insertion  of  a  clause  in  the  treaty 
vdicrebv  the  cutters  of  lj>j:-wood  were  g'uaranteed  the 
light  to  continue  unmolested  the  cutting  and  sldj)- 
]>ing  of  the  same,  and  the  erci-tion  of  the  necessary 
buildings  for  this  pur()osc,  within  those  districts.''' 

This  weakness  on  the  i)art  of  Spain,  attributed  to 
her  commissioner,  the  i 


i})acity 


/qui 


!(/»/'  /•  .s'  i 


Stale*  Ctnf.  A 


m. 


570-7. 


J'.iit 


J'diichr  ill  Snr.  j\f,'x.  OVo;/.,  Bo'.lh},  2(la  <S\\,  i.  2.11-'' 
'  Y  Sii  ]M;iL!;(.)slail  ('atillica  no  ipcrinitini  f|Ui,'  los  vasiiUiw  <lc  Sii  >rniri'stiii1 
'micati.sil.s  tr.iliaja'loris  scan  i:i((iiii'tail<is  I'l  ninlcstados  odii  ciialijuii'ni  iir(.'- 


I'M  iliciids  jiai'ajcs,  en 


o'ijiaciiin  ilo  cortar,  cai'jiai'  v  tiasnur- 


t.ir  (I  pall)  (le  tinto  (>  dc  caniiK'cIii';  y  para  I'stc  I't'roli)  puilnin  t'aliiicar  sin 
iii'i'i'liiMi'ntii  y  <>ciMii>ai'  sin  inli'irnpcinn  las  casas  y  alniai'  in  s  t^wv  iiccfsilaicn 
I'uia  si  y  para  sua  faiijilias  y  cfuctud.'  Va'cu,  li'vcuiil  TraiUii,  ii.  ',i~l. 


[  t^ 


I 


cno 


BELIZE. 


Grinialdi,  thnno-h  apparently  a  simple  relaxation  iii 
favor  of  the  Ei)iL,''li.sh  of  the  law  which  exchuh-d  ;ill 
foreigners  from  the  Spanish  colonrc's,  was  virtnally  a 
recoi'iiition  of  the  ri^'ht  of  the  Eni-lisli  to  ()('cuii\-  in- 
definitely  a  portion  of  her  territory;  and  tliou^li  iidt 
explicitly  suri'entlering  her  sovereignty,  no  limits 
were  fixed  to  the  encroachments  of  the  wood-cut ti  is, 
nor  were  they  in  any  way  made  suhject  to  the  Span- 
ish authorities.  Thus  the  way  to  future  com]»li<ii- 
tions  was  o[)ened.-"' 

Sr)on  after  the  i-atification  of  this  treaty,  tlie  Eii'di. 
government  conunissioned  Sir  William  ]>urnal)y 
})roceed  to  Belize,  establish  the  limits  within  wl!i(,, 
wood-cutting  was  to  be  confined,  and  draw  nj)  a  a-Ar 
of  laws  for  tluj  regulation  of  the  colony.  This  li^' 
did;  and  though  we  have  no  information  as  to  tlic 
limits  fixed,  for  many  ycavH  the  ]^urnal)y  Cod(\  as  it 
was  called,  formed  the  only  hiws  l>y  whicli  Hcli/c 
was  govcn'iied.  The  establishment  of  limits,  how  ever, 
availed  but  little;  for,  emboldened  by  tlieir  previous 
success  in  resisting  tluj  Spaniards,  and  encouraged  ly 
the  protection  of  the  ]']nglisli  government,  they  givn!- 
ually  extended  their  wood-cutting  operations  beyoiid 
these  boundaries,  and  carried  on  smug<>liiig  to  (lio 
great  pixjiuHce  of  Spanish  commerce.  In  consc((iu'n<'e, 
the  governor  of  Yu<\itan  forbade  all  c(tnmiunicati(M 
between  J->elize  and  tlu;  Spanish  settlements;  ]'e(|uii'r;l 
that  all  [M'rsons  settHng  in  ])eli/e  should  ])ix'.>cnt  ;i 
jiermit  to  that  effect  from  eitlu'r  tlu'  English  or  Span- 
ish government;  expelled  tlu'  wood-cutters  iVoin  tin.' 
coast  district  of  the  Hondo  ]-iiver,  and  ordered  tli.it 
all  wood-cutting  should  be  coniined  to  the  region  lyiii.;' 
l)etween  the  l^eli/e  and  New  livers,  and  not  fartlii f 
than  tweiit}^  leagues  from  the  coast. 

As  a  result  of  these  measures  the  business  of  11m' 
woo<l-cntters  was  injured,  as  they  claimetl,  to  tin'  i  \- 
teiit  of  one  hun<h'(>d  and  eighty  thousand  pesos,  bi 
till!  latter  part  of  \7i')\  a  (k'lnand  for  the  satisi'acti'  ii 

^'^  Pcnkh(,  in  tSuc,  JAu'.  Givj.,  llukliii,  lidu  cp.,  i.  2oJ-Li. 


hi'ii 

It    :i 

li;it 

■ill  i 


II 

I'  11 


EIVAS  ATTACKS  THE  ENGLISH. 


G31 


of  tlicso  losses  was  presented  by  tlio  En^Tisli  minister 
at  the  court  of  Spain,  who  also  insisted  that  tlie  ,i;()V- 
ernor  of  Yucatan  be  reproved  for  his  conduct,  and 
that  the  wood-cutters  be  permitted  to  return  to  llie 
Hondo  River  disti'iet.  The  Ensjlisli  minister  inti- 
mated  that  war  would  l)e  the  result  if  these  dfUiaiids 
were  not  granted;  but  after  a  protracted  correspond- 
ence he  succeeded  only  in  obtaining  permission  for  the 
return  of  the  wood-cutters  to  the  districts  IVoni  wliich 
they  had  been  expelled;  and  the  claims  wei'c  added, 
for  future  settlement,  to  the  long  list  of  those  already 
pending  Ijetween  the  two  governnu'nts.'' 

Dui'ing  the  next  five  years  there  is  no  evidence; 
that  the  wood-cutters  were  disturbed;  hut  in  177!>, 
war  having  broken  out  afresh  between  S[)ain  and 
]ilngland,  the  former  determined  to  profit  by  the  o[)- 
porl'iiii^v  to  give  the  final  blow  to  the  existence  of 
tlie  J''-giish  settlements  in  her  teri'itor}'.  In  that 
year  Don  lioberto  Rivas  Vetancur,  the  recently  a])- 
])ointe(l  governor  of  Yucatan,  in  accordance  with  his 
instructions  began  to  organize;  an  expedition  again-t 
Belize,  Bacalar  as  before  becoming  the  base  of  oper- 
ations. The  wood-cutters  were  soon  informed  of  tlie 
declaration  of  war,  and  made  all  hasto  to  ibrtify  the 
mouth  of  the  Belize  River  and  St  George  K(y, 
whieh  lies  directl}'  o])j>osite.  Xot  content  with  this, 
they  determined  again  to  anticipate  the  Spaniards  ])y 
ca])turing  ]3acalar,  whi<']i  ever  since  its  reestablish- 
nient  they  had  regarded  as  a  standing  menace  to  theii- 
safety.  In  (his,  however,  they  were  disap})ointed; 
ibr  (Governor  Ri\as,  inf)i'med  of  their  design,  hastily 
(»rganized  a  force  of  some  ('ight  hundred  men,  and 
]irocuring  canoes  and  piraguas  hastened  on  to  Racalai'. 
Thence,  though  his  men  were  ill  e(|uipj)ed,  he  pro- 
eeeded  against  the  ]']nglish  ;  and  liaNing  drixeii  them 
tVom    the    Hondo   ]^i\er  district,  and   capturetl   and 

"  Aliilcfsdil.  //isf.  Cuniliii  rr(\  iv.  -iT,  (|il)t('H  ttie  I  omlull  (Jirjllr  of  tliin 
iliiti',  ill  wliich  it  is  tU.-itcil  tliiit  tlio  I'lnj^lisli  ifovcnitufiit  liad  rt'cciwil  a  ilinili- 
Liitu  of  an  oidci'  ctiisui  iiij,'  the  gtAX'niiiiciit  ut  Yiicatuu. 


i  I 


li 


m 


632 


BELIZE. 


IH\ 


armed  tlirco  small  vessels,  he  sent  a  strong  force 
.if,^aiii8t  St  George  Key,  and  captured  the  fort  with 
its  garrison. 

Further  operations  were  prevented  by  the  sudden 
appearance  of  three  English  vessels  of  war  sent  hy 
the  governor  of  Jamaica.  The  Spaniards  had  barely 
time  to  escape  witli  their  jirisoners  and  prizes,  the 
latter  including  many  small  craft.  Proceeding  up 
New  Kiver  they  drove  the  English  from  tliis  region, 
destroying  over  forty  establishments,  and  inflicting  a 
l;)ss  on  tlie  wood-cutters  of  more  than  five  hundred 
thousand  pesos.  At  this  juncture  reiinforcements  ar- 
rived for  the  wood-cutters,  and  Rivas  was  compelled 
to  abandon  their  territory;  but  in  consideration  of  the 
im[)ortant  results  accomplished  with  so  small  a  force, 
his  conduct  was  approved   by  the   Spanish  crown.''* 

The  sixth  article  of  the  treaty  of  Versailles,  signed 
Se[)tember  3,  1783,  defined  the  limits  of  Belize  and 
the  riLidits  of  the  wood-cutters.  The  boundaries  now 
fi.\ed  as  unalterable  were  the  Belize  and  Hondo  rivci-s, 
the  north-western  boundary  being  almost  a  straight 
line  between  the  two  rivers  so  as  to  pass  througli  Ihe 
source  of  Now  River,  the  south-eastern  boundai'V 
being  the  coast.  Tlie  navigation  of  these  two  rivers 
was  to  be  open  to  both  nations;  certain  places,  to  he 
agreed  u])on  by  the  respective  commissioners,  were  to 
be  marked  out  where  the  wood-cutters  might  eret't 
all  necessary  buildings;  and  it  was  jirovided  that  the 
foregoing  stipulations  should  not  be  "considered  as 
derogating  in  any  wise"  to  the  rights  of  Spanish  sov- 
ereignty. All  English  subjects  in  the  Spanish  colo- 
nies, in  whatever  part,  were  to  retire  within  this 
district  before  the  cx])iration  of  eighteen  months, 
dating  from  the  ratification  of  the  treaty;  and  the 
right  of  fishery  on  the  coast  and  among  the  adjacent 

'^^Vfv'uhr,  in  .S'or.  M(X.  Ocoii.,  Holftin,  2(la  ('p.,  i.  'JfO-H;  Anrmui,  /li^f. 
Viir.,  ii.  '_*(J!U7.'i.  SfjTiiur,  Slates  ■  \i:t.  Am.,  TiTT-S,  (•iT()iii'(Jiisly  iittrilmti-s  this 
attiiik  to  llic  itri'vnli'iicc  of  '  snmpgliii},^  iiud  other  illicit  jirjutit'(  a'  iiiiioiiL;  tho 
vooil-cuttirs,  making  no  meutiou  of  the  fact  that  Kin^iaiul  ami  S^iaiii  woo 
tlu'ii  at  war. 


TliEATY  BETWEEN  SPAIN  AND  GREAT  EHITAIN. 


633 


islands  was  f^rantccl.  but  no  establishments  could  be 
made  on  such  islands.^^ 

Although  this  treaty  so  clearly  defined  the  bound- 
aiies  subject  to  Jjiitish  colonization,  there  were  cer- 
tain points  whieli  liad  been  omitted,  and  accordingly 
another  and  final  treaty  was  celebrated  between  S[)ain 
and  England  "to  prevent  even  the  shadow  of  niisun- 
derstandinijf  which  miij^ht  be  occasioned  by  doubts." 

This  treaty  was  signed  at  London  July  14,  178G. 
While  confirming  the  former  one  of  ITy.'},  and  ex- 
pressly stating  that  "all  the  lands  in  (piestion"  were 
"indisputably  achnowledged  to  belong  of  right  to  the 
crown  of  Spain,"  it  contained  the  following  additional 
privileges  and  restrictions.  The  Silran,  or  Jubon 
river,  -was  made  the  western  boundary  of  Jk'lize, 
which  included  all  the  teri'itor}'  between  it  and  the 
])elize  as  far  inland  as  the  source  of  the  Sibun. 
Within  six  months,  all  possible  facilities  being  ])ro- 
vided  by  the  Spanish  government,  English  subjects 
in  any  part  whatsoever  of  tlie  Spanish  colonies  were 
to  retire  within  the  boundaries  of  Ik'lize;  in  addition 
t )  the  existing  privilege  of  cutting  dye-woods,  that 
of  cuttii^ig  all  other  woods,  mahogany  included,  was 
granted;  all  the  natural  or  cultivated  products  of  the 
soil  C(juld  be  used  and  carried  away,  but  no  ''])lanta- 
tions  of  sugar,  coiVec!,  cacao,  or  otlier  like  artick's,  or 
any  fabric  or  manufacture  by  means  of  mills  or  other 
machines,"  saw-mills  excepted,  could  be  established 
under  any  pretext.  On  account  of  the  insalubrity  of 
tlie  adjacent  coast  St  (xeorge  Kt\v  was  granted  for  the 
purp(.se  of  settlement,  l)ut  it  could  not  bo  fortified,  nor 
t'ould  any  arnuMl  force  be  stationed  there.  (Certain 
small  islands  olf  the  coast  alunit  miilway  between  the 
mouths  of  the  Sibun  and  IJelize  rivers  were  gr;iuted, 
together  with  the  intervt-ning  waters,  for  the  ]tur- 
pose  purely  of  rititting  ships;   no  government,  either 

^^CiuHlnv,  nnr  Mr.  IIowK,  r>l-2;  Prnicfif.  in  Sor.  }frr.  Omri.,  UuhUn, 
2i1ii('i).,  i.  'J4;}-50;  >-qHicr'»  Stutm  Vint.  Am.,  i"»7S-80;  Aiiroiin,  //i,^^  }'((«.•.,  ii. 
47-'-77. 


;  « 


Ml 
{ '  'itfi 


!ji 


'JS4I 


-v.   ««■'." 


i,-i 


I!   'i 


HI' 


on4 


BELIZE. 


militavy  or  civil,  could  bo  established  except  such  as 
could  lie  agreed  U})on.  by  the  two  powers  for  tlio 
inajntenauee  of  peace  and  order.  To  preserve  entire 
the  rii:fht  of  Spanish  sovereignty  over  the  territdiy 
gi anted,  such  settlements  only  would  be  perniiticd  as 
sliould  be  necessary  for  the  trade  in  wood  and  I'luits, 
Finallv,  two  conunissioners.  one  from  each  oovcin- 
ment,  were  to  visit  the  country  twice  a  year  to  see 
that  these  stipulations  were  observed.™ 

])y  tlicse  treaties  the  respective  rights  of  the  two 
countries  in  the  territory  of  Belize  were  cleai-ly  de- 
fined. S})ain  lield  undis])uted  sovereignty;  England's 
right  v.'as  limited  to  an  indefinite  occupation  for  \n\r- 
poses  of  trade.  But  it  is  not  always  sufficient  to 
declare  rights;  tlie  powers  of  Eurojie  keep  their 
agreements  when  conijX'lled  by  force  of  arms,  and 
this,  S])ain,  with  her  declining  strength,  was  eventu- 
ally unable  to  do. 

Colonel  J"]in'i(]ue  de  Grimarost,  the  Spanish  com- 


mi 


ssioner,  ai rived   i.»    ]>elize  early  in   1787  and 


was 


soon  joined  by  the  ]']nglish  conunissioner  and  super- 
intendent of  tlie  colony,  Colonel  I'^dward  ^l.  Bespard. 
Aiiielc^  thirteen  of  !lio  treaty  of  178G  required  tli;;t 
all  other  jiortions  of  IIk  SpJinish  colonies  should  I'o 
evacuated  by  the  J'^ng]i;d)  befoi'e  the  new  grants  could 
take  eft'ect.  The  \Ios(piito  kingdom  appears  to  have 
bet'U  the  only  territory  then  occuj)ied  liy  the  Englisli 
besides  Belizi',  and  nearly  all  of  its  inliabitants  Jiaving 
arrived  at  this  latter  colony  by  the  middl"  of  17^7, 
the  connnJssioners  proceeded  to  mark  the  boniiduri'-^; 
but  the  foi-mal  transfer  of  tlie  territory  between  He? 
Sil)un  and  J>e]i/e  rivers  \\as  not  made  until  flie  11th 
of  August,  xuthe  coui'sc  of  the  survey  of  the  |)eli/e 
llivor  it  was  Ibund  tliat  the  wood-cutters  had  antl<b 
pated  this  new  grant  of  teri'itorv  bv  extending  tlieii' 
operations  beyond  tlie  former  boundaries,  the  country 


"^FnlT  trxt  of  trfnty  m.-iy  he  foinid  fn  fri.ifrHov,  fhr.  Kir.  /fniirt.,  62- (5. 
iilsi)  Piii/i/ii,   ill  tSot,   Ml  .1 .   (ituij.i   Jiultliii,  2dn  ill.,  i.  2ol  C;  Aiicumt, 


Sec 

JJi.sl.  }'«('.,  477  H'2. 


FINAL  EFFORTS  OF  THE  SFAXIARDS. 


G3o 


for  8onic  distance  on  the  western  side  of  the  river  r(^t 
only  being  stripped  of  nialiogany,  but  several  estab- 
lishments were  found  in  active  o}H;ration  outside  tlie 
boundaries  nG\Alv  assigned.  These  the  owners  were! 
compelled  to  abandon  and  retire  within  the  limits  of 
the  colony,  l>ut  it  was  liardly  to  be  ex])ecte(l  that  men 
who  claimed  independence,  and  denied  even  the  i'i,u,lifc 


of  En<rland  to  riiake  their  law; 


wr)u 


Id 


res 


pect  ti 


K! 


boundaries  after  the  de[)arture  of  the  Spanish  conunis- 
sioner.  Indeed  they  openly  declared  their  intention 
of  establishing^  a  ^•overnment  and  fr-amini;  laws   o 


tl 


leir  own. 


Th 


S 


le    npamsii   commissnincr   comitiaiii<'( 


.1; 


d 


of  this  condition  of  alfairs,  but  without  any  apparent 


resu 


It. 


]n  ()ctol)er  1700  EnL;'land  declart-d  war  a^'aiiist 
Spain,  and  uj)on  the  recei[it  of  this  news  in  Yucatan, 
Arturo  O'Xeill,  the  n-ovei-nor  of  that  province,  l)e<'an 


innnediate  ])re|»arations  for  an  attack  on  lu'li/c  Jt 
M'as  not  until  Mav  20,  17!)'^,  however,  that  the  ex- 
j)edition,  consistiiis^  of  between  two  and  threes  thou- 
sand men  and  a  lar^'c  fleet  of  small  ^ess(■ls.  (lcpart<'d 


for  iJelize,  escorted  by  two  Sjianish  frii;'ates.  T! 
frigates  accompanied  them  only  part  of  the  way 
returniuLi',  it  is  said,  on  account  of  lack  of  ])rovisioiis 
and  the  shallowness  of  the  water  on  the  ("oast,  'i'lit 
IH'mainder  of  the   expcnlition    continued   the  vovau'i 

Xotl  --  - 


imi;'  was  acconq 


mi'lished,  howt_'\er,  as  tin 


■ttl 


crs 


iiair 


Were  fully  ))r» •}».'< red;  and  beiii^;'  reeid'orced  by  i 
of  the  ]>lantei's  w]ii>  liail  been  ordei'ed  to  abandon 
]\ros(piitia,  and  aided  by  the  J'^n^'lish  sloop-ol-war 
Merlin,  they  prevented  the  Spaniards  from  cifortin'^- 
a  laiKbng.  Aft'T  hoxeriiii^  otf  the  coast  fir  a  few 
days  the  expciilition  rotiiinu.'d  to  Yuc-'atan."'"  'I'liis  was 
tlie  last  att<'n>npt  made  by  th''  Sj)aniards  to  expel 
the  men  of  Belize.      I'lienceforth  the  stipulatioi 


IS     0 1 


u 


^^Orlmnr<'s:t,Iii/iir)ric,  in  S!(><:  JAr.r.  Oc",/.,  Bnh-thi,  '2<la  <■,).    i.  ,'?04-4(VJ. 

'•'■^ //('M/c/xo/f'.*  JJoiiil.,  !l;  Ati'-'iii(t,  llitl.  Yiic,  ii.  ."MW-S;  I'diirliv,  m  Snr, 
M(.v.  (i'< ",'/.,  Hull  I'm,  'Jtia  i\t.,  i.  31^0;  S'lukrs  StuUs  Lent.  Am.,  i)81j  Lijinlonu 
Hoc.  ireo'j.,  xi.  SI, 


11 


r 


wn 


BELIZE. 


treaties  were  (Il8re^^'^r^k'(l,  and  the  territory  as  far 
south  as  the  Sarstiui  was  gradually  taken  j)ossessi()n 
of  and  hold  by  ri^'lit  of  conquest,  the  subsequent  rev- 
olution throughout  the  colonics  rendering  the  Span- 
iards powerless  to  prev'ent  these  encroachments.-^ 

'^ S'ltiic?'','!  Slates  Cent.  Am.,  581;  London  Soc.  Geog.,  xi.  81. 


CHAPTER  XXXIV. 


HONDURAS. 

l.wO-lSOO. 

PiRATTCAT,  Raids  on  Tnrjti.T.o  ani>  l'ri;i;To  ki:  Cahallos — ComjItiov  op 

THE    SeTTI.F.MENTS  — Clll-Uni    MaTTEHS  —  MlSSIOXAIlY    ExrEDITldN    TO 

TEcrcifiAi.rA  —  Mautviidom   of  Titr.   Missioxaimes— L\r.cius  of    iiik 

I'KANCISCAN.S    IN    lldNIKUAS — InTKKI  FUENCE   OF  THE  liISIlOP — TlCIM  ILI.O 

Destuoyei)  by  the  Dftcii — FoET  San  Ffunanho  de  Omoa  Erected — 
Its  fATTriiE  iiv  the  KsiiLisu — And   IIecoveuy  ey   1'kksii)ent  (!al- 

VE7, — ItoATAN   SeVEUAL  Tl.MES  OcCUriEU  liY  IiL'CCANEEllS — TjIEIli  FlNAU 

ExriLsiuN. 


m 


In  Honduras,  and  Hi;4iicrn.s  as  llic  nortlicrn  portion 
of  this  territory  was  termed,  there  were,  it  will  he  re- 
iiienihered,  hut  seven  Spanish  colonies  al)out  the  mid- 
dle of  the  sixteenth  century;'  and  of  these,  Trujillo, 
the  laru^est,  contained  only  lii'ty  settlers.  It  is  proh[i- 
ble  that  tlie  entire  number  of  Spaniards  in  the  prov- 
ince at  this  time  did  not  exceed  two  hundred;  and  so 
sliiLihtly  had  the  resources  of  the  country  been  de\'el- 
oped  that  the  few  who  lived  there  were  by  no  means 
uealthy. 

But  ))oor  as  the  colonists  were,  their  condition  did 
not  shield  them  from  tlie  depredations  of  freebooter-;, 
who  durinix  the  latter  jiortion  of  the  ccntuiy  mado 
sevc-ral  I'aids  on  the  coast  of  Honduras.  In  l."»7(> 
Andrew  ])arker,  a  so-cnlled  merchant  of  ]^ristol,  rr- 
so1v(mI  to  reind)urse  himself  foi'  loss  of  ]iropei'ty  con- 
fiscated by  the  Spaniai'ds  durinij^  a  tra(hnLi,'  ventui'i; 
to  the  (^anary  Islands,  and  set  I'orth  on  a  piratiivd 
expedition.  Fitting  out  two  vessels,  he  sailed  from 
Plvmouth  in  June.     After  tnuchinu'  at  vaiious  i">oints 


ii 


.!i'  !:!,! 


'  Pn're  294,  this  vi.l. 


(0^7) 


C38 


nOXDUILVS. 


and  cnpturinji'  ft  snuill  iiinoinit  of  treasuro,  lio  arrived 
at  tho  iiioiitli  of  tlio  Cliagrc,  wlicro  incii  were  snit 
ill  search  of  friendly  ciinan'ones  wlio  nii^lit  act  as 
e'uidcs.  As  none  could  be  found,  the  c'X[iedit ion  sailed 
i'i)r  Honduras,  caj>turcd  on  the  way  a  shi[>  contaiii- 
in;^'  a  little  i;'ol(l  and  a  small  (juantity  of  aims,  and 
anchored  oil'  the  island  of  San  I'^rancisco.  ]lere,  on 
account  of  a  (juarrel  with  his  chit'f  oflicer,  Jiarker  was 
forcihly  sent  on  shoiv,  wlu-re,  with  ihirtv  of  his  nieii, 
he  was  suri»rised  by  a  party  of  Spaniards,  and  nine  of 
till'  l"JiL;lish  weru  slain,  himself  amon_n'  the  numher. 
A  detachment  from  the  ships  was  then  sent  in  a  pin- 
nace' lo  capture  the  town  of  Trujillo,  where  but  slight 
lesistance  was  I'licountered,  and  a  u;'ood  store  of  wine 
and  oil  was  si>cured,  but  not  an  ounci;  of  treasure.  A 
s()uadi()n  of  S[)anish  men-of-war  nowa[)peared  in  si^ht, 
and  the  robbers  were  glad  to  reo-ain  their  ])innace, 
leavinii'  on  shore  eiiiht  of  their  munber,  of  whom  no 
tidings  were  afterward  heard.  On  tin;  homeward  voy- 
ain'i!  one  of  the  vessels  was  capsized  in  a  s(piall,  and 
Ibuiteeii  of  the  men  lost  with  most  of  the  (reasuit'. 
The  survivors  arrived  in  ]']nnlan(l  without  further 
atlventure,  and  the  j)roeeeds  of  the  expedition  yii'lded 
but  thirty  pest)s  as  the  share  of  a  eonunon  soldier. 
This  was  venu^eance  indeed  1 

In  151)2,  when  Puerto  de  Caballos  and  Trujillo 
Mere  attacked  by  pirates,  affairs  seem  to  have  been 
more  prosperous,  for  considerable  booty  was  fouiul 
at  the  former  place.  "  Wee  remained  in  the  towne 
all  night,"  says  one  mIio  took  part  in  the  expedi- 
tion,- "and  the  next  day  till  towards  niiiht:  where 
we  found  5  or  G  tuns  of  quick  silver,  IG  tuns  of  old 
sacke,  sheepe,  young  kids,  great  store  of  poidtric,  some 
store  of  money,  &  good  linnen,  silkes,  cotton-clotli, 
and  such  like;  we  also  tooke  three  belles  out  of  tluir 
church,  and  destroyed  their  images.  The  towne  is  of 
200  houses,  and  wealthy;  and  that  yere  there  were 


"John  Twitt,  in  HalhnjVg  Vo)/.,  iii.  508-9. 


r.r.>rARKS  of  tttomas  gagr. 


C.'t'J 


fourc  ricli  sliips  laden  (Voiii  tliciicc:  1)iit  wo  span-d  it, 
bccausu  wrc  louiid  other  coiiteiitliielli." 

Jn  If)'.).')  a  laid  was  attuinpled  <>ii  J^iiei'to  de  ('alia- 
llos  l)y  llie  French,  hut  on  this  occasion  the;  coisaii's 
Mere  defeated,  many  of  ihenj  hein^-  kihed  (»•  cajitui'ed, 
and  the  ri'inaindei'  conijielKd  to  put  to  sea  "  hhisplieni- 
in^'  and  avi.'n'iiiLT  that,  neither  they  nor  tht^  JOntilish 
had  met  with  similar  dlsastei-  in  any  [tact  of  the 
Indies."^  During  tJie  next  year  Tiujillo  and  l'uer(<» 
de  ('ahallos  Nvero  a_n'ain  assailed  hy  the  I'Ji^Tish  under 
SherK'y  and  l*arker,  and  the  lattiT  town  was  once 
more  sacked;  hut,  says  the  chi-onicler  who  desci'ihed 
the  e.\i)edition  :  "  It  was  the  most  poorc  and  miserahle 
plao'  of  all  ludia."^ 

Not  withstanding^  the  dt^predatioiis  of  IVeehooters. 
the  colonies  of  Honduras  appear  to  ha\(;  heeii  fairly 
])rosperous  at  the  clost"  of  the  sixteenth  century.     'Flu 


an< 


aroun( 


1    Ti 


rnullo    W( 


ly 


re    thiMi   under  cultivation, 


jii'oducinn"   large    crops   of   mai/,e    and    IVuit;    .i;ra[i 


dl 


oranu'es,  and  lenions  hemu'  raist'd  ni  a 


il 


d)Und; 


mce 


On 

two  sides  of  the  town  were  ii\'ers  abounding  in  tish. 
3\istur(;  was  abundant,  and  the  <'attli^  inti'oduced  fi'om 
Spain  multiplied  so  i'a|»idly  that  they  were  ol'  little 
\alue  exciq)t  for  their  hides.  Hie  walls  of  the  houses 
■I'c  ol'  hushes  .interlace<l,  iilastered  within  and  with- 


Wt 


out,  and  coverec 


1  witl 


1  nalmettodeaves. 


Th 


Ltl 


ic  calliedral 


and  i\\r.  convent  of  San   J^'rancisco,  the  latter  heini 

founded  in   laHl),  were  the;  most  prominent  building.-- 

"This  is  a  woody  and  mountainous  Country,"  wi'ite 


( 


lomas  ijiag(5,  wiio  joui'nc'yed   inrougu  Wm;  W( 


4er 


)art  of 


1[ 


onduras,  on  Jus  wa\ 


IV 


om 


i'n_)illo  to  San- 


tiago in   /(>;!(!;   "very  bad  and  inconvenient  for  Twiv 
elLrs,  and  l)esi(les  wry  |)oor;   thei'e  the  connnoditits 
are  ITkU's,  Canna  fistula,  and  Zar/aparilla,  and  such 
lit  ol"  bread,  that  about  Truxillo  thev  make  use  of 


\\a 


Arrrnin,  (\,l.  Doc    Alllhj.,  101 -d. 

//it/:!iii/l's  I',)//.,  iii.  tlOl.     In  OijilJni'x  Amrr.,  2^1,  tlio  vp;ir  l.">7li  is  <rivcii 


'I'niii'.lc)  \v, 


IS  caiitiiri'il  hy 


I  iiftcrwjii'l 
Moiii,  u  Hdllaiiili  r,  .iinl  two  tliiids  of  t lie  town 


H  till'  il;iti!  of  this  ('X)ii'(litioii;   iiiid  it  is  tin  rr  stjitfd  tliiit  sooi 


lU'vioyid  hy  an  ucciiloutal  tiro,  tliu  spoils  ot  tlic  laid  hiiiig  insi^nilioaut. 


' '  I  'III 


m 


\M 


li  a: 


m 

iiv) 


m 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


12.0 


lAQ 


1.8 


1-25      1.4       1.6 

■• 6"     

► 

m 


o 


/3 


.'>      ''N 


v: 


"^i 


'/ 


/A 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


^ 


4 


,v 


;\ 


\ 


<6^ 


O^ 


<i) 


"^ 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WEBSTM.N.V    USSO 

(716)  S72-4S03 


:<'  €P. 


:\ 


\ 


6^ 


<» 


>> 


C40 


HONDURAS. 


\vliat  tlioy  mil  Cassavo,  which  is  a  dry  root,  that  IxiiiL^ 
oaten  «liy  d<jth  choak,  and  thorof'oro  is  soaked  in  hn»tli, 
water,  wine,  or  Chocolattc,  that  so  it  may  ^o  down. 
Within  the  country,  and  especially  about  the  city  of 
Coniaya^ua  (which  is  a  Bishop's  seat,  thou^jfh  a  small 
place  of  some  five  hundred  inhabitants  at  the  m(»><t), 
there  is  more  store  of  Maiz  by  reason  of  some  hnVnuis, 
which  are  gathered  to  Towns,  few  and  small.  I  foui.<l 
this  Country  one  of  the  poorest  in  all  America.  Tin; 
chief  })1ace  in  it  for  health  and  good  living  is  the 
valley  which  is  called  Gracias  it  Dios,  there  are  sonu; 
lich  farms  of  Cattle  and  Wheat;  but  because  it  licih 
as  near  to  the  Country  of  Guatemala  as  to  Comayagu:i, 
and  on  this  side  the  ways  are  better  than  on  thaf, 
therefore  more  of  that  Wheat  is  transported  to  Gua- 
temala and  to  the  Towns  about  it,  than  to  Comavanua 
or  Truxillo.  From  Truxillo  to  Guatemala  (Santiago) 
there  are  between  four  score  and  a  huntlred  leagues, 
which  we  travelled  by  land,  not  wanting  in  a  barren 
Country  neither  piides  nor  ])rovision,  for  the  i)oor 
Indians  thought  neither  their  personal  iitt*  "  !ance, 
nor  any  thing  that  they  enjoyed  too  good  1        is." 

Small  as  nuay  have  been  Comayagua — or  as  it  was 
now  termed  l)y  the  Spaniards  Nucva  Valladolid — in 
com])ai'ison  with  other  cities  which  Gage  visited  dur- 
ing his  travels  in  tlie  New  World,  it  was  the  most 
nourishing  settleuKHit  in  the  province,  and  continue  I 
to  ])rosper  until  1774,  when  it  was  destroyed  by  carth- 
(juake.  In  1557  it  was  declared  a  city,  antl  in  ladl 
its  church  was  raised  to  cathedral  raidc.  The  seat  of 
the  hishop's  diocese  was  soon  afterwanl  transferred 
there  IVoni  Trujillo,  the  cha[)ter  including  a  dean, 
archdeacon,  rector,  and  doctor  of  common  law.'"'  Ju 
KlO'i  there  were  in  Nueva  Valladolid  convents  of  the 
orders  of  La  Merceil,   San  Francisco,  and  Juan  ^\o 


'■''Ww.  (lato  of  this  transfiT  ia  vnrinuwly  givrn  ns  l.')r>S,  in  Parhero  nnd  (^(ir- 
fli'iifiH,  Cil.  Ihic,  XV.  4(!>S;  I ."ili I,  ./««;•/•(>.<,  Hist,  lluut.,  WWW,  AWtX  ('alli\  Man. 
y  Kill.,  Ii!7;  l.')(i"-',  in  Oonzttliz  Uuvikt,  Tmtro  Evlm,  i.  ;{00;  uiul  15SS  in  OijUhyH 
Aiiui:,  L'yo. 


KCCLE<:i ASTIC AL  A  FF AIRS. 


641 


l")ios,  and  an  endowed  collcufo  under  the  patrona'jft'  <»f 


the  kin;,^ 


Tlu'  unscendy  disputes  wliicli  oceurred  anionijf  tlio 
ooelesiastics  at  an  eailier  peiiod  in  the  liistoiy  of 
llontknas*"'  were  now  at  an  end.  On  the  deatli  of 
]ii.slio|)  I'edr-aza,  wliose  liij^h-handed  measures  liad 
rendered  liini  un])o])ular  with  the  colonists,  and  driven 


see 


nearly  all  the  religious  from  the  jirovinei;,  (iercMiin 
de  ( 'ori'lla,  a  Jeronimite,  was  appointt^d  b)  tin 
To  ('o)'illa  succeeded  Alonso  de  la  Cerda  in  ir)7'J/ 
and  in  January  loSH  the  mitre  was  hestowed  on  («as- 
]tar  (K;  Andi.K'e,  a  Franciscan,  who  held  othce  until 
his  decease  in  Kirj.^ 

The  income  of  the  l)ishoprie  at  this  date  was  three 
thousand  ]>esos  a  year;  there  were  five  j)rel)ends;  and 
within  the  diocese  a  luuulred  an<l  forty-five  Jndian 
towns,  with  nearly  four  thousand  heads  of  families.' 
In  1(»1()  the  nu'tropolitan  of  the  diocese,  tlu'  arch- 
hishop  of  Santo  J)ominn'o,  em[)owered  the  dean  of  the 
cha[)ter  in  Jlonduras,  to  hear  and  determini>  a]>|>eals 
in  order  that  the  expense  and  delay  incident  to  the 
journey   to  Santo  J)oniini,'o  miy'ht  l)e  avoided.      In 


October   l(;i:{  Al 


onso 


(iahl 


o  was  consecr 


ated  1 


)lsli(»l(. 


and  durinn"  this  and  tlu^  followinij*  year  visited  all 
jtarts  of  the  ])rovince,  confiiniinj^  more  than  seven 
thousand  )>ersons,  some  of  whom  wei-e  over  ninety 


years  of  ic't 


DuriiiLT  his  administration  two  synods 


w 


ere  held,  the  last  one  in  Api'il  Ki.ll.      Three  years 


helore   that  date   Jjuis   de   Cahizj 


ires   was   aiiooni 


I'l' 


ited 


coadjutor  in  the  diocese  at  the  ret^uest  of  the  prelati 


Sec  p. ;{();{ I't  sc( 


1 

'(Anii 


til 


)1. 


l>h 


I    \Vil8 
liOII. 


1" 


1)1 


iiDtfil  to  Las  f'harcas  in  1.'>T7.   Oon-nlr:  Diirif'i,    7V((^•(> 


H 


is  uiliiiinistratiim  Mas  Olio  (if  L'nat  Iwiiclit  to  tin- ilioccsc-.     Soon  attrr 


liis  ariival  lie  wrote  tlic  kiiij,'  coiK'tTiiinj;  its  uiLii'iit  iicics-itiis,  ami  liis  Maj 


(sty  sent  iiiiii   .")((  inutnics  am 


I   .-.(t 


missals,   aixl    iiistniit 


Inm  to  tiiiiml  u 


jirol 


I'SSOI'Slllll,    w  IIK 


li  was  (lone  Sf|it.  'Jit,  ltM)'J.     Tlio  liislio|i  mailn  many  ;;it't!i 


to  the  |)riiu'i|ial  cliaiicl  of  tli"!   Mi'i-ci'il  ouiivcnt,  uiul  wua  hiincil  tlifrc.   (ion- 
;|(^^  /)iiri/ii,  Tuitnt  A'c/i.s.,  i.  .'iOT. 

"/(/.,  ;i(l.">.     'I'lu!  totiil  iiiiniltcr  of  tht'sc  IiuUaiis  i.i  «tutfil  at  8,000  iu  Calk, 
Ml  III.  y  A()/.,  (•J(i. 

liiHT.  CiMT,  Am.,  Vol,  H.    11 


IIONDUFIAS. 


v.lio  wns  in»\v  nn'i'tl  .'iikI  ciirccldcd  l)y  iiic<ss;iii<  in'\\, 
Al'tt  r  tllO  (Ic'ltll  of  (i;il(lt»  ill  l(!|;V"  lIl"  sec  rcllLiilinl 
\'ii('nii(  until  I()t7.  uIm'Ii  .liiiiii  M(  rio  <lr  la  i''ii('iiti' 
jKTi'plcd  the  lMsli(»|>iic  (»r  lloinluras,  al'tri'  haviiii;-  w- 
JMscd  (Iia(  (»r  Xiu'va  S<'!^<>\ia. 

Inlwccii  I  londmas  and  NicaraLrua  lay  <In'  ilistii.l 
)!"  1^'^M(•ilL,^•d|>;l,   nl"  wliicli   nu'iitiou    lias    Ix  I'oi'c    l»crii 


r.i.idi'  in  ('oiiiicctioii  with  inissionai'V  lalxn': 


III   tl 


|iiinci|tal  Indian  town,  wliicli  was  kimwii  l»y  <lii'  saim' 
iiaiiic,  was  I'oiindcd  in  l.)S;>  a  convcnl  <•!"  Ilir  l''r;iii- 
riscans,  and  laU'i'  one  (iT  (lie  Nrciccd  ordci*.  Ncx cii Ik - 
less  j  lie  greater  |»orti(»n  ni'lliis  tcn'itory  liad  in'\ri'  \it, 


X'CII      NISI 


{<h\ 


)V  111 


('     i'lTU'S 


last  K 


In    iC.-Ji!   til.'  mis- 


sionaries {'jist('»ltal  Mai'tiiic/  iU'  la  l*iirr(a  and  .hi.m 
X'aciia,  acconipaiiic'd  l>y  live  iiativ*'  intt'i|»r('t(i-s,  sailed 
iVoni  'rrujilitt,  and  landiii'^-  at  Cape  (Jracias  ;i  hins 
jonnifyod  toward  this  icinion.  On  tlicir  way  liny 
several  tinu>s  canie  in  si^lil  of  Itaiids  ol' nali\es,  luif  ,ill 
lleil  at  ilieir  approach.  The  iiiteipreters  e<iuld  not 
ol)t:iin  a  hearing',  and  in  vain  the  missionaries  held 
forth  the  cross  and  heckoiied  peaeel'iil  overtures  to 
the  timid  savages.  I'uerta  and  his  co||ea^•lle  were 
hecoininjj^  discoui'aiLrcd,  when  one  day  they  hehtid  a 
vast  niultitudi'  of  Indians  a|>proachinn"  them,  and  in 
their   midst   a    vcnei'ahio  chiel'lain    with    Iohl;'    white 


hair,  who  advanced  to  welcome  the  missionarie 


II 


t»»ld  them  that  theii'  coming'  had  heeii  eaucrly  anti<i 
pated,  as  it  had  heen  I'oix'told  in  a  vision  l>y  the 
most  Iteautiliil  child  he  had  ever  seen,  with  nieltiii;^' 
tenderness  of"  y;lanci'  and  speech,  that  he  .should  not 
end  his  days  hetojv  heini^'  a  ('hristian,  and  that  men 
would  come  l"or  the  purpose  of  teachiiiu-  him.  The 
natives  at  onc(>  (>rccted  .i  dwclliny'  and  church  for  ihe 
missionaries,  and  the  haptism  of  the  ayed  leadir  and 
all  his  family  speedily  followt'd. 


'"111  H'rJ'.t  (liiMo  solicilcil  tlif  lwiili»'-;,'('m'r;il  of  tlic  .Icsuits  to  scinl  a  tVw  of 
his  (inlir  tn  ll<>lliliir:is;  Iml  ihr  v\]n\\r\H'v  ol'  IJu'  .Icsiiils  in  ( iraiiaila  aii'l 
JtraliJDa  fi'w  y\}:\vn  licloiv  li'il  ton  ri'l'ii«il.   Ali(jrr,  l/isl.  ('<im/i.  J<.sii/',\\.  170. 

"  Sii'  p.   MO  t't  8i'i|.,  tliL-i  vol. 


Tlir:  XICAQITS. 


Ci3 


A'uciiM  ilii'ii  jdiicccdcd  ♦(»  ( Juiitciiialii,  wlicic  lii.s 
tidings  r;iiisctl  ^ic.'st  rNcitfiiniil .  M;iiiy  \uliml('cr«<l 
llii'iiscrN  ir»'s,;tii(l  IVinii  tln'iii  llfiiito  |ji>|)(>/.  was  <-Ii(>si'ii, 
jicfinnpaiiviii^-  (lir  luniit  r  on  iiis  rcliirn  in  tlaiiiiary 
111-'!.  Mraiiw  liilc  scNcii  liiiii<lrr((  a<liilN  liad  l)f*ii 
l»a|»ti/t'(l,  and  seven  villai^cs   luiiiidrd   l>y  jhc  dill",  rmt. 


Ii'iIm 


.r  tl 


ic    vnu 


idrv.     T\u'  rliicf  dilli(;idtv  <•!•  ih, 


nii.-^sioiiai'ics  was  to  ovcrconic  i\\r  ihnnadic  instiiicj  dI' 
tilt'  iiali\rs.  who  would  dtpait  I'oi'  tin*  wttods  or  tlio 
iiHunitains  when  h-ast  cxiu'cti'd  and  without-  api)ar('iit 


causi' 


J)uiinL(  tilt'  yi'ar  tlic  three  ecclesiastics  visite<l  tht? 
country  o|'  the  (iuahas,  wliere  they  met  with  reinark- 
altle  success,  ha|»t i/iiiL;'  some    live   th(»usand    persons, 

le   thus  !4atherinLj   a   ricli 


A\' 


ille 


tl 


le  nnssionaiies    w  i 


hai'vest  o|'  souls,  t  hey  and  t  heir  converts  wer<'  at  taeked 
and  o\er|»owered  hy  a  hostile  trihe  named  the  Alha- 
tunias,  and  the  loi'iner  were  put  to  death  with  <'ruel 
tortiii-es.    A  lari;*'  l"oi-ce  was  sent  to  pimish  the  native 


in*l  tl 


le  remains  o 


r  tl 


le    nusslonaries    weie    l"eco\-er(  ( 


I 


hut  their  mui'dei'ers  had  lied  to  the  uiountain  last- 
nesses.  'i'he  hodies  of  the  martyi'ed  men  WeJi-  con- 
xcyed  to  Ti-ujillo,  where  they  I'emained  until  the  city 
was  captured  hy  pirates,  when  the  e'uardian  ot"  tlu; 
eonvent  had  them  remo\ cd  to  Sant  ia^'o,  and  t  hey  weie 
thei'c  inteii'ed  with  ei\;it  ceremony  in  the  church  ot' 
San  Francisi'o. 


Al)out  the  yeai'  lf>(')I  the  Xica(pies,  wliose  teriitory 
hordered  'rei;ucii4al|ia  oil  the  north,  made  lVe<|nent 
raids  on  the  Olancho   N'alley.      ( )ne  of  the  |»rinii|iul 


sutlerers 


hvll 
.]ve<l 


lese 


toi'.iNs,  (  'aiitai 


n 


Hart 


oloine  ( 


le  !•; 


eota,  I'l'solved  on  their  sup|»i'ession.  and  ca|>turinL,f  a 
lar^e  mnnher  gathered  them  into  si-ttletneuts  in  llon- 
duras.  Accompanied  hy  tlii'ee  Ijcncas  he  then  pro- 
ceedi'd  to  (Juatemala  in  seai'cli  ol"  a  juiest  to  instruct 
them.  'I'he  president  lU'n'cd  the  J''i;uiciscan.s  to  un- 
dertake the  task,  as  they  had  heeii  the  pioneers  in 
the   woik,  and   now  an  ahundant   harvest  seemed   to 


644 


iioxnrRAS. 


jiwnit  t!io  oixtlun'iiiiif.  Fcinniido  do  Espniio,  nt  tlu^ 
tiiiu"  ;i  im-iiilx-r  ol'  tlu'  <-<»ii\-ciit  of  AlmoloULra,  was  a 
native  of  Xucva  Soij^ovia,  a  t<)\vn  Ixudorliifjf  on  the 
lands  of  ill."  Xica<|U('s,  and  was  familiar  with  tlu- 
Lcnca  lanuU'''^*'  J>i»d  jK'oplc  \lv  undertook  tlu'  worl; 
anil  associated  with  himself  Pedro  de  Ovalle.  They 
started  fiom  (iuatomala  in  Mav  H»(i7,  and  met  with 
moderate  snccoss.  In  UKIH  Ks|)ino  was  recallecl,  and 
( )\'alle,  with  additional  assistants,  carried  on  the  work 
despite  niulti[>lyin<T^  diliienlties,  tliroueh  many  years. 
In  1(!7!)  seven  small  villages  contained  upward  of  a 
thousand  christianized  natives  and  the  muuher  was 
«i>ntinually  increasinn',  Lopez  paid  a  visit  to  this 
district  in  IC)'.)."),  and  hecanie  s(»  i-nthusiastie  in  the 
work  that  he  sj)ent  the  icmainder  of  his  life  there, 
dyiii!^  in  l(>'.>s  in  the  miilst  of  work  accomplished  or 
jirojected  foi-  the  n'ood  of  tile  ]»eople. 

The  Fi'aiiciscaifs  were  ereatly  impeded  in  tin  ii- 
labors  hy  the  oppositi(»n  of  the  hishoj)  of  ll(»nduras.'- 
who  caused  a  jxtrtion  of  then'  huildinn's  to  he  de- 
strctyed,  and  placed  tlu-m  and  their  converts  under 
the  hail  of  exconnnunication.  AccordiuLC  to  Vas([U( 
these  ])roceedinin's  ci 


.tl 


oinct 


l;i 


lUsed  him  to  he  suspended  iVom 
'Hie  prelate  lived  to  rejient  of  his  erroi',  and 
durin-''  his  last  sickm-ss  was  waited  uiion  hy  mem- 
hers  of  the  order  which  he  had  .sought  to  injure. 


'-'Tlio  iiaiiio  of  till'  ju'i'luti'  who  wns  in  rhnrge  nt  tlio  time  is  a  Jiiiittcf  of 
iloiil>t.  hi  l<l.")l  l>oi  tor  .luaii  <k' Mcilo  wiis  coiisfrrati'd  lii^jlio])  of  llondiiiJis 
i'l  Mt'xiio,  l)ut  iliil  net  pi-occccl  to  liis  tlioii.se  until  nt'ccniliLT  of  tiie  follow  in^ 

I 


•ill'.   <.'"' 


J>i. 


Ill-i.  M'.r..  siiii'  i.  toni.  i.  I!K».  '2-2S.    J|.)w  |<,ni.'  Ii 


■111  oiruc  is  nut  k 


V  llii  itcrlilli'il  tl 


tn.      Ill  HIT  I  tilt'  SI 
iiiti't'.    /i'i;/)/i  v.  Jtiiiriii,  in  lil . 


li|i]ioiiitiiifiit  nit'iilioiii'il  is  that  ot  Martin  tif  Ivsjiiiiosa,  who  tliitl  Hiulihiily  ii 


IS  ollfri'il  to  I'filro  tlf    Aii'.'UJo, 

toin.  ii.  1 14.    'rill'  iir'.t 

1 


Kl 


»7"i,  while  ill  the  aet  of  tlispellsiiii;  alli 


IS  aft 


IT  mass. 


II 


e  was  It  fcntiiianaii. 


liiit  ii]iiiareiitly  in  j,' I  health,    lil.,  ■_'!().      Aeeoiilinu  to  \'asi|ne/.  he  furetiihl 

his  tleatli  ei;:lit  days  liefore;  its  a|i|iroai'li  hi'in^  revealed  to  him  in  a  vision. 
Chriiii.  ill  itiinl.,  'l\7t-  \[\.  No  titlii  r  refireiiee  is  made  to  the  epi.seoiiate  i<i 
Moiiiliiias  until  the  close  of  the  eeiitiiry,  when  it  is  stated  that  Aii.irel  .Maldo- 
liado.  \\  ho  had  iioeivetl  the  iiiitre.  was  transferred  to  Oajacu.  Ji'ohk",  J)'iiii 
ill  /'(.'■.  Il'ni.  Ml 


si-ru'  1.  torn.  III.  •_vi<> 


iiiiiine  se  liiiraroi 


"!>' 


01. 
Ii.t  il. 
(junl.,  213. 


'I 
.no  1 


n  iles|,U'ho>.  |iaiii  (|iie  reniitiesso  lo  aetliatio  el  Sefm 


OS  reiiiitio,  ]iori|iii'  iiiii/,'i.  )»iilian  rei'oiiouer.se  lallth 


I'liiiiiiiHi  ri  ri:iit. 


fiitl'  ileL'laraiio  il  Seiior  (Jhis^iii  jior  catrunu.'  Vhn 


y  /" 


ik 


DKl'KAT  OF  THE  EXflLISII. 


645 


Tlio  f'l'W  ri'tnainiiii;  rccdi-ds  that  have  oomi'  dnw  u 
to  us  conceniiMLr  the  liistm'V  of  Jtoiuhiras  until  tin; 
close  of  the  eij^litc^eiith  ci-iiturv,  apart  tV(»m  the  social, 
])olitical,  aixl  iiKJustrial  coiniitioii  of  tlie  ]»roviii(e, 
vhich  will  he  mentioned  in  a  future  volume,  relat<i 
chiefly  to  the  raids  of  freehooters  and  hostilities  w  iili 
foreit^n  powers." 

Jn  1«)4.'3  Trujillo  Avas  (Uice  more  captured  and  )til- 
lajjjed,  the  town  heini^  almost  destroyed  hy  the  ])ut(  h, 
altliounh  protected  hy  a  fort  mountint^  seventei-u 
lieavv  jL^'uns  and  a  nuniher  of  smaller  jiieres.  S(»  di>- 
lu'ai-tened  were  the  Spaniards  hy  this  disastei'  that 
the  place  was  abandoned  and  remaine<l  in  ruins  until 
17SS),  when  it  was  rehuilt  and  fortified  hy  oi'der  of 
the  kin*;.  In  171)7  it  was  attain  attaeke<l  hy  an  lOiiu- 
lish  S(piadron ;  hut  after  a  shai-[)  fi^ht  the  assailants 
w ere  lepulsed  with  loss. 

In  ohedience  to  a  royal  ccdula  dated  August  MO, 
1740,  a  fort  named  San  Feinando  <le  ( )moa  was  hnilt 
on  a  harhor  of  the  same  name,  near  Puei't<»  de  (,'al»allos, 
as  a  further  ])rotection  for  the  coast  of  Honduras,  and 
to  serve  as  a  calling-place  for  the  i^niardas  costas  em- 
ployed in  tlu»se  ])arts.  The  works  wei'e  henun  in  I7r)".2 
hy  Vaz(|uez  de  Sotoniayor,  ])resident  of  (Juatemala, 
and  comjileted  three  years  later.  Althounh  the  site 
Mas  very  mdiealtiiy,  a  town  was  estahlished  there 
which  soon  contained  a  considerahU,'  jtopulation,  and 
hecame  tlu'  outlet  for  the  conmiei'ce  of  eastern  (luatc- 
mala.  On  the  -.'jth  of  Scpttinher  1771),  S|)ain  aii<l 
( Jreat  l^ritain  heiniL,'  then  at  war,  tlie  fo)-!  was  attad-j  l 
hy  foil)- J^inlish  men-of-war.  Jt  was  t;-allantly  deft  ndr  I 
hy  its  commandant,  I  )esnau\,  with  i\\r  hundi'cd  im  n, 
and  the  British,  not  heing  in  sutKcient  force,  wire 
comi)elled  to  retire.'"' 

"  Tlic  iiimu's  of  the  t^nvi'iiKirs  (if  Ilniiiliii'ns  in  tlic  (niltrof  tlicir  sih'cih- 
f.ii)ii  frmii  l.")(i|  ti)  IT'S!  an' j;ivrii  in  l'<l'i<:.  Mim.  llUt.  fliftt.,  \\.  177  >^'l- 

' '  NcitluT  I'clac/  imr  /aliiacnis  makes  any  iiuiitiim  of  tlii"  tiist  aftaiU.  Imt 
]>.  dalvi.'/,  ill  Six-.  Mi. I-.  '•'"';/..  />'"/..  ii.  i'|i.  Jl.'i-."!.  in  so  ilcar  ami  spocilic  in  Ins 
uiMTutive  tliut  we  iiuiut  uuu^iilcr  it  an  onii^siuii  liU  tlicir  |)ai't. 


64r> 


HONDURAS. 


On  tlu'  l(!tl»  of  (~)cti'l»i',  tlic  EiiL>lisli  icturiKMl  wllli 
twclvr  lilic-ol'-ltiittlc  sliijis.  ii  hvv'^v  body  (»t' ti'o()|ts,  aiul 


tl 


.'I  lioidc  (»t"  Mos(|uit<)  liidiiiiis.  .As  oil  tiK'  jti't'VKnis 
occasion  tlicy  at  <»ncc  ojtciicd  i'wo;  hut  tlic  <j;uus  of 
the  lort  rt|)lic(|  so  vii,nnousIy  that  one  of  the  vessels 
was  (hsahlcd;  an<l  anotlier  liavinjjf  run  an^roiuid,  the 
attack  was  >us|)cn(K'd.  J>y  this  time,  or  soon  after, 
a  hody  of  auxiiiai'ies  fioin  J'uerto  de  Cahallos  Iiad 
gained  the  heij^lits  o|)|>osite  the  town,  afte)-  ^ettiiHL^'  tin* 
to  all  rancheii'as  which  interfered  with  sicn'e  operations. 
The  he^ieo'ed,  heiiiLj  surroun<!ed,  and  attacked  on  all 
sides,  were  soon  forced  to  suiJtnder.  A  hetter  late 
HiiLj'ht  have  attendi'd  tli«'in  had  n(tts()nie  of  the  nen'i'o 
artillervmen  an<l  m  coinnany  of  rei^ulj 


irs,  (UsmavcMi  i»v 


1  h 


the  odds  aj^ainst  them,  turned  reci-eant  and  hiokeu 
down  with  their  axes  the  eates  of  the  foi'tress.'"  h\;ur 
liuixlred  prisoners  and  an  innnense  hooty,  said  to  have 
exceeded  three  millions  of  jiesos,  wi're  ca[>tured,  lie- 
sides  several  vi'ssels  I'eady  freij^htesl  for  I']uro]»(\''  Tlu' 
coiKjUerors  di'stroyed  the  town;  hut  no  sooner  had 
tluy  secured  tlu'ir  plunder  tlian  a  violent  .storm  caim' 
on.  and  the  ship  on  which  the  treasure  w;is  jtlaeed 
founderi'd,  the    rest    of   the    Heet    luivin 


i>'    a    narrow 


escaiie, 


At  this  time  Don  ^latias  de  Chdvez  ruled  in 
(Juatemala,  and  no  sooiu-r  did  lu;  lu'ai'  of  the  disas- 
ter than  he  (lesi)atched  mcssen<''ei's  to  the  jji'ovei'noi^^ 
of  Cuha  and  Yucatan,  and  to  Viceroy  Mayor^a,  of 
jMexico,  callint^  lor  contriljutions  of  men  and  material. 


"'f  '(ir/(i  ill  Giiln:,  in  Siv.  .!/(./•.  6Vo.'/. .  />'"/. ,  'Jila  I'p.  Vciy  (lilUMTiit  ;ic'i'()uiiIm 
of  tliis  iili'jiir  aiv  j.'ivtii  liy  I'rli.i  /  iiml  Cavn.  'j'lio  lirst  in  Mim.  J/is/.  dimt., 
iii.  107.  stiys  tliiit  tlic  (•(iiiiiiiaiulcraiiil  t  lie  rest  nf  liisnllici  rsiii.uU'  no  ivsistniici', 
liiit  Irit  MS  liostiiuts  tlu'  .■it'i'diiil  in  iiiiiiiiiaiul  and  two  i.lia|>laiiis;  tin;  Noldicrs 
anil  niiiny  of  tlir  inlialiitant.s  \mii'  lianislnil.  ( 'avo,  '/'/•.  x.  Siijlus,  iii.  :{.">.(>,  say -i 
lliat  on  tlif  last  <lay  of  tlif  ilcftiui',  w  inn  the  ilrunis  wwv  ahont  to  litjit  to 
<|nartris  in  the  castle,  tin'  Itrilisli  simIccI  tlic  wa'i<.an'l  licfoic  the  jrnanls  had 
veeoM  red  fi'oni  their  sin|irise  over  l(K)  Kn.Ldist  niei  had  already  niounteil  tin; 
liattlenKlit.s;  at  the  sij:ht  the  nei^roes  lleil.  lea.in;,'  She  Mnulish  masters  of  the 
fortress,  lie  adds  that  the  easti  llan  for'seeirj,'  sneli  a  disaster  had  carried  oil' 
4(>.(i(M>  |iesos  and  other  valnalih's  liy  a  road  <inknouu  to  the  enemy,  and  would. 
li.i\'e  saved  all  else  had  he  Keen  jiermitted  to  clo  so. 

''The  thre  •  nu'ichaiit  ships  taken  had  on  hoard  3,0(M),(XK)  pesos,  buluiigiiig 
tu  nicrcliautb  of  (.lUatumala.  Z"iii>avi!i,  iJlni.  JJrjico,  v.  U'J8, 


RENDEZVOl'S  OF  THE  PIRATES. 


047 


The  viceroy   n'spoixlcd  at  once,  soiidiiiLj   rocnfoicc- 
iiicnts  hy  way  of  Oajaca.''* 

(lalvcz  soon  ornaiii/i'd  the  Piilitia  of  the  sottle- 
nu'iits,  aiul  ('<)lK'ctin<f  all  the  iVLTulars  Ium'ouM  iimst(  r 
advanci'd  on  San  Fernando  do  ( )nioa.  Jiy  the  JCitii 
of  Xoveniltcr  lur  had  constructed  six  lines  of  intrench- 
ments  hel'oro  the  castle.  Fiuitless  neyotiations  were 
held,  and  o!i  the  last  day  of  the  month  a  niidiiin'ht 
attack  was  made  on  the  lOnglish,  wJio  heini^  j»artially 
sur|nised  slowly  retreated  IVtun  the  f(»rt  after  spikiii'^- 


th 


d  su 


ded 


le  giiMs,  and  succeeiled  m  ^annni^  tJieir  slii])s,  <'any- 
in_Lf  olf  the  leadinijf  men  among  their  prisoners, 
together  ^vith  considerahle  booty. 

Of  the  numerous  islands  that  stu(Med  the  hay  (tf 
llonduras,  more  or  less  tliickly  peopled  when  discov- 
eri'd  hy  Columhusat  the  heginning  (tf  the  sixteeiitli 


century,  hut  three  were  to  any  extent  inhal»ited  a 
hundred  years  later.  These,  Jtoatan,  (iuanaja,  and 
Utiia,  i'emaim>d  (piii'tly  suhject  to  the  Si)anish  I'ule 
until  l(14"J,  whiMi  they  were  taken  without  I'esistaiice 
Jrom  tlu.'  natives,  and  garrisoned  hy  Knglisji  j)iiates. 
Tlie  situation  hecame  critical  for  Sjianish  int(,i'ests,  as 
the  lohhers  could  tlart  out  IVom  the  islands  like  haw! 


vS 


d 


tl 


f  th 


an«l  pounce  u[)on  tnc  connnerce  oi  tlie  .seas,  or  make 
unexpected  descents  upon  the  main. 

A  few    veai's   later  the   Lr()vernors  of   GuatcMualn, 


Hal 


)ana,  and  Santo  Domingo  united  in  an  t'xpedition 


i'or  the  n'covery  of  these  islands.      Foui"  shi|is  of  war 
under  the  command  of  I'^rancisco  de  Vilhiva  y  Toledo 


so 


ught  to  surprise  the  English,  and  arrived  at  Koatiin 
hefor(j  (layhi'eak.  They  were  discoveix'd  hy  tlie 
sentinels,  an<l  the  assault  succi'ssfully  resisted.  I'lie 
Spaniards,  after  expeiuling  all  their  annnunition,  re- 
emharked  and  sailed  for  Santo  Tonuls  de  Castilla  to 
obtain  al'resli  supply  and  await  recnforeements. 

'"In  ZiimnroiK,  Ilixt.  Mrj.,  v.  fi:Jl-4,  it  is  Rt.it<'.l  that  r>(M>.Ono  jiisos  veic 
pi'iit  from  Mi'\icc)  I'ui'  wuv  iiiir])<is<'s.  ( 'avo,  in  7'/r .< N/'/Ac,  iii.  .'(7,  siiys  that  l\\v 
vivciiiy  stilt  L'dO.OOO  iKSDs,  thmi-h  l.<!(H),(l(M»  vt  ru  asked  for,  hut  lliut  he  had 
(^uite  i-Lcfiitly  I'Xiifiuleil  000,000  jcsos  ou  the  otlicr  pioviiKcs. 


\'n\ 


>i 


C4S 


nONDURAS. 


Ill  IGoOa  soooiul  rxiKMlition  ronsistiiii,'  of  4.10  rnon 
was  (Icsjtatclu'd  lor  the  same  jiiiiposf,  and  al'tci-  a 
sliaijt  it'sistaiK'c  tlic  Kiiiflisli  were  coiiiiicllt'd  to  Ixtakc 
tlu'iiisi'lvt's  to  tlu'ir  sliijis.  Fro?ii  that  (late  lioatitii 
was  li'l't  uiidisturlM'd  l»y  the  liritisli  until  [7  \'2,  when 
tiicy  aijnin  took  )»oss«'ssion  ((t'tlic  )tlacc!ind  joililicd  it 
with  niat«')ials  ohtaini'«l  at  Trujillo.  'I'hi  ic  tht  y  ic- 
inaint'cl  until  I7H(),  when  they  wt-rc  aiL,^ain  drivm  out 
l>y  the  Lfovcrnor  of  (iuatoniala.  In  I7'.h;  the  lOnj^dish 
once  more  "gained  possession  <»!'  the  i.s]an<l  and  sta- 
tioned there  a  ufuard  of  t\V(>  thousand  nei^rocs;  l»ut 
in  the  roliowiiiLT  year  .fose  Hossi  y  Kuhia.  hriiiL;  or- 
deifd  hy  the  i;()vern(»r  of  Honduras  to  attempt  it-; 
recoiMiUest,  induced  the  yarrisou  to  capitulate  w  itliout 
resistance. 


I' 


CIIAPTKIl  XXXV. 

GUATKMALA    AM)    CHIArAS. 
1G01-17(H). 

PrESIUKNT  f'ASTtl.IA— T'i)I!T  SaMO  'I'oM  \M  )'nrN|>K|i  F  \<TI(>S-<  — A  <"!aM- 
lILINti  rUK.SIiiKNT  -t'uSMlTruN  (IKTICK*  'iil.i>MSTS  (  !  1:11  V  \  \CI-.S  — I'VTUnN- 
AtiE  DK  TIIK  CkoWN,  TIIK  AihIKMIV,  AM"  TIIK  CmiIIImi  I>Is|MTKS  — 
1>KKK\SIVK  MkasIKKS-  I{l  IK  UK  l'l:K>IhKM'  ('aI.|i\s  ijKciltiiA  N  I/A  I  IiiV 
OK  1IIK  Al  l'IKS<  lA  l'liKSII>KSr  liAHKI'l-;  AMI  I'll-Hnl'  N\\  XS  I'llllTI- 
TAI.    I>HSK.NSII»X.S— A   TlHMIir»nMK    XlsKIMiciK       TlIK  IJkI!|;oI'I>TA  i  AMi 

'I'ki.iiki  IKS     A  Link  (pk  Ui^iicI's   Wkai.iii  uk  thk  Kk.i^i  i.\k  Oijikiis  — 

A  I'llKLATK  IlKWrnilKI"       TllK  UlTllI.KIIKMITKS  — KdVAI.OKHKllI  cist  KUN- 

iso  CriuciKs — TlIK  New  Catiikukal  am>  rKsnvrriKs— Sicuksskin — 
'I'liK  I'liouKESM  OK  Chiapas. 

Ai/riiorcJii  tlie  fiujiteiiialaii  lilstoiiaii  Juanos  passes 
nn  i'iM'(»iiiiiiiii  upon  I'lvsidi-iit  Castilla,  wlio  it  will  he 
remeiiiliered  was  ajipointed  L;<»v»'ni(»i' <>t'  (»uat«'iiia!a  in 
1  fiDS,'  it  is  much  to  he  <l»iuhtt'<l  wlutlui-  the  riti/A'lls  (tf 
Santian'o,  over  whom  he  ruled,  i;ave  umpialilied  assent 
tt»  liis  j»raise.  In  the  n-eords  of  the  eahildo  appi'ar 
IVecpient  comjilaints  charLjinLj  ium  with  eneroaehment 
ujion  the  prerogatives  ot"  tlie  munici|)al  antlioi-ities, 
with  nenle«t  ol"  his  mai^isterial  diities,  and  with  inter- 
lerenee  with  the  [>rivileges  ol"  eitizens,-  and  rij^hts  of 

'  I'iij.'o  .'tS3  this  viil.    JiiiUTiis  H.'iys,  '<  idlMini'icon  toil;n'i|iiiilii(l.'  ^'/"('.,  i.'Jii'J. 

'■''I'liry  flaiineil  tilt-  ri;,'lit  ot  ilirn't  ikIiIics^i  ami  ]ntiti(iii  tu  tlu'  kiii).'.  wliirli 
wi»s  ifntiii'tid  ill  »'\fiy  way  l)y  tlie  audit  iniji;  ami  mi  Ajiiil   lit,  Hiiil,  ].iti- 
liciiit(liii.i  Majfsty  tu  issut)  a  (1  >liili 
fiiiailiir  tu  tlio  I'uiiit  w  itiiuut  tin-  m 


Iiil;i  tu  tlifttl.it  that  thtv  iiiiyht  i 


sity  ut  th«'  amlifmia  M  a|i|i 


111. 


;ih     'I'licv, 


imiiJ'uviT,  ctiiii|>hiiht'i|  that  the  i.iiahiis  tmliiiaiiuM  \m  ro  tuiistaiitly  uppiisiil 
ill  iiiattiTs  of  jiirisiliftiuii  hy  tht'  fuiiuiiiilur  thl  VaUf,  «  hu  was  always  a 
nlativu  ur  fiifinl  tif  tht-  iirfsiiii  nt.  Anrfi/n,  Cnl.  hn,.  Aiitiij.,  !MI.  |(M)  ;{. 
'j'iiis  titlit'o  of  c'urifgithir  tlul  NalU;  th-  tiiiatt'iiiaia  iiad  littii  |iifvi(iiisly  siiit- 
l)rtssf(l.  15y  I'uyal  tinhT  of  .Inly  7,  KK'T,  his  ililtiis  Vfif  assimu'il  tu  tho 
ali'ahles  oitliiiaiius  of  <  iiiatfiiiala  in  rutatiuii.  Cd/lc,  Mmi.  ij  Xn/.,  IIS.  'Ihf 
Icatliii^  fiti/.t'iiM  liail  always  htcn  in  tho  lialiit  i>f  taking  iiishiuns  tu  kiu'tl 
Upon  in  I'huicli,  whcthc-r  oiilores  were  pivbcnt  or  not.     Tins  tiiuaiiiUt'nuia  bail 

(Otoi 


(mO 


CUATEM.VLA  AND  CHIAPAS. 


]troi'v.'(k'ncc  on  ])ul)lic'  f)ccasions.  ])iit  mciro  tlian  this, 
tlie  *;rjKlii;!!Iy  iiifn-.-isiiiL,'  jjovcrty  of  t\\v  noMcs  was 
laid  iit  liis  (liMir  I»y  tlii-sc  jealous  petitioners,  who  were 
ntron'^ly  ojij)(»se«l  to  an  erjual  division  of  [)ro)>eity,  as 
is  eviilfiicecl  \>y  tiieir  re}tresentiiiL,^  to  the  kini,'  th;;t 
tlie  suh<li\  ision  of  the  uneoiniendas  )ia<l  n.-n  lered  .sueh 
]»ro|H'i'ty  almost  valueless.  In  view,  also,  of  e\]>osur.j 
to  attack  on  (hrir  IVontier.s,  they  l)esoui;ht  the  hint,' 
not  to  jijipoiut  a  civilian  as  their  president,  but  a  man 
ol'  militaiy  trainini^. 

It  was  durinj^  the  administration  of  Castilla  that 
the  hay  of  Aniati([ue  was  discoveivd,  and  the  port  of 
Santo  Tomiis  founded.  The  immediate  cause  of  the 
cstahlishment  (»f  this  port  was  a  piratical  raid  in  lOO:] 
on  I'uerto  de  Cahallos,  which  town  had  for  some  tim»; 
been  e>;[)osed  to  attacks  from  corsairs.  In  that  year 
a  S(|uadi(>n  of  ei^ht  Nessels,  under connnand  of  l*io  dc 
l';do  and  a  mulatto  named  ])ieL;(),  with  a  force  <»f 
more  than  twelve  hundred  men  entered  the  harhor, 
and  notwithstandinj^  the  brave  resistance  of  Ca|)tain 
Juan  de  ^[onasterio,  who  had  only  two  shijts,  they 
defeatt'd  him  and  captured  his  vessels.'"' 

This  disiister  induced  the  president  to  order  an  e\- 
])loration  to  lie  made  with  the  obj'  ±  of  disc(»vering  a 
more  secure  .site;  anil  in  ^lareh  oi  the  followint^  year 
Kstevan  de  Alvarado,  assisted  by  Francisco  Xavarro, 
an  experienced  pilot,  surveyed  the  coast.  Their  favor- 
abh'  report  of  the  bay  of  Amatifjue^  indiyed  tlu;  audi- 
encia  t»»  give  oi'ders  for  the  founding  of  a  town  which 
Avas  called  Santo  Tomas  de  Castilla  in  com[)liment 
to  the  president.''  The  removal  of  the  population  of 
l*uertodeCaballos  was  eftected  as  quickly  as  possible, 
and  bv  the  beuinnin<^  of  1G05  the  conmieree  of  Guate- 


filiti.'. 

tll..;i(i;- 

111 «  ]ii) 


forbidden.  Arrralo,  CnJ.  Doc.  AiUhj.,  OH.  The  prosiclint  w.as  also  .iccuspd  of 
liaviii)^'  iii>j!roiiiiati<l  tlio  juiiicijvil  iiiinitiiii'iit«  of  tlic  ciircul  do  corte  and  tn- 
ttrt-.iiiiilijj;  llicio  tlie  oidtiiva  liy  liiglit  and  day.   lit.,  {>•">. 

^  Himtnil,  ll(sl.  ('hi/iijiii,  7-S;  Jiiurrii<,  Gnat.,  .'IKi. 

*So  called  fi(  ni  an  Indian  village  of  that  name.  The  inhabitants  were  of 
the 'l'of|iiej;a  nation.  /(/.,  ,^14. 

^  llinusul,  JIM.  ChjtqM,  728;  Sqvkr'a  ilSS.,  xvii.  1-11;  Calk,  Jlem.  y 
Not.,  iiy. 


COMERA  SUCCEEDS  CASTILLA. 


m 


niiilii  oil  the  Atl.intic  was  rurried  on  throu<^r],  tliu  new 
port."  Althou^'h  tli(!  advaiitaijcs  of  San  'I'oiiias  \V(  ro 
evident  and  the  kiniij  ai)j>rovtMl  of  the  eliaiiLr*',  no  i'i»r- 
tilieations  had  been  const^vict'd  there  tor  sevrral  years 
at  least.  In  1G07  eii^Iit  Jjii.  -h  j>irate  vi-sstls  a[)|M  arcd 
in  the  bay  iust  as  Monasters  >  was  readv  to  sail  I'or 
Spain,  hnt  on  this  oeeasion  the  pirates  were  driven  <ill' 
with  the  loss  of  om^  s]ii[>  sunk,  the  rest  of  the  s(|ii;ui- 
ron  liavinLj  sustained  nmeiidania'LCC.'  So  inactive  was 
the  S[)anish  j^overnnient  in  takini^  measures  for  the 
proteetion  of  the  town  that  Munasterio  deterninn  d 
to  fortify  it  himself,  aiul  in  lOOD  m< united  seven  [lieees 
of  artillery  on  a  lari[,'e  roek  near  the  shore. 

Though  situated  on  a  spacious  harbor,  easy  .4'  ac- 
cess, and  well  sheltered  fiom  the  winds,  the  new  set- 
tlement did  ,,.  !  prosper;  i'or  the  surroundiii'^  cou'ilrv 
was  so  sterile  as  not  to  yield  provender  enoUL;h,  e\<  ii 
for  the  mules  employed  in  transportiuLC  mercjusndise. 
It  was  consequently  ifi'aduallv  abandoned  for  I'uerto 
iJulce,  hi  Hi'  to  the  west. 

In  August  IGOi)  Antonio  Peraza  Ayala  Castilla  y 
Kojas,  eonde  de  la  Gomera,  was  ap[iointed  by  royal 
eedula  to  succeed  President  (  astilla,and  entered  ujton 
his  duties  in  Kill,  during-  which  year  his  jindecessor 


<lie( 


1  whiK 


e  unoerLroiii<'"  liis  I'l'sideucia. 


Tl 


If  new  i)rcs[ 


in- 


dent gave  but  little  satisfaction  t(»  the  people  of  Sj 
tiago.       He    extorted    nioney    from    the    scttlci-s    by 
unlawful  means,''  and  three  years  after  his  installation 


^  Arrrali,,  r,J.  Doc.  All/!:/.,  100-1. 

'  Jtniwsa],  ul)i  Hii]).,  fi'wvH  the  iniuilxT  of  vessels  .as  \'2,  an'l  states  that  lio;^- 
tilities  lii.stcil  11  «lays.  Jiiarios  i^iiy.s ',( (l:i\,s.  lliit  a  ninvi'  nlial.lt!  vin-ioii  'f 
tlir  afVairis  to  he  s«  eh  in  a  Icttir  of  the  e;i')ihl',)  to  tlie  kiiiir:  '  This  year  at  tli<i 
IK  w  jiort  of  Santo  'Jonias  t«<i  or  tlirei!  small  frairatas  nianinil  hy  ."••">  or  W  ini  a 
A\ith  Very  littki  ai-tilhiy  ileieiKiiil  thiiiiselves  auaiii>t  li^llit  Iditeh  shi].s  of 
the  Conih-  Maniiiio,  most  of  them  \e<>els  of  from  4(Mt  to  .VK»  tons,  well  s'.i[i- 
jilieil  vith  artillery,  ami  haxini;  o\er  1, ()()(»  mm.  Our  jieople  iWd  the  enemy 
nnieh  ilanuiLre,  ssinUinj,'  one  of  his  ships  junl  ihivim:  liim  oil,  thiinsihes  re- 
el ivin^  lint  little  luiit,  for  they  veie  sheltered  liy  a  treat  r  'ek  near  the  sliore, 
on  which  rock  part  of  the  artillery  was  placed.'  An.rulu,  Cul.  JJuc.  Anliij., 
U«)-7. 

*■  •  File  sepnltadi)  on  la  Ij.'l('si;v  Catedral.'  Jnnrro^.  Clii.if..  i.  2<i'2. 

*'J'homas  (iaue  states  that  wlieu  he  rctirt'd  from  ollice  hcwaa  'worth  'H.'UlX' 
ioiisof  Uiickuts.'  .A'c(((b'«/rey, 'JS2. 


ill 


ii| 


'  H  il 


c.--: 


GUATEMALA  AND  CHIAPAS. 


violont  (llfsturlKinces  broke  out.  The  political  condi- 
ti<»ii  of  the  countiy  uttraoted  the  attention  of  the 
^■ieel•oy  of  !^[^'.\i(•(>,  an<l  the  visitador  Juan  de  Jhana 
Avas  sent,  in  H)I4,  to  investigate  the  aiiairs  of  the 
audiencia.  blatters  became;  more  complicated.  (^In- 
mera  was  sus[K'ii(k'd,  and  retired  to  the  town  of  Patu- 
lul.  The  whole  province  was  divided  into  factions 
and  the  peoi)le  so  incensed  that  a  riot  was  innninent. 
This  stati)  of  alfairs  continued  until  1(!I7,  when 
Goircra  was  reinstated  in  the  [)resid<'ncy,  which  otlice 
he  held  until  IG2(!,  when  he  retired  to  his  birtlii>lace 
in  the  Canary  Islands."^  He  was  succeeded  by  a  man 
ol'  viiy  ditfeivnt  character,  one  Juari  de  Guzman, '^ 
\\ho,  liaviiig  lost  his  wife  on  tlu'  voyage  to  f  Juatemala, 
lost  with  her  all  interest  in  life.  After  governing  for 
a  term  of  live  years  with  a  mildness  and  beneficence 
which  ill  suited  the  gras[)ing  disjiosition  of  his  asso- 
ciates, he  was,  as  it  were,  driven  from  the  presidency 
bv  their  persistent  disaijfreement  with  his  views. 

.Vlvaro  de  Quinones  y  Osorio,  marques  de  Loren- 
7.ana,  was  the  next  to  fdl  the  presidential  chaii','' 
being  transferred  from  Panama.  His  spirit  of  covrt- 
onsness  was  in  strong  contrast  with  the  unsrltisli 
disposition  of  his  predecessor,  and  he  soon  became 
exti'cmely  unpopular.  (jianib;iiig  was  a  i'avorite  jias- 
time  in  tlu'  capital  of  riuatemala,  and  while  the  presi- 
dent strictly  })rohibited  all  gaming  in  private  houses, 
his  own  palaee  was  converted  at  night  into  a  ri'gulai' 


'"He  cnliir!,'('il  ami  lii'imtitlcd  tlio  i)liiZ!i  ilo  la  Ciiivli'liiria  so  cxtt'iisivcly 
that  it  iR'nuiiiil  tlu' iiaiiK'  of  jilaza  ild  ( 'muk'.  'I'liis  jufsiiUiit  was  thu  lii>t 
to  Vi  linm  was  givc'ii  tliu  title  of  '  Muy  lliistre  Siimr  '  instead  of  '  Miij;iiiti>  i> 
SiiVn'.'  Jiiiirrcn.  (liiiil.,  i.  '_'()ll-;{.  Aceoiiliii;,'  to  Ksealiiilla,  Sot.  dr  (iiml.,  .'t, 
lie  lielil  oliiei'  till  i(i"J7,  wluMi  lie  retiiiiied  to  S|iaiii. 

'Miai,'e,  who  was  in  ( iiiati  mala  at  the  time,  in  X(  ir  Siirvi  ii.  '2(17  M.  "JV-'-t, 
issjieciiie  in  his  statement  eDiieeriiiiiL;  (itix.iiian  as  the  iiiiiiieiliate  siuiisMir  "t 
tionura  ami  is  miniili'  in  other  refeieiiees  to  his  eomhut.  Iiy  .liiairos  th.' 
name  of  (in/man  is  not  iiieiitioneil,  imt  '  Die^o  de  Aeiuia,  furmerly  |iiesMliiit 
of  San  Dominu'o.'  is  named  as  sh^eeedinir  (hmiara,  Oimt.,  'J(i:!;  and  as  also  iii 
h'.'^'diiiillii,  y,)!.  diKtl.,  .'{,  uitl.oiit  any  aiMitioiial  partielllars  however.  'J'iie>u 
Ullliiois  evidiiitly  lifei'  to  tliv  sanie  Jieison. 

'-'(.'alleil  liy  •■a,L;e,  \\\\i  sni).,  '(ion/alo  de  I'az  y  Loi-eiieana.'  Aeeoiiliiiii  to 
Jiarros.  he  entered  olliee  in  Ki.'U,  the  year  after  the  iftiremeiit  of  (iiuiiiaii, 
Mil  >,  .luarros  states,  was  luesidciit  lor  seven  years,  lou.  eit. 


COXDITIOX  OF  THE  COLONISTS. 


era 


^•ninl>lini,M-stal)lisliinent,  «»rwliii']i  he  reaped  the  prollts. 
t'lowiiiiiL,^  U|«»i»  tlie  moneyed  men  who  eari'd  imt  to 
fVi'(jUeiit  his  tal)les.'''  In  ](;4"J  he  was  suceeeded  hy 
])ii'L>()  de  Aven<lano,  and  on  his  voyai^o  to  Spain  t!ie 
vessel  <»n  whieh  lie  had  taken  pussaLi,e  I'onndered,  and 
ho  was  lost.  Avendaho's  i-nle  was  marked  hv  inteLT- 
ritv  and  disintei'estedness.  ]  [o  died  in  Au<j'ust  KUD, 
and  the  nresidenev  was  ijiven  to  the  licentiate  Antonio 
de  Lara  y  ^logrobijo,  who  held  oiliee  till  1().'')4. 


fiihilll 

''til 


'III 


Co4 


GUATEMALA  AND  CniAPAS. 


rapjua,  and  Costa  Rica,  and  on  the  oceans  w  itli  Peru 
and  Spain. 

"  This  city,"  savs  Thomas  Gacfc,  who  Hvcd  for  thivo 
years  in  Santiaii'o,  "niav  consist  of  about  hve  thousand 
faniihcs,  besides  a  Suburb  of  Indians  called  el  ]]arrio 
dv  Sto  JJoniinjTfo,  where  may  be  two  hundred  faniilies 
more.  The  best  part  of  the  City  is  that  which  joyneth 
to  the  Suburb  of  Indians,  and  is  called  also  el  IJarrio 
dc  Santo  Doniinij^o,  by  reason  of  the  Cloister  of  Saint 
Dominick,  which  standeth  in  it.  Here  are  the  richest 
and  best  shops  of  the  City,  with  the  best  buildings, 
most  of  the  houses  being  new  and  stately.  Ifere  is 
also  a  daily  Tianguez  (as  they  call  it)  or  l)etty  ^faiket, 
where  some  Indians  all  the  day  sit  selling  Fruits, 
Herbs  and  Cacao,  but  at  four  in  the  afternoon,  this 
]Mai'ket  is  lilled  for  a  matter  of  an  hour,  whei'e  the 
Indian  women  meet  to  sell  their  Country  slap  (which 
is  dainties  to  the  Cri(^ltans),  as  Atolle,  Pinole,  scalde 
IMantains,  butter  of  the  Cacao,  puddings  made  of 
Indian  ^taiz,  with  a  bit  of  Fowl,  or  I'resh  lN)rk  in 
them,  seasoned  with  much  red  biting  Cliille,  which 
they  call  Anatamales." 

"  The  climate  is  very  temperate,  far  exceeding 
cither  ^lexic'o  or  Guaxaca.  Neither  are  tlu-  two 
forenamed  Cities  better  stored  with  fruits,  herbs  f  »r 
sallets,  ])royision  of  ilesh,  Peef,  ^[utton,  A'eal,  Kid, 
Fowls,  'J'urkies,  Pabbets,  Quails,  l^atridges,  IMieas- 
ants,  and  of  Indian  and  Sj)anish  Wheat,  than  is  this 
City:  IVom  the  South  Sea  (which  lyeth  in  some  places 
not  aljoye  twelye  leagues  I'rom  it),  and  Irom  the  riyers 
of  the  South  Sea  Coast,  and  I'roni  the  iVesh  Lake  of 
Amatitlan  anil  lV'tai)a,  and  from  another  Lake  lying 
three  or  lour  leagues  from  Chimaltenango,  it  is  well 
and  plentifully  ])rovided  for  of  fish.  ]hit  for  lieef 
there  is  such  plenty,  that  it  exceeds  all  parts  of 
America,  without  exception,  as  may  be  known  by  the 
Aiils  which  are  sent  yearly  to  Spain  from  the  Coun- 
try of  Cluatemala,  where  they  commonly  kill  their 
Cattel,  more  for  the  gain  of  their  Hydes  in  Spain, 


SALABLE  OFFICES. 


653 


'10 


tliim  for  the  j,^oodnoss  or  fatness  of  tlic  flcsli,  Avliicli 
thoii^li  it  be  not  to  eonij)aro  to  our  Kui^'lish  livvV, 
yrt  it  is  good  mans  meat,  and  so  cheap,  that  in  my 
time  it  ^vas  conuuoiily  sold  at  tliirteen  pcumd  and  a 
lialf  for  half  a  Ivial,  the  least  covn  tiiere,  and  us  mucli 
as  three  penee  here, 

Taxati(»n  was  a  n'round  of  grievance,  and  the  com- 
plaints i-aised  hy  the  citizens  (;f  Santiago  eventually 
caused  a  reduction  of  an  impost,  wliich  during  thi; 
voars  1014  to  1G20  more  than  douhlcd  itst'll','' and 
Avas  douhtless  offensive.  Another  cause  for  dissatis- 
faction was  the  patronage  which  a})pcrtaincd  ]'es|)ec- 


tiv 


elv 


to  tl 


le  crown, 


tl 


le  audiencia,  aiK 


I  tl 


le  caijiklo 


ld( 


To  the  crown  belonged  the  apjjointmcnt  of  tlie  prcsi- 


dent  and  live  oidon 


('s,'~*  ninety-two  ju(hci;d  ;\\u 


1  mili 


tary  officers,  one  fiscal  with  the  sanu'  salary  as  that 
of  an  oidor,  a  contador  and  treasurer,'*  and  various 
other  minor  officials.  ^Vt  the  disj)osal  of  tlio  pn.'si- 
dcnt  were  neaily  one  hundred  salaried  ap[»<»intnR'nts; 


nanu 


■Iv,  tl 


lose  o 


f  tl 


le  correu'Klon 


to  tl 


le  ntnnoer  o 


.f 


about  fifteen,  including  flu;  corregidores  of  Nicaragua 
and  Honduras;-'  that  of  the  alcalde  mayor  of  Sau 
Toniiis  de  Castilla,  and  other  [latronage. 

The  audiencia  disposeil  of  tlie  offices  of  the  alguacil 


mavor 


th 


ic  receiver  and  treasurer  of  tines  and  cdui't 


f  fi 


fees,  two  cscribanos  and  chief  secretaries  of  th 


e  au- 


'liill 


'1:1 


i 


"•■  X<-ir  Siirrri,,  2T.S,  2Sn-Sl. 

'•  Jti  l(!(ll  till',  city  <'iiiit:iiiu'il  S(tO  pfiiK'ip.'il  fniuilics,  c'lniprisiiiL;  rnciiiii'ii- 
dims,  iiiciiliiiiits,  liiulii's,  luiuhiiiists,  fiLniniltiirisis,  iiiul  dtlirr.-j.  'I'lu;  tiixHst 
aL"-;ii',!,'iit>'il  4, .")()(>  1 1 '.■ill  J II  IS,  'I'lu!  iiiiKiiiiit  till  li.'>.s  tliiii -.iHiil  tn-itoiics  iliniiig 
lii()7to  IflCJ,  iiicliiMirc;  iiml  inirciiMil  t.i  .■>.  1!).")  in  IdlH.  ]ii  liil  t  tlm  iiiiniunt 
\\:is  7. ISO  t()st<iii«s,  and  ill  ltl-_'t!  it  I'caclu'cl  l."),;iS()  tustinii's.  'J'lui  inodc  of 
a>s('.ssiii^  till!  ]H'()|)1(;  was  so  (illcii.sive  that  in  111'.'.")  disscnsinnH  luiiinui  liti;  and 
till!  I'oniiplaint.-i  auainst  tlu!  assrssois  wiiL' Ni)  liittcr  tliat(jntMif  tlicin,  M^mns 
I'lslopirian,  alialdt!  ordin.iiio,  was  thrown  into  ]irisiin.  'i'iic  (■.\ii'.ssi\o  ta\a- 
timi  riaM(l  snoii  nftri-;  fur  in  a  I'ldnhi  liatcd  Aiiun^-t  •!.  Ki-i',  thir  al-atialai 
wtTf  ii'ntt'il  I'cir  ciLiht  years  In  thi'  caliihU>  I'm'  10, ()()()  tn.^tipnis  annuall\ .  J't  ln'  -., 
Mrill.  IllKll.,  i.  'li{\  !». 

'■"'I'hi^  |ircsidt  iit'H  n;dai'v  Man  ■-).(t(M)  ducats  yearly,  that  >•[  each  of  tho 
oidorcH  •J.IHM)  ducat.s.  ('.(//'■.'  Miiv.  i/  A'o^,  117.  dago"  says  I'J.OOU  liuoats  was 
till'  |ircsidcnt's  salary.   A  '  "•  Siirr<  ii,  -JS^. 

'■'  'rho  Nalary  of  each  of  these  ullicers  was  .'}00,()()0  niaravedis.  Calk,  Jhm, 
!/  .v../..  U.S. 

* '  Eiich  coiTcgidor  icceivcd  "JOD  pesos  ilt  inina  a  ytur.  Id. 


ii'jM' 


Vf 
I 

i   ill 
I    iiifi 


•  '  m 


CjO 


nUATRMALA  AND  CHIAPAS. 


Ill 


(.liciicin,  tlu'  assessor  of  taxes  and  six  ivceivcrs,  tlio 
Hocrc'tai-y  of  tlic  coui't  of  estate  peitaiuiiiLC  t<t  iiitei'- 
states,  and  several  otli 


were  sa 


lal.lc 


ler  jiositions. 


All  tl 


lese   oiTices 


m. 


The  positions  ot'  all  oflieers  of  the 
n)uni('i]»ality  were  also  open  t<)  ))urcliase.'"  With  I'e- 
i^ard  to  the  pat)'(.nai;'e  of  tlu^  cahildo,  it  was  mvich 
more  limited,  and  naturally  eojijitied  to  a])i)ointinent> 


within    the   citv  liniit.>- 


Under  such    a    svsteni  of 


])atronane  and  sale  or))ul)rK'  oHiees,  it  was  hut  natural 
that  ini]>oitant  ])ositions  were  tre(juently  held  l)y  in- 
competent favorites  or  hy  exaetiuLj  otH<'ials.  Jlenee 
arose  repeatedly  disputes  and  discord  hetween  the 
cahildo  and  ])eoj)le  on  the  one  side,  and  the  audieneia 
and  royal  oftiee-rs  on  the  other. 

Nor  were  the  colonists  ex(Mnj)t  I'rom  calamities 
caused  hy  pestilence  and  natural  j)lienomena.  In  ]()()l 
an  e))idenii('  cai'iied  oif  n'reat  numhers  with  startling;" 
ra[>idity,  and  the  years  l()07,  HVll,  1(]4(),  and  lO.ll 
were  si_n'nalizt\'  hy  fearful  eartlupiakes  which  caused 
great  loss  ot'  lifi-.-'  In  KISG  a  [>estilence  deciniated 
the  p()])ulation.  The  peculiai'ity  of  this  epidemic  was 
that  the  ]'ohust  and  healthy  i'ell  victims  to  it  mo)-e 
rt>adilv  than  the  weak  and  sicklv.  This  calamity  was 
followed  in  \i')H7  hy  a  violent  eartlupiake  which  caused 
j]fivat  destruction  to  churches  and  houses,  and  a  loss 
of  oN^r  thiee  hundred  lives.  A  similar  ilisaster  equally 
destructive  occurred  in  1G8D."' 


i 


-'  In  1(!17  till'  (itl'ioo  of  iilu'iiri'^il  niny'H'  w'lS  R'>1'1  f"!"  1^.000  tostonos,  mid  in 
Ki-l.'t  fill' 4!>,(!(ll)  iculcs.  Ill  KM.")  tile  iicciviTsliii)  i.f  tints  mid  ouiirt  fees  was 
sm'kI  for  (i.Oiii)  jii'^os,  wliik'  tile  otiici-'s  of  tln'  osiiiliiino-i  lie  lainar.a  were  ri';:u- 
laily  X'i\'\  fi>r  -(l,(MK)  jicsos  facU.  Otlui'  ollicu.s  conmialidid  coi'rts[)oiidiuj( 
prices.   /(/.,  1  111. 

-^SoleL'tili!,'  II  few  instances  to  illustrate  tliusc  sali's,  I  tiiid  tliat  in  l(i.']<i  tlio 
oflii'c  of  alfi'ri'X  rcid  sold  fni'  .'t.lli'S  diuat.s;  tliat  of  iNcriliano  imlilioo  \\a.s  sold 
in  tlu'  saiiii'  yiar  for  1 1,(1011  jusos;  of  the  nciivir-L'i'iKial  of  limn  and  fot  s  in 
KJld  for  '_'S..i0(»  tostoiK's,  and  in  1(i-»L*  for  C.CdO  prsos.   Ji/. 

-^  'i'lie'V  wt  re  the  follow  inj,':  '  i'rocinador  Sindieo.  .  ..Mayordoino,  V'\f\  lv\- 
feutor,  l'orn'(lnria,  I'urtero,  uon  Hvl,(KIO  inurauedis  de  aalurio.  ^lojoiieriu, 
I're^toiieria.'   /-'. 

'•"  Alcijri',  II'ikI,  Comp.  ,fi -ms,  l.'iU,  tlS;  Jiitirro",  d'nnt.,  l.")0. 

-'■' Tlic^  proviiiiial  of  the  PonHnieans,  writing  in  17-4,  siiyn  tliat  to  ivjiair 
the  duuiau'e  to  their  eoavent  ;inil  ilnirrli  iit  <  inatcniala  hy  the  late  earthc|Mal.e 
I'list  the  order  more  than  'J.">. ()!)!)  [lesos;  tliat  the  loss  of  yejirly  ineonie  has 
Ijcfii  at  least  [),WM  pesod;  and  that  it  took  ii  coasidciuhlc  suin  to  repair  the 


PIVKRS  ADMINISinATIOXS. 


G-7 


In  ^lay  1(1.14  Fernando  Altaniirano,  Condo  Santi- 
ago dv  (Ailiinaya,  took  pof^scssion -"  of  the  presidency 
oi' (jruateniala.  His  rule  was  made  notorious  l)y  the 
sanguinary  (juarrels  of  tlie  Medenillas  and  Carrazas, 
ill  wliieli  ini|>la<-al)le  i'ainily  lends  most  of  the  noMes 
of  (luatemala  heeanie  involved,,  and  the  president  un- 
iurtunati. ly  took  part.-''  He  died  in  H>[)7;  and  during 
the  administration  of  his  successor,  ]\Iartin  Curios  de 


:\[ 


eiK'os,    lorniei 


i\ 


•ly 


commander   o 


.f  tl 


le    ijfalleons 


tl 


le 


aiidiencia  was  engaged   in  frecpient  dis[)utes  relative 


to  |)rivileges  and  jurisdictio 

The  ayuntaniiento  was  at  this  time  a  much  moi-( 
])o\v.'jful    corporation    than    formerly,  owing    to   tin 


itb 


d 


i1) 


d   tl 


le 


greatly  increased  numher  ol  its  memoers,  an< 
iiiiirked  favors  bestowed  upon  it  I»v  various  sover- 
eiLins  of  Si)ain  duriiiijf  this  ci'iiturv.  Jn  the  vallcv  of 
(luatemala  it  had  civil  and  criminal  jurisdiction  ovt'r 
no  less  than  seventy-seven  villages,  a  prerogative  i"e- 
peatedly  confirmed  l»y  royal  cedillas.'-'  Questions  of 
jirecedeiice,  however,  had  for  the  time  to  giv(!  place 
to  that  of  self-del'eiiee  owing  to  the  presence;  ol'  free- 
hooters  on  the  noilhern  coast.  The  fortilications  iA' 
San  Felipe  on  the  (lolfo  JJulce  had  heen  hegun  in 
?Jirch  1051,  and  although  in  the  following  year  the 
oidor  Lopez  de  Solis  objected  to  further  e.\j»enditure 
without  direct  })ermission  of  the  crown,  the  oidor 
J^ara  Mogrobejo,  the  tiscal  Fs(juivel,  and  the  royal 

mills  .iTKl  put.  in  onlor  the  estate  belongiri''  to  the  order,  niinf.  Slo  Dnifthnfn, 

1. 1 1: :.u  i<». 

-'^ L'.<riuiiilfii,  .  ■In.'i  Ciir'O^a"  <h'  O'lul.,  ^.  ]\\n  iippoiiitnuMit  \v;is  iii.kIi' 
i:i  l(i.-:(  for  ciL'lit  jiars;  ho  Hrrivi  il  at  XiTii  <  Vii/ Scjit.  ."iOtli;  iitiil  on  .Ian.  l."(, 
I'i.'jJ,  left  lor  lUiutuuialii.  (iniju,  JJinria,  in  /><«■.  JJi"!.  M'x.,  «urio  i.  toin.  i. 
•Jo I.  -274. 

-'"  '  He  pspouMcil  the  party  of  the  "  Mazarietroa," '  says  Jimrroa,  Giinl.,  i. 
'jr,4.  liicanini,'  ]irolinl)ly  one  of  tin'  active  parliciiiaiits. 

-'*'riu!  rii^'ht,  to  hear  the  city  llai,'  on  imhUi;  occasions  hclonireil  to  the  ofli- 
c 'I's  of  thecjihililo,  hilt  the  aiulicn.ia  iismjieil  tlie  inomeiitous  iireroj,'ati\  c  ami 
give  it  to  the  (i!i,'iiaoil  mayor.  The  kinjj  waa  rci|iiesteil  to  interfere.  An  ntlo, 
('(,/.  l),r.  Aiili'l.,  l-i!  7. 

-"•These  eci'hiias  hear  ilate  Nov.  (!,  KiOl;  Nov.  0,  1()0(>;  July  7,  1(H»7;  May 
'2'),  1(I7.'{;  ami  Dee.  10.  l(iS7.  l'liilii>  11.  hail  naiueil  the  city  '  most  nohle  ami 
i.iost  loyal,'  oikI  styK'il  tlio  eoriioration  'May  N'oMe  .\yiiiitaiiiicnto,'  ami 
1  '  iipe  111.  uave  the  city  the  privili'.r(!  of  h  ivin.;  mi  loi.'-hc.ucrs  on  all  oeca- 
!jion.s  uf  iiiihlic  ccvcinony.  ./nnrrni,  (Innt.  (Luutlua,  ISJij),  IJy-I'U. 
UisT.  <Jekt.  \k.,  Vol.  11.    ii 


.Vrti 
■I 

i! 


C.-8 


GUATEMALA  AND  CniAPAS. 


offirvrs  Santiai^o  and  Rotoinayor  proved  tluur  rii^lit 
to  USD  cortaiii  sums  orii^nnall y  assin^iu'd  for  the  dcfciK o 
of  Triijillo  and  Santo  Tonias,  and  tliu  fortifications  of 
San  Fi'lijM'  were  eon)[»letcd  in  IGOO. 

In  1<W)7,  Moncos'  term  of  office  liavinu^  expired,  lio 
returned  to  Spain,  and  in  tliesanie  year  the  new  presi- 
dent, S('bastian  Alvarez  Alfonso  llosica  de  CaMas, 
arrived.^"  Caldas  advocated  with  enthusiasm  the  al- 
I'cady  projected  coiKjuest  of  the  Lacandon  countiv, 
which  will  he  descrilied  later,  and  in  a  letter  to  the 
kiui^  offered  to  effcjct  its  subjugation  at  his  own  ex- 
pense, on  condition  that  it  be  called  after  his  own 
nanie.^^  This  proposal  led  to  no  result  so  far  as  the 
])resident  was  c«)ncerned,  but  its  publication'"  stimu- 
lated inquiry  and  ultimately  caused  the  openinii;'  of  a 
road  between  Yucatan  and  (xuatemala. 

The  administration  of  Caldas  was  warmly  approved 
by  the  cabildo,  and  in  an  im[)ortant  fpiestion  reyai'd- 
iuij^  authority  tlie  members  espoused  liis  cause.  The 
fiscal,  Pedro  de  JSTiranda  Santillan,  beiiiGf  accused  of 
barratry,  the  president  not  only  suspended  him,  but 
caused  him  to  be  imjir-isoned  in  San  Felipi>.^^  The 
kin<^(lisapj)rovcd  of  this  high-handed  measure  touching 
one  of  the  officers  of  the  crown,  and  to  make  matteis 
"Worse  the  fiscal  died  in  ])rison  on  the  9th  of  Octobri" 
1001).     Before  hearing  of  the  decease  of  Santillan  his 

^"In  a  letter  dated  Jan.  .10,  lOfi",  from  Guatoniala,  it  is  said  that  Caldas 
arrived  anil  tonk  i)();i.session  of  tlieoUioc  .Ian.  IStiiin  that  year.  CV(A/,/.s,  Cfn-.'t 
Kiiliri'  el  l.nrnndoii,  1.  In  K^cniuUUi,  XolirUiK  (.'urinsuti  de  (Juut.,  4,  Idu.S  is 
given  as  the  year  in  wliicii  lie  heeanio  president. 

^'(,'aldas  in  his  letter  to  the  king  su,!.'j,'est.s  that  his  Majesty  sliould  order  tlio 
viceroy  of  Mexico  and  tlie  governor  of  ( 'anipeche  to  gather  togetlier  all  vava- 
bonds  and  evil-doers,  and  send  them  to  Caldas,  as  also  thc^  lesser  criminals,  l!;r.t 
tiiey  might  serve  in  the  eoni|uest;  moreovei',  negro  slaves  and  inula  t  toes,  wlbso 
owners  desired  it,  would  l)e  oin'ollcd.  He  also  states  that  (iuatemala  and 
C'ampcehe  arc  the  most  directly  interested,  as  their  commerce  cnuhl  he  cdu- 
ducted  hy  ti  direct  road  of  80  leagues  instead  of  (KK),  tiiu  length  of  tiie  existiii'; 
route,  t'n/'/fw.  Carta  Kohrc  vl  Lucainloii,  o-G.  liriefly  coutirmed  Ity  Ptiw., 
Mciii.   ii'mtt.,  i.  2!I7;  Xhiifiiei,  lib.  v.  cap.  xx. 

'•'It  was  the  lirst  oUicial  document  printed  in  Guatemala.  Prlucz,  Miin. 
Gwif.,  ii.  '2ii\. 

''  Tlie  cabildo  in  a  letter  to  tlie  king  dated  .\pril  1,  llUiO,  speak  of  Caldas 
as  '  gobernailor  tan  atento  y  eristiano. '  Aliout  Santillan  they  reinaric,  '  semo- 
jaute  Ministro  eomo  el  suspense),  nunca  »erii  convenieucia,  Seuor,  lo  sea  en 
t'stii  Ciudad.'  Anucdo,  Col.  Doc.  Aiiliij.,  l'J8. 


indc 
ju.sti 
ofhV 
the! 
Oi 
the 

(/('  C/iiiii 

dent,  go 
judges,, 

Jo  the 
JfigUer; 
'J'he  liiii 
Jiorth  in 

Jiarrios, 
Jiiindo  l''i 
i«tration 
it  was  (•( 
Kscoljcdt 
tlie  j)etit 

^lllll.    (In 

■IKi,  it  i.^ 
nuilcted 


PRESIDENT  BARRIOS. 


C.-9 


IMajosty  bad,  by  ccdula  dated  ^lay  fi,  1G70,  appointed 
liiiii  an  oidor  of  tbe  audicni-ia,  and  by  anotber  cedula 
of  tbe  same  date  Bisbop  Juan  de  Santa  ^laiia  Saenz 
ISIauosea  was  appointed  visitador  and  president.  A 
tedious  investigation  followed,  but  before  it  was  con- 
cluded Caldas  died.«* 

Tbe  new  president  wj»s  noted  for  extreme  punctil- 
iousness in  questions  of  cti(|Uette.  On  on((  occasion 
being  on  foot  an  oidor  drove  by  witbout  stopping 
bis  carriage  as  a  mark  of  respect,  for  wbicb  derelic- 
tion tbe  president  fined  bim  two  bundred  jxsos.  At 
anotber  time  an  oidor  gave  offence  by  making  gi'eat 
dis[)lay  witb  bis  carriage  and  four  borses,  ath^nded 
by  two  outriders.  A  decree  was  fortbwitb  pui;lislied, 
probibiting  a  repetition  of  sucb  ostentation  by  any 
one  except  tbe  bisbop. 

By  a  royal  cedula  issued  on  tbe  18tb  of  ^lay  1G80, 
tbe  constitution  of  tbe  audiencia  was  reformed.  Tbe 
position  of  president  and  captain-general  was  made 
similar  to  tbat  of  tbe  viceroy  of  ^Mexico,  bis  I'ule  l)eing 
independent  of  tbe  oidores,  wbile  tbeir  department  of 
justice  could  in  no  way  be  interfered  witb  by  bim,  bis 
otficial  sigtiature  only  being  required  to  autbenticato 
tbeir  despatcbes  and  affirm  tbeir  sc^itcnces."'' 

On  January  20,  1G88,  President  Barrios  y  Leal  took 
tbe  office.^"     His  arrival  was  unattended  by  tbe  usual 

"lie  (lieil  in  1073  and  was  Iniricd  in  the  cathed-al.  EsmmiWi,  Xot.  Cm: 
di;  Gnat.,  4. 

^■"Tlie  (government  was  now  composed  of  tlio  following  officers:  Tin,'  ))resi- 
dent,  j,'()vernor,eai)tain-)^eneral,  and  live  oidores,  to  l)e  at  the  same  time  ei  iiiiiii.il 
jiid;^es,  a  tre  isiirer,  al^uaeil  mayor,  and  other  neeessary  ministers  aiul  olli'/ers. 
To  the  jiirisiliction  of  the  andieneia  l)elon;,;ed  <JuatemaIa,  Nieaia.,'iiii,  ('hia|)a, 
Hij^neras,  Cape  Honduras,  Vera  I'az,  Soeonuseo,  and  the  islamlson  the  eoa-it. 
1'he  limits  in  the  east  were  Tierra  l''irrne:  on  the  west,  Nucva  (ialicia;  on  tlio 
north  and  sonth,  the  oeeans.   lltvop.  ile  liul.,  i.  JJ'J.VO. 

'"Durin.L;  the  interval  between  the  death  of  Caldus  and  the  inst.-dlatiivn  of 
jiarrios,  the  presidency  had  boon  held  l>y  the  hishop  of  Guatemala.  I'i'ay  I'er- 
iiando  Francisco  de  Kseobedo,  and  Enriipie  de  (iuzman.  lOscoliedn's  adiiiin- 
istration  gave  great  dissatisfaction,  and  he  underwent  a  residencia ;  ImL  bel'oro 
it  was  conipleteil  he  was  called  to  Spain  as  grand  prior  of  t'aslille.  l.alir 
Eseobcdo  became  a  nu-mber  of  the  council  of  the  Indies,  and  as  such,  favored 
the  petition  of  (Guatemala  for  free  trade  \\itli  Peru  anil  lihc  measuics.  /'rldiz. 
Mini,  (hint.,  ii.  'J()!(.  In  11  lili.i,  Ditirin,  iu  JJoc  Hist.  Mu:.,  sc  rie  i.  Inm.  ii. 
41(1,  it  is  said  that  Eseobcdo  was  nuide  grand  pi'ior  de  San  .loan,  and  wua 
mulcted  iu  the  sum  of  o2,(J00  pesos  as  tho  result  of  his  residcncia. 


GGO 


GUATEMALA  AND  CHIAPAS. 


(Tis])lay.  He  liad  experienced  on  his  way  from  Oolfo 
])ul''e  sLicli  liar(lshi})H  that  he  requested  the  caljjldo  to 
omit  the  eereiiiony  of  welcome  and  devote  tlio  funds 
apiJi-ojJiiated  f<»r  the  purpcise  to  iniprovin<^the  defences 
at  (jJolfo  Dulce."'"  His  rule  was  no  less  trouitlesomo 
to  him  than  his  journey  had  been.  Differences  had 
i\<j;i\'m  arisen  between  the  regular  and  the  secular 
deii^^y.''"*  Bishop  Xavas,  then  in  charge  of  the  dio- 
cese, was  greatly  excited,  and  addressed  a  memorial  to 
the  cabildo,  soon  after  the  arrival  of  IJarrios,  u]»on 
Vvliat  he  considered  flagrant  abuses,  stating  that  in 
view  of  tlie  many  disasters  which  the  country  had 
experienced  during  the  la  't  six  years  from  various 
causes,  taxation  was  taking  the  life-blood  of  an  already 
impoverished  people.  The  bishop  was  one  quick  to 
discern  evils  which  he  was  powerless  to  remove;  ai)t  at 
the  formation  of  ])lans  he  lacked  the  [)erst!Verance  to 
i'xecute;  and  assumed  the  attitude  of  a  partisan,  where 
it  especially  behooved  a  prelate  to  be  unbiassed.  Thus 
he  was  incessantly  interfering  in  political  matters,  and 
]iersonal  relations  Ix'tween  him  and  the  president 
Mei'(!  soon  exceedinglv  uni>leasant,^"  finally  becominuf 
a  matter  of  inquiry  at  the  Sjjanish  court.  ( )n  the  I  .'Uli 
of  ^larch  IGDO  a  royal  ceclula  was  issued  severely  rep- 
rimanding the  bishop*"  for  his  conduct  toward  the 
president. 

On  January  25,  1G91,  Fernando  Ursino  y  Orbaneja, 

3'  Giu-ari'll,',  Cop.  Doc,  MS.,  4G;  Pikiez,  Mem.  Gnat.,  ii.  ioO. 

•"' Ksi)L'eiiilly  as  to  the  piTfiiriniince  of  rites  in  tiic  now  districts  of  Ocoto- 
naii,i;oan<l  (,'liiiniiltenango.  Several  parislics  were  tiikeii  from  the  iMeretnaiios 
am!  l)oiiiiiiicaiis,  it  beiny  alleged  that  there  W('re  none  anionf,'  thiniaeipiainted 
villi  the  native  speceh.  Ai/ftfd,  Iiifoniie,  in  Prov.  <lt  I  Sto  Ernmi.,  MS. 

^"May  28,  1()S8,  a  shot  was  tired  at  the  oidor  I'edro  de  Stdva,  inul  while 
the  audieneia  was  in  session  discussing  the  matter,  tlie  liishop  called  on  tlio 
president  and  infonned  him  that  under  tlio  seal  of  confession  it  had  hci'ii 
revealed  to  him  that  the  carabine  had  been  loaded  with  blank  eartridpre  only. 
Till!  shot  was  meant  as  a  warning  to  the  oidor  to  .amend  his  views  reganliiii,' 
a  case  then  pending,  wherein  many  innocent  person-s  were  interested.  W'luii 
the  president  endeavored  to  show  that  the  oidor  had  acted  throughout  witli 
fairness,  the  bishop  gave  way  to  anger  and  left  the  palace,  cxclaiiuiiig  with  a 
loud  voice:  '  The  country  is  being  ruined  by  the  iuiquity  of  its  rulers ! '  O'ltvi'- 
rdlc,  Cop.  Doc,  5."). 

^''Iii  dnrantU',  loc.  cit.,  it  is  said  that  the  bishop  was  '•(■moved,  but  all 
other  authorities  describe  liis  pruuecdiugs  as  bishop  of  Guatemala  until  hid 
death  in  1701,  or  1702. 


POLITICAL  FEUDS. 


CCl 


an  oidor  of  ^Mexico,  was  appointed  visltador  to  Ounto- 
niala, and  lie  provisionally  rmiovcd  I'rc.suk'iit  IJanios. 
In  101)4  Barrios  was  i-i'instatctl  in  oiiic-o.  TIio  ])iin- 
eipal  o('cn])ation  in  wliich  lio  liad  previously  boon 
engaged  was  the  conquest  of  the  Laeand<»n  (M^uiitry, 
into  which  he  had  personally  led  an  expedition  as  will 
be  narrated  hereafter.  He  now  began  prcpaiatloiis 
for  a  second  can)|)aign.  While  thus  enijiloycd  his 
health  failed,  and  he  died  on  the  TJth  of  Xuveniber 
1G'.)5. 

The  death  of  Barrios  was  followed  by  dissension  in 
the  audiencia  relative  to  his  ])rovisional  successor. 
By  law  the  right  of  snccessicjn  fell  on  the  senior  oidor, 
Francisco  Valenzuela  Venegas,  but  the  licentiate  Josu 
de  Seals  was  Ity  some  means  instalh'd  in  tlu;  ])r^■^i- 
dencv.  Hence  arose  a  violent  partv  l"eud,''M\n<l  wlieii 
Gabiiel  Sanchez  do  JJerrospe  arrived  in  ^rarch  KiSX), 
as  the  appointed  i)resident,  the  government  was  in  a 
state  of  confusion  which  no  efforts  of  his  could  ivctify. 
In  fact  a  political  storm  closed  the  history  of  (Juate- 
niala  for  the  century.  The  opposition,  led  by  Seals 
and  his  ally,  the  oidor  Amezqueta,  baffled  ]]err(jsj)e's 
attem[)ts  at  legislation,  by  every  artifice  that  could 
cause  delay, *"^ 

On  the  I7th  of  June,  1G09,  Diego  Antonio  de 
Oviedo  y  Baiios,  an  oidor  of  Santo  Domingo,  Gi"e- 
goi'io  Carrillo  y  Escudero,  and  two  others  wer(.'  ap- 
pointed oidores  of  Guatemala  jiending  an  investigation 
concerning  the  audiencia,  with  right  of  succession  at 
the  close  of  the  former  oidor's  term.  Oviedo  v.;:s 
named  as  senior  oidor,  l)ut  being  dctaiiu'd  in  Santiago 
de  Cuba,  Carrillo  usurped  the  position  and  reliised  to 

*'  Seals  requested  that  nn  order  lie  issued  to  tin-  cfTcrt  that  Vciic^'as  'cii 
sua  peticioncs  y  escritos  tiatc  con  iKccncia  al  pcunr  ])!•(  siilcntc,' ainl  statoa 
that  Vencuas  repeatedly  asstrted  that  he,  Scal.^,  had  usurped  the  pre;iiruiicy. 
Pdai'Z,  M,m.  Gnat.,  ii.  20!)- 10. 

*'^Oue  expedient  was  to  plead  ij,'iioraiiec  eDiieeniiii^'  matters  discnssi'd,  nnd 
refuf*iin,'  therefuro  to  vote.  This  th(^  jncsidint  iint  liy  inih  riiiij;  tiiat  tlio 
oidores  1)0  iiotilied  of  motions  ahmit  to  lie  made.  Aiiotln  r  wan  tiie  iirfteiico 
of  illness,  and  consequent  inahility  to  attend;  to  ohx  late  tlii'i  l^'  di'iL-ted  Uiat 
Votes  should  be  accepted  iu  wiitiiig.   I'diuz,  Man.  Uuat.,  ii.  '.^GiJ-70. 


mi 


GUATEMALA  AND  CniAPAS. 


give  ])laoo  to  tlic  former  on  liis  iirrivnl."  Contro- 
versies eontiiniod  until  the  comin;^  of  the  heentiatt; 
]Vru(hiz  as  visitador  in  101)1),  when  atfairs  heeainc  still 
more  serious,  and  nets  (»f  violenee  were  rcsoi'tcd  to  hv 
th(^  two  hittrr  factions  which  were  immediately  formed 
under  the  denoniinations  of  Berropistas  and  TecjUelies. 

The  first  act  of  Madriz  was  to  depose  ]^errosj)e  and 
n|)j)oiut  Amezqueta  as  provisional  ptesident.  The 
oidores  C'arrillo  and  Duardo  were  then  defjrivcd  of 
oflice,  but  they  promptly  affirmed  that  their  riinoval 
was  illegal,  and  resuming  their  seats  ordered  the 
arrest  of  the  visitador,  which  t.iey  endeavored  to  eifeet 
on  l*ahn  Sundav,  1700.  jMadriz  took  refu<jfe  in  the 
college  of  the  Jesuits,  which  on  the  following  day 
was  surrounded  by  the  friends  of  Carrillo  and  Duanhi. 
The  bishop  (;amc  to  his  relief,  and  ho  made  good  his 
retreat  to  Soconusco  where  he  incited  the  people  to 
rise  ill  arms  against  the  I3erro[»istas.  Berrospe  sent 
the  oidor  Pedro  do  Ezguaras  with  an  armed  force  to 
suppre-^s  the  tumult,  and  if  possible  efi'ect  tluM-apture 
of  ^[arliiz.  Ezguaras  was  at  first  re[)ulsed,  but  in  a 
subse(juent  encounter  JMadriz  and  his  followers  \vv]U) 
])ut  to  liight  and  peace  was  restored.  Berrospo  had 
no  easy  time.  j\Iadriz  had  a  powerful  ally  in  tlu» 
l)ishop,  who  issued  manifestoes  exhorting  all  persons 
to  obey  the  visitador  and  not  the  pseudo  audiencia. 
Again  t  those  who  attemT)ted  to  lay  violent  hands 
on  Muiiiz  he  threatened  excommunication.  In  i\'b- 
ruary  1701  the  visitador  returned  with  an  arme<l  foi-ce 
from  O.'Jaca  whither  he  had  fled,  and  in  an  cnicoiuiter 
between  the  rival  ]>artics  lost  sixty  of  his  men,  while 
the  loss  of  the  audiencia  was  only  ten." 

I3eri-os[»e  now  retires  from  the  scene,  having  either 
returned  to  Spain  or  died  while  the  political  struggle 

"  Ovicilo  lirouglit  his  claims  before  the  council,  hut  notwithstiuidiiiL;  his 
appoiutinciit  was  dated  lirst  in  order  of  time,  they  decided  auainst  him. 
JJicjo  Or'rtii  II  llniio^,  nohri'  Picthlciiria.  This  pamphlet,  the  date  of  whicli 
is  not  gi '"eii,  was  probably  pu])hshe(l  in  or  about  1705,  ami  seems  to  !)e  part 
of  a  lav'.'er  woik  containing  the  full  case  of  Oviedo,  edited  by  the  licentiate 
3ialtasar  de  Aserc<lo. 

^*Jiolilcs,  JJiario,  iii.  252. 


ECCLnSIAf^TICAL  AFFAIRS. 


003 


was  still  un(lori<l(!{l.*''  Tiio  otiu  r  chief  actors  con- 
tinued tlio  contest  soniewluit  lon<rer.  In  1702  Joso 
()s()ii(>,  oidor  of  Mexico,  was  a[)i)ointed  to  supersede 
]\i;idiiz  as  visitador,  and  in  Septoniher  of  the  same 
year  tlie  latter  was  aricsted  in  (Janipeche,  and  si-nt 
jirisoner  to  Mexico,  as  tiie  orijijinator  of  the  distuih- 
ances  in  (luatemala.  liisliop  Navas  had  constantly 
ideritified  himself  with  the  Te(|Uelies,  ami  when  ordered 
hy  his  nietroi)olitan,  the  archbishop  of  Mi'xico,  t<» 
witii(h'a\v  his  han  of  exconnnunication  aijainst  certain 
Jjeirospeists  he  I'efused  to  do  so.  He  died  in  the 
midst  of  these  dissensions,  not  without  grave  suspi- 
cions of  having  been  poisoned. 

Concerning  the  ecclesiastical  history  of  the  province, 
we  liarn  that  after  the  decease  of  JJishop  ('<>rdoha,  in 
l.V.)8/''  the  mitre  was  i)estowed  on  Juan  ]{aniirez  de 
Arellano,  a  man  said  to  be  of  royal  linea<jfe.  The 
honor  was  bestowetl  in  recognition  of  his  zeal  in  the 
conversion  of  the  .itives  of  ^liztecaj)an.  He  had 
])revi->usly  made  a  piigiimage  I'rom  Spain  to  Jiome 
on  foot,  in  as  luunble  guise  as  ever  journeyed  the 
apostles  of  old,  and  was  n-ceived  with  peculiar  honor 
by  the  pope.  When  he  arrived  in  Guatemala  in  1(50 1 , 
he  chanued  in  nothing  the  austere  mode  of  lill;  for 
wiiich  he  was  noted  when  a  snn))le  I'riar.  His  lervor 
and  determination  in  the  cause  of  the  church  l)rought 
on  him  the  cmnity  of  the  cabildo,''''  whose  n)embers 
prayed  the  king  that  the;  bishop  might  be  removed  to 
some  other  diocese,  and  their  own  allowed  a  ju'iiod 
of  tranquillity.'  His  death,  which  occurred  not  long 
afterward,    released    the    citizens    of    Santiayo    ironi 

*•'•  According  to  Ei^ramiUa,  Not.  Cur.  <h'  Oiiat.,  MS.,  ,5,  lie  w.ts  restored 
to  ollico  ill  1700  and  returned  to  Spain  in  1701.  .Inarros,  Oimf.,  i.  "JOS,  says 
'el  Sefior  IJerrospe  ninrid,  antes  ([uc  se  serenase  la  Ijorra.seii. ' 

<«Sue  p.  .'{SO,  this  vol. 

■*'  In  ii  session  of  the  caliildo  during  1(507,  his  Majesty  is  informed  that 
Piislioi)  llainirez  has  for  some  time  past  Uejit  the  oiiapter  in  |.'i'eat  excitein''nt 
by  ills  conversation  and  sermons  in  which  iie  uses  harsh  and  terrihle  lan;,'iia^'e. 
Ai-'fitLi,  ('ill.  Doc.  Ai<t'iij.,  112.  Compare  y«a/Tcn*,  (•'««/.,  i  27'J-t)0;  Calk, 
Mtiii.  u  X<it,,  110. 


I;; 


cat 


GUATF.MALA  AXD  CITIArAS. 


fiirtlior  nnxictv.  Duriiitir  the  fKliiiiiiistnition  of  "Rn- 
luinjz  it  is  coTiinioiily  supposed  tluit  tlio  l)is!i(tj»iic  of 
A'cra  Vi\z  was  nbolislu^d  jiimI  its  tcnitorv  niiiuxid  t<> 
that  of  Guatemala.*'*  Bislioj)  Juan  Calx'zas  Altanii- 
raiio  of  Cul»a  was  transferred  to  (jiuateniala  in  Kilo, 
and  took  possession  of  tlio  ejjiscojial  eliair  the  fol- 
lowintr  year.  In  KJIH  ho  consecrated  with  iiniiosin-'- 
ceremonies  Ahmso  Cjlaldo,  hishop-tlect  of  Ifonchirjis, 
this  heini;  the  first  cci'emcmv  of  tiie  kind  i>erformed 
in  (Guatemala.  Two  years  later  Alt.'nninuio  was 
seized  with  apoj)lexy  and  died,  when  the  mitre  w;is 
otfennl  to  Pedro  do  Valencia,  who  hefore  his  ariiv.d 
in  (jiuateinala  was  promoted  to  the  l)ishoj)ric  of  La 
l*az.  The  hishopiic  remained  vacant  till  Mj'21,  Fi-an- 
cisco  <le  la  Vejj^a  Sarmiento,  dean  of  Mexico,  havin^f 
declined  to  acce]>t  it,  and  Pedro  do  Villa  Heal,  hislicp 
of  Nicarajn'ua,  the  next  one  appointed,  dyinj^  hefoic 
lie  renched  the  diocese.  It  was  then  hestowed  on 
Juan  Zapata  y  Sandoval,  hishoji  of  Chiapas,  who  v.ns 
horn  of  one  of  the  nohlest  families  in  jNfexico.  ][(.• 
was  noted  for  his  charitable  disposition  and  was  tin." 
first  l)ishop  who  conferred  degrees  in  tht>  college  "f 
Santo  Tonuis  of  (luatemala.  After  occupying  the 
episcopal  chair  for  nine  years  ho  died  in  January 
IG.'^O,  and  was  buried  in  the  cathedral  of  Guatemala.^' 

The  next  occupant,  Bishop  Agustin  do  Ugarte  y 
Saravia,  came  also  by  promotion  from  Chiiij)as,  and 
])resided  over  the  diocese  for  nine  years.  lie  made 
valuable  presents  to  tb  i  monastery  of  La  Concej»cioii ; 
laid  the  foundation  s  ono  of  the  convent  of  Santa 
(^atarina  IMartyr,  and  ■  unded  the  convent  of  Nuesti  a 
Sefiora  del  (  Virmen.  e  was  promoted  to  Arequi];;! 
in  Peru  in  1G41,  and  terward  to  Quito,  where  he 
died  in  1(550. 

His    successor,  Bart  lomd    Gonzalez    Soltero,  had 

^''Thc  (late  piven  by  Pdarz  is  ](i07.  Mnn.,  i.  20.">;  Mordii,  Fosf.  AV,c. 
Oi-h.,  ;54cS;  1111(1  <  aHi ,  M<in.  ;/  Sol.,  1 10.  In  I'whicii  iiml  Cun/i  mts,  ( \,K  Jii.r., 
viii.  4(i.  tin-  year  liidS  i«  iiaiiifd;  and  Squier  in  t'i'iit.  Am.,  501,  states  100!). 
Ri'nicsal  su'ri-'csts  a  later  date. 

*^aoiiziJyZ  LavUi!.,  liUl.  L'cUs.,  104. 


Rr:Li(;rou.s  ordkrs. 


08S 


held  a  variety  <>f  iiiijK»rt:nit  trusts,  haviiiuf  Ix-on  tlirico 
rector  of  tlio  university  in  Mi.-xico,  visitador  of  liin-a- 
rics,  fiscal,  and  afterward  in<MiiI)er  of  tlio  iiKjuisitioii. 
How  soon  ',i\'U)i'  Sai-avia's  transfer  to  Peru  Soltero 
entered  upon  his  duties  is  not  quite  certain,  but  ])r(il)- 
al)ly  not  for  some  time/'  His  rule  was  peaceful,  aiid 
his  devotion  to  the  sick,  during,'  a  time  of  pestileiic,', 
^von  the  i-es[)ect  of  the  caliildo."'  He  died  on  lliu 
2r)th  of  Jjuiuary  KJjU,  and  was  buried  in  the  catlie- 
dral  of  Santiago. 

The  income  of  the  diocese  in  IHtS,  as  officially 
rcj>orted,  was  eight  tht»usaiid  pesos  jier  annum,  and  ;it 
that  time  there  were  in  the  citv  of  Santiajjfo  convents 
belonging  to  the  Dominicans,  Franciscans,  Au<j:usti;i- 
ians,  Jesuits,  ^Itircenarios,  and  the  order  of  San  .luau 
de  J)i()S.  In  charge  of  the  ])ominicans  was  the  hos- 
pital of  San  Alejo,  and  in  KUl  that  of  Santiago  was 
assigned  to  the  care  of  the  IViars  of  San  Juan  de  J)ios.''' 
Un<ler  the  management  of  this  society  was  also  the 
hosj)ital  of  San  Lazaro.  There  were,  moreover,  in 
the  city  four  nunneries,  two  in  charge  of  the  Domini- 
can order,  one  of  the  oi'der  of  La  Conce[)cion,  and  one 
of  the  order  of  Santa  Catarina  Martyr,  the  latter  con- 
taining four  hundred  inmates  besides  a  large  number 
of  ]iu[)ils. 

In  wealth  and  luxuries  these  orders  had  reached  a 
degree  second  only  to  that  attained  by  the  regulars  i;i 

''"donzalcz  D;'ivila,  Ttutro  E<'i'<.,  lOS.  gays  lie  was  aiipointeil  July  o,  V'tl'), 
and  arrived  in  Ouatt^niila  Suiitfiiilicr  Kitli  of  tlio  saiiiu  yciir.  \\\  Jnnrr  .t, 
(iunt.,  i.  *JSU,  the  tlato  f,'iv('i»  for  tliu  kiii<,'"s  npiiointinont  is  lti4l,  vliicli  i<  i'.'.- 
year  D;ivila  gives  for  tlie  tniiisicr  of  Saravia.  Aov-onliiijj;  to  Kscaiiiilla,  A'l/'- 
chm  ('iir!'>sii.-i  lie  Uiial.,  it,  151.  lop  Soltt'io  ciitcnil  (Juati'iiiala  at  tlic  end  of  tlio 
year  l('»4l  or  tlio  begiimiii^' of  Iii4.">.  Ho  a.v'i'ees  with  J)avila  in  Ktatiii;,' th  it 
he  took  possession  of  tlio  ollieo  Si  [it.  Hi,  Ui4.").  Wo  may  eoiicludc  that  llie.o 
was  an  interval  between  tho  adiniiii.strations  of  .Saravia  and  Soltero  of  ;,oiiiu 
three  or  four  years. 

"On  the  31st  of  May  1047  the  Santiago  cahildo  in  a  letter  to  the  king  stated 
that  during  the  recent  jicstileiice  he  io.'<e  from  a  siekdied  to  visit  all  jiarts  of  llio 
tiroviiK'o  and  care  for  tho  people,  dispeiisiiit,'  alms,  and  liy  his  exaui]ile  iiieit- 
Iiig  others  to  good  works.   Arirri/o,  Cnl.  I)0'\  Aiif'vi.,  Illt-llJO. 

»-'In  KiOH  the  king  released  this  lios])ital  from  an  indehtedness  of  17.411 
tostones  which  had  been  loaned  to  it  by  the  crown.  (Jonzakz  Ddcilu,  Tmtro 
Edcis,,  i.  1J2. 


■9«iilHIVVa^^9li 


6GG 


GUATEMALA  AXD  CHIAPAS. 


!Moxico  and  Peru.  The  cloister  of  the  Dominicans, 
for  instance,  had  large  revenues  flowing  in  from  its 
Indian  dependencies,  water-mill  privileges,  and  forms, 
sugar  plantations,  and  a  silver  minc.^^  Within  the 
ample  grounds  of  their  convent  were  artificial  lakes, 
fi.-ih-ponds,  and  fruit  and  flower  gardens,  and  their 
cl lurch  was  rich  with  costly  ornaments  and  jewelrv. 
The  Dominicans  may  have  fared  better  than  the  other 
orders,  but  to  none  was  lacking  either  comfort  or 
ailluence.  Hardly  less  wealthy  than  the  Dominicans 
was  the  cloister  of  the  nuns  of  La  Concepcion,  the 
inmates  of  which  were  ver}''  numerous.  It  is  narrated 
l)y  Gage  that  one  fair  sister  of  this  society,  Dona 
Juana  de  ^laldonado,  daughter  of  the  judge,  so  be- 
witched the  bishop  with  her  3'outh  and  charms,  tliat 
to  gratify  her  he  strove  to  install  her  as  )'idy  su[>e- 
rior  and  abbess,  despite  her  youth  and  inexperience. 
In  fact  the  prelate's  conduct  was  such  as  to  create 
scandal,  and  many  noted  citizens,  whose  relatives  were 
inmates,  entered  the  convent  ])repared  to  effect  a 
change  by  compulsion.  The  intervention  of  Pi-esideut 
Guzman  and  the  y^)ung  lady's  father  resulted  in  ;i 
relinquishment  of  her  ambitious  designs. 

Tiie  l>ethleliemites  ajipeared  in  Guatemala  about 
the  middle  of  the  seventeentli  century,  tlu;  founder  ot" 
their  order  l)eing  Fray  Pedro  de  San  Jose  A'etancur. 
Their  first  habitation  was  a  small  house  which  was 
jturehased  for  forty  pesos  obtained  by  contribution. 
The  order  did  not,  however,  long  remain  in  poverty, 
and  in  a  few  years  large  gifts  of  money  were  annually 
presented  to  the  society.  In  1GG7  Vetancur  was 
succeeded  b}^  Fray  Rodrigo  as  the  leader  of  the 
brotherhood,  and  soon  afterward  a  church  was  erected 
by  the  Bethlehemites  in  Santiago  at  an  exp(M\se  of 
seventy  thousand  pesos,''*  as  well  as  other  costly  e(U- 

•''■'  A  niino  of  silver  was  matlc  over  to  it  in  103.1;  its  income  was  at  that  timo 
at  Icnst  ■'{(M>f)0  (liK'Jits  a  year.  Gmje,  Nrw  Sum  n,  'JS.'J. 

'''«)l)tiiinL'il  ciiiiii'h'froni  contribution.  President  Ksoolwdo  was  ospocially 
lilu'i'al  and  donated  nioi'o  than  5ri,(HlO  jjcsos  towai'd  tlie  o.\|iensi!  of  tlie  new 
buildinya.     lie  also  seemed  to  the  order  a  revenue  of  300  dollars:  '  pues  dexo 


CHURCH  GOVERNMENT. 


6G7 


ficcs.  In  1GG7  tlicy  adopted  a  code;  but  the  Fran- 
ciscan provincial  objected  to  its  approval,  as  it  j)ro- 
vided  the  same  habit  as  that  worn  by  his  own  order. 
This  difficulty  obviated,  the  rules  and  regulations  were 
approved  by  the  bishop  on  the  Gth  of  February  lOGS.''^ 
The  society  was  reorganized  in  1G81  on  a  basis  which 
was  sanctioned  bythepo})e  and  the  king,  but  n(^t  until 
Fray  Ilodrigo  had  spent  fil'teen  years  in  advocating 
its  cause  in  Madrid  and  Home. 

After  Bishop  Soltero's  death  the  episcopal  palaco 
was  not  occupied  by  a  prelate  until  1G59.  Juan  (Jar- 
cilaso  de  la  Vega  was  hrst  appointed  to  succeed  him, 
but  died  at  Tehuantepec  on  the  5th  of  ^May,  1()j4, 
while  on  his  way  to  Santiago.  His  remains  were 
conveyed  thither  and  interred  in  the  catliedral.  Fray 
I'ayo  Enri(jUes  de  Kiitei'a  was  next  a])poiiited  to  the 
vacant  see,  and  took  possession  in  February  IGjl). 

In  IGGO  a  royal  order  arrived  rendering  more 
obligatory  former  instructions  as  to  tlie  extent  and 
stipends  of  curacies.  Curates  had  been  em))l()ying 
secular  assistants,  to  wlios(3  eliarg'c  tliey  either  j)artly 
or  entirely  committed  their  si)iritual  duti(>s.  They 
nevertheless  collected  all  fees  and  dues.  It  was  nob 
])ermitted  for  a  curate  to  iiave  (diarge  of  moi'e  than 
four  lumdred  natives,  and  wlieii  the  ren(3W(Ml  mandat»j 
arrived  IJislio])  Kiberj-  undertook  to  enlbrce  its  observ- 
ance. The  fiscal,  Pedro  Frasso,  however,  claimed 
that  rii>ht  and  also  all  surohis  monevs  received  I)V 
curates  who  had  more  tliaii  the  legal  munber  under 
their  c]iarge.  The  controversy  waxed  warm  and  ex- 
tended to  Ljreat  lenrjth.'" 

sitivdos  do  rcnta  prenra  mas  do  trocicntoa  pesos.'  Garcia,  IfiKt.  Ddh.,  ii. 
■JS-.')I;  nlso  Medina,  ( 'lirrin.  K<in  Didjo  Mv.r.,  W,. 

■■''Jill!  l)i.sli(ip  SiU'iiz  MafiDsca  Iiiivjiil;  oiiiloaxorcil  tosdftcii  'tlic  scvi'i^c  ndcH 
(if  tlio  order  npiiust  tlio  vislioa  of  Iray  iiodri^ni,  tlic  lattrr  n  sulvcd  to  pfiv 
Y  'lit  any  aiUM-alion  liy  ol)tainiiig  tlic  iioi)o";i  ratilii-atioii  of  tlio  iiili  s.  Oik;  of 
the  ]{oihk'lic'iiiite  brotlu'is,  nt  that  tiii'"  in  Spain,  uas  ordiTcil  to  jiioi'i'rd 
with  that  object  to  lioni"',  M'lieio  lio  Biicroeded,  nceonliii','  to  the  l)iill  sigueil 
by  I'oiiu  ('lenient  X.  on  May  'J,  l(i7-.'  (I'dnia,  II'ikI.  lUtli.,  ii.  (l()-7>). 

"'''J'lii!  l)isliop's  rejoinder  is  very  volmniuou.s  and  eonti'overt.s  nio.st  of  tlio 
stateiiient.s  niudo  by  Xna  adversary.  liibera,  El  Maestro,  iiu.  i.  1— I'Jj  no.  ii.  26; 
no.  iii.  l-oO. 


mw 


m 


1  'I 

'!  Ii 


C68 


GUATEMALA  A^T)  CHIAPAS. 


Ttlbera  trn versed  the  leiiirtli  and  breadth  of  lii-s 
diocese  in  his  Z(.'al  for  the  church,  and  the  estabhsh- 
rnent  of  the  hospital  of  San  Pedro  in  San^^iago  ^\•;)s 
due  to  his  labors.  Ho  was  transferred  to  the  bislio])i!c 
of  Miclioacan  and  left  Guatemala  in  February  IfiCiS. 

His  successor,  Juan  de  Santo  Mati'as  Saenz  !^^a- 
nosea  y  ]\[urillo,  arrived  in  the  following  June,  havii;^' 
previously  occupied  the  see  of  Habana.  The  nio  t 
iniporttmt  ecclesiastical  event  during  his  rule  was  tlio 
foundinfj  of  a  now  cathedral,  the  corner-stone  of  whicii 
he  laid  with  imposing  ceremonies  on  the  30th  of  Octo- 
ber TOGO.  The  edifice  was  completed  in  1G80,  and  its 
dedication  marked  by  brilliant  cerenionies  and  festiv- 
ities which  lasted  for  eight  days.  The  mornings  were 
devoted  to  religious  services  and  the  evenings  to  ]);n.- 
quets  and  balls.  Two  bands  of  dancers  had  bee  a 
trained  with  great  care  and  performed  on  alternate 
da\'s;  the  one,  composed  of  twelve  young  men,  chosi>;i 
from  the  noblest  families,  and  arrayed  in  splencH  1 
costumes,  exhibited  the  ancient  dances  of  the  New 
Vv'orld;  the  other,  formed  of  the  same  number  <  1' 
young  women  of  great  accom})lishments,  ri(.*hly  divsse  I 
in  Spanish  style,  represented  sibyls.  jNIidniglit  was 
made  radiant  by  spectacular  fireworks  provided  l>y 
the  dili'erent  orders  and  coniireiiations.  When  the 
programme  of  the  clergy  had  be-en  exhausted,  thno 
additional  days  were  given  to  unreserved  enjoyment. 
Theatrical  performances,  bull-lights,  iwn-se-races,  a:i  1 
other  anuisements  were  provided,  and  attended  \>y 
throngs  of  peo])lc. 

Alter  tlie  close  of  his  duties  as  president  of  tlie 
nudiencia,  Manosca  remained  in  ofHce  until  his deciasc; 
in  the  year  1G75,  having  just  before  re^'eived  notilic;i- 
tion  of  his  appointment  as  bishop  of  LaPuebla  de  ]<»s 
AuLjeles.^^ 

'''  In  IM'nia,  Chroii.  S.  Dkijo  Mvx.,  241,  it  is  said  ho  died  in  Guatciii:i':v 
on  the  (liite  given  in  the  text,  nnd  tJiiarroH,  iUiaf.,  i.  'JS.">,  a(ldn  tliat  1k'  v.:.* 
bu!  ii'd  in  tlie  eatiiedral  tlieie.  Jv-caniilla,  Nol.  Cur.  (/c  i!ii<i'.,  4,  states  t!i:-t 
he  liad  lelt  for  La  I'uelda  hefore  Ills  direase.  'J'he  antlii  rhiut  eited  [.'ivea  hij 
liauiy  as  .MuUorcu  y  Murillo,  and  Juaiioa  us  Mauoaea  y  ^iuiiilo. 


GAGE  OX  CniAPAS.  669 

In  Fcbruar}^  1G7G  tlio  now  bisliop  Juan  (\o  Ortega 
y  Montancz  arrived,  and  held  office  until  1G82,  wlien 
lie  was  promoted  to  Miclioacan,  being  succeeded  l)y 
Andres  de  las  Xavas  y  Quevcdo,  whoso  politico-cccle- 
si.-istical  views  and  mode  of  administration  have  won 
for  him  an  unenviable  prominence  among  the  Guate- 
malan prelates  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

During  this  period  the  province  of  Chiapas  reached 
its  highest  degree  of  prosperity.  From  the  time  of 
its  subjugation  by  Mazariegos  the  natives  had  made 
no  attempt  to  recover  their  [)olitica]  freedom,  and  un- 
interrupted tranquillity  had  reigned  in  the  land.  The 
natives  submitted  quietly  to  their  lot,  and  the  S[)an- 
iards  enjoyed  the  iruit  of  their  labors.  It  is  ti'ue  tliat 
the  territory  possessed  no  mines,  but  the  productive- 
ness of  the  soil  was  sucli  that  abundance  prevailed. 
Cacao,  cochineal,  and  cotton  were  producetl  in  largo 
(juantity  and  were  of  great  connnercial  value,  while 
agriculture  and  cattle-raising  prospered  in  all  jiarts  of 
the  countr}'.  Poj)ul()Us  towns^^  were  situated  in  the 
fertile  valleys,^^  the  rivers  of  which  su})plied  the  in- 
habitants with  abundance  of  iish,  and  the  forests 
al)ounded  with  game.  But  during  this  period  a  great 
change  was  gradually  taking  place  in  the  character 
and  constitution  of  the  two  races.  The  S[)aniards 
became  enervated  and  effeminate  from  indt>lcnce  and 
inactivity,  while  the  Indians  were  acquiring  a  knowl- 
edge of  manly  exerci.ses  and  sports  which  their  too 
slothi'ul  conquerors  no  longer  practised  with  energy 
or  })erfornied  with  skill.""  AVith  regard  to  the  capital 
of  the  province  Gage  calls  it  "  one  of  the  meanest 

''^ '  I  innysny  it,'  Cliinpas,  '  cxocedoth  most  rrnviuccs  in  tlio  p;n;itiu'ss  ami 
li'auty  of  I'nir  'I'owiia,  uikI  yicldutli  to  none  except  it  be  to(!uatciiiala.'  (Juijc  h 
Xcii-  Siinrif.  '210. 

■''•' At'cii'.'diiii;  to  an  olRcial  crnsns  taken  in  1011  tlic  jinpiilatinii  of  Chiapas 
anKiiuitcd  t-i  a  little  over  ICO.OOI).   /'!„<dii,  in-V'  -•.  Miy.  (.'.<;/.,  V-V./..  iii.  4UI)-;;,">. 

'"Speaking  of  the  inlialiitants  of  the  town  of  Chiapas,  Gage  says  '  they  aro 
n^i  dexterou:i  at  liaitin;;  of  Hulls,  at  ./'.•'•;/')(/(■  ('(uiiKt.i,  at  lloive-raecs,  at  arniin.Lf 
a  ( 'amp,  at  a'l  manner  of  SjKiiil.^h  danecs,  inMti'innent;i,  and  niusiek,  us  the  Lewt 
iipaiiiardK.'  Xvw  Hitrn  i/,  ■JIj4. 


iillF^ 


f.70 


(JUATKMALA  AND  CHIAPAS. 


Cities  ill  Jill  Amci'ic.'i,"*"  nor  is  ho  uioro  ('oniplimeiit.'iry 
to  tilt!  SpiiniardH  iiiIiJil»i(iii_L(  it.     Tlicso  ho  tlt\sc'iil)os 


I 


IS    l)i'iii<_j    <j^i'()sslv    i<'lM)l';i 


lilt, 


])<)in| 


)()iis,   arroufu 


nl, 


:iii( 


(•(»\v;ir<lly,  wliilo  (lie  Irmjilo  jjortioii  of  the  comnmiiily, 
uilh  no  hijL^Ii  riipututioii  lor  virtuo,  had  ;^aint><l  a  ici-- 
rihlo  iioloriity  as  poisoners  wIumi  their  jealousy  wjih 
aroused  or  their  anj;er  excited  hy  slight,  or  iiKlitHr- 


eliee 


l)Ut, 


M(^ 


must,  not  lor-iofc  that  C^lai^o  was  a  lor 


e'fi^iier  and  a  ranatic.*" 

The  novrnnient.  ol"  the  province  was  as  heretol'oro 
vested  in  an  ali'alde  mayor,''''  whose  power  was  almost 
d(>spotic,  though  suhjt'ct  to  a  ct'rtain  extent  to  tlui 
])resi(Ient,  and  audit'ucia  of  (jluatcmala.*''  With  occa- 
sional i>xci'i)lions  tlu^  political  and  ecclesiastical  au- 
thorities seem  to  have  \vori\i'd  more;  in  hai'inony  than 
thosi!  of  othei"  pi'ovinces,  aii<l  tlu;  episcopal  seat  was 
succ(>ssively  occupied  I>y  prelates  who  yearly  niado 
the  circuit  of  their  diocese  to  administer  conlirmation."' 
('hui'ches  wcri;  liuilt  and  conveids  joundinl,  and  the 
Cluistian  faith  so  sui'cessfully  inculcated  that  it  w;is 
jirol'cssed  throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  tlio 
land.  J  hit.  as  will  hi*  seen  later,  this  traiKiuillity  was 
]>re<;iiaiit  with  the  eU'inents  of  i-i>voIt.  The  contri- 
luitions  collected  hy  the  ecclesiastics  for  the  porform- 


"' ronsistiiiijr  (if  not  tiioro  iliaii 'i(K)  Spanisii  lioiisi-IioldiTs  iuul  iilxiiit  I(K) 
Iiuliaii  lioiisi's.    /(/.,  •.••_M. 

''-'I'lu^  pdisdii  WHS  luliiiiiiiatcml  in  a  cuit  of  clioculatc  (ir  some  swpchiu'at ; 


u'lu'i'  iirosi 


(he  jiroxcrli,  '  r>i'\vai'i'  of  < ' 


ill  (  iiiilail  Itial     calli'd  liy  liiiii  ( 'liiajia.  lual 


ilto  .'rChiaiia.'     Wliih- ( !a,L;<<  v.:;h 


111. 


yar  tlicil  wilii  I'vi'iy  f-yiii|itiiiii  ot    liavinj^  litiii  ]miisoii 


liislicp  r>ci  iianiiiio  tlo  Sa 


'I'lio  lailiis  (  f  llui 


i|)ital 


well'  ai'iiis 


iliiniiL'  ma 


(oMKil   to  liavi 
'I'liia  haliit,  Uio  \<l: 


ilato  ni'ivi'd  to  tlii'ni  in  tlio  latlu'ilial 


.1  t. 


alU'iii) 


toil   t. 


I  siiiiiirtss,  anil  cviMi  la.)- 


>  (■xi'oiiiiiuniieatioii,  lait.  witlumt.  ilii'i't. 


'I'h^ 


ii'n  a.  tlisijrai'i 


I'ul  ti 


oiiimiil  111 


th 


allii'ilral,  am 


il  ^^ilo|•(lv  afuiua'.'il  tlio  Msli 


d   tl 


fullv 


l»'li 


liliysuiann  a;; 


i\'t'il   that    111 


U 


o|)  was  taken   il 


<l  in  at  liis  ilcatli.     (1 


.i.Kc.Uitv.'  Jii.,  -JJ!!  ;;:!. 


ii'i'ii   iioisiiiuii,   wliiili  o|iimoii    iio 
'alls  C.'iihlad  Ileal  '  tliat  jioisimiiig  and 


I'or  a  list  of  *lio  };o\ I'lnors  of  Chiapas  who  ruled  from  l.V,)0  to  ITl.'l,  neo 


J\l,iiz,  Mriii.  ilunt.,  ii.  l,s;i. 


'■■"lie.'  th 


rnor,  '  trailetli  iniieli  inCaeaoaiid  (^loliinil,  and  d 


oiiiiiieers 


over  l)olh  6'/'in((((r(/.-i  and  7//(/(((;/,y  at  his  will  antl  iileasiire.'  d 


((;/('  >s  A(  »'  S.ir- 


If'/. 


Mlai;e  ostiinateil  the  liislioji's  stiiu'iul,  derived  iliielly  from  oll'eii 


ceivoil  Iroiii 


the  j:reat  Indian  towns,  at  S,(H)()  dueats  a  y<"ar.     'J'iie 


ll;rs  re- 

Mlllt   <'f 


one   nionlh's  olleiim^s  was  kejit  liy   (Ja;;i';    tluy  amoiintid   to   l,t')Oi.)  diK; 
bi'side.s  fees  diiu  from  Modalities  ami  eoulrateniiiies.   Id.,  'JJU. 


GOVKRXMKNT. 


671 


nnco  of  11 10  rcliirious  ocronioiiics  w(T(>  l)ur(l<Mis()iii(>  to 
tli(!  njitivos,  and  tlu;  tax.-il  ion  und  exactions  of  tlic  mov- 
niiors  even  inoio  oppressive;  nor  can  it  he  asserted 
tli.-it  <lie  harsh  treatment  to  wJiich  the  Indians  were 
suhjected  hy  the  eai-iier  rulers  was,  to  any  extent, 
initiyated  hy  their  successors. 


CHAPTER  XXXVI. 

THE   ITZAS    AND    LACANDONES. 

lGOl-1700. 

Early  Efforts  at  Pacification — Priksts  and  Soldiers  Sacrij-k^.d— Mas- 

SACUi;  OF  ^IlKONKS  AND  HIS  I'aUTY — Kl,  I'UOSl'KUO  Kxi'KDlTloN — ImjIK- 
FKKKNCK  OFTIIK  ORHEIIS — lllSIIOl'  XaVAS  IN  TIIK  Fli:i,I)— A  'ritIl'Al;TlTK 

Camfaion  Dktkkjiinki)  ri'ox — Kxi'kkition'  of  I'uKsinKNT  1Jai;iii(is  — 
Mkkting   with  MAZAUtF.i:os  —  Vklasco's  Ofkkations— Thk  K.\n:iii- 

TIONS  KkICRN — FCKTIIKR  KxPKliITlONS— FaTK  OF  V'f.LASC'O  AM)  HIS  .  M- 
MAND — FaILFRK — UusIa's  Kn  lElU'lIISK — PROC.RF.SS  OF  PaKKDKS— Xkiio- 
TIATIONS  WITH  THK  CaNKK — Ol'l-dSITIOX   OF  S()Iii:KANlS — Ui:srA   Takks 

Command — TuKACHKUors  ALLrKKMKNTs — Thf  Itzas  (.'(inqiekkd  — 
Pkten  Garrisonkd — Jealousy  of  iSomciiANis—  Unsatisfactory  Opera- 
tions— Questionable  Possession. 

The  re<j^i()n  which  lay  between  Yucatan  and  the 
pacified  portions  of  Guatemala  was  inliabited  by  va- 
rious unsubdued  nations,  consi)icuous  anions"  wliich 
M'ere  the  Lacandones,  Itzas,  Manches,  and  Choles. 
In  IGO^  certain  members  of  the  Dominican  order,  led 
by  Juan  de  Esguerra,  succeeded  in  penetrating  a  con- 
derable  poi'tion  of  the  Manche  territory,  and  induced 
many  of  the  natives  to  accept  Christianity,  In  KJOS 
no  less  than  ciixht  villasjfes'  were  reixulated  by  Clnistian 
custom  and  teaching,  and  the  aspect  of  affairs  wms 
encourajifing  until  1G2G,  when  the  Lacandoiu'S  made 
a  sudden  and  tierce  assault  upon  the  christianized  na- 
tives and  Spaniards  of  that  district,  advancing  as 
far  as  within  six  leagues  of  Copan.  ]\[any  natixe 
Christians  were  slain,  and  a  still  greater  number  car- 
ried oli'  jjrisoners.     This  onslaught  was  followed  the 

'  San  Miguel  Manche  contniiiod  nbout  100  houses;  Asuncion  Choculiaoc 
the  same  number;  the  other  viUages  less.  JnarroH,  Gnat. ,  -70. 


IMPOLITIC  ZEAL. 


C73 


next  year  1)V  an  invasion  of  tin-  Ttzas,  when  riioro 
than  thivo  liundrcd  of  the  native  converts  were 
cai»turc>(l,  including  tlui  ])rincij)al  chief,  Martin  Cue. 
These  (hsastei's  had  a  had  efl'eet  on  llie  ^laiiches,  who 
findini^  that  tlu;  Sjjaniards  would  not  |)rotcct  tlit-ui, 
threw  otf  their  allegiance,  and  with  it  their  profession 
of  Christianity. 

IMeanwhile  efforts  to  convert  the  Itzns  had  hccn 
made  from  Yucatan  by  the  Franciscans.  Of  all  the 
natioDH  inhahiting  this  ^vild  country  the  Ttzas  were 
the  most  powerful  and  aggressive.  The  dilhculties  of 
penetrating  their  territory,  and  their  secure  position 
on  the  islands  of  the  great  lake  of  Peten,^  ren<lered 
them  ap[)arently  secure  and  indc|)endent.  To  attempt 
peac(?ful  intercourse  was,  indeed,  a  hold  ])roce(Mling; 
and  yet  in  KJIH  friars  l^artolome  I'^iensalida  and  Juan 
de  Orhita,  both  conversant  witli  the  ^NFaya  tongue,  left 
^terida  on  such  a  mission.  On  their  arrival  at  Tii)U, 
after  delays  and  ditticulties,  the  caci(|Ue  (\ist(')hal  Na 
received  them  hospitably,  aiid  despatched  an  embassy 
to  "J'ayasal,  the  capital  of  the  Itzas.''  This  attention 
obtained  from  the  canek,  or  Itza  king,  an  invitation 
for-  the  missionaries  to  visit  his  city.  On  reac-hing  the 
lake  by  night,  they  were  receivcid  with  welconu\;  a 
flotilla  of  canoes  was  sent  to  escort  them  aci'oss  tlui 
watt'r;  the  town  was  illuminated  with  torches,  and  a 
vast  crowd  assembled  to  greet  them.  Having  \  isited 
the  ViiiK'k,  or  king,  they  were  conducted  thi-ough  the 
city,  aftei-  which  Fuensalida,  by  the  canek's  permission, 


addi'essec 


1  tl 


le 


)1( 


peo])le  m  Ins  presence,  and  e\] 


1  expli 


unm<>' 


the  doctrines  of  Christianity  touched  upon  the  olijert 
of  their  visit.  The  friar  was  listened  to  wiUi  dignilied 
attention,  but  the  answer,  though  politely  expi'essed, 
was  not  encouraging.  The  fathers  were  welcome,  but 
certain  prophecies  w'erc  current  in  the  nation  which 

■■'Tlio  meaning  of  Pcton  is  islnml.     'La  paliibra  Pctriirn,  quo  I's  lo  nii-ino 
que  /ylim  '     Tl'.L'l'c  were  live  pctcms  in  the  l.iki',  one  l:iv.','('  iiinl  t'oui-  snuiUi  r 


ones.     Wlirn  linally  .sub.hiod  tlie  iiojiulation  of  tii' 
at  •Jt.dO;)  or  •_*.", 000  iRTsons.    ViHuiirfwrre,  JUL  Conq.  It: 
■'  Situated  on  l!u'  liir^e  i-;Ianil. 

IIWT.  C'ENi'.  Am.,  Vol.  II.    43 


U'Kc   islani's  was  r 


^tiniutcd 


i),  401--J 


I       I 


C74 


THE  ITZAS  AXD  LACAXDOXES. 


(loclarecl  tliat  in  timo  tlie  Itzas  Avould  become  Chris- 
tians. Tliat  time,  however,  had  not  yet  arrived,  and 
the  strani^crs,  when  their  visit  was  terminated,  (.'onld 
go  l)ack  to  their  people  and  return  at  a  more  con- 
venient season. 

Hosj)itablo  as  was  tlie  reception  of  the  missionaries, 
an  act  of  folly  on  the  part  of  Orbita  changed  friendly 
feelin<x  into  indignation,  and  i>la(!ed  the  visitors'  lives 
in  jeopardy.  Entering  one  of  the  cues,  the  great 
idol,  Tzinienchac,''  an  image  of  a  horse  sejant,  excited 
the  wrath  of  the  friar,  who,  seizing  a  stone,  battered  it 
to  pieces,  and  scattered  the  fragr.ients  on  the  temple 
iloor.  The  outcry  was  vehement,  and  it  was  only 
through  the  intervention  of  the  friendly  cacicjuc  of 
Tipu  that  the  IViars  were  allowed  to  depart  uidiarmed.'" 

The  peisistt'nt  friars,  nevertheless,  again  attempted 
to  introtluce  the  faith  among  the  islanders  of  l^ake 
Peten,  and  a  few  months  later,  accompanied  by  a 
lai'ge  escort  of  Tfj)us,  paid  them  a  second  visit.  The 
canek  I'eciived  them  with  kindness  as  before,  l»ut  tlie 
priests  of  Itza  were  on  their  guard,  jealous  for  their 
religion.  If  they  could  induce  the  canek  to  x'ww  the 
matte  r  ;is  they  did,  all  would  be  well.  To  this  end 
the  king's  wife  was  imjxtrtuned  by  the  Itza  priests, 
and  tlirou'di  her  the  fears  of  the  king  were  ai'oused. 
It  wn-  tlien  arranii-ed  that  the  mitote"  should  be  celf- 
bi'ated  \.ith  uimsual  grandeur;  and  at  this  least  tlie 
canek  ihoiild  l(>arn  that  the  gods  of  Itza  did  not 
wish  the  missionaries  to  I'emain.  The  pre[)aratioiis 
for  tills  ceremony  excited  the  alarm  of  the  Tipns,  who 

*  'T.  I'liiiRliai',  i~]  (jiiii'io  (lo7.ir.  Cara'lo  del  Tnicuo,  o  !tni/o.'  \'ilfii<ir/i'  nr, 
lli<f.  <  o.:'/.  Il .11,  l(!0.  For  iiii  iiccouut  of  the  origin  of  this  idol  see  llisl.  <  'ml. 
Am.,  i.  .'->il,  this  sti'ioH. 

"'Tlio  iMiitk  (Iocs  not  seem  to  have  regarded  tlie  action  of  Orliita  wiiii 
nni'cr,  l:::\  in  ;  iiieivly  tnM  them  that  the  time  for  their  work  had  not  yet  eoiiio, 
l)erniiL;i.i.;  tiieni  meanwhile  to  (k'part  in  peace.  An  Itza  chiei'taiii.  lio\vev(i-, 
]);'.!'.uied  i.mn,  and  they  uouhl  have  been  slain  hut  for  the  iatereu-sion  of  the 
'J'i]ni  eaeiij'ie,  to  whom  the  It/a  leader  replied  'eon  giande  enojo:  I'nes  no 
traygas  r.;as  iua  otra  vuz  fi  estos  Xolopes,  iiuc  assi  Ihinian  a  los  i'lspaiiole.-!, 
(kiido  (j-.tO   vieron  ;i    los  primeros  coiner  Anonus.'    Villw/vf,  rrr,  I  Hit.  ('imq. 

Ji'.<t,  k;;. 

" '  I^;i:ote.s,  6  bailos,  y  borracherns. '  Id.,  1-1.  Consult  also  my  Xaliva 
A'acis,  ii.  '2Sd. 


REVOLT  OF  THE  ZACLUNES. 


C7:> 


warned  the  friars  of  daiiinfcr.  Nor  were  their  fears 
iiMfoiiiHled.  On  the  niorninuf  of  the  festival  an  armed 
multitude  .siiirounded  the  dwellinuj  of  the  missionaries, 
and  haviui^  I'oreihly  enteivd,  hui'ried  off  the  friars  with 
violenee'  to  the  lake,  where  they  east  them  into  an  old 
eanoe,  and  left  them  to  make  their  way  haek  as  hi;st 
tlu'y  eould.  Faniislied  and  disj)iritcHl  they  arriveil  at 
Tipu,  and  theneel'orth  abandoned  all  efforts  to  convert 
the  Itzas. 

Yet  in  the  propagation  of  the  faith,  as  is  well  known, 
failure  usually  excites  to  greater  activity.  In  J(!'Ji 
one  Fi'anciscan  father,  Diego  Delgado,  laboreil  in  the 
province  of  Bacalar,  establishing  a  new  town,  Zaclun, 
in  the  mountains  of  IMmienta.  This  success  induced 
Captain  Francisco  Mirones  to  enter  into  a  contract 
M'ith  (Joveri.'or  Cardenas  for  the  subjugation  of  the 
It/as.  While  W'aiting  at  Zaclun  for  reenforcements, 
which  were  slow  in  coming,  the  dealings  of  jNIirones 
with  the  natives  were  so  unjust  as  to  excite  their 
resentment.  Delgado  remonstrated  in  vain;  JNIirones 
became  more  and  more  arbitrary  in  his  extt)rtions  till 
the  town  was  ripe  for  an  outI»ieak. 

^leanwhile  the  friar  obtained  permission  of  Ids  ])ro- 
vincial  to  depart  for  the  capital  of  tiie  Itzas;  and  in 
IG'2'3,  accomi)anied  by  several  Spaniards  and  about 
four  score  friendly  Ti[)us,  he  jtroceiuled  to  l^ake 
l\'tcn,  where  he  was  received  by  th<!  Itzas  with  their 
customary  kindness.  Allured  by  false  j)rol'essions  the 
ill-fated  party  passed  over  to  the;  island,  wliere  as  soon 
as  they  landetl  they  wei-e  overwhelmed  by  numijers' 
and  bound,  presently  to  be  innnolated  on  the  heallirn 
altar-stone.  Delgado  was  n-siMved  as  the  last.  1'lie 
heads  of  the  victims  were  then  |)];iced  on  stakes  erected 
on  the  hillside  in  full  view  of  the  city.     Shortly  after- 


I 


''  CiMjoUvdo,  ni.it.  }'»(•.,  .50.')-C,  ' Llevaroiilos .  .  .coino  arraNtnindo.  .  .iil  Em- 
barcailci'o;  iMiibaivai'oii  cl  priinoro  al  I'adrc  Orbita  tiraiiilolii  cu  la  Caiioa 
pur  iiuicrto. '   Villaiirtivrre,  Iti»t.  C'oiiq.  If'.rt,  1'2,'{. 

•^  Villa;,aitioi'ro  nays:  'Estotlizen  las  llistoi'ias  que  Heria,  porqiic  doliian  ile 
c'.tar  sin  Ariii.is;'  but  lio  docs  not  bcliuvt'  it  urndiblo  tiiat  Spanish  soldiers 
voiild  yo  uiiariiied.   Id.,  130.     Comj^ixto  L'ogollvdo,  Hid.  l'«c'.,  544. 


670 


THE  ITZAS  AND  LACAXDOXE^!. 


ward  !Mironcs  sent  two  Spaniards  to  inquire  liow 
D«.!l.iL,'a(lo  and  liis  party  had  fared,  but  thciir  lujids 
were  soon  added  to  the  <^liastly  collection.  A  native 
guide  who  accompanied  them  mana'i^ed  to  esca[)e  to 
tell  the  tale,"  but  not  believing  it  Mironcs  put  him  to 
torture. 

The  patience  of  the  Zaclunes  was  now  exhausted, 
and  they  determined  to  throw  oif  the  3'okc.  Ou  tin- 
2d  of  February  10-24,  while  Mirones  and  his  party 
were  attending  mass,  and  unarmed,  they  were  assailed 
in  the  church  and  taken  alive.  The  vengeance  of  the 
Indians  was  satisfying  and  complete.  The  hearts  of 
]Mirones  and  the  officiating  priest  were  torn  from 
their  breasts  in  the  sacred  building,  and  their  bodies 
thrown  into  a  hole,  while  the  remaining  captives, 
having  suffered  a  similar  death,  were  placed  on  stakes 
fixed  in  the  road,  by  which  Spanish  reenforcements 
were  expected.  Then  church  and  town  were  burned, 
and  the  natives  betook  themselves  to  the  mountains." 

This  uprising  was  followed  by  that  of  the  Ti[)us; 
and  thouGfh  some  of  those  who  had  massacred  Miroiies 
and  his  party  were  captured  and  put  to  death,  the 
country  was  no  longer  under  subjection.  And  it  I'ur- 
ther  pleased  the  aboriginals  to  manifest  their  scoin 
and  insult  by  erecting  ludicrous  figures  of  Spaniards  in 
the  mountain  passes,  which  were  guarded  b}'  images 
of  hideous  idols." 

Royal  cedulas  were  so  frequently  issued  to  the  rulers 
of  New  Spain,  Guatemala,  and  Yucatan,  enjoining  the 
conquest  of  the  country  which  lay  between  the  two 
latter  territories,  that  from  time  to  time  individuals 


'Squicr's  account  of  tliis  expedition  is  quite  at  variance  with  that  of  Vil- 
lagutic'irc.  lie  »»yi  thiit  tho  priests,  wlio  accompanied  it,  alone  crossed  ovi  i' 
to  tlie  island.  Mironcs  then  retreated;  and  being  pursued,  the  whole  8par.ii.Ii 
force  was  destroyed.  He,  moreover,  gives  tho  date  as  1GU2.  Cent.  Am.,  o-l'o. 
Consult  ('o'/o//r(/o,  /Jlsl.  Yuc.,  544. 

^"Coijol/Ddo,  Hist.  Yiir.,  547. 

"  '  Cerran<lo  los  Caniinos,  poniendo  en  cllos  Estatuas,  2i  traza  do  Espanolos 
ridiculos,  y  delantc  de  ellas  otras  de  Idolos  formidablcs,  diziendo,  eran  lo ; 
Dioses  de  los  Caniinos,  y  (jue  so  los  cstorvavan  h,  los  Espaiioles,  jtara  quo  no 
p.issasscn  ;"i  sns  Tierras.'  ViUwjrlkrre,  Hist.  Conq.  It~.a,  144-5.  I'inelo,  Ikl., 
4-5,  gives  a  brief  though  incorrect  account  of  ilirouea'  e.\petlition. 


MISSIONARY  ZEAL. 


C77 


had  proposed  to  tlio  crown  to  uiulortako  tlio  ciitcr- 
piisc  at  tlioirowii  cost.  Such  a  proposition  was  mado 
1)\'  Diego  Ordonez  dc  Vera  y  Viihupiiran,  a  military 
otiieer  and  eneoniendcro  ot"  ^lita.  His  ofter  was 
accepted  by  the  couneil  of  tho  Indies  in  Ki^Jl),  and 
the  title  of  adclantado  of  the  pi"ovinco,  which  was  to 
ho  named  licino  del  Prospi-ro,  was  bestowed  as  a 
reward  foi'  his  anticipated  sei'vices.'-'  In  lfJ45  Villa- 
<p;iran  arrived  in  Yucatan  to  make  pre[)arations  for  his 
i'X})edition,  and  being  without  the  necessary  means,'"' 
received  assistance  from  the  governor  and  the  religious 
provincial.  lie  then  published  the  terms  of  ca})itula- 
tion  with  the  crown,  distributed  oihces,  and  made 
preparations  for  taking  possession  of  his  })i'ovince. 

'i'he  zeal  of  missionary  friai's,  however,  made  them 
anxious  that  the  cross  should  precede  the  sword  in 
the  work  of  i)acilication;  hence  in  February  1(J4G  two 
I'rnnciscaiis,  IIermene<'ildo  Infante  and  Simon  do 
A^illasis,  proceeded  from  Campeche  to  Usumasinta, 
the  most  advanced  Christian  settlement  of  Yucatan. 
They  were  shortly  afterward  joined  b}'  Villaquiran, 
who,  finding  the  friars  still  resolute  in  going  before, 
addressed  a  letter  to  the  conunander  of  Xohhaa,  one 
Captain  Juan  de  Vilvao,  a  mestizo,  and  the  ca(.'i(|ue 
Pedro  XIX.,  instruetinLT  them  to  render  the  missiona- 
ries  every  assistance.  Attempts  were  made  by  messen- 
wrs  from  X^ohhaa  to  dissuade  them  from  visiting  the 
town,  but  they  were  unavailing;  and  on  their  arrival 
at  that  })lace  Vilvao  warned  them  of  danger,  and 
extended  to  them  a  churlish  hospitality.  It  was  evi- 
tlent  that  they  were  not  welcome,  and  the  treatment 
which  they  received  soon  u'ave  cause  for  alarm.  To 
add  to  the  ditiiculty  of  their  position  their  tirst  letters 
to  Vilhujuiran,  who  had  returned  to  Cam[)eche,  were 
never  delivered,  and  it  was  with  ditKculty  that  they 

'- '  Otrns  niorccdcs  para  dcspucs  dc  conseguidii  la  pacificacion  de  aq\icllos 
iiatu rales.'  Cvr/ol/nlo,  11  iM.  Yuc,  (iS4. 

"TIic  proct'eds  (if  lii.s  ciicomicndii  wore  dopositod  in  tlic  royal  treasury  of 
Guatemala,  '  coiuo  en  dcposito,  para  cl  gusto  ijue  se  uuia  de  hazer  cii  elhi,' 
that  is  the  expedition.  Id.,  (JSJ. 


67S 


THE  ITZAS  AND  LACAXPOXES. 


at  last  suoccoflod  in  seiulliii^  a  nu'ssoni^cr  to  liini." 
Tho  oontiniu'd  absence  of  tidings  from  A'illacmiian 
caused  Fray  Simon  to  return  to  ^Ic'rida,  hut  liavin'' 
suffered  from  severe  illness  and  hardship  on  the  road, 
his  health  no  longer  permitted  him  to  take  jiart  in 
the  mission.  Fray  IJartolome  de  (lahaldji  w.is  now 
sent  to  assist  Infante  in  his  dani^^'rous  j)osition,  hut 
Avell  nigh  perished  on  the  road  before  he  reached  hi^ 
destination. 

The  adelantado  again  arrived  at  Usumasinta  .about 
the  be<dnning«)f  1(547  at  the  head  of  his  forces.  ]hit 
he  was  a  man  utterly  uniit  for  conmiand.  Instiad  of 
proceeding  to  Nohliaa,  the  true  centre  of  action,  as 
Infante,  who  had  joined  him,  urged  liim  to  do,  he  tar- 
ried day  after  day  at  Usumasinta,  till  his  inactivity 
disgusted  his  followers,  who,  seeing  no  ho[)e  of  success 
under  such  a  leader,  gradually  abandoned  him.  At 
last  with  a  renmant  of  his  former  force"'  he  moved  oji 
to  Nohhaa,  where  he  arrived  on  the  last  day  of  July, 
1G47."  The  Indians,  having  j)revious]y  ill-treated 
the  friars,  had  fled  to  the  mountains,  but  tJieir  cacicpie 
had  already  made  his  peace  with  A'"illafp!lran,  and 
Father  Infante  was  now  despatched  to  Guatemala  to 
obtain  pecuniary  assistance,  as  the  adelantado  was 
destitute  of  funds.  At  Pal(?nque,  however,  he  received 
letters  from  Villaquiran  informing  him  of  his  illness. 
Infante  hastened  to  return,  but  found  that  in  hi.s 
absence  threats  of  coercion  dVi  the  part  of  the  adelan- 
tado, for  the  purjiose  of  <»btsiini.:g  provisions  from  the 
cacique,  had  so  enraged  the  I'uHans  that  they  had  set 
fire  to  the  town,  and  the  i«(!<'l.intado  with  his  followers 


'*Tliis  messenger  was  a  Spaniard,  whom  Vilvao  almost  sucectilfd  in 
poisoiiinu:  'tenicnilo  mode  conio  echar  veneiio  vn  el  jtinole,  ((lie  aiiia  de  lx;lx_r 
por  t'l  camino,  con  que  despues  estiuio  muy  cercano  ■'i  niorir.'  /</.,  (iSO. 

ij  i  Y  viedo  los  Soldados  (pie  tenia,  (pian  reniiso  cstaba,  se  le  hnyeron  en 
aqnel  tiempo,  (pie  solos  ciiioo  ipiedaron  en  su  eoiiiiiafiia.'  A/.,  (ilM). 

'"Infante  and  Galialilil  luid  some  time  previously  lieeii  sulmiitted  to  nni-li 
ill-treatment  by  tlie  Indians  of  Nohliaa,  who  after  ;in  idolatrous  deliauili 
compelled  them  to  leave  the  town  ami  betiikc  themselves  to  tlie  wikkIs, 
whitiier  the  natives  presently  brought  them  their  rol>es  and  the  ehiuvli  orna- 
ments. /(/.  Faneourt,  l/lM,  Yitc,  -.'V2,  erroneously  states  that  the  father 
was  despoiled  of  his  eilects. 


ROYAL  IMPATIENXE. 


C79 


hud  barely  escapod  with  tlR'ir  lives  to  Petenocte.^^ 
Ill  this  oiitlyin<,'  Iiuliun  village,  Diego  Ordonez  do 
Vera  y  yilla([uiran/^  broken  down  in  mind  and  body, 
lingered  in  destitution  till  April  1G48,  when  <leatli 
released  him  from  anxiety  and  suflering.  lie  was 
buried  in  Petenectc,  and  with  him  ended  all  attemjit 
to  establish  the  province  of  El  Prospero,  a  nanu;  not 
specially  appropriate  to  the  scene  of  so  ill-conducted 
and  unfortunate  an  undertaking. 


This  expedition  was  not  followed  by  any  others  for 
a  number  of  years.  Some  little  work  was  effected  by 
the  Dominicans  in  the  country  of  tlio  Choles,  l)etweeii 
1075  and  1G77,  and  the  missionaries  succeeded  in 
establishing  se\oral  towns.  These,  however,  had  no 
permanency,  and  though  many  natives  were  baptized 
the  Choles  relapsed  into  idolatry  and  the  friars  aban- 
doned the  held,^'  Complaints  were  made  against  the 
Dominicans  by  the  alcalde  mayor  of  Vera  ]*az,  and  a 
royal  cedula,  dated  November  30,  1G80,  ordered  that 
they  resume  their  work  and  be  provided  with  all  need- 
ful assistance  from  the  treasury.  The  Dominicans 
were  not  slow  to  defend  themselves;  but  there  is  little 
doubt  that  their  dissensions  with  civilians  caused  some 
indifference  on  their  part,  while  the  extortionate 
oppression  of  the  latter  roused  among  the  Choles  a 
hatred  of  Christianity  which  the  friars  could  not  con- 
trol. 

Cedula  followed  cedula,  issued  by  the  Spanish  mon- 
arch, imi)atient  over  the  delay  in  the  jiacilication  of 
the  Choles,  Lacandones,  and  Itzas;  but  no  j»o8itive 

"  'Qnc  c'S  tambien  del  Tieneficio  do  Vcuinai^intla,  y  distante  dc  il  vcinte  y 
dos  U'fiiias.'  Coijollviln,  Ifist.   Yiir.,  (i!)S. 

'"  '  Xatural  do  la  Imperial  Ciuda<.l  de  Toledo,  y  Cauallero  de  la  Orduu  do 
Calatraiu-.'  Jil.,  (J84. 

'*  Villau'lilierre  states  that  one  of  the  chief  difficulties  the  niissionarii's  had 
to  oontt'iid  with  was  tlio  opposition  of  native  pseiido-cliristians  who  miino])o- 
iizi'd  a  pn)lita\)l(!  ti'ado  with  the  more  iviiii.te  nations,  whom  thty  pnjiuliced 
a^'ainst  the  Si  .iniards,  that  their  gains  niigiit  not  he  imptiireil.  J/i  /.  Com;. 
l!~a,  l(il-'2.  t.'iiico  states  that  in  conso(|uenec  of  the  extortions  jiraetiseil  oa 
the  christianized  natives,  they  abandoned  their  settlements  and  relapsed  into 
idolatry.  Uvstitiic'wii  da  Ion  Chumdcos,  iu  Doc.  Ori<j.  C/ikqi.,  7- 


C80 


THE  ITZAS  AND  LACAXDONES. 


measures  were  taken  until  1G84  when  Bishop  Xavas 
of  Guatemala  announced  his  intention  of  visiting  Vera 
Paz  with  the  object  of  insisting  that  the  royal  wishes 
should  he  carried  out.  This  had  some  effect.  Presi- 
dent (jruznian  convened  a  council,  and  ])romised  to 
extend  all  [)Ossible  assistance  to  the  undertaking.  He 
also  addressed  the  governor  of  Yucatan,  asking  for 
his  c()o[)eration.  The  zeal  of  the  ecclesiastics  was 
again  awakened,  and  hoth  the  Donjinican  and  INIcrced 
orders  offei-ed  their  aid.  It  was  finall}'  agreed  that 
in  the  ensuing  sju^ing  attempts  should  he  made  simul- 
taneously hy  way  of  Vera  Paz  and  Huehuetcnango. 
Accord inidv  in  the  beijinninff  of  1G85  the  bishop, 
accompanied  by  Agustin  Cano  the  Dominican  pro- 
vincial and  other  friars,  proceeded  to  Vera  Paz,  while 
Diego  de  Pivas,  the  provincial  of  La  Merced,  went  to 
Huehuetcnango.  Neither  attempt  met  with  success. 
From  Cajabon,™  under  the  instructions  of  the  bishop, 
the  parish  [niest  sent  an  embassy  of  five  Indians  witli 
a  friendly  invitation  to  the  Choles.  The  messengers 
were  assailed  while  asleep  at  night  in  tlie  house  of  a 
caci(][ue,  and  only  one  returned  to  tell  the  tale.-^  This 
failure  so  cooled  the  zeal  of  the  bishop  that  he  re- 
tuined  to  Santiago.  Cano  was  a  man  of  more  mettle, 
and  with  his  brother  friars,  penetrating  some  distance 
into  the  mountains,  reached  San  Lucas,  one  of  the 
villages  former-ly  established  in  the  countr}^  of  the 
Choles,  and  induced  a  number  of  them  to  settle  thei'e. 
It  was  but  labor  in  vain.  In  1G88  the  fickle  neo- 
pliytes  apostatized,  set  fire  to  the  town  and  chuvch, 
and  again  returned  to  their  nomad  life. 

Xoi-  was  the  undei'takin<;  conducted  by  tlie  Pro- 
vincial  ]{ivas,  at  the  head  of  the  j\[erced  IViars,  at- 
tended with  better  result.  He  fearlessly  pushed  his 
way  into  the  Lacandon  country  accom[)anied  by  j\Iel- 

'"Tlie  most  outlying  town  of  Vera  Paz. 

'■'' '  Y  I'stando  dorniidos,  liolvicron  los  Cliolos,  y  Ior  dioron  <U'  pnlos,  y  nxni 
<lcl>ior()n  tic  inat.-ir  al  Intlio  Cliii.stoviil.  sti  Aniijxo,  tiiii'  niiiua  iiuis  jKucciii;  y 
t'litimi'c.'.s,  solo  vnobolvii'i. '  /(/.,  171.  .luairos  states  tiiiit  tlu' iiii'ss('i!j,'i'r8  wore 
Bevciuly  budtuu  with  clubs  and  disniissud  without  reply.  O'uiit.,  'J7t>. 


USUA'S  PROPOSAL. 


681 


clior  de  Mcncos,  corrccfitlor  of  Iluohuetenango,  with 
ton  soldiers,  and  reached  one  of  the  head-waters  of 
the  Tabasco  River."  Abandoned  corn  patches  and 
deserted  dwelHngs  were  discovered,  and  at  the  sum- 
mit of  a  hill  was  found  an  ancient  temj)le,  also  aban- 
doned, built  of  stone  and  lime,  in  which  was  an  idol 
in  the  form  of  a  lion  sejant.  This  they  destroyed  and 
trod  underfoot,  erecting  in  its  place  a  large  ci-oss.  A 
blessing  was  then  pronounced  upon  the  place,  which 
was  dio-nitied  with  the  name  of  Nuestra  Senora  do 
IJelen.  But  the  few  Lacandones,  who  occasionally 
appeared  in  sight,  always  fled  at  their  apj)roach. 
Considerino;  it  danijerous  to  advance  I'arther  alonu'  a 
route  which  was  now  becoming  almost  impassable 
they  retraced  their  steps. 

Once  more  on  the  24th  of  November  1G92  the 
council  of  the  Indies  transmitted  a  ])ercmptoi'y  order 
of  the  king  that  the  conquest  of  the  Choles  and  Lacan- 
dones be  undertaken  sinmltaneously  from  Vera  I'az, 
Chiajias,  and  Huehuetenaiigo;  but  as  President  Bar- 
rios had  been  temporarily  suspended,  operations  could 
not  be  opened  inmiediately.  U[)on  his  lestoration  iu 
1G04  the  matter  was  pressed  upon  his  attenlion  by 
two  Franciscans,  ]\Ielchor  Lopez  and  Antonio  !Margil, 
who  had  already  a  varied  experience  among  those 
natives,  having,  at  the  recjue^t  of  ihv  alcalde  mayor 
of  Copan,  twice  j)enetrated  int-  the  Lacandon  country 
at  the  risk  of  tlnlr  lives,  in  June  1G!)4  they  went  to 
(Guatemala,  and  in  I'oiniing  the  plan  of  the  future cam- 
l)aign  their  views  were  carefully  considered. 

]\Ieantime  IMartin  LTrsua,  the  [)i-os})ecti\e  governor 
of  Yucatan,  had  in  1092  pi'oposed  to  the  crown  to 
undertake  the  reduction  <»("  the  Itzas  and  tlu,'  Lacan- 
dones, and  i.ggeslc'd  that  the  opening  of  a  highway 
through  their  countr}'  between  Yucatan  and  Guate- 
mala would  contribute  gieatly  to  the  succi'ss  dt*  the 

'-'- I'\m(.'(jiirt  I'onjt-'utuix's  tlmt  it  'a\;i'(  most  ))i'(il);ilily  llio  Sili;,'ii;i,  Kiimvn 
iK'iii'i'r  its  jiiiu'l  iMii  witli  the  .sea.  ..as  the  'iviM-  (lrij;;!v;i  in-  'Jaiiascu,'  IJiat. 
i'uc.,  "Jin.     For  iiiui)  uf  the  Lucaiidoti  tcnitoiy  see  ji.  'M',i,  this  v  il. 


I 


082 


THE  ITZAS  AND  LACANDOXES. 


undertaking.  This  road  he  offered  to  construct  at  his 
own  cost.  His  proposal  was  accepted;  various  cedulas 
were  issued  contriiiing  instructions  relative  to  the 
method  of  conducting  the  campaign,^"  and  directing 
Ursua  to  act  in  unison  with  three  expeditions  which 
had  been  already  ordered  to  advance  into  the  country. 

Early  in  lG9o  preparations  were  completed,  and  a 
general  enthusiasm  ])revailed,  for  predatory  inroads 
had  been  made  in  different  parts  by  the  Itzas  during 
the  previous  year.  President  Barrios  himself  took 
the  connnan(V^  and  arranged  that  with  his  division 
he  sliould  enter  the  hostile  territory  from  Chiapas, 
\vhilo  Melclior  llodriguez  Mazariegos  and  Juan  Diaz 
de  ^'elasco,  at  the  head  of  the  two  other  divisions, 
slujuld  march  from  Cajabon  and  Huehuetenango  re- 
spectively.-' Several  ecclesiastics  accompanied  each 
connnand,  amontj  whom  may  be  mentioned  fathers 
Kivas,  Cano,  ]\Iargil,  and  Pedro  de  la  Concepcion. 

Proceeding  to  Huehuetenango,  the  president  sent 
Guzman  in  advance,  with  a  detachment  of  his  troops, 
to  Comitan,  in  Chiapas,  and  followed  in  person  a  few 
days  ai'terward.  He)'e  he  decided  to  make  the  inva- 
sion  by  way  t)f  Ococingo,  and  having  appointed  the 
28th  of  February  for  a  concerted  movement,  arrived 
on  tlie  following  <lay  at  wliat  was  su[)posed  to  be  the 
intended  site  of  the  city  of  El  Prospero,  selected  by 
the  unfortunate  AHlhuiuiran.  The  ruined  dwellings 
>vore  repaired,  a  hermitage  erected,  and  the  place 
na  nod  Santa  (^'ruz  dei  Pr6s})ero.-''  From  this  point 
]>arrios  advjinci'd  into  tlie  interit)r,  encountering  in- 
numerable ditliculties  and  dangers  in  the  wild  track- 

a;i  ].',„.  popii's  of  tliose  ovdora  and  particnliirs,  see  Id.,  l!l2-0.  Consult  also 
Elor'.a  ji  /I'lii/ii,  Xiiliil.,  "J  10. 

■'  'J'lic  entire  fiirci'  \v;is  diviilcd  into  fl  ooii>]iani(>s — 5  Spanisli  and  4  Indian; 
!i  S))iinisli  and  '2  Indian  ooiiiijanit'.s  made  up  tlic  command  of  tlio  pivsi'lunt, 
and  one  of  i'ai.li,  tlioso  of  tiits  other  divisions.  Jiuirrof,  (I'liiil.,  '2S0. 

''■'  Ai'i'ordinL,'  to  N'iila^uticrn^  tlic  command  of  tho  Ihu'iiui'tcnango  division 
was  lir.st  j^ivcii  to  Captain 'I'onuis  do  Mcndoza  y  (iuzman,  liut  later  (luziniai 
Was  put  in  commaiid  of  ono  of  tlu^  ptcsidcnt's  conijianics,  and  Mazaiiigos, 
mIio  had  voluntci  led  to  scrvi:  without  (iiiy,  was  phiued  in  charge  of  llio  uliovo 
named  force.    ///V.  Ciiinj.  ll~ii,  'J'ilt,  "J."! I,  L'4."). 

^" /'/.,  "JllS.  l''ancouit  states  tiiat 'there  was  nothing  to  fix  its  identity, 
uot  even  a  luit.'  JJii>t.  Yiu:,  '2o3. 


BARRIOS  IX  THE  FIELD. 


683 


less  region.  Despite  dense  forests,  precipitous  gulches, 
and  nicpliitlc  swamps,  the  country  was  scoured  day 
after  day  in  many  directions;  but  no  Indian  town  or 
village  was  discovered.  On  the  12th  of  jNTarch  the 
different  detachments  reunited  in  a  spacious  dell  nanud 
San  Juan  de  Dios,  situated  in  one  of  the  mountain 
fastnesses.  Here  the  exhausted  troops  rested  for  eiglit 
days,  waiting  for  provisions  to  be  forwarded  from 
Ococingo.  Barrios  then  pushed  forward  under  the 
same  difficulties  in  an  easterly  direction  until  the  end 
o^'  March,"^^  when  he  again  encamped  during  caster 
. .  (  Iv  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  to  which  the  name 
of  ..xonte  Santo  was  piven.  For  the  next  fourteen 
days  the  expedition  slowly  and  laboriously  advanced 
till  further  progress  was  barred  by  a  wide  lake.  On 
its  margin,  while  searching  for  a  route,  a  troop  of 
soldiers  ca})tured  an  Indian,  who  was  pressed  into 
service  as  a  iifuide.  Under  his  direction  they  reached 
on  the  19th  of  April  a  rapid  stream  over  which  was 
stretched  a  solitary  beam  of  wood,-'^  and  while  making 
preparations  to  cross  it  ^NFazariegos  and  his  troo[)s 
arrived  uj)on  the  spot.  The  j(\y  at  this  meeting  was 
jTfreat  on  )»oth  sides.  Mazarieu'os  in  fact  had  been 
souK'what  more  successful  than  his  superior.  On  the 
appointe. ;  (i,iv  he  had  left  San  jVEateo  de  Istatan, 
where  h<'  ha.i  been  stationed,  and  after  discovering 
vcstij^ -!  ■  ■'  a  'cier.t  buildinn's  reached  the  village  of 
Labcont:p.^ 

Procec(li)i*>  llienco  under  ditTiculties  similar  to  those 
encountered  b}^  ])anios,  lie  airivt;d  on  the  lOtli  of 
iMarcli  at  the  river  called  San  Bamon,  along  tlio 
banks  of  which  hi;  held  his  course,  though  ire<|U('nt!y 
compelled  to  lord  the  stream.      It  was  not,  however, 

'•"  '  I  '■■  'ndo  <lf>7.c  Soldiiflos,  con  nl.uunos  IndioH  de  Gncrrn,  en  el  Sitiu  ilc  S;m 
Junil'li        ii'-  '    i'Uliii/r/irrri'.  Hist.  Ciiiti],  If'.c,  '-'TO. 

'■''*  'Ci  i  '■  ■'  \ii;i  }.'i':iuilo  \'igii,  II  Miiilt'io  ]i()r  Puciiti'.'  /'/.,  -7-.  I'lilicimrfc 
tlui.s  1■l'l:^i^;■^  '  liis  m  'iteiu'o  ;  '«  Iutc!  IiikI  Ini'iiicrly  hccii  a  vimkIih  hiidL'i'.  in  nil 
]M(ilriil>ility  niio  of  tliosc  I'diistnicticl  hy  <  'intt.i,  hut  of  \\liicli  only  a  singlu 
licani  or)il:ii!k  iMnmincd.'  //'ml.   Viir,,  •J,")4. 

''"  This  villiigf  had  been  naniud  liy  Fniy  Diego  de  Rivas,  San  I'etho  Nohiseo. 


684 


THE  ITZAS  AXD  LACAXDOXES. 


until  tlic  Gtli  of  Ajiril  tliat  any  success  rewarded  the 
toils  of  the  invaders.  On  that  day  footprints  were 
discovered  by  Fray  Pedro  do  la  Concepoion,  who  with 
four  Indians  was  in  advance  of  the  army.  These 
eventually  led  them  into  a  patli  which  brouyht  them 
in  sii^ht  of  an  Indian  town.  Sendin_<^  hack  the  natives 
the  i'riar  entered  it  alone;  l)ut  thouLii'h  he  plainly  per- 
ceived that  he  was  no  welcome  visitor,  he  was  not 
molested,  JMeanwIiile  Ma/arieiifos  ra}>idly  advanced  on 
i\n)  town;  and  mec  /  ^'ray  Pedro  on  the  way,  was 
informed  by  him  that  inhabitants  were  preparinj^ 

t()  depart,  and  when  the  S[)aniards  entered  not  a  per- 
son was  to  be  seen.  The  S[)anish  leader  tried  to 
persuade  the  people  to  return;  he  alst)  instituted  a 
search  for  the  i)resident,  his  meeting  with  whom  has 
already  been  narrated. 

Meanwhile  A'elasco  and  Father  Cano  had  induced 
five  hunch'ed  families  of  the  Choles  to  settle  in  vil- 
lages, and  explored  the  country  as  far  as  the  lliver 
!Mo[)an.  Meeting  everywhere  with  a  friendly  recep- 
tion, A'elasco  recounnended  that  in  this  neighborhood 
a  Sjianish  settlement  be  established  as  a  base,  having 
to  the  south  the  Choles,  to  the  east  and  north  the 
Itzas,  and  on  the  west  the  Lacandones,  which  was 
done.  A  wooden  fort  was  erected,  and  to  the  settle- 
ment here  founded  was  given  the  name  of  Los  Doloi-es. 
A  j'ence  of  palisades  was  built,  and  thirty  Spanish 
s<.ldiers  with  a  force  of  natives  were  left  to  garrison 
the  fort  undei'  (Vptain  Solis,  Father  Kivas  with  his 
comj)anions  remaining  with  them.  Meanwhile  the 
rainy  st'ason  had  set  in,  and  ]\[azariegos  and  Harries 
with  the  main  body  returned  to  (jiuatemala.  Vwlasco 
continuetl  his  [irogress  toward  J^ake  Peten,  and  on 
tlu^  1st  of  A|)ril  was  within  a  few  leagues  of  the 
])lace,  when  the  (xpeditiou  was  met  by  a  hunting 
jiarty  of  It/as,  who  ruslu-d  upon  them  with  loud  out- 
ciies.  The  ISIopanes  attempted  to  parley,  but  the 
answer  was  a  llight  of  arrows.  ]Oxasperated,  though 
unluu't,  the  Spaniards  discharged  their  ai(iUcl)Uses  at 


THE  TWO  EXPEDITIONS. 


C85 


tho  natives,  who  thereupon  took  to  fliij^lit.  Tho  rooon- 
lioitriiig  party  now  i\M  Imck,  nnd  t(j  esoape  j)ursuit 
set  fire  to  the  grass  and  retreated  to  an  encani])nient 
wiiieli  liad  been  formed  on  the  hank  of  the  Chajal, 
a])out  ten  l(vai;nes  from  Lake  Pete?i.  Several  elianee 
encounters  proved  tlie  Itzas  no  contemptihk>  I'oe; 
and  as  nothinj^  was  heard  from  the  jtresidentor  ^Eaza- 
riegos,  Velaseo  h'd  his  oonnnand  hack  to  tlie  ISTopan. 
On  liis  return,  while  Barrios  was  makini^  preparations 
for  another  expeditioii,  he  fell  sick  and  died.      Seals, 

:  'U'nt  devolved,  entered  heai't- 


u 


pon 


wiKMU  tne 


th 


ily  into  his  pretl 


iijovei 

cssor's  desiLTiis 


A  council  of  war 


approved  the  outli]\e  of  the  campaiu^n  already  formed, 
the  cjeneral  features  of  which  were  the  same  as  those 


o 


f  tho  one  preceding.  Jucobo  do  Alzayaga,  regi- 
dor  of  Guatemala,  M'as  to  lead  the  ])aity  irom  Ilue- 
huetenango  to  Los  Dolores,  and  deal  cliieilv  with  the 
Lacandones;  while  the  oidor,  l^artolouie  do  Amez- 
queta.^'M'as  to  conduct  a  force  tlu'ough  Vera  Paz,  and 
marcli  against  the  Itzas  hy  way  of  ^^.lojian. 

Al)out  the  middle  of  January  1(!*.)(5  the'  troops  left 
Guatemala;  Alzayaga,  on  arriving  with  his  division  at 
]jos  ])o]oi'es,  found  the  village  thriving,  more  than 
iive  lumdred  native  convej'ts  being  settled  there.  lie 
then  proceeded  in  searcli  of  the  J.acandon  towns  and 
eV(Mitua11y  discovered  two,  ]*eta  and  ^NFop,  each  con- 
taining more  tlian  a  hundiH'd  families.  Tlie  ])eople 
readilv  received  the  faith.  And  Alzavasjja,  eonchi(hii''' 
that  he  had  found  all  the  Ijacandon  villages,  went  in 
quest  of  the  Itzas  hv  wav  of  the  J^acandon  IJivci-. 


Afler  d(>scending  some  thirty-tw(»  leaguesihc  cx] 


le- 


dition  came  to  another  and   lar<j'er'  river,  which  tlicv 


d  f 


■h 


ascended  tor  many  leagues,""  maUmg  iiKpuries  wIkii- 
ever  possihie  for  a  load  to  the  Itza  ca[»ital;  but  all 
in  vain;   and  tinallv,  after  fiftv-seven  davs  of  search 


™Tlio  nppointmont  of  Anii''zquut.i  v.i«  strnntrly  ojiposod  l)y  tlic  fiHcal.  Imt 
ratilii'd  liy  tln'  cimiuil  mi  full  (lili))iT:itiiiu,  I'vbuz,  Mt^n.  (liiat.,  i.  'M\,  apiwu- 
ciitiy  friMii  XiniCiKZ.  sri'io  v.  toin.  l\x\i. 

'"  N'ilkiij'ulioiic,  //l-'t.  (.'oiiij.  Iirni,  301,  says  140  kagucs. 


686 


THE  ITZAS  AND  LACANDOXES. 


tlicy  returned  to  Los  Dolores,*^  where  thcj'^  arrived 
tlie  29th  of  April  1G9G.  A  report  was  sent  to  the 
president,  Berrospe,  and  from  him  orders  were  received 
to  leave  a  company  of  soldiers  witli  some  i)riests  at 
Los  Dolores  and  return  to  Guatemala,  as  no  further 
expeditions  would  bo  undertaken  in  that  lirectioa, 
unless  so  ordered  by  the  king. 

The  expedition  under  Amezqueta  cncouaterod  fi 
more  tragic  fate.  Reaching  IMopan  about  the  last 
day  of  February,  and  taking  Velasco  into  his  confi- 
dence, Amezqueta  intrusted  him  with  the  command 
of  a  company  of  twenty-five  Spanish  soldiers,  which 
^vas  increased  ut  San  Pedro  by  a  similar  number  sent 
in  advance,  together  with  thirty-six  Zalanul  archers. 
Velasco  was  tc  proceed  to  his  former  canjping-ground 
on  the  Chajal,  and  tliere,  or  in  that  neigliborhood,  to 
open  communication  with  the  Itzas  by  means  of  the 
cacique  Quijan,  wlio  had  been  detained  as  a  prisoner 
since  the  occupation  of  Los  Dolores.  ]3isregarding 
these  instructions  Velasco,  without  waiting  for  the 
main  body,  pushed  on.  The  subsequent  fate  of  his 
conmiand  and  of  the  p'.'iests  was  never  ascertained  witli 
certainty,  as  none  of  them  were  ever  seen  afterward. 

The  general  made  every  effort  to  discover  the  lost 
detachment,  and  following  their  footprints  arrived  with 
a  small  escort  at  Lake  Peten.  Althougli  he  entered 
into  connnunication  with  the  Itzas  he  could  obtain  no 
information  of  Velasco.  The  Itzas  made  every  effort 
to  induce  him  and  his  company  to  pass  over  to  their 
citv.  This  he  was  too  cautious  to  do;  and  ordering  a 
iinr'  blast  of  bugles,  retreated.  The  hostility  of  the 
naiives  now  became  evident,  and  a  swarm  of  canoes, 
M  itli  warlike  demonstrations,  put  off  from  the  island. 
Amez(jueta,  however,  successfully  effected  his  I'ctrcat, 
and  rejoined  the  main  body,  which  was  cncanjped  at  the 
Chajal,  where  he  awaited  orders  from  the  president.''' 

•'■'Tho  iiu'ii  began  to  sicken  and  provisions  to  fall  short,  and  the  rainy 
wc:itlier  liaving  liegun  they  returned.  I'druz,  Mvm.  (I'lirif.,  ii.  301. 

"■^N'elaseoand  his  company  are  supposed  to  liavt;  been  induced  by  proffers  of 
fricudiiliip  to  cross  over  to  the  island  in  small  canoes.     They  w  ere  then  either 


DEFEAT  OF  THE  QUEHACHES. 


m 


The  Itzas  froquontly  attacked  tlio  Sjianiards  by 
nisjlit,  and  in  such  incrcasiiiG:  nuinhor.s  tliat  retreat 
became  necessary.  Amezqueta  therefore  withdrew 
to  the  savanna  of  San  I^edro  Mdrtyr,  where  he  forti- 
fied himself.  At  tliia  juncture  despatches  arrived 
from  Alzayaga  announcing  the  faihire  of  his  expedi- 
tion, whereupon  the  president  orderetl  the  withdrawal 
of  the  troops,  not  only  from  San  Peth'o  but  from 
jMopan. 

JNEeanwhile  the  expeditions  despatched  from  the 
north  were  i)roi;ressin<jf  more  i'avorablv.  When  Ursua 
heard  that  Barrios  had  started  for  the  Indian  countrv, 
he  hastened  to  participate  in  the  work,  and  sent  an 
advance  corps  to  co6i)erate  under  the  president's 
instructions.  Alonso  Garcia  do  Paredes  was  placed 
in  command  of  the  company,  which  consisted  of  fifty 
Spanish  soldiers  and  a  larger  numl)er  of  natives. 
Leaving  Campcche  he  advanced  to  the  frontier  of 
Yucatan,  but  while  reconnoitring  he  was  assailed  bv 
a  large  force  of  Quehaches,  and  a  fierce  encounter 
ensued.  Tlie  Quehaches  were  defeated,  whereupon 
they  fied,  and  from  some  captives  taken  during  the 
encounter  Paredes  ascertained  that  the  mountain 
l^eople  wore  asseml)led  in  I'oice.  Not  daring  to  press 
OH  with  his  slender  band  he  retunu'd  to  Campeche. 
Ursua  now  ap[)lied  ibr  fresh  tr()()[)s  and  sup[)lies. 
Volunteers  were  numerous,  and  by  June  Par<'des  had 
a  much  larger  force  under  his  command.  "Ihls  ex- 
pedition," says  VIllagutleiT'e,  "reached  the  boundary 
and  frontier  of  Christianity  in  that  direction"  on  the 
lltli  of  June  1G05. 

By  the  middle  of  July  Paredes  arrived  jit  Zucthock, 
and  here  for  the  first  time  natives  visited  the  canq),  and 

(Irownod  in  the  lake  or  massacred  as  tliey  laiidcil.  VilhuirtM  ffi\  Hint.  ('omi. 
It. 11,  .')7()-l.  Aliotlicr  aocimiit  sbitus  tli;it  luMiiiiL;  si-ii;il  hIkiIs  liivd  liy  kouio 
(if  tlicii- party,  I.")  iSpaiiiards  rushed  to  arms,  lieliexiiig  thataii  i'iiL,'!i^'i'.iiu.'iit  Iiad 
();h'1hiI.  'J'hi'y  wcro  a.soailed  and  slaiii.  Id.,  4.;;!.  J'aiUMurt  accfjits  this 
Ktory  as  ]ir()l)a)»lo.  Still  another  Ktateiiieiit  in  that  the  It/iis,  'avian  uiuerto, 
.  .  .ii  hiH  de  (iiiateniala,  eogidos  (hiiniieiidoeii  hi  Sidtiiia,  y  (jiie  we  his  coiiiieron, 
y  his  ( 'avalgaduras.'  /(/.,  4,30.  Their  bones  were  alLerwaril  found  and  luiried. 
/,/.,  4SJ-G. 


CSS 


THE  ITZAS  AXD  LACANDOXES. 


tlie  fi'lars  entered  vigorously  upon  their  missionary 
Avork.  Here  also  reoni'orceuients  arrived  from  Ursua, 
and  despatelies  ordering  Paredes  to  march  on  Ltw 
Dolores  and  there  establish  a  fort. 

The  expedition  left  Zuethock  on  the  10th  of  Au- 
gust, and  passing  througli  several  abandoned  villages, 
crossed  the  Ucun  or  Concepcion  River,  and  arrived 
at  tlie  plains  of  Chuntuqui,  where  they  found  another 
deserted  village.^*  Eighty-six  leagues  of  road  had 
now  been  cut  throufjh  the  forest,  and  the  ])ath  lav 
open  almost  to  Lake  Peten;  but  in  the  beginning  of 
Septend)er  the  rains  set  in  and  further  progress  was 
impossible.  Paredes,  therefore,  withdrew  to  the  north 
of  Zuethock,  and  there  awaited  the  return  of  the  dry 


season 


Thus  far  all  was  well;  but  the  work  was  now 
tlireatened  with  interruption  from  political  causes. 
Ursua  was  only  actinsT  oovernor.  A  suit  had  for 
some  time  been  ponding  with  regard  to  the  respective 
claims  of  Ursua  and  Ro(]Uc  de  Soberanis  to  the 
governorship  of  Yucatan.  This  was  decided  in  favor 
of  the  latter,  Ursua  being  appointed  his  successor. 
The  law  required  that  in  I'uture  one  holding  the  title 
of  governor  could  not  reside  in  the  province;  but 
Ursua  contended  that  tlie  new  road  liad  been  advanced 
so  far  beyond  the  settled  limits  of  Yucatan  as  to  exempt 
him  from  the  rule,  and  considered  that  the  futui'o 
control  of  it  belonf^ed  to  him.  As  Soberanis  was 
still  detained  in  Mexico,  he  continued  his  preparations 
for  the  campaign  of  the  ensuing  year. 

At  this  time  news  was  brought  by  the  Tipus,  who 
had  returned  to  their  allegiance,  that  the  Itzas  were 
anxious  to  be  reconciled  with  the  Spaniards,  and  a 
Tipu  messenger,  Mateo  Bichab,  was  sent  with  pres- 
ents to  the  canek. 

Although  Bichab  found  the  Itzas  mustering  for 
war,  the  canek  expressed  his  wish  to  enter  into  peace 

'* '  Y  ii  nquel  Parage  tie  Chunthqui,  se  le  puso  por  Nonibrc,  y  por  Patroua 
6,  Santa  Clara.'  hi,  319. 


SUBMISSION  OF  CAN. 


■with  the  f^ovcrnor  of  Yucatan,  as  the  time  for  the  ful- 
fihiient  of  the  prophecies  liad  now  arrived.  Ursua 
cons('((uently  sent  presents,''"  and  a  suit.able  re])!}-  in 
the  ]\Iava  lan<j^uafa\  hy  the  hand  of  the  father  coniisa- 
rio,  Andres  de  Avendano,  who  was  accompanied  l)y 
two  brother  friars.  No  sooner  had  Avendano  de- 
]\arted  than  news  came  that  an  eml)assy  was  already 
ap[»roaehinf(  from  the  Itzas,  headed  by  Can,  a  nepliew 
of  the  canek.  Its  reception  was  made  as  impressive 
as  })ossil)le,  and  tlie  governor  and  his  chief  officers  mot 
C.^in  outside  the  city  and  conchicted  him  and  liis  col- 
leagues with  a  nn"litary  escort  to  the  cathedral  of 
]\rerida,  where  mass  was  performed.  At  the  official 
interview  which  followed,  Can  presented  to  Ursua,  in 
behalf  of  the  ean(>k,  a  crown  of  feathers  of  divers 
coloi's,  in  token  of  submission,  and  requested  that  lui 
and  his  companions  might  be  baptized.  His  request 
was  granted,  and  the  name  of  ^lartin  Francisco  Can 
was  given  to  the  ambassador,  ]Martin  de  Ursua  act- 
ing as  godfather.  Tiie  embi..  sy  was  dismissed  with 
presents  for  the  canek,  and  an  escort  (jf  thirty  men 
at  arms,  und(jr  Captain  Ilariza,  with  seven  })riestw, 
was  assigned  to  accompany  them  home. 

Paredes  was  now  directed  to  take  possession  of  the 
Itza  country  in  the  name  of  the  king  of  8]iain,  and 
tlie  like  instructions  v.'ore  given  to  Ilariza,  should  he 
arrive  lirst  at  the  ca}>ital  of  the  great  lake.  ^Nlean- 
while  Avendaiio  and  his  companions  had  met  with  an 
imiVieisdly  reception  from  the  Itzas,  who  on  their  arri- 
val at  the  island  conducted  them  into  a  hall  wlu^re 
were  ex])oscd  the  saci'ificial  table  and  the  seats  of  the 
twelve  officiating  priests.  The  sight  was  not  encnur- 
au'insx,  but  the  calm  bearing  of  the  father  comisario 
secured  him  a  hearing,  and  he  was  permitted  to  read 
Ursua's  address  to  the  excited  nudtitude  which 
thronged  around  the  l)uildin!»-.     The  conciliatory  tone 


'*  '  Y  iiora  te  roniito  vn  MnclHite.  muy  limlo,  con  sit  Bnyua,  y  su  r'ucliillo, 
y  su  ('intii  ;mclm,  y  trcs  v;uiiH  clu  Tiiictau  ciicunuulo,  iKim  (iuu  tu  ^nVas  uu  mi 
><"umbic.'  /'/. ,  \V,](\. 

UiDT.  Cent,  Au..  Vol.  II.    U 


cno 


THE  ITZAS  AND  LACAXDONES. 


of  tlie  message  made  a  favorable  impression,  and  the 
friars  now  received  better  treatment.  There  was, 
liowever,  a  faction,  headed  by  the  cacique  Coboxli, 
averse  to  any  deahngs  with  the  Sjianiards,  and  sev- 
eral days  were  consumed  in  considering  the  answer  to 
l>e  sent  to  Yucatan,  during  which  time  the  lives  of 
the  priests  were  more  than  once  in  peril.  They  were 
finally  suflered  to  depart  with  a  peaceful  reply  in 
wiiicli  the  canck  promised  to  surrender  the  islands  of 
tlie  lake  to  the  Spaniards.^"  No  allusion  was  made  to 
]\rartin  Can's  nnssion,  nor  did  the  friars  know  anv- 
thing  of  the  matter  until  their  arrival  in  Yucatan. 
On  their  return  homeward  the  fathers  lost  their  way, 
and  for  several  weeks  strayed  amidst  the  mountains. 
When  almost  at  the  point  of  death  from  starvation, 
two  natives  of  Yucatan  who  had  accompanied  them 
discovered  the  road,  which  was  being  opened  l)y  Ursua. 
Ifelp  was  obtained  from  a  passing  mule-train,  and 
the  exhausted  friars  were  conveyed  to  the  camp  of 
Paredes,  whence  they  proceeded  to  ^Ii'eida. 

Soon  after  the  departure  of  Avendauo  from  !Merida, 
Paredes  was  ordered  to  proceed  to  Lake  Peten,  but 
falling  ill  transferred  his  command  to  Pedro  de  Zu- 
biaur,  who  with  sixty  troops,  anv«l  accompanied  by 
father  Juan  de  San  Buenaventura,  started  forth  about 
the  time  Avendafio  was  lost  in  the  mountains.  On 
arriving  at  the  lake  the  hostile  intent  of  the  Itzas 
was  .speedily  disclosed.  Buenaventura,  accompanied 
by  iVgiiStin  de  Sosa  and  a  lay  brother,  endeavoivd 
to  pacify  them.  All  were  seized  and  carried  oif  to 
the  canoes  so  swiftly  that  reca[)turo  was  impossible. 
The  S})aniards  charged  and  killed  about  forty  of  the 
Itzas;  but  numbers  were  against  Zubiaur,^'  who  after 
maintaininuf  the  fiu'ht  for  some  time  retreated  in  good 
order.  Francisco  de  Hariza  heard  at  "J'ipu  of  this 
change  of  affairs  at  Peten,  and  jNIartin  Can  and  his 

'"  'Vai  cuya  pcfi.il  diiS  cl  Riy  Canck  doa  Coron.is,  y  vn  Ahniiico. '  /if..  HOk 
^'  'So  liallaroii  con  inas  dicz  mil  Indies  Inlielcs,  ((uo  sidian  llccliandi'loi; 

dc  l;i.s  Canoas  que  cstavan  escondidas  eii  los  Manglarcs  do  laLaguna. '  Jd.; 

405. 


t 
t 


Vr 

'24: 

43ii 


REDUCTION  OF  THE  ITZAS. 


101 


comrades,  wlio  v.'cro  iintler  cliarLi^o  of  ITaiiza,  also 
lioariiii^  the  news,  took  an  early  opjiortimiiy  of  iiiak- 
ini,''  their  escape.  It  was  proved  later,  however,  that 
they  had  acted  in  good   faith. 

There  were  now  hut  eiglit  leagues  of  unexplored 
country  between  the  terniiims  of  the  road  under 
construction  from  Yucatan  and  Los])olores;  hut  this 
portion  presented  the  greatest  difHculty,  and  could 
not  be  iinished  until  the  Itzas  wore  reduced.  An 
active  contest  was  now  going  on  between  Ursua  and 
Sobcranis  i'or  the  honor  of  completing  it.  I'^ven- 
tually  the  viceroy  Ortega  IMontanez,  bishoj)  of  ]\ri- 
choacan,  decided  that  to  Ursua  properly  belonged  the 
con)pletion  of  the  work,  and  Sobcranis  was  enjoinofl 
to  render  all  ])Ossible  aid.  Letters  soon  aftei'ward 
arrived  irom  tJie  kin<jf  cominendinij  ITrsua's  laboi-s 
and  assuring  him  of  })rotcction.  A  cinlula  was  also 
addressed  to  Governor  Sobcranis  ordering  hini"'^  to 
render  all  jiossible  assistance.  The  president  of  (Gua- 
temala was  instru(.-ted  to  aid  the  enterprise  by  direct- 
ing a  body  of  soldiers  against  Peten  IVou)  the;  8r)uth, 
while  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain  was  to  furnish  at 
cost  the  provisions  and  ammunition  necessary  for  the 
undertaking. 

Sendino-  liis  infantrv  and  artillery  in  advance,  Ursua 
on  the  24th  of  January  IG'JT  left  C'ainj)ecjie  with  the 
cavalry.  The  forces  rejiched  Lake  Peten  without 
encounterin«>:  anv  serious  obstacle,  and  the  construe- 
tion  of  a  galliot  was  at  once  begun.  The  SpaniiU'ds 
were  harassed  by  the  Indians,  wlio  ]ilied  them  with 
missiles,  but  Ursua  would  not  allow  his  men  to  ;.- 
taliate,  and  treated  kindly  the  Itzas  whom  he  caj) 
turcd,  so  that  in  time  their  countrvmen  began  to  \isit 
the  encampment.  Among  the  lirst  to  enter  the  camp 
was  JNIartin  Can,  who  e.\])lained  that  the  reason  of 
his  previous  (light  was  fear  of  unjust  punishment  for 

'*  A  priviito  letter  of  Count  Adancro,  then  president  of  tlie  council,  to 
I'rsua,  i.s  exeeedin^'ly  couiteous  and  coinpliniontary.  EUirr.d  y  I'udd,  Xoh., 
"\\\-~.  Copies  of  the  cOduIus  aru  giveu  in  Villuijvt'terrc,  JJint.  C'oiiq.  Jtza, 
■iSS-'X 


893 


THE  TTZAS  AND  LACANDONES. 


his  countrymen's  assault  on  Zul»laur's  ronnnand.  Ilo, 
niorco\-er,  informed  Ursua  that  the  Itzas  w<'ro  i»r«'- 
parinj^  for  war.  Not  lonj^  afterward  a  flotilla  of  canoeji 
approaehed,  the  laruje.st  of  which  bore  a  white  fla.; 
which  betokened  the  presence  of  the  hiL(h  ])riest, 
Quincanek,  cousin-german  and  next  in  authority  to 
the  eanek.  A  guard  of  honor  was  drawn  up  for  hi.^ 
reccj)tion,  and  the  chieftains  were  escorted  to  the 
general's  tent  v.'ith  due  formality.  ^Mutual  assurances 
of  friendship  were  exchanged,  and  Quincanek  declared 
that  the  Itzas  nei-e  willing  to  o[)en  a  road  from  the 
lake  to  that  which  led  to  Guatemala. 

A  da}^  was  named  on  which  the  canek  himself 
would  visit  the  encamjnnent,  but  the  promise  was  not 
kept.  In  his  place  a  tempting  bevy  of  attractive 
women  was  sent,  evidently  meant  to  captivate  and 
beguile;  ])ut  their  deportment  betrayed  the  ])ur})ose 
for  which  they  were  sent,  and  strict  (lisci[)line  v 
maintained.  An  almost  unanimous  feeling  jirevai 
that  kindness  would  not  pacify  the  Itzas.  This  was 
evident  from  the  opinions  of  the  captains  expressed 
at  a  council  of  war;  but  the  general  was  firmly  de- 
termined to  abide  by  the  spirit  of  the  king's  cedulas, 
to  employ  only  peaceful  measures  until  all  resources 
in  that  direction  were  exhausted;  and  being  ready  to 
sail  to  the  island  of  Peten,  he  proclaimed  that  the 
penalty  of  death  would  be  inflicted  upon  any  one 
who  should  enter  upon  hostilities  under  any  provoca- 
tion without  his  express  order. ^'^ 

On  the  IStli  of  March  1G!)7,  after  confessing  their 
sins  and  celebratinrj  the  solemn  rites  of  the  church,^" 
one  hundred  and  eight  men  set  out  for  the  island  on 
board  the  galliot,  every  soul  on  board  being  stirred 
by  religious  enthusiasm.     On  their  approach  to  Peten 

'"Que  ningun  Caljo. .  .ni  otra  Persona  alguna,  dc  qualquiera  C.iliilail  fjne 
fuisse,  pcua  de  la  ^'ida, . .  .fucsso  ossado  I'l  romper  la  (Jiierra  contra  Imlio 
alfliuio,  aini(juo  lo  diesso  niotivo  para  ello,  liasta  teuer  nuevaurdeu  dcsu  Gen- 
eral.' A/.,  473. 

■"'  A  picture  of  Saint  Paul  also  miraculously  floated  on  the  waves  down 
upcn  the  gi'Jliot.  '  Y  por  este  Prodigio,  se  le  pusc>;'i  la  Galeota  el  Noinbrc  du 
Sau  Pablo.'  y(/.,474. 


UnSUA  IN  CAMPECIIE. 


COS 


tlioy  v.'crc  suiTouiidcfl  1)}'  countless  canoes,  whose 
occupants  ceaselessly  \A\v(\  the  S[)aniarcls  with  .'Utows, 
until  a  s(il(]ier,  naniecl  ]jartolouie  Duran,  l)ein<^  pain- 
fully wounded,  dischar^'ed  his  arquebusc.  This  was 
follow(;d  by  a  general  volley.  Ursua,  who  had  hither- 
to endeavored  tv)  convince  the  Itzas  of  his  peaceful 
intentions  and  had  restrained  his  men  by  voice  and 
example,  could  no  longer  control  them.  The  galliot 
was  nearing  the  island,  and  the  Spaniards  in  their 
ini[)atience  to  get  at  close  (piarters  leaped  into  the 
water  and  fought  their  way  to  land.  Then  forming 
in  close  orfler  they  charged  the  Itzas  with  such  lury 
that  they,  already  jianic-stricken,  broke  and  plunged 
by  thousands  into  the  lake."  Great  numbers  were 
drowned,  or  shot  from  the  pursuing  galliot,  on  which 
had  remained  twenty  men  besidi  <  the  rowers.  So 
great  was  the  terror  inspired  tliat  tiiose  in  the  canoes 
lost  their  presence  of  mind,  and  casting  away  wca[)ons 
and  paddles  jumped  overboard,  the  surface  of  the  lake, 
from  the  island  to  the  shore,  being  thickly  covered 
wiMi  tlie  heads  of  the  swinuners,*- 

Ursua  now  planteil  the  standard  of  Castile  upon  the 
sunnnit  of  the  temi)le,  which  after  due  thanksuivinif 
was  converted  into  a  church,  and  consecrated  by  the 
vicar-jijencral  in  full  canonicals.  The  chief  island  re- 
ceived  the  name  of  Xuestra  Seilora  de  los  Remedios 
y  San  Pablo.  The  natives  were  gradually  induced  to 
return  to  their  habitations.  On  the  last  of  ]\Iarch 
Chamajcuca,  chief  of  the  Alain  nation,  came  in,  bring- 
ing the  fugitive  canek  with  all  his  family,  and  an  ei-a 
of  good-will  was  inaugurated.  Tlie  untinishcd  road  to 
rjuatemala  was  meantime  pushed  forward,  and  Cap- 
tain Paredes  was  sent  with  despatches  to  the  audii'U- 
cia.  The  tidings  were  received  by  the  oidores  with 
rejoicing,  and  appropriations  wore  made  for  the  main- 

*•  'Desdo  el  Key,  liasta  la  mas  pcfiiicfia  Criahira,  que  era  cap;iz  dc  execn- 
tark),  para  ir  i\  ganar  hi  Tierra  I'.niie.'  Iil.,  -I'U. 

*-  '  V  se  ecliavau  v.l  Aixwn;  do  tal  suerto,  (|ue  no  so  vela  otra  cosa  por  la 
Lnguiia,  desdo  la  l.sla,  ii  Tiorra  linne,  ipio  no  fuossu  oal>oi;as  do  Iiidios,  Var- 
ones,  Muyures,  y  Muchaclios,  que  ibau  uuduiido,  eomo  a  puilia. '  Id. 


Gn4 


THE  ITZAS  AXD  LACAXrONES. 


tcnniioo  of  a  p^arrison  of  ilfty  soldiers  at  Tjos  Renicdios, 
us  l^rsiui's  means  were  nearly  exhausted. 

On  hoarinu^  of  this  fiiendly  assistanee,  Ursua  caused 
a  redoubt  to  bo  erected  and  mounted  with  nrtilierv. 
Then  leaving  on  the  island  a  garrison  of  scventy-iive 
men  under  Captain  Estenoz,  lu>  returned  with  i]\a 
rensainder  of  his  foree  to  Campeehe.  "J'he  enthusi- 
asm caused  hy  his  success  uas  shari>d  hy  ail  save  his 
rival  Soberanis,  who,  st'-aining  his  [)rerogatives  as gov- 
ernor, subjected  Ursua  to  vexatious  insults,  and  e\  en 
temporary  airest.  While  in  Ca.m])eche  I^rsna  i-e- 
ceivi'd  letters  ir(Mn  Peten,  showinij^  the  mcessitv  of 
llnishing  the  work  of  subjugation.  The  laiger  isle 
was  being  deserted,  and  the  smaller  ones  wei-e  under 
no  eontrol,  while  the  tribes  beyond  the  lake  were  hos- 
tile. Ursua  was  in  a  strait.  l\c  felt  the  necessity  of 
immediate  action,  but  tlu^  unfiiendly  iec>lings  of  Sobe- 
ranis and  his  own  reihiced  means  (K>laye<l  him  until 
1(508,  when  cedulas  were  again  addi'essed  to  the  vic(  - 
I'oy  of  ^Mexico  and  the  governor  of  (Juattimala  and 
Yucatan,'''  ordering  them  not  to  throw  im])ediments 
in  the  way  of  l^rsua;  while  a  complimentary  despatch 
was  addressed  to  the  fitter,''*  a[)pointing  him  governor 
and  cajitain-gcnerr.l  of  the  whole  country  through 
which  he  had  opened  a  highway,  and  making  l:iui 
answerable  only  to  the  viceroy  of  JSTexico. 

Ui'sua  was  now  enabled  once  more  to  take  the  field, 
and  having  obtained  assistanci'  from  th.e  militiiry  com- 
mander of  C^mijX'che.  began  his  march  for  Peteii  in 
January  1090.  /V  sunultaneous  movement  was  also 
made  from  Guatemala  by  jMekhor  Meneos,  with  a 
foi'ee  of  two  huiuh-ed  men. 

On  I^rsua's  arrival  at  I  ;OS  Remedios  on  the  llth  of 
l'\4)ruary  following,  he  found  the  garrison  almost  »^)ut 
of  anununition,  and  in  want  of  pi'ovisions.  Accord- 
ingly he  despatched  messengers  to  hasten  forward  th(^ 

■■^('ojiioa  can  lio  found  in  ViUaiirt'urrc,  IIM.   Com/.  I/z<i,  r)3'2  ()■'). 

** 'I'liii  kini,'  siiys:  'il6  rcsiu'lto  tlai'os  niuy  parliciilarcs  j^'iai'ias,  ])i)r  il 
(lesvi'lo,  aplioaciiin,  y  I'ludadoiMin  ipU'  viiostio  vaioi',  y  cunstuicia  so  dtidiuti  ^ 
cunit'guir  Ulna  Ian  dul  survioio  du  I)ios.'  I'ilhijrlii  rir,  oM. 


FAILURE  OF  TIIK  COMmXFD  i:XrEDITIOXS. 


cm 


forces  iVom  Cjuatoimila,  wliit'h  wore  well  [jrovidcd  witli 
stores  of  all  kinds.  jSIoaMwliile  the  latter  had  lH'ti,iin 
the  campaign  in  two  divisions,  one  of  which,  under 
tlie  command  <;)f  JNTclchor  ]\Iencos,  was  to  unite  with 
Ursua  at  Pcten,  by  way  of  A^era  .Paz,  and  the  otiier, 
connnanded  hy  Estevan  ]\Tedrano  y  Solorzano,  was  to 
])roc(;ed  through  Los  Doloi-es  to  the  same:  destina- 
tion.'' ^[(jucos  arrived  at  Peten  on  the  14th  ol' March, 
but  Medrano  did  not  appear  until  the  1st  of  April. 

The  result  of  these  eombincMl  ex])editions  \vas  most 
ujisatisfactory.  The  conunissariat,  which  ibllowcd  in 
the  rear  of  the  CJuatemalan  divisions,  did  not  coiuo  .i]), 
and  Ui'sua,  could  not  undertake  the  cam])aign  wii  !i  any 
hope  of  success.  The  f  )raging  parties  cilected  little, 
and  sickness  came,  li^i'sua  called  a  council  of  war,  at 
whi(;h  the  general  ojiinion  was  that  a  gai'rison  should 
be  left  at  Jjos  Remedios,  and  that  the;  I'l'st  of  tin; 
troops  should  return.  'J'his  resolution  was  carried  out 
on  the  11th  of  ^May,  svlu'ii  Ursua  and  Mencos  began 
their  march  for  Yu(!atan  and  (;!uatemala  respi'cti\t_ly, 
each  «'(pially  disappointed.  1^'rancisco  Cortes  was  left 
in  command  of  the  fort  with  seveiitv  men  and  oliiceis, 
and  with  him  rcMuaiued  the  vicar-general  Jlivas,  witli 
other  missior.arie3  and  somt;  piixate  families.  Almost 
iimnediately  after  Ursua's  retui'ii  Soberanis  <lied,  and 
the  foi'mcM"  assumed  tlu^  govermnent  of  the  province.'" 

Of  the  future  o[)erations  against  i*eten  but  little  is 
known;*'  of  the  Lacandones  it  may  be  remarkc^d  that 
to  this  day  they  have  maintained  their  indei»endence. 

*-■  ICi.clit  inissionnrics  anil  2r»  liidiiin  fiimiliiM,  to  ho  H<'tt1('il  in  (In-  isl;inils, 
villi  iiioic  Uiaii  1  .'JOO  liciul  (if  cuttle  iiinl  Ikuhcs,  ;icc()iii]iiiiiiril  Uic  cNin'ilitidu. 
A  j,'rt'Ml  (jU.'iiitity  <if  tdols,  scod,  iiiiil  (.'lain,  as  will  as  ])ay  I'oi'  the  Hulilii  r.s,  was 
alH..sont.  Jil.,  M-2. 

*^  /'/.,  ."ilU  (i.'iS.  ^lartiii  ilc  Ui'sna  y  Ari,ini'iiili.  coikIc  ilc  Li/arrau'.iA't  ii  ,'iia, 
was  a,  iia'iiihcr  of  one  (if  the  iiKist  imlili'  ii(M;^'"''  (it  Navarre,  and  a  native  nf 
Olari/,  in  the  distiict  of  tiie  X'alle  de  la  N'aldoilia.  He  was  kni;.;lit  of  tin  ordi  i' 
of  Santiai,'o,  (■unquistador  of  Itza,  and  |ier|ietiial  fiovernor  and  ea|)tain-,L'eneral 
vi  its  lirovinees.   Klov.a  tj  /lad'i,  ynlii/itirin  <lr  </  \  iiUi'  dr  In  Viild-HiiK  -I"    I  I. 

"After  till!  c'()ii(|iiest  of  till-  Uzas  in  I(i!t7,  the  S|ianish  setlleliieiit  in  I'l  t(  n 
was  for  half  ii  eentuiy  oidy  a  nnlitary  (iiit|iost.  with  a,  small  jxarrison  •'•oni 
(Juateniala.  Afterward  it  hecaiiie  ii  eriininal  colony,  lleii  iidt  in  S  ■lilli- 
Hitliiini  III /lorf,  lH(iV,  4"Jl.  1'he  e.in((liesf  seems  to  have  heeii  enniph  led.  h  i\\  - 
(•\er,  for  in  17"'!*  tliert!  were  in  the  i'l'teii  distiict  7  \ill'„>.^,  L;c.sidt'B  tlaj 
liriiici^tiil  BftUeiuLut.  Jnarivi<,  Giiut.  (Loud.  liL),  '2'M. 


CHAPTER  XXXVII. 


GUATEMALA   AND   CHIAPAS. 

1701-1800. 

The  Tzenpal  Rebellion — A  New  Miracle — Atroptties — A  Novel 
IliKUARC'iiY — The  Tzendales  Reitlseu — Siccovia's  Oi'krations — 
Presiuknt  Cosio  Assumes  Command — Fall  ok  CAN'crr — Spread  of 
Tin:  Rkhellion  —  Its  Sui-i-ression  — Djxwdenci;  of  CinAi-As— Eartu- 
qpakes — Riots — Venality  of  the  Clekcy — Kstaijl'siuient  ok  the 
AKOiiiiisHorRic — Heresy — Boundaries  of  Provinces— Abolition  of 

CoRRElilMIENTOS  —  AnOI  HER     GrEAT     EARTHQUAKE  —  QUARRELS     OVER 

Removal — Exi'ULsion  of  the  Jesuits. 

WiiEX  the  storm  raised  by  the  Borropistas  and  Te- 
qiichcs  liad  subsided,  a  |)oHtical  cahu  a])})eai's  to  liave 
prevailed  for  a  period  in  Guatemala.  Unibrtunately,  in 
«)ther  respects  the  colonists  were  far  from  enjoj-ing 
repose,  and  the  eighteenth  century  was  the  most  ca- 
lamitous epoch  in  the  history  of  the  country.  Xor 
was  the  freedom  from  strife  between  churcli  and  state 
permanent,  since  humiliating  contests  for  authority  in 
time  sprang  up  afresh. 

The  iirst  inn)ortant  event  which  disturbed  the  quiet 
order  of  affairs,  was  the  rising  of  the  Tzendales^  in 
Chiapas  during  the  piesidency  of  Toril)io  Jose  do 
Cosio  y  Cam[)a.^  In  1712  the  Tzendales  ibrmed  an 
idliance  with  numerous  kindred  nations,  and  grafting 
some  Christian  rites  upon  their  paganism,  followeil  +he 
lead  of  an  Indian  giil,  who  claimed  ins})iration  from 
the  virgin  Mary. 

»  Soe  Nafire  nao'.",  i.  filf);  v.  f.03-4, 

'■'Cosio  cMitorcd  inKin  tho  presidi-ncy  in  1700,  liaving  bpcn  precocled  by 
Alonso  (Ic  CobuUos  y  Villnuutii'iTc,  wlio  Mas  piH'siiU'iit  after  l!iin)S]i(-  fmm 
170-  to  1703,  aiul  by  Juao  Osorio  Espiuosii  do  loa  Muutcioa.  Jii(in-os,  O'uul., 

I.  -JOS. 

(CDU) 


THE  IXSPIRED  INDIAN  GIRL. 


697 


The  first  outbreak  occurrocl  at  Diasolo,  wlicro  Fray 
Pedro  Villcna  was  beaten  almost  to  death  hi  tlie 
church  while  attempting  to  remove  certain  orna- 
ments which  were  to  be  conveyed  to  a  neighboring 
town  by  the  bishop.  This  outrage  was  followed  by 
the  seizure  of  the  Spaniards  who  resided  there.  They 
were,  however,  released  two  days  afterward.  Some- 
what later  the  bishop  visited  the  disaffected  town,  and 
was  openly  informed  by  the  Indians  that  it  was  their 
intention  to  rise  in  arms.^ 

About  the  middle  of  the  year  Simon  de  Lara,  priest 
of  Cancuc,  was  informed  of  the  miraculous  inteipo- 
sition,  which  was  on  the  wrong  side  of  his  ortho- 
doxy, a  miracle  of  Satan's;  and  that  the  natives  hud 
erected  a  chapel  near  tliat  town  in  consequence  of  tlie 
event.  He  innnediately  convened  tlie  inliabitants, 
who  promptly  assembled,  bringing  with  tliem  the 
Indian  girl  to  whom  the  ilivine  revelation  had  been 
made.  Standing  in  their  midst  she  calmly  told  how 
the  virgin  had  appeared  to  her,  and  commanded  that 
a  cliapei  to  her  glorilication  sliould  l)e  built  on  the 
spot  where  she  had  made  her  presence  visible.  Had 
'^Iiis  divine  disjilay  been  free  from  the  taint  of  abo- 
liginal  faith,  much  caj)ital  might  have  been  made  of 
it  by  the  fathers.  Padre  Lara  addressed  the  Indians 
on  tlu)  matter  and  wished  to  destroy-  the  cha])el,  but 
the  Tzendales  induced  him  to  allow  it  to  remain,  that 
it  might  serve  as  a  |)lace  in  which  to  nuike  bricks. 
In  spite  of  the  bishoji's  ])rohibiti()n,  religious  rites 
continued  to  be  celebrated  there,  and  owing  to  the 
inertness  of  the  authorities  at  Ciudad  Eeal  the  hy<ha, 
of  rebellion  grew  apace.  The  neighboring  towns  en- 
tered into  a  compact  with  the  peo[)le  of  Cancuc,  and 
the  league  s  )read  far  and  wide  in  the  iieiuhbt)ring 
districts. 

Thus  passed  the  montli  of  July.  In  the  beginning 
of  August  the  Caiicucs  sent  messengers  to  all  the 
Tzendales,  in  the  name  of  the  virgin,  and  with  letters 

"  Garcia,  Sublcvcu:  Zend.,  47-8. 


698 


GUATEMALA  AXD  CHIAPAS. 


signed  in  licr  name,  cominandin!:?  them  to  brincr  to 
licr  chapel  at  Caucuc  all  the  silver  and  ornaments  of 
the  chuiches,  and  ;dl  the  money  and  books,  for  there 
was  now  neither  God  nor  king  of  the  Spaniards. 
On  receiving  this  summons  the  leaders  of  the  rebellion 
in  eaeli  town  artfully  evoked  the  fanaticism  of  the 
low  orders  by  calling  upon  them  to  hasten  to  the 
assistance  of  the  virgin,  who  they  asserted  was  going 
to  be  i>ut  to  death.*  A  multitude  was  gathered,  and 
on  tlie  lOtli  a  great  feast  w^as  celebrated  at  the  chajiel 
of  Caucuc,  whei'e  a  council  of  war  was  held  in  order 
to  complete  their  [)lans  for  the  extermination  of  the 
Spaniards.  The  towns  of  Teuango  and  Chilun  were 
soon  afterward  attacked  by  a  bod3'  of  Tzeudales,  two 
thousand  strong,  who  were  called  the  "soldiers  of  the 
virgin."  Tenango  fell  an  easy  prey;  the  fiscal  Ni- 
colas Perez  was  Hogged  till  he  died,  and  many  otliers 
were  put  to  deatli  with  every  ingenuity  of  torture.^  At 
Chilun  tlie  feeble  mirrison  defended  itself  for  some 
time;  but  when  their  ammunition  was  exhausted  and 
they  had  no  hope  of  escape  or  further  defence,  they 
gave  up  their  arms  under  assurances  that  their  lives 
would  he  spared.  ^lost  of  them  were  immediately 
clubbed  or  stoned  to  death,  and  the  remainder  died 
under  the  scourge. 

In  obedience  to  the  commands  of  their  prophetess 
the  T/endales  then  proceeded  against  Ococingo,  but 
the  Si)auiards  retreated  in  time  to  Comitan.  Aware 
that  neither  woman  nor  child  had  been  harmed  at 
Chilun,  they  unfortunately  left  their  families  behind. 

*  'Qiiu  fucrou  ill  pnelilo  ile  Caucuc  A  remover  d  l:i  Virgcn  Sma  en  la  criiz 
cu  que  liiibi;!,  imierto  su  liijo  Jes\is  ponjiie  ya  los  Iiulios  Kalian  doCiiulad  Ileal 
i'l  niat.'irla,  y  <nie  fuesen  a  (lefenderla,  y  que  snpiesen  (jiie  ya  no  lial)ia  trihnto 
in  ley,  ni  Padres  ni  Obispo  quo  ulla  los  toniara  ;i  eargo  para  tlefenderlos,'  J  J., 

*  At  Cancuo  they  had  erected  34  whipping-posts,  and  the  Spaniards  vi-o 
given  50  blows  at  each  post,  provided  they  Iield  out  t<o  long  airainst  dealli. 
Some  of  the  eaplivs  with  their  hands  tied  beliind  them  weri^  su^;iendi'(l  v  iili 
tile  neek  in  the  fork  of  a  ^^ liipping-post  and  scourged  to  death,  (/iliers  a;_'ain 
were  simply  hanged.  Sneli  as  liad  been  friendly  to  Spaniards  wiie  siispeiKhd 
over  a  slow  lire  until  their  fei't  were  I'oasted.  The  liseal  of  Oxeluie  and 
fiiars  dortre  and  Marcos,  together  with  other  Spaniards,  were  thrown  by  Uic 
Indians  into  pits  and  stoued  to  death.  Id.,  Uj-7. 


GROWTH  OF  THE  NEW  FAITH. 


When  the  Tzcndalcs  entered  the  town  they  were 
deceived  by  the  women  as  to  the  direction  their  hus- 
bands had  taken.  On  discovering  the  deceit  tlio 
Indians  were  enrasfcd,  and  returninij  to  Ococin^^o  they 
tore  the  chikhen  from  the  mother's  arms  and  mur- 
dered them  before  their  eves;  then  after  beatin<jf  the 
women  tliey  sent  them  to  Cancuc. 

A  hiu'h  festival  was  hekl  to  celebrate  their  success, 
and  over  it  presided  their  prophetess,  whose  word  was 
law.  In  the  chapel  at  Cancuc  she  issued  her  man- 
dates. Before  the  spurious  altar  of  the  virgin  hung 
a  screen  of  Indian  matting,  behind  which  the  priestess 
would  retire;  thence  issuing  forth  she  pronounced  the 
commands  of  holy  Mary. 

The  inventor  of  this  imposture  was  a  Tzendale,  wlio 
henceforth  assumed  the  name  of  Sebastian  Gomez  do 
la  Gloria.  He  assented  that  Saint  Peter  had  taken 
him  up  to  heaven  and  appointed  him  his  vicar  on 
earth,  with  power  to  elect  bishops  and  priests.  And 
he  went  on  to  the  full  completion  of  his  holy  mission. 
All  tlie  ilscals  of  the  towns  were  summoned  to  Cancuc 
and  the  elect  ordained.  The  only  qualifications  re- 
quired were  ability  to  read,  and  to  perf  )rm  the  feat 
of  kneeling  for  twenty-four  consecutive  hours,  candle 
in  hand,  reciting  the  rosary;  after  which  La  Gloria 
sprinkled  tlie  [»riest-elect  with  holy  water,  and  tlio 
ordination  ended. 

The  liybrid  faith  spread  apace.  Sebastian  cele- 
brated mass;  and  on  the  first  performance  a  great 
feast  was  held,  bull-li<jhts  and  games  l)eing  celclnated 
in  honor  of  the  event,  Avhilp  the  church  was  converted 
into  a  dancing-hall.  The  priestess  also  cekbiated 
mass,  and  daily  preache<l  to  the  natives,  dressed  in 
sacerdijtal  robes;  in  the  surrounding  towns,  too,  the 
newly  consecrated  priests  zealously  plied  their  i-aHing 
by  discoursing  from  the  pulpit  and  administering  the 
sacrantents. 

But  ei*e  long  murmurings  began  to  prevail.  The> 
natives  had  been  led  to  believe  that  the  viri>in  had 


r 


-00 


GUATEMALA  AND  CHIAPAS. 


oracularly  announced  that  there  should  be  no  more 
tribute  and  no  more  priests. 

By  dint  of  flogging  the  new  hierarchy  maintained 
order  for  a  time,  but  as  the  discontent  increased 
Nicokls  Vasquez,  styling  himself  captain-general,  in 
the  name  of  Gomez  de  la  Gloria,  envoy  of  Saint  Peter, 
fiihninated  a  proclamation  against  the  malccontents." 

The  next  action  of  the  Cancuc  ecclesiastics  was  the 
appointment  of  a  bishop,  and  the  individual  selected 
Vi  as  oftercd  the  pleasant  alternative  of  accepting  the 
l)ishopric  or  being  hanged.  The  test  of  his  ability  to 
fill  the  office  is  curious.  For  three  days  and  nisfhts 
ho  was  kept  fasting  in  the  chapel  at  Cancuc  under 
threat  of  instant  death  at  the  first  display  of  weak- 
ness. Having  })assod  this  ordeal  he  was  consecrated 
])y  Gomez  de  la  Gloria  with  ap[)ropriate  soleuuiity  and 
munmiery,^ 

A  government  was  also  formed,  the  head  of  wliich 
vras  Dona  ]Maria  Angel  the  })riestess.  Slie  was  as- 
sisted by  twelve  of  the  princi[)al  Tzendales,  styled 
niajordomos.^  Sessions  were  held  iri  the  chapel  whore 
contributions  were  received  witli  which  to  doi'ray  the 
cpenses  of  government,  and  to  propitiate  the  virgin. 
Tliithor  also  were  conveyed  the  gold  and  silver  taken 
irom  the  ditferent  churches." 


"The  procUiiDiition  said:  Ooil  was  angry  witli  tlic  world  ))ccansc  lie  was 
lint  vcnoriited  ami  feared  as  ho  dULrlit  to  l,o,  oil  iiistonis  boiii;.;  almiidoncd  and 
luw  ones  introduced.  A3  niurniius  had  liecii  hoard  hocause  trihuto,  tlicordur 
of  Slu  Doniinj^o,  the  kinu,  and  the  doniiuiou  of  tlio  Jews  ha<l  not  ln'cii  dono 
i.way  with,  Saa  IVdro  had  ordered  priests  to  be  ordained  for  all  the  jmehloa 
M  ho  should  lie  resjionsihlo  to  trod  for  their  parishes.  ]{utfortlie  ma.s.ses  eele- 
l,:ated  by  these  priests  the  world  would  come  to  an  end,  and  througii  them 
e:dy  would  (Jod's  anger  bo  removed.  Children  must  bo  sent  to  theeliuii..! 
to  be  instructed  in  (jod'a  law.  The  vicar-general  would  presently  visit  each 
li.u'blo  in  order  to  see  if  this  order  were  obeyed.  lie  v.  ho  refused  obedience 
s'lonld  bo  brought  to  ("aneuo  and  given  '200  blows,  after  which  he  should  bo 
hanged.  Clairia,  Sub.  Zend.,  74-5. 

'  Secular  distinctions  were  also  conferred.  Titles  of  'Don'  were  given,  the 
jiatents  being  signed  by  the  priestess  thus:  'Doiia  Maria  Angel,  I'rocuradora 
de  la  Virgen  Santisima.'  Iil.,  77. 

*•  At  a  later  date  the  rebel  Tzendales  considered  that  it  was  necessary  to 
f  irm  their  government  on  the  plan  of  that  of  tlu!  Spaniards.  Tiiey  deter- 
mined to  found  nn  audieiieia  with  president  and  oidores  at  a  place  called 
liueiteupiin,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of  tluateniala.  /'/. ,  8'2-.'t. 

"  The  Tzendales  burieil  the  silver  belonging  to  the  churches,  and  it  has  never 
been  found.  Pineda,  m  Hoc,  2Itx,  Geuj.,  Vol.,  iii.  3j0. 


COMPETITIOX  IX  MIRACLES. 


"CI 


The  new  rt'u,'lnic  did  not  lonrj  mvo  satisfactioti. 
Discontent  soon  sliowed  itself  among  the  multitudr, 
and  dissension  amonrj  the  members  of  the  govern- 
ment.  The  Tzendal  angel  took  offence  at  one  of  licr 
cliief  supporters,  and  caused  liim  to  be  flayed  alive; 
other  offending  officials  were  publicly  scourged,  and 
an  Indian  named  Juan  Loi)ez  was  hanged  for  ha\  i;);; 
in  the  division  of  jilunder  taken  at  the  sacking  of  a 
town  appropriated  the  virgin's  share.  Disputes  arose, 
and  it  was  only  bv  dividins:  amon<j:  the  confederate  I 
towns  the  money  in  the  chapel  treasury  that  ll:e 
inhabitants  of  Cancuc  avoided  war  with  their  neigh- 
bors. 

At  this  juncture  an  opposition  miracle  was  ni;- 
nounced  at  Yajalon  by  Magdalona  Diaz,  an  aunt  of 
]3ona  jNIaria  An'jfcl.  ]Ma[;dalena  considered  that  she 
had  not  received  the  attention  to  which  she  was  en^  i  • 
tied,  and  denouncing  the  Cancuc  miracle  as  false  ])}•)- 
claimed  herself  a  divinely  ins[)ired  agent  of  hea\(ii. 
This  apostasy  and  counterfeit  imitation  of  the  original 
miracle  was  too  ci'iminal  to  go  un[)unished.  Tliu 
Cancuc  priestess  therefore  sent  a  strorig  force  of  tlu; 
soldiers  of  the  virgin  to  Yajalon  to  bring  the  false 
2")r()phetess  to  her.  Willi  some  bloodshed  this  \:tv^ 
accomplished.  J\ragdaleiKi  Diaz  was  hanged,  and  witli 
her  an  Indian  of  Tila  who  proclaiuied  that  he  w;;.j 
Christ.     So  perish  all  who  op.pose  the  true  faith! 

Meanwhile  the  Spaniards  were  making  preparations 
to  suppress  the  rebellion.  When  it  first  broke  or.t 
there  were  not  more  than  thirteen  hundred  arme  I 
men  in  the  province,  and  these  were  scattered  in  tlu; 
different  garrisons.  It  chanced  at  this  time  that  ther') 
was  no  one  at  the  head  of  the  L'overnnKjnt  as  chief 
executive,  and  the  alcalde's  ordinaries  of  Ciudad  I'c;  1 
did  not  consider  that  they  h*^  ^  the  power  to  act  in 
such  an  emergeticy.  One  of  them,  however,  de- 
spatched a  message  to  Pedro  Gutierrez,  the  command- 
ing officer  in  Tabasco,  informing  him  of  the  state  of 
affairs  and  solicitinu'  aid.     Gutierrez  at  once  hastened 


702 


GUATEMALA  AND  CHIAPAS. 


'i 
I 


to  Ciiulad  Real,  and  having  presently  received  from 
the  president  and  audiencia  of  Guatemala  his  appoint- 
ment as  lieutenant-general  and  ehief-justico  of  Chiapas, 
cahed  the  panic-stricken  inhabitants  to  arms. 

While  Gutierrez  was  on  his  way  to  Ciudad  Real 
the  alcalde  Fernando  del  ISIonjc  had  marched  with 
one  hundred  and  fifty  raw  recruits  to  Iluistlan — the 
nearest  town  in  the  direction  of  the  revolted  districts. 
Here  he  had  fortified  himself,  but  was  besieged  by  the 
Tzendales  in  great  force,^"  under  the  leadership  of 
Nicolas  Vazquez,"  who  made  several  fierce  assaults 
upon  the  place  but  was  repulsed  with  severe  loss. 

Gu4[:ierrez  hastened  to  the  relief  of  Iluistlan  with 
one  hundred  and  forty  Chiapanecs  and  two  hundred 
men  of  Ciudad  Ileal.  Forcing  his  way  tlirough  the 
Tzendales  he  united  his  troops  with  the  besieged  Span- 
iards, and  a  sortie  being  made  the  besieo-ers  were 
thrown  into  confusion  and  many  slain.  The  Tzendales 
abandoned  the  siege,^'  and  Gutierrez  at  once  prepared 
to  j)ursue  them,  but  the  timidity  of  the  people  of 
Ciudad  Ileal  fettered  his  movements.  News  had 
reached  the  cai)ital  that  Sinacantlan  had  revolted  and 
that  an  immediate  attack  upon  Ciudad  Ileal  was  de- 
termined upon  by  tlie  Tzendales.  This  intelligence 
struck  teiTor  into  the  pusillanimous  inhabitants  and 
Gutierrez  was  implored  to  return. 

^lean while  the  parish  priest  of  Sinacantlan,  Padre 
Jose  ]\Ionroy,  who  was  at  Ciudad  Real  when  these 
events  occurred,  went  to  his  disaffected  floclv  and  urged 
Iheir  return  to  allegiance.  The  news  of  the  disas- 
ter before  Iluistlan  had  so  discouraixed  the  Sinacan- 


•"  '  Tlie  Tzendales,  15,003  strong,  encamped  at  Iluistlan  with  the  further 
intention  of  niarcliing  on  Ciudad  IJeal.'  l'hi<(/ii,hiSi>r.  Mcx.  (''coij.,  JJoL, in. 'Al'.). 
This  estimate  proliably  includes  the  other  force  which  was  to  have  started 
simultaneously  ai:ainst  Ciudad  Ileal,  as  mentioned  later. 

"They  1  ad  about  .SO  cscopetas  taken  at  Chdun.  Their  other  weapons 
were  long  spears,  the  heads  of  which  were  made  of  tools  taken  at  Ococingo, 
and  other  arms  of  ancient  usage.  Each  Tzcndale,  moreover,  carried  a  basket 
of  stones.   Garcia,  Snhltvuv.  Zend.,  M.S.,  8r)-(5. 

'^Tiie  Spaniards  lost  nine  killed  and  about  the  same  number  womided. 
/(/..  01-3. 


ASSAULT  OX  occnuc. 


703 


tlans  that  tlic  paclrc  had  Httlo  difficulty  in  cfTccting 
his  object.'^ 

Thus  matters  remained  for  some  weeks,  Gutierrez 
being  unable  to  organize  any  expedition  against  the 
insm^iifents,  throu^fh  want  of  means  and  the  lack  of 
spirit  in  the  people  he  had  come  to  support.  The 
magnitude  of  the  revolt  was  now  realized  by  Presi- 
dent Cosio,  and  in  October  he  appointed  Nieohis  do 
Segovia,  an  officer  experienced  in  Indian  warfare,  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  operations  against  the  Tzen- 
dales,  and  despatched  him  with  troops  to  Ciudatl 
Ileal,  This  able  officer  was  soon  prepared  f)r  an 
active  campaign,  and  about  the  20th  of  the  month 
took  the  iield  at  the  head  of  four  hundre(l  Span- 
iards, fifty-four  negroes,  and  one  hundred  and  iifty 
Chia])anec  warriors,  accompanied  by  a  nunil)er  of 
Dt)niinicans,  whose  order  had  rendered  great  assist- 
ance in  sui)i)lving  men,  horses,  and  monev.  Se^covia 
marched  to  Occhuc,  v.hile  Gutierrez  in  command  of 
a  strong  force'*  proceeded  to  San  Pedro  Chimalco. 

A  series  of  engagements  followed.  Segovia,  who 
had  divided  his  forces  by  sendin-j^  two  detachments  of 
one  hundred  men  each  to  occupy  towns  in  the  vicinity 
of  Cancuc,  was  besciged  in  Occhuc  by  six  thousand 
of  the  enemy;  but  every  assault  upon  his  jioslllou 
was  repulsed  v/ith  heavy  loss  to  the  I'zenckdcs.  who 


•y 


at  last  took  to  flight  and  were  pursued  with  great 
slaughter.  This  was  on  the  22d  of  October;  and 
sliorlly  afterward  a  reiinforccment  of  these  men  ar- 
rh'cd  under  command  of  the  maestro  de  campo,  Juan 
de  Lozada.'"  On  the  2Gth  the  Tzendales,  liopliig  t) 
effect  a  surprise,'"  aixain  assaulted  Occhuc,  but  were 


■■' Four  of  the  Sinacantlan  ringleaders -were  afterward  haii;:e;l  l)v(iiit:e 
\y7..  I' I.,  (XVC. 


'^  When  his  force  rcnclicd  San  Pedro  Clii 


it  consisted  of  -I'T)  ir 


jf  \vl 


loin  were  an 


lllcl) 


d  tlio  rest  <  liiapaiico  and  ]\li 


h 


lancers,  residents  of  (iuatemala  Citv.  /(/.,  100-3. 


tro 


Tliesc  foi'ccs  were  tent  liy  Gutierrez,  ulio,  after  a  sirinll  body  of  his 
IS  had  l)ceii  i\  ,r'.lsod  liy  tlio  oueniy,  liad  called  a  council  <if  war,  at  wliicli 


ips 


it  Mas  decided  to  return  to  C.ndad  Ileal  and  send  aid  to  S 

'"The  Dominican  prior  of  'l'e(;pathin,  Fray  Fran''"  .Montoya,  h;n  jicncl  to  lie 
at  Ciudad  ReaJ  during  Segovia's  preparations  for  tl\e  campaign,    lie  had  never 


W:. 


704 


GUATEMALA  AND  CHIAPAS. 


beaten  off  with  licavy  loss.  They  then  sought  for  a 
parley,  and  endeavored  to  induce  the  Spaniards  to 
surrender  their  arms  by  the  same  specious  promises 
that  had  been  so  fatally  alluring  at  Chilun.  But  the 
two  positions  were  not  similar,  and  it  was  only  through 
the  efforts  of  the  fathers  that  the  indignant  Seerovia 
was  restrained  from  firing  upon  the  treacherous  truce- 
seekers.  The  Tzendales  were  summoned  to  return  to 
their  allegiance,  and  one  hour's  cessation  of  hostilities 
was  granted.  The  time  of  the  armistice  was  occupied 
in  bmying  their  dead.  They  then  retreated  in  the 
direction  of  Cancuc. 

President  Cosio,  deeming  it  necessary  to  march 
against  the  rebels  in  person,  on  the  10th  of  November 
left  Ciudad  Ileal,"  in  company  with  the  auditor-general, 
])ieii'o  de  Oviedo,  in  charije  of  a  stron<if  detachment 
destined  for  Occhuc.  Though  formidable  intrench- 
mcnts  had  been  thrown  up  by  the  enemy  on  the  line 
of  march,  the  Spaniards  by  a  skilful  movement  com- 
pelled the  Tzendales  to  abandon  them,  and  a  juncture 
was  effected  with  Segovia.  The  combined  forces  then 
advanced  against  Cancuc  and  encamj)ed  in  front  of 
the  town.  The  enemy  was  strongly  intrenched  and 
several  assaults  directed  against  the  fortifications  were 
re}>ulso(l  by  the  Tzendales,  the  officers  being  ill  sup- 
ported by  their  men.  In  one  of  these  Segovia  was 
wounded;  many  of  the  soldiers  were  also  peverely 
injured  by  the  stones  hurled  against  them  with  re- 
markal>le  skill  and  foi-ce.^^  Success  eventually  crowned 
the  Spanish  arms,  and  Cancuc  fell  into  their  hands. 

Owing  to  the  hiatus  in  Garcia's  manuscript,  it  is 
impossible  to  say  what  were  the  military  movements 

BL'on  artillery  other  than  that  which  was  on  the  ship  that  brought  him  from 
Spain,  hut  he  olFcrcil  to  construct  eitlur  a  mortar  or  a  camion.  lie  mr.ilc  a 
mortar  which  was  of  miicli  service,  c!:iclly  because  of  the  hoiTor  it  caused 
amony  tlic  Indians,  who  called  it  the  mwlre  de  tscopetai^.  Id.,  99. 

"The  president,  who  with  the  auditor  de  guerra,  Diego  de  Oviedo,  had 
arrived  at  Ciudad  lieal,  sent  to  thank  Segovia  and  his  force  at  Occhuc  and 
the  Dominican  padres  with  him  for  their  success  there.  He  also  requested 
that  Segovia  ami  the  padres  would  come  to  Ciudad  Real  as  he  wished  to  con- 
sult tliom. 

^TLio  portion  of  Garcia'a  manuscript  hero  ends  abruptly. 


END  OF  THE  TZENDAL  REBELLIOX. 


705 


on  both  sides  during  tlic  remainder  of  tlie  year;  l)ut 
it  is  certain  that  the  rebelhon  spread^idfly,  and  that 
even  the  native  pojadation  of  Ciudad  Koal  rose  in 
revolt.  With  the  exception  of  Cliamolla,  in  fact,  the 
whole  province  appears  to  have  risen  in  arms.'" 

At  the  beginning  of  1713  the  Spanish  army  was 
stationed  at  Chamolla,  and  the  insurgents  after  a  series 
of  defeats  had  become  dis[)irited.  Sebastian  (Jomez 
do  la  Gloria  had  fled;  dissension  was  rife  in  tlu;  ranks 
of  the  Indians;  and  the  end  of  the  struggle  was  (haw- 
ing near.  Marching  from  Chamolla  at  niHit,  the 
president  with  his  forces  advanced  against  Ciudad 
Real.  His  approach  was  conducted  with  the  gr(\'itest 
precaution  and  in  silence,  for  strong  fortifications  had 
been  erected  by  tlie  enemy  about  three  quarters  <>f  a 
league  irom  the  capital.  These  he  jvissed  unnoticed, 
and  about  an  hour  after  midni<dit  ( 'iudad  Ileal  way 
surrounded.  The  alcalde,  who  resided  in  the  outskirts 
of  the  city,  was  surprised  and  seized,  and  forthwith 
despatched  to  warn  the  })eople  to  make  no  attempt  at 
resistance.  Bugles  were  sounded  on  all  sides  to 
intimate  to  the  inhabitants  how  closely  the  city  was 
invested,  and  the  army  moved  silently  on  to  San 
Pablo,  where  the  Guatin])an  female  leader  was  caj)- 
tured.  Henceforth  tlie  Spaniards  were  evi'rywheie 
trium[)hant;  the  Indians  returned  to  tlieir  allegiance; 
and  aljout  the  month  of  ^larch  the;  Tzendal  ri'lkHiou 
was  at  an  end.  All  attempts  to  ca])ture  Gomez  do  li 
Gloria  and  Dofia  !Maria  Angel  proved  unsuccessful; 
thev  escaped  into  the  woods  and  nothiu''"  more  is 
known  >  )f  them.-' 


'*  During  the  Tzcndalcs'  revolt  the  town  of  Chninr)]l,a  wns  the  most  loynl 
of  all  in  the  jirovinco,  altliongh  it  luul  huLii  tlie  most  iiijurcil  l-y  tlii'  city.  At 
first  some  of  tlie  Cliainolltcus  liml  heen  intlineil  to  li^c,  Imt  tliis  |iaitial  ih  fic- 
tion soon  (lied  out,  anil  the  jieopli  gave  many  jiroofs  of  hivaity.  /■/.,  111. 
During  this  period  a  female  leader  had  arisen  at  tiualiiipaii  and  ;;reatly  aidid 
the  priestess  of  Cancnc  in  infusing  religious  fanatiuisni  into  the  insurgents. 
/(/.,  10!>. 

-'"The  work  from  which  I  have  chiefly  gathered  material  for  this  sketch, 

quoted  as  'llnrcid,  Siih/cvucivii  dc  Ion  Zcin/dlf",'  has  fur  its  full  title  Infunna 

s;hn'  In  Suli/ivncioii  ile  /".i  /iimlalrs,  (scrlto  jiaril  I'udic  IT.  i'cifru  Mur^i/iiio 

Garcia  dr  hi  onh  n  (/c  J'n  ilirailorc^,  Pixdor,  Cienend,  Calijicadur  dtl  HuiUo- 

UisT.  CENT.  Am.,  Vol..  II.    45 


706 


GUATEMALA  AND  CIIlArAS. 


The  cfTort  of  the  Tzoiulal  ivboHIon  was  disastrous 
in  tlu!  extreme;  and  later  in  tiie  eeiiturv  other  causes 
teujled  to  liasten  the  deelinc  of  the  8i)anish  settle- 
ments in  Chiapas.  In  Auj^'ust  1785  Ciudad  IJeal 
with  tlie  surrounding  country  was  flooded;  nund)ej's 
j)eris]ied;  houses  were  swe})ta\vay;  the  chureJies  and 
convents  were  injured,  and  the  ^Towinuf  cro[»s  de- 
stroyed. Tlie  re[)ort  of  Intendente  Sayas  in  1800 
ri'i»resents  a  lamentable  condition  of  ail'airs.  Koads 
were  almost  im[)assal)le,  bridges  dilapidated,  and 
churches  failinn'  in  ruins;  the  country  towns  i)ossessed 
iio  de:'ent  nuinicipal  buildings,  and  even  the  jails  were 
^o  dila|iidated  that  prisoners  could  not  be  securely 
confi'ied.  Sayas  in  fact  describes  the  province  as  in  a 
state  of  decay.-^ 


l]v  a  royal  cedula  of  November  G,  1714,  the  term 
of  C'osi'o's  presidency  was  extended  for  a  period  of 
two  vears  in  acknowledufinen;  of  his  able  manaiiement 
during  the  Tzend;d  insurrection,  lie  then  nicditati.'d 
an  expedition  against  the  ]\Ios(juito  Indians,  liul  while 
eiigagt'd  in  })rc'[);u'ations  for  the  campaign  was  pro- 
moted to  the  })resideney  of  the  Philip[)ine  Islands,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Francisco  liodrinuez  de  ]iiv;is  in 
17  IG.     This  president  ct)ntinued  in  otiice  until  17-4. 

Ofino  y  Vii'iii-'io  /'rarhiriti/.  di-  Smi  Virrntp  ih  C'hinpri,  iliri;)l</'t  al  Ilmo.  Scnor 
()i'ii.-/,o  drxld.  (nort's:.-<  i/jh-lm  in  ,7  r/'  Jiniio  ilr  1",  IG,  .MS.,  I  \t)\.  in  iiiii)fri:il  .Svo, 
I'p.  I.")4.  It  (Miiiliuiis  !i  (M>[iy  (if  U'stiiiKiiiy  t:\k.uii  lij-  I'l*.  I'rs  MaAoliiui,  (Jarciii, 
1111(1  |)iL"u'i>  (!(.;  ('uoiiL';!,  Iiy  (liicclinn  of  the  liislioj),  ccjiiceriiiii;^  llic  duiitli  of  the 
scvcriil  i  l.iniinicnii  fiiiiis  at  the  liaii(l;i(jf  ilii;  ri:V(jlt(.'il 'J'zenikilts;  X.W  <k'iai!s  of 
i\w>\'.'  iiuivdcrs  arc  !_'i\('ii.  I'lit;  iiiaiHisL-ript  also  coiitaiiisi  c(Ji)ic's  of  letters  and 
jc)uriial:<  (^f  I'adro  (iai'cfa  wiittL'n  at  the  tinio,  wliicli  contain  a  veiy  full  account 
[)f  tiio  oriLjin  of  tlio  T/.cndal  ivljcllion,  tlit;  singular  religious  Hchisni  wliicli 
tlicy  sought  to  cstalilisli,  and  tlio  vari(,u.s  pnjcccdings,  civil,  military,  jind 
ecclesiastical,  wliicli  led  to  the  iiiial  suppression  of  the  rebellion.  Tiie  con- 
tinuity of  tli(;  events  lelated  is  not  easily  followed,  since  the  manuscript  was 
carelessly  arranged  for  hinding.  In  places,  moreover,  it  is  wanting,  and  is 
Biiiiiewhat  worm-eaten.  It  is  therefore  diliicult  at  all  times  to  decipher  the 
facts,  which  aie  moreover  hidden  in  the  verbosity  connnun  to  an  ecclesiastical 
wria'r  of  that  time. 

'■"  Cht'i/ins,  Jii/ormc  <l< !  fiifcinhnfr,  in  Sor.  Mc.r.  Geo;/.,  DoL,  %\  ('•p.,  ii.  32(3  7. 
In  ISOD  the  oUico  of  alcalde  mayor  at  Ciudad  J'cal  was  sold  for  4,(j>)7  i)esos, 
those  of  eight  rcgidores  for  4()l)  pesos  eiieh.  The  p(wition  of  notary  public 
and  secretary  of  the  eabildo  sold  for  G'JT  pesos  and  at  a  later  date  for  1,110 
pesos.  Pineda,  JJescrip.  O'coj.,  45. 


A  SEVERE  EARTHQUAKE. 


w 


Duiinpi'  liis  form  orcurrod  a  dostruetivo  cartliqnako. 
There  were  also  viwlciit  eruptions  iu  1702,  irof),  iuid 
1710  wlildi  occ;isi()iu'(l  luucli  alarm  and  considtraMo 
dania,'.>'o  to  ln'ildln^s,  and  in  1717  the  city  of  Santiaijo 
AViis  almost  totally  destroyed  l>y  shocks  which  con- 
tinned  lor  many  <lays.  l*artieulars  of  some  of  the 
events  of  this  year  are  [)reserved  in  the  official  rej)ort 
of  the  licentiate  Toniils  Ignacio  de  Arana,  oidor  of 
the  audiencia,  and  an  eye-witness  of  many  of  the 
sc(;nes  descril)ed.  From  August  18th  to  September 
L'7th,  the  Volcau  de  Fuego  vomited  (iro  and  ashes, 
while  intermittent  shocks  of  earthquake  kept  the  peo- 
ple in  constant  alarm.  (3u  the  night  of  the  last  named 
date  a  shock  more  violent  than  any  that  had  ever 
shaken  the  city  occurred,  and  not  a  building  of  an}' 
importance  was  left  uninjured,  A  scene  of  terrible 
coiii'usion  ensued.  ^Fen,  women,  and  children  rushed 
from  the  doors,  or  threw  thenii-clves  from  windows  into 
the  street  in  the  wildest  consternation.  Even  the  ties 
of  relationship  wore  forgotten  in  the  awful  belief  that 
divine  judgment  was  at  hand.  The  lamentations  con- 
tinued, as  the  j)Oople,  carrying  crucifixes  and  images  of 
the  virgin,  throng(;d  the  churches  and  public  squares. 
The  bishop,  holding  aloft  the  host,  solenmly  exorcised 
the  evd  spirits  of  the  human  race. 

The  foUowing  dav  was  the  feast  of  San  Agustin, 
and  both  civil  and  ecclesiastical  authorities  exhorted 
the  people  to  prayer  and  confession;  but  while  thus 
engaged,  about  sunset  an  eru[)tion  took  place,  and 
I'rom  the  sides  of  the  mountains  s[)rung  rivulets  of 
fne.  Again  the  ])eople  resorted  to  the  sanctuaries, 
and  an  image  of  the  Christ  was  borne  in  a  proces- 
sion to  the  church  of  Xuestra  Seuora  de  las  Mercedes, 
Vvhich  was  thronged  with  an  awe-stricken  crowd, 
anxious  to  be  near  the  sacred  shrine.  The  bishop  in 
sacerdotal  robes  implored  the  divine  mercy,  and  when 
the  llamcs  died  out  there  was  the  usual  miracle  attrib- 
uti'd  to  the  bishop  and  the  sacred  image. 

Next  day,  before  sunrise,  subterranean  noises  and 


I 


708 


GUATEMALA  AND  CHIAPAS. 


fresh  flames,  vomited  from  the  mountain's  crater, 
again  struck  terror  to  the  inhabitants;-^  and  on  the 
30th  a  tremendous  convulsion  sliook  the  earth,-'*  t!io 
sky  being  hidden  by  a  dense  black,  cloutl,  which  hung 
over  the  city  like  a  funeral  pall.  The  instinct  of  pres- 
ervat'on  prompted  flight,  and  the  roads  were  covered 
with  fuu'itivcs,  even  modest  nuns  miimling  with  the 
frightened  throng  and  hurrying  away  on  foot  from  the 
crumbling  city.'* 

The  loss  of  life  had  been  great;  and  when  the  con- 
vulsions had  ceased  the  apppearance  which  Santiago 
presented  was  that  of  a  city  crushed  by  the  hand  of 
onmij/otence.  The  cathedral  was  in  ruins,  and  the 
churches  and  convents  more  or  less  shattered.  The 
wrecks  of  deuKflished  houses  were  seen  in  every  direc- 
tion, and  the  few  persons  who  remained  were  painfully 
impressed  by  the  silence  which  had  now  succeeded  t  j 
the  busy  hum  of  a  populous  community.  Through- 
out all  these  distressing  circumstances  the  president 
and  the  bishop  displaj'cd  unflinching  courage,  and 
strove  to  alleviate  distress  and  assuage  alarm.'^' 

jNIany  meetings  of  the  audiencia  were  held  to 
discuss  the  question  of  again  locating  the  city.  ]t 
was  finally  left  to  the  decision  of  the  king;  but  when 


"- '  Xo  so  (lcscul)riri  otr.a  cosa  quo  pcsailiis  Crnzcs,  ngiulas  cspinas,  nbroxos, 
cruck's  iiiil)eiix.i()iK'3  do  iliziiilinns,  airastiado.s  por  )iis  sutlus  Iua  IJouiLiv.s, 
lagriiiia.s,  y  liuniilidail.'  AraiKt,  Jkhiclun  L'fi'nii/nn  d'niit,,  'M',]. 

'•'^Tiio  iiiirsiuna  uiro  now  clositd  witli  a  'pi'Ds.'siiui  do  sansrc'  Most  of 
tliu  sliduks  lastnl  for  Ihu  s)  .ico  of  an  Avo  Maiia.  Aniiid,  J\'l.  L'.s/ 1 ci'/O'i  iliuii., 
I!S()-()S.  Till)  volcano  tliiew  up  htonos,  anlics,  and  other  matter.  Lcttoij 
could  he  read  distinctly  in  the  dead  of  th(!  niglit,  altiuniLdi  the  volcano  was  at 
least  two  leagues  distant  fioni  the  city.   Alcjri',  lll^t.  (.'uiiip.  Jcsnn,  iii.  \~[). 

'-''()i;t  of  the  4O,U0l)  iuhaliitant.s  who  resided  in  the  city  heforc  these  eaitli- 
ijuakes,  Kcareuly  l,r»()()  could  he  counted  when  they  hud  ceased.  On  the  pla;:;i, 
mayor  on  tlio  Hth  of  Oct.  were  the  president  and  five  or  six  families.  On  t'se 
plazuela  de  San  IVdro  were  Diego  do  Oviedoand  Toni:'is  de  Arana,  the  oidore.i, 
tiie  nuns  of  Santa  Chira,  and  two  other  families.  In  tliu  Jesriit  .snuaro  lo- 
nuiined  the  memhera  of  th;  order  and  yome  otiier  persons.  Under  the  ponli 
of  Santo  Domingo  were  souie  nn)ulv'i  and  a  few  seculars.  In  tlio  potrei'o  of 
the  apostolic  missionaries  were  .six  religious  and  a  few  others.  There  were  a 
few  more  at  .locotcnango.  Arana,  Rcbiavn  JJ.-<>ni<ion  (iiii'f.,  JkSO-DS. 

'-'The  bishop,  on  one  occasion  of  luuisual  alarm,  being  sick  in  bed,  waa 
brought  to  the  centre  of  ^  le  jilaza  mayor  by  the  hands  of  the  president  liiiu- 
se'f,  who  renuiineil  .steadfastly  in  the  city,  and,  with  others,  rendered  what- 
ever assiaLunce  \va  j  in  his  power.  /(/.,  o'jii. 


RIGHT  OP  SANCTUARY. 


709 


,n  license  for  tlio  removal  at  length  arrived,  the  in- 
habitants had  recovered  IVoni  their  panic,  returned  to 
their  dijapidated  dwellings,  and  repaired  the  greater 
part  of  the  city. 

On  the  12th  of  April  1718  the  cabildo  of  Santiago 
addressed  a  uienKnial  to  the  kinix,*"  setting  fortli  tlio 
pitiable  condition  to  which  tlic  city  had  been  reduced, 
and  the  impoverishment  of  its  citizens.  His  Majesty 
wns  i)etitioned  to  take  liberal  measures  for  their  re- 
lief, and  tliat  the  church  ediiices  and  j)ul)lic  buildings 
might  be  restoi'ed  or  built  anew.'"^'  Pedro  Antonio  do 
Echever  y  Suvisa  succeeded  liivas  in  tlie  prehidency.^'* 

Duiinu:  his  administration  serious  riots  occurred, 
caused  by  the  assassination  of  the  presbyter  Lorenzo 
de  (3rozco,  and  the  barbarous  murder  of  all  his  house- 
hold for  ])urposes  (^f  robbery.  The  evidence  of  a 
v.'ides])read  conspiracy  was  brought  to  light,  and 
though  no  arrests  were  made,  many  j)ersons  were  im- 
}>hcated  dui'ing  the  progress  of  the  inquir\'.  (Irave 
disputes  also  arose  between  the  prtjsident  and  two 
mend)ers  of  the  aiidiencia;  and  when  the  former  at- 
tempted to  banish  tliem,  they  were  rescued  by  a  mob 
and  took  refuije  in  the  cathedral.-" 

A  more  serious  matter,  involvinuf  the  ri<'ht  of 
sanctuary  and  leading  to  a  civil  and  ei'clesiastical  con- 
llict,  arose  from  the  couihict  of  one  Juan  flannel 
J^allesteros,  who  had  fatally  stabbed  a  man.  The 
murderer  sought  ]efuge  in  a  convent  church,  wlienco 
he  was  dogged  by  a  force  sent  by  the  aicauK!,  (Jarci'a 

'''' Airrafo,  Cvl.  Doi".  Aiit'iri.,  140-8,  contniiia  the  lpi\t;t!iy  (luininciit  ia 
cxti'iiHo,  ill  ii.'lclitiijii  to  its  ri'citiil  i)t'  the  (life  i'dhsimiik'ir'cs  ot'  tiic  vi.-siLatiuns, 
Aijiiiu'.s  r('|ii)it  iif  tho  in.itttT  i.s  hriclly  iri'rndl  to  in  Alfjrr,  11'. f.  Com]). 
Jixnn,  iii.  ITII.  Sco  also  ./«'f/;-ri>,  Hiin'.,  i.  •_'(»S-!t;  aiul  ii.  'HtS;  Ahjdv,  (luatu 
LUcridttm,  iii.  A\'l;  AUiitm  Mcxlcaiio,  i.  41S. 

'^^  It  \vii.s  I'siKninlly  i)rayi'(l  that  Imliaiis  itii;,'ht  lie  allowi'il  to  woik  on  tlio 
indiro  ])laiilatioii.'<,  this  liciiig  the  chiof  ivliauco  of  the  pio\  iin-t  .s  i.ii  (iiiato- 
mala.  Ar  nilo,  Co!.  Jhr.  Aiifi;!.,  Its,  ],".l-'_'. 

-"Ill  K<fiiin.llit,  X"f.  <'iir.  <lc-  Una'.,  (I,  lie  is  styled  D.  KeheVer.f  y  Subija. 
He  hail  licoii  ehamherlaiu  to  h.is  Majesty  ami  was  :i  Uiii;,'ht  ot' ( 'alalrava. 

'''Allllllill^;  to  these  ilistiuliauues,  we  liiiil  in  (laf.  .l/'.r.,  .Ian.  IT-''',  ami  in 
Arirnh),  ('iii/ij  vn'/.,  .">-(!,  that  these  i''')t:<  wvvc  suppr.'ssed  )iy  the  |)niileiit  de- 
t(.rmiiiation  iiud  iliyiiilled  hut  lirm  m.  asnres  of  the  mar(jues  de  C'.isa  I'uerte, 
viceroy  ol  New  Spain. 


no 


GUATEMALA  AND  CHIAPAS. 


do  Ilijas.  He  soui^^lit  rcfuL^o  Ijcliiiul  the  ^Tand  altar; 
but  the  sanctity  of  the  i)lace  was  not  rcuarded,  and 
despite  his  strui>'gles  he  was  arrested.  The  prisoner 
Mas  innnediately  j)ut  to  the  torture,  and  died  under 
its  effect.  Tlie  alcalde  was  promptly  exconnnunicated, 
and  the  ecclesiastics  appealed  to  the  kinc>-,  petitionini^- 
lor  a  royal  declaration  of  their  rights  in  such  cases. 
The  monarch,  by  a  decree  of  the  18th  of  June  1720, 
decided  that  in  this  case  the  prelate  was  justiiied  in 
l)roceedin<x  against  the  alcalde,  but  that  all  doubtful 
cases,  as  a  rule,  must  be  decided  by  the  hing  himself 
in  council.^** 

During  the  next  twenty  years  no  political  event 
occurred  Uiat  is  worthy  of  record.  Several  able  prel- 
ates occu[)ied  the  ej)iscopal  chair,^^  but  their  adminis- 
tration was  greatly  interfered  with  l)y  the  improper 
action  of  the  secular  and  regular  clergy.  So  llagrant 
were  the  abuses  committed  by  the  })riests  in  the  exer- 
cise of  their  duties,  that  the  bishops  were  embarrassed 
in  their  visits,  and  the  natives  oi)j)ressed  l)y  the  \enal 
conduct  of  their  i)astors.  The  abuse  (»f  this  mock 
religion  was  carried  to  such  an  extreme  that  the  sale 
of  the  sacraments,  the  failure  to  visit  the  dvinLT  sick, 
and  the  charges  for  the  performance  of  funeral  cere- 
mo]iies"-  brouu'ht  on  the  ecclesiastics  the  censure  of 
the  crown. 

In  1729  Juan  (Jomez  de  Parada  succeeded  to  the 
bishopric,  and  the  relbrnis  which  he  effected  were  so 

^"  111  this  instance  tlio  aloahles  vcre  (li'])rivcil  of  their  (ifhce.s  by  the  kiiii;, 
mill  made  to  pay  a  fine  of  a  thousand  I'eales  ilc  ocho.  Pioi'tdcncias  liiali<, 
MS.,  :U)0  0. 

^'  la  17-'<  I'isliop  .luan  Bantistii  Alvarez  tleTole'lo  was  succeeded  liy  Xio;)- 
h'ls  CailoH  (liiinez  tie  Cei'vantes.  liming  tiie  .Kliiiiiiistratidii  of  tiie  form  i- 
the  kiii,^'  liad  found  it  iiccesuuy  to  issue  a  e(''dula,  dated  Novemlier  I,"),  1717, 
oiileiiiij;  tiuit  no  new  ehiirclies,  convents,  or  hospitals  should  lie  founded  uitli- 
ouc  liis  iievinissioii,  siiie(^  tuey  were  already  so  mimerous  as  to  interfere  wiili 
caeli  other's  u.s'. lulness.   J'nir'n,  iiria.-<  HkiUx,  MS.,  •J()7-iS. 

"-Anionj,'  other  eharyes  madt\  against  the  ekrgy  of  thi.s  pcu'iod  may  lie 
mentioned  llu'  following;  sick  ])i'rsoiis  Mei'e  eoinpelled  to  ;,'o  to  the  church  t) 
receive  extreme  unetioi,  many  clyin,'  on  thi^  road  thither;  Indians  were  coin- 
jielled  to  marry  at  11  t'.'uder  aj;e  in  order  to  increase  their  eontrilmtions;  fra- 
ternities were  or;.;ani/rd,  to  tiie  mcmliers  of  which  great  jieeiiniary  loss  waa 
o(  casioiied;  eiiratis  alisented  Ihemschi's  without  iiermis-^ion,  and  the  |ii'ici'tly 
olhce  wa«  sokl  to  tlio  hig'hcst  Lidtler.  Onkuvs  du  (u  L'oroini,  MS.,  iv.  loo-7. 


"  p 


CHURCH  MATTERS. 


711 


beneficial  that  the  cabiklo  ordered  his  ]iortrait  to  bo 
painted  and  preserved,  with  an  aj)propriate  inscrip- 
tion— an  lionor  which  had  been  paid  to  no  ])relate 
except  Marroquin.  In  1730  Parada  was  promoted 
to  the  see  of  Guadalajara,  and  the  next  bisliop  of  Gua- 
t."'  ala,  Pedro  Parclo  de  Figucroa,  took  possession  of 
the  episcopal  chair. ^^ 

The  occasion  of  Figueroa's  consecration  was  made 
memorable  through  the  action  taken  by  the  cahiklo, 
the  members  of  which  deemed  that  their  ri'jjht  of  mu- 
nicipal  claim  to  scats  of  lionor  was  not  duly  acknowl- 
edgeil.  Tile  audiencia,  tlie  religious  orders,  and  all 
the  princi))al  personages  of  the  city  had  cinivened  in 
the  cathedral  at  nine  o'clock  in  the  morninuf,  and  lor 
some  time  awaited  the  arrival  of  the  munici[)al  au- 
thorities. These,  however,  after  an  ungracious  delay, 
sent  a  message  to  the  eliect  that  the  day  was  not  one 
on  which  they  could  be  called  upon  for  the  transac- 
tion of  business.  The  audiencia  attem[)ted  to  nego- 
tiate, and  alter  a  fruitless  loss  of  time,  without 
[)roceeding  to  their  hall  of  sessions,  appointed  in  the 
cathedral  other  alcaldes  and  regidores,  and  iiotilied 
the  contumacious  cabildo  that  its  members  were  to 
consider  themselves  under  arrest.  Owing  to  this 
jealous  claim  for  precedence  on  the  part  of  the  muni- 
cipality the  enthronement  of  tlie  bishop  did  not  take 
place  till  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon.''* 


^^  Cptri  ITSOtho  titlics  collected  in  the  liislicju'ie  liiid  never CNTecdeil  n,Or)0 
pesos;  hut  from  tlitit  time  tiuy  inereicse'l,  until  in  I7"i0  they  Jiiiiou  ill  eii  I'l  ;!.•,(/(  ii>, 
ami  ti'li  yeilrmi  Iter  till' V  were  estiiniite(lat(i((,(l'.).)iKsiis.  Ksi-nmiilit,  Xul.  ( 'nr.  if 
O'lint.,  7H.  I'echo  I'liiilo  de  FiLTUeroii,  Keveiiteeiilii  liishoj)  iilid  lirst  arelil)islio;) 
uf  (iiiii'aiiiiila,  \\as  liorn  ill  J^iiiia  of  iiolile  jiareiitave.  lluassiiliud  the  niiu'- 
ions  hahit  of  the  l''iaiieiseans  at  the  aj^e  of  sixteen.  Having  lilled  thi^  cjiair:! 
of  iiiiilosophy  and  theolo;_'y,  lie  was  sent  )iy  liirt  order  to  the  eoiii  ts  of  Madri<l 
mid  Rome,  oeenpyin;,'  tlio  position  of  seeretaiy-^'eiuiul  of  his  order.  He  v.as 
elected  ljisho[)  of  (luatemala  in  I".",!,  and  on  the  llitli  of  Septemlier  of  tho 
same  year  wart  consecrated  Ijy  the  •irehitpiscoiial  viceroy  of  New  Spain,  .)i!;'il 
Antonio  do  Vizairon  y  Kj^niarelu.  In  tliese  dates  the  Cimr'il.  I'l'm'.,  I  '_', 
!2!J7,  is  followed  aeeordiiiL;  to  JiKirros,  (,'iiiit.,  i.  '2U\.  Fi^mroa,  was  conse- 
crated on  Septeniher  S,  IT^UI,  and  on  >i'ov.  KSth  Manuel  J'alla,  precentor  of 
the  catheilral,  took  ]iossession  of  it  in  his  name.  On  the  JJd  ol  .'■.  iiteniher 
17"i7  tlie  liishop  made  liispuMie  entry  into  the  ca*^iiedral.  IvseamiUa,  X  i(.  Cur, 
di'  liiiKf.,  1(1,  eonlirms  du.'irrns. 

^'l)ec.  17,  1740,  the  king  decided  that  ut  all  receptiona  uf  bisliop,s  the  two 


'T^rrmm^mmrmmmmmm 


"l'^  GUATEMALA  AND  CHIArAS. 

Figucroa  decorated  the  cathedral  with  sumptuous 
altars,  rare  paintings,  and  exquisite  works  of  art;  re- 
stored the  convent  of  the  Carmelite  friars;  enlarged 
the  episcopal  palace,  and  rebuilt  the  church  of  Esqui- 
pulns,  in  which  a  so-called  miraculous  image  of  the 
crucifixion  was  preserved. 

Durinu:  the  seventeenth  century  the  elevation  of 
the  see  of  (Juatemala  to  an  archbishopric  had  been 
frequently  brought  before  the  notice  of  the  kings 
of  S[)ain;  and  not  without  reason;  the  bishopric  of 
Honduras  was  a  suft'raoau  of  Santo  Dominu^o,  while 
the  far  distant  archbishopric  of  Peru  was  the  metrt)- 
politan  of  Nicaragua.  In  1742  Pope  Benedict  XIV. 
at  the  r<Kjuest  of  Felipe  V.  issued  a  bull  c(mferring 
the  pallium  upon  the  bishop^''  of  (luatemala. 

The  swifnigan  bishoprics  were  those  of  Chiapas,  Nic- 
aragua, and  Comayagua.  The  palHum  was  brought 
to  Vera  Cruz  by  Isidro  Marin,  bishop  of  Nicara- 
gua, and  thence  to  Guatemala  by  Francisco  Molina, 
bishop  of  Comayagua,  who  arrived  at  the  ca[)ital 
October  28,  1745.  On  the  14th  of  Novendjer  the  arch- 
bishop was  installed  and  formally  invested  with  the 
insignia  of  office  by  Jose  Cabero,  bishop  of  Chiajjas. 
The  event  was  celebrated  with  great  rejoicings.  The 
archbisliop  died  on  the  2d  of  February  1751,  at  Esqui- 
pulas,  and  was  interred  at  the  loot  of  the  grand  altar  of 
the  cathedral,  beside  the  remains  of  Alvarado  and  other 
celebrities  distinguished  in  the  history  of  the  country. 

The  sntl'ragan  sees  of  Honduras  and  Chia[)as  present 
little  additional  material  for  liistory  during  this  lialf 
century,  the  proceedings  of  the  church  and  regular 
orders  heing  one  uninterrupted  continuance  of  labors 
which  vear  bv  year  became  less  arduous  and  were  less 
carefully  attended  to.*'"     In   the  latter  province  the 

alcaldes  ishoulil  occupy  the  clinirs  of  the  dean  imd  ai'duk-acon  in  the  choir. 
Arri'dlo,  Ciif.  Doc.  AnH'/.,  '.)~\',i. 

'^^('onril.  Prot'.,  ]-•_»,' 'JOT-S.  Jimrroa,  Gnat.,  i.  202,  states  that  the  hull 
vas  issuoil  ill  Dccuiiiher  1743.  A  copy  of  it  ia  given  in  Aweca  L'tjiaiia,  liri've 
Ji'i siimcii,  ',\~{)-'>. 

^"TwD  iiroiiiiiicnt  hitiliopsof  Ilfindiiras  maylie  niontioiiedi  Antonio (iuada- 
lupu  Lo^io;;  I'oitillo,  a  iiutivo  of  Guadulajaiu  and  delegate  to  the  geiieial  eouu- 


PROVINCES. 


m 


I 


3 


rryuliir  orders  luul  I'ccoine  imicli  iinpovciislu'd  l)y  tlio 
(li'vastatioiis  caused  by  llie  Tzeiidal  insurreetloii,  and 
tlu;  Dominicans  in  particular  wei'e  so  nmcli  reduced 
l>y  tlie  ravages  coinniiited  uj)on  tlieir  sugar  and  cacao 
]»Iantations  that  the  proceeds  of  those  estates,  togi'thcr 
Avith  the  yield  of  their  grist-niill,  ditl  not  su[)[)ly  the 
means  Avherewith  to  re[)air  their  church.^' 

Whether  owiny^  to  tlio  increasin<jf  carelessness  and 
indolence  of  the  ecclesiastics,  or  to  the  ])crtinacious 
adherence  on  the  ])art  of  the  natives  to  the  ci'ced  of 
their  forefathers,  heresy  became  so  pi'cvalent  during 
this  e[)ocli  that  the  iiKjuisition  of  Mexico  in  1745 
fulminated  a  terrihle  anathema  against  oifeiiders  in 
Central  America.  In  this  edict  every  curse,  })liigU(>, 
or  n-'sfortun(;  that  could  fall  ujton  the;  greatest  sin- 
ners of  mankind  was  invoke<l  upon  the  head  of  apos- 
tati's.^*^ 

In  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  caphiin- 
U'eneralcv  <>f  (iuatinnala  included  the  tenitoi-v  lyinuf 
between  7°  54' and  17^  49' north  lati' ude,'*'' being  about 

<■:!  held  at  lioiiK^  in  17-.'l,  Fi<iiirron,  Vhidiriai^,  ATS.,  7"),  and  Francisco  Molina 
V.  lio  was  t'lcctcil  in  171.'1;  Imt  of  the  events  of  their  adniinistralioas  no  reecjrda 
exist. 

"■  Oiifif.,  Slo  ])omhi<in  ni  17:.'.',,  2'^-4. 

'  'i'iie  following'  ifi  a  copy  of  this  ciirious  edict:  'Vengan  sohrc  ellos,  y  d 
eiida  villi  dc  ellos,  la  iia,  y  iiialdieioii  de  ])io.s  todo  jioderoso,  y  de  la  <  lioiios;), 
\'m';,'<  II  Santa  Maria  sii  .M:idre,  y  <le  los  Uieiiaventiirados  Ajiostides  San  I'eijin, 
y  i'aa  Pahlo,  y  de  todos  los  Santos  del  (ielo.  V  Vengan  suhle  illos  todas  las 
lilM;,'as  de  lyuyiito,  y  las  iiiiildiei'ines  i|iie  viiiiernii  snlne  il  jley  I'liarann.  y  siis 
f.',eiites  jior  t|iie  no  oiieileciiidii,  y  eimi|jlieron  las  Mandaiiiieiitos  divinaies;  y 
.s.ilire  ai|Uellas  ejneo  ( 'iudadcs  de  Sodniiia,  y  ( Joiiiaria,  y  snlne  1  )ataii,  y  Aljiiiiii, 
<|i;e  vivns  los  traj,'d  la,  tieriM,  |)or  el  jiecailo  de  la  iiioliedic  niMa,  ipie  eoiitrii 
];ioa  Nuestro  Sei'ior  eiiiiittieiiiii;  y  scan  liialditos  en  sii  eoiiu  r,  y  1m  Ihi-,  y  en 
till  velar,  y  dorniir,  en  mi  levantar,  y  aiidar;  in  sii  vivir  y  iiiniir,  y  sieiii]ire 
(  sti  n  eiidureeiilirs  en  sn  peeado;  id  diiildo  este  ii  sii  iiiaiio  dereelia;  'iiiamlo 
fiieren  en  jiii/io  si( mjne  seali  eolideiiados;  sils  <li,is  .scan  poens,  y  niidos;  siiH 
Menes,  y  lia/i'iida  se;in  tra'ipassailos  en  los  estraiios;  sii.t  iiijosseaii  liiiert'aiios, 
y  sieni(ire  esteii  en  neeesidad.'  ( tn/< m x  (h'  la  Ciiroii'i,  MS.,  vi.  I  h't    1. 

^'•'1'iie  nortliern  limit  of  the  1,'oviiniiieiit  of  (Juateiieila  \vas  estalilislied 
as  early  as  |.")-U(.  At  tliis  datt^  the  lieeiitiate  (!asca,  eoiniiiissinneil  liy  tlio 
vieeroy  of  New  Spain,  and  ai(h'(l  by  ]ii'esid('iit  < 'erralo,  of  ( iuateiiiala,  fixed 
as  die  lioiindiiry  helxveeii  New  Spain  tih  provinces  siilijeet  to  the  audieiii'ia 
of  tiie  Coiitines,  'a  line  lie;.'iTiiiiiii^  at  tlie  har  of  Toiiala,  in  l(J  imrth  iaiitiide, 
and  ruiiuiiiL,'  tiuiiee  in  the  direetioii  of  the  i.;ulf  of  Misieo,  lietweeii  the  towii.s 
of  'I'aiiaua  and  Ma!plil.;]ia,  leaviiif.;  tlu'  former  on  (lie  left  ami  the  latter  mi 
the  ri.d't,  to  a  point  ojiposite  San  Mi,i.;ii(d  < 'liiinah.pa ;  tlieiiec!  turning.'  and 
nuiniiii!«as  far  as  tlie  .Mijes  .Moiintaiii.  .>^itiia;ed  in  17  '-M'of  tin-  same  lati- 
tude; tlienee  t(j  the  town  of  Snmii/.iii'.la  (modern  spelling  ir.suinasinla),  sitU' 


! 


714 


GUATEMALA  AND  CHIAPAS. 


six  Imiidrod  Icaijfiies  in  leiiijtli  from  north-west  to 
soiitli-east,  and  varying  in  width  from  sixty  to  f)nc 
hundri'd  and  fifty  leagues,  making  an  a[)[)roxinuitc 
area  of  sixty-four  thousand  square  leagues.*^ 

At  this  time  the  ruler  of  Guatemala  held  control 
over  the  provinces  of  Costa  Rica,  Honduras,  Nicara- 
gua, Soconusco,  San  Antonio,  San  Salvador,  Chiaiias, 
Sonsonate,  and  Vera  Paz;  and  the  districts  of  llue- 
huetenango,  Atitlan,  and  Tecpanatitlan,  Quesalte- 
nango,  C'hiquimula  de  la  Sierra,  Escuintla  and  Gua- 
zaca[)an,  Tegucigalpa,  Sutial)a,  Realejo,  Sebaco,  and 
Nicoya."  In  1787  the  territory  subject  to  the  cap- 
tain-general included  thirteen  ]irovinces — those  of 
Soconusco,  Chiapas,  Suchitepec,  ^\'ra  Paz,  Honduras, 
Izalcos,  San  Salvador,  San  JNIiguel,  Nicaragua,  Jeivz 
de  la  Choluteca,  Tegucigal[)a,  Costa  Ilica,  and  Gua- 
temala/^ 


By  royal  cedulas  of  the  11th  of  !March  and  20th  of 
June  177G,  the  office  of  regent  of  the  audioncias  was 


atcd  on  the  river  of  tlic  siiiiie  iinnio;  tlicnco  tollowing  up  this  river  to  a  point 
op]io.site  lluehiiethiii,  in  1.")'  oO'  of  the  same  hititmle,  niul  tlieiice  to  Cajio 
'J'hree  I'oints  in  the  (iiilf  of  lloiitluras.'  In  1,')!)!)  the  line  waM  again  ehanged, 
leaving  to  (luateiiiala  tlie  teii'itory  lying  between  8' ajiil  18\  more  or  less, 
iKjith  latitude.  In  107<S  another  ehangi?  was  made  hy  the  vieeroy  of  New 
Spain,  whieh  took  from  the  eaptain-generaley  of  tiuati'uiahi  many  towns  on 
the  eoast,  as  far  ns  the  river  ILuehuetlan,  and  also  extenihid  tin'  boundary  of 
Yucatan.  Finally,  upon  the  establisliment  of  the  intendrneias  in  17t^7.  the 
iMmndary  line  was  again  fixed,  and  the  eajitain-generaley  of  (Inateinala  mado 
to  iuelude  the  territory  witliin  7^  ">4'  and  17'  4'.l' north  latitude.  These  lindis 
were  coniirmed  by  subse(|ucnt  eoinniissidiis  in  I7il-,  17!W,  and  17!'7,  and 
adiijited  by  the  Spanish  government  in  its  map  of  1801.'.  .S'/c.  Mr  >■.  '/co;/.,  JJnlc- 
liii,  .Sda  ep.,  iii.  7!>-i).  Althoiigii  these  Ixnindaries  were  appr(,>ed  by  tlieerown, 
the  exaet  location  of  the  dividing  line  between  Cldapas  and  New  Spain  ap- 
jiears  to  be  a  matter  of  dis]uite  among  many  authorities.  Puii'da,  JJcucrljictoii 
Cr('0(j.,  17;   Ijiirrn'niznr,  Hist.  Soroinfrrt,  l-'J. 

^^(I'lifif.  Ajiinit.,  8.  Tiie  Xin  va  I;\i/iitri(t,  Brnv  I'lsinm)!,  ^fS.,  ii.  ."40,  .says, 
'it  extends  for  more  than  .SOO  leagues  along  the  coast  of  the  South  Sea, 
but  in  a  sti'aiglit  line  from  east  to  west  it  is  but  '240,  its  greatest  width 
being  ISO;'  and  again,  'from  the  linuts  of  'J'ehuantepi'e,  the  last  of  tlio  pro\-- 
inces  of  Js'ew  Spain,  to  the  Kscmlo  de  Veraguas,  the  limits  of  the  kingdom  of 
'I'ierra  Fii'iuu  {"'a  the  cities  of  Santiago,  Leon,  Nicoya,  Cartago,  Boruea),  it 
is  O.")0  leagues.' 

*'  Niieva  L's]>aPa,  Breve  licsi'imen,  MS.,  ii.  r!4!). 

*'-S'ic.  JAc.c.  Gi'oij.,  Jldlf/iii,  .'Wa  e|>..  iii.  78-0.  In  the  enumeration  of 
provinces  but  twehi;  are  mentioned,  that  of  (iuatemala  being  omitted  also. 
Eco  lie  Esiittita,  Aug.  '27,  18.!);{;  O'tdrm,  lli nii'ia  Lkmj.,  ~. 


CORREGIMIENTOS  ABOLISHED. 


m 


created.*''  Althoiifjli  little  is  said  about  tlicir  doiiijjfs 
ill  Guatemala,  they  were  invested  with  great  powers, 
ai)d  their  authority  was  greater  than  that  of  the  presi- 
dent. In  January  1778  Vicente  de  Ilerrera  was  a[)- 
pointed  regent,  and  between  that  date  and  1800  the 
office  was  held  by  six  of  his  successors.'''' 

In  no  other  respect  does  any  change  appear  to 
have  been  made  in  the  officers  composing  the  gov- 
ernment.*' Important  changes,  however,  had  bien 
introduced  in  the  svstem  of  o'overnmcnt.  Since  its 
organization  the  political  divisions  had  been  subject 
to  many  variations.  During  the  seventeenth  century 
there  were  as  many  as  thMrty-two,  of  which  four  were 
governments,  nine  alcaklias  mayorcs,  and  nineteen 
corri><jiniientos.*" 

About  IGGO  eight  of  the  correginiientos  were  al)t>l- 
islied  and  united  to  the  governments,*^  and  from  the 

*'■'  A  junta  of  ministers  was  appointed  liy  tlie  king,  wlioso  duty  it  Wiis  to 
oversee  tlie  actions  of  tlio  various  vii-i  roys,  presiileiits,  etc.  'J'liis  junta  javo 
instructions  to  tiic  regents.  i'< ilnltinn,  MS.,  i.  ;H4-();  iii.  Si-!H.  I'liu  luno- 
tiuns  of  the  re^'ents  are  dcseiilied  in  Ii'cfili  ■■<  (.'((hiliis,  MS.,  ii.  l.'iO.  Previiud 
to  arrivinj.;  at  their  place  of  duty  tiie  I'cucnt  \\:is  to  notify  the  r\din,i,'  aullioi'- 
ity,  jiresident,  viceroy,  etc.,  ancl  thiy  \V(;ro  iei|uired  to  meet  him  one  lea;uo 
from  the  capital.  The  archbisho))  and  cler;.;y  weio  recpiirod  to  cull  upon  him. 
The  enumeration  of  their  duties  (ills  7S  articles. 

"  Afti'i-  Uerrera  came  .luan  Antonio  dc  I'lunuela,  a  kni,L'ht  of  the  order  of 
Ciirlos  Jll. ;  Juan  Jose  de  Vill.den^ua  y  Mailil,  minister  of  tiie  ssnjireme  coun- 
cil of  tile  Indies;  Amhrosio  e'crd;in,  kniyht  of  the  royal  order  of  the  Inimaeu- 
late  Concepcion;  Manuel  ("astillo  Xegrete,  and  Jose  llcrnardo  Asteyuicta  y 
Sarmlde.  jinirrun,  Conijn  ud'io,  '■A7>Vt.  According  to  tJomcz,  J>i<iri(\  l.")l,  tho 
second  regent  was  Oriluiela,  actual  oidor  of  the  audieneia  of  ^le.xieo  wlieu 
npp(jinted  to  this  oflicc. 

■■■'Jn  17t>7  tho  salaries  of  the  various  officials  were:  governor,  captain- 
peneral,  anil  president  of  the  audieneia,  ."),(itM)  ducats;  tho  four  oidon  s,  i.iA 
the  fiscal  of  the  auiiiencia,  each  7"'t',0U0  niaravedis;  the  royal  accountant 
and  treasurer,  each  ;<()(),(.(;()  m:iravcdis. 

*"  '  De  estas,  ipiatro  te)\ian  titulo  dc  Ooliferno,  ()ue  erau:  r'ouiaya'.u.i, 
Nicaragua,  ('osta  Kiea,  and  Soi'onusco;  .McaMias  Mayorcs,  Sail  Sihador, 
C'iudad  ]!cal,  Tegmiurilpa,  Zouzonate,  A'erajiaz,  Sucliilt('pei|ucs,  Nicoya, 
Aniiitiiiue.  y  lasMinasde  San  Andres  dc  Zaragoza;  ('orrcL'iniientiJS,  Totoni- 
ca|i;in,  (^>i;ezidtenango,  Atit;'in,  Tecjiaiiatitiin  d  Solola,  j'lsciiiiitla,  (luazaca- 
]r.'m.  Chiipiiniula,  Acasaguastan,  el  ilealejo.  Matagalpa,  Mi.ninlio.  (  linetalci, 
(i>uesalgua(|ue,  Tencoa,  Quejio,  Chiriipo,  J'acaca  y  Ijarraz,  y  el  \'a!le  do 
(iuatemala. '  'J'he  governors,  and  the  alcaldes  of  tlie  lirst  six  alcidilias 
mayiires  named,  were  apjiointcd  liy  the  crown;  the  jiresident  of  the  audii  nciib 
making  the  ap]Kji!itments  for  two  years,  to  the  remaining  ilistricts,  exrept 
that  of  tlu^  "S'alley  of  (Juatcmala,  which  was  conferred  l>y  the  A3untamieiit() 
of  Santiago  on  their  conimon  alcaldes,  who  with  the  title  ol  corn  gidoici 
exercised  the  otlicc  alternately  for  six  months  each.   JiKirrdf,  <!iint.,  ii.  ;>7-''^. 

^^Thu  eoiTcgiuiieutos  of  Quepo,  C'hirripo,  Ujarniz,  and  I'acaca,  owuig  to 


710 


GUATEMALA  AND  CHIArAS. 


'j 


beginning  of  the  oiglitccnth  century  until  about  1700 
the  correginiientos  were  further  reduced,  new  alcaldius 
niavores  beiriij  formed  and  others  abolished.*^ 

At  about  this  latter  date  the  intendencias*^  were 
established,  reducing  the  number  of  provinces  to  fif- 
teen, which  embraced  four  intendencias,  ihirt^'-nino 
subdelegaciones,  four  politico-military  districts,  three 
corregimientos,  and  seven  alcaldias  mayores.^" 

Between  1752  and  1773  eight  governors  ruled  in 
Guatemala;  but  their  administrati<nis  were  marked 
by  no  event  worthy  of  special  notice.     With  the  ac- 

tho  decreasing  population  of  Costa  Rica,  were  incorporated  into  that  govern- 
ment; the  corrcginiicnto  of  Teiicoa  was  absorbed  l)y  tlic  government  of 
<'oni;iyagua;  and  to  the  government  of  Nicaragua  were  united  the  coriegi- 
niientos  of  Moninbo,  Chontah.'S,  and  Quesalguaquc.  JiturroK,  (Jtidt.,  ii.  SS. 

■•■'Jn  the  beginning  of  the  century  the  alcaklias  niayores  of  Ainatique  and 
San  Andres  dc  \a  iS'ueva  "  »ragoza  were  suppressed;  a  few  years  hiter  the 
eorreginiicntos  of  Kscuintla  and  Guazacapan  wore  consolithited  to  form  the 
alcahli'a  mayor  of  Escuintla;  and  that  of  Solohi  was  formed  of  the  eorregi- 
iiiientosof  Atithmand  Teepanatitlan;  in  IToJUhe  alcahbasniayores  of  Chimal- 
teuango  and  Sacatcpecpies  were  formed  of  the  eorregimiento  of  the  vaHcy  of 
i^icxico;  in  17G0  tlie  eorregimiento  of  Aeasaguasthm  was  annexed  to  that  of 
(hiquimula;  and  in  1704  the  ]irovinccs  of  Chia))a  and  Zoques  was  separated 
from  the  alcaldia  mayor  of  C'iudad  Ileal  and  formed  into  tliut  of  Tuxtla. 
Jiuirros,  Gtiut.,  ii.  ',\^.  About  the  middle  of  the  century,  according  to  Xiu'ca 
JJfiiana,  Bn-vc  llcn'inien,  JI8.,  ii.  349,  there  were  nineteen  governments  in 
iii!;e  provinces  and  ten  districts;  and  Cadena,  Brci-c  JJf.icri/t.,  1),  writing  in 
1774,  says  there  were  twenty-four  governments  and  alealdi'aa  mayores. 

"  As  intendencias  were  lirst  established  in  Mexico  their  functions  are  de- 
scribed in  the  history  of  that  country. 

'•'"Gnat.,  Ajmnt.,  100.  According  to  Juarros,  Gnat.,  ii.  38-0,  the  districts 
of  Realcjo,  Matagalpa,  and  Ni;;oya  were  unite<l  to  the  government  of  Nicara- 
gua to  form  the  intendencia  of  t!i:it  name;  the  alcaldia  mayor  of  rcgucig.-Jpa 
was  united  to  tlic  government  of  Comayagua  to  form  the  intendciuia  of  Hon- 
duras; and  to  the  government  of  Soconusco  v/erc  united  the  alcaldias  maynres 
of  Ciudad  Keal  and  Tuxtla  to  form  the  intendencia  of  Chiapas.  The  fourth 
intendencia  was  San  Salvador.  Forty  subdelagaeiones  arc  by  this  author  as- 
frigned  to  the  four  intendencias,  as  follows:  To  the  intendencia  of  Nicaragua 
fix,  Granada,  Rcalejo,  Subtiava,  Segovia,  Matagalpa,  Nicaragua;  to  the  in- 
tendencia of  Chiajjas  eleven:  Ocozingo,  Simojovel,  Palenque,  Tonala,  Soconusco, 
Tila,  Istacomitiin,  Tuxtla,  Guista,  Comitan,  and  San  Andr(5s;  to  the  inten- 
tlcncia  of  Honduras  nine:  Gracias  A  Dios,  Olancho,  Olanchito,  San  IVdro 
Sula,  Yoro,  Santa  B;'irbara,  Trujillo,  Tegucigalpa,  Choluteca;  and  to  the 
intendencia  of  San  Salvador  fourteen:  San  Miguel,  San  Vicente,  Santa  Ana 
firande,  Chalatenango,  Olocuilta,  Cojutcpeque,  Tcxutla,  0]nco,  Metiipas, 
Usulutan,  Gotcra,  San  Alexo,  Sacatecoluca,  Sensuntepeque.  Under  this  for- 
mer system  in  later  times  all  appointments  were  nuule  by  the  crown,  tho 
president  of  tlieaudieneia  having  the  power  to  make  temporary  appointments 
only.  Usually,  however,  tlie  presidents  were  authorized  to  lill  all  the  ollices 
under  the  government  and  in  the  city,  some  ad  interim,  others  permanently. 
After  the  establishment  of  tho  intendencias  the  president  had  the  privilege 
of  appointing  as  subdelegado,  one  of  three  persons  proposed  to  him  by  tlio 
uitendente,  whenever  a  subdclcgacion  became  vacant. 


MAGNIFICENCE  OF  THE  CITY. 


m 


cession  of  Martin  do  ^layorua  at  the  lattm'  date."'* 
however,  bci^an  one  of  the  most  eventful  periods  in 
the  liistory  of  the  country. 

Xot\vithstandin<j:  the  disasters  which  the  citv  of 
Guatemahi  had  experienced,  it  liad  continued  to  in- 
crease in  wealtli  and  importance,  until  at  this  time  it 
Avas  noted  for  the  nundjcr  and  elegance  of  its  private 
and  public  buildings  and  the  magnificence  of  its 
numerous  churches  and  convents.  It  still  maintained 
its  rank  as  the  second  city  in  Xortli  America,  being 
inferior  only  to  ]\Iexico  in  its  advantages  of  location, 
scenery,  climate,  and  varied  resources.  On  eveiy 
side  of  its  Mell  watered  and  fertile  valley  extended 
villages  and  farms,  where  cultivated  fields  and  green 
pastures  afforded  a  })leasing  prospei-t;  while  high  above 
the  hills  and  mountains,  which  Hanked  it  on  either 
side,  towered  in  majestic  grandeur  the  three  dreaded 
volcanoes. 

"  .Tos(5  Vazquez  Prcgo  Montaos  y  Sotoniayor,  of  the  order  of  Santin"o, 
lieutenant-general  of  tlio  royal  aiiniis,  and  coniniander-ycneral  of  the  f^ir^ts 
before  (iiliraltnr,  assnnu'(l  oHice  .limnary  17,  17')-.  He  died  at  (Juatemahi 
June  'J4,  17."i.'{,  from  the  etleets  of  a  eold  eoutiaeted  dmini;  JUi  ollicial  visit  to 
Onioa,  wliose  fortress  lie  liad  ordered  luiilt.  From  tiie  date  of  liis  death  tiie 
senior  oidor,  Juan  de  Velarde  y  Cicnfuigoa,  govei'ued  until  Oetobcr  17tli  of 
tliu  ftillowing  year,  when  his  sueci'ssor,  Alonso  de  Aivos  y  Moreno,  arrived. 
He  \va.s  a  knight  of  the  order  of  .Santiago,  mariseal  i\v  eanijio,  and  sebse- 
<juently  lieutenant-general  of  the  royal  armies.  I'his  latter  iiiiiiointnient, 
however,  did  not  arrive  untilafter  his  diath,  viiieli  oceui'red  Oetolier  127,  17110. 
The  oidor  Vclai'de  again  assumed  ehaigeof  the  presiiU'ney,  and  when  relie\i'il 
in  the  following  year  was  transferred  to  tlie  audieneia  of  Mexii'O,  sul)sei|Utiit!y 
to  '.  lat  of  Granada,  and  eventually  lieeame  a  memlur  of  the  couneil  of  tlio 
Indies.  On  the  14tli  of  June  17(11  Alon.so  l''eniandez  dc  H(.'redia,  niariseal 
de  eampo,  took  iiossessinn  of  tlie  ]ii'esidency.  Ho  liad  already  served  as  gov- 
ernor ill  the  jirovinees  of  Niearagua,  Honduras,  Florida,  iind  Vueatan.  Joa- 
(juin  de  Aguirre  y  Oquemhj  was  apjioiuteil  to  sueceed  him,  hut  the  lattrr 
dying  at  Guatemala  April  !l,  17111,  when  about  to  take  |iossessi(iii  of  ollice, 
Heredia  continued  in  charge  till  ])ec.  .'i,  17tl">,  when  he  a  as  relieved  by  I'edro 
de  SaLii-ar  y  Heriera,  Natei'a  }■  !Mendoza.  He  remained  in  Guatemala,  whiM'o 
lie  died  March  10,  177-,  while  undergoing  his  residcncia.  I'residcnt  Sala/ar 
■was  a  knight  of  the  order  of  Monteza,  cmiimander  of  Mnaroz  and  lienicarlo, 
captain  of  grenadiers  of  the  royal  Spanisji  guards,  and  mariscal  de  campo 
or  the  royal  armies.  Like  I'rcsiilent  Sotomayor,  he,  to",  experienced  the  fatal 
edeets  of  the  climate  of  (Jmoa.  for  he  died  ^lay  10,  1771,  from  a  disease  con- 
tracted while  on  a  visit  to  that  port.  His  successor,  I'residcnt  -Mayorga,  did 
not  arrive  till  Juiu^  177,1,  the  government  in  the  interim  being  adniinistert  d 
bj'  the  senior  oidoi',  Juan  Gonzales  IJustillo  y  VillaseiVir.  'I'lii.s  oHicer  Mas 
subse(juently  transferred  to  the  audieneia  of  Mexico,  thence  to  the  Indiiv 
House  .at  (Vuliz,  and  fmully  to  the  .supreme  council  of  the  Indies.  Jwtrrux, 
(•'nil/.,  i.  "i?*)-!;  An'mla,  (.'vl.  Doc.  Sinliij.,  liJ7  9;  Esrunulla,  Not.  Cur.,  7; 
L'aiknu,  Brcce  Dcscrip.,  'J{J. 


ri8 


GUATEMALA  AND  CIILVrAS. 


In  the  centre  of  tliis  bcautirul  vallc}',  and  nearly 
f  :>posite  the  Volcan  de  Agua,  stofxl  the  city.  Over  a 
mile  in  width  at  its  narrowest  part,  its  nuniei'ous 
streets  were  broad,  well  paved,  and,  excepting  in  the 
suburbs,  laid  out  at  light  angles.  Every  ])oi'ti()n  of 
the  city  was  abundantly  supplied  with  water,  and  in  the 
princii)a]  square  there  was  a  large  and  handsome  stone 
reservoir,  fed  by  two  streams.  Facing  on  tbis  square 
wei'e  the  governor's  and  archbishop's  palaces,  the  city 
hall,  mint,  and  cathedral.  The  government  buildings 
were  remarkable  for  their  solidity;  and  within  their 
s])acious  corridors,  formed  of  columns  and  arches,  was 
tlisplayed  every  variety  of  merchandise.  The  churches 
of  Guatemala,  of  which  there  were  nineteen,  were 
famed  for  their  architectural  beauty,  their  size,  and 
the  richness  of  their  ornaments.  Besides  the  cathe- 
dral and  the  churches,  there  were  eighteen  convents 
and  eleven  chapels.  The  cathedral  was  over  three 
hundred  feet  in  length,  one  hundred  and  twenty  in 
width,  and  sixtv-six  feet  hii>h.  It  had  three  naves  with 
eight  chapels  on  each  side.  Irs  interior  was  richly 
carved  and  gilded,  and  decorated  with  rare  and  costly 
statues,  paintings,  and  tablets,  while  it  possessed  many 
precious  relics,  ajid  numerous  utensils  of  gc^ld  and  sil- 
ver.    The  high-altar  was  of  exquisite  design.''" 

The  private  dwellings  were  many  of  them  of  great 
beauty,  solidh'  and  commodiously  built,  richly  i'ur- 
nished,  and  with  sjiacious  gardens  and  courts.  The 
number  of  inhabitants  at  this  time  was  little  short  of 
twenty-five  thousand,^''  and  i'rom  the  neighboring 
pueblos,  the  chief  occupation  of  whose  inhabitants 
was  agriculture  and  various  industiial  arts,  Guate- 
mala was  supplied  with  all  the  necessaries  and  many 
of  the  luxuries  of  life.^* 


^'  '  It  stood  under  a  cupola,  supported  by  10  columns,  faced  with  tortoise- 
«lu'll,  and  adorned  with  niedullionsi  in  bnmzo  of  exquisite  worknianslii]);  on 
the  cornices  were  statues  of  the  viryin  and  the  12  apostles.'  Juarros,  (Juat., 
i.  S(). 

^'»In  170r»it  was'2.'?,4.'?4.  Jiiarm^,  CI  nut.  (ed.  Lond.,  1S23),  497. 

'•'*  C(tdenu,  Breve.  Descrij).,  4-9;  JiiarruK,Guat.,  i.  85-7. 


ANOTHER  GREAT  EARTHQUAKE. 


7ia 


Snc'li,  in  June  1773,  was  tlie  fair  ciU'of  Guatomjila, 
destined  for  a  second  time  soon  to  bo  laid  low  l>venvi- 
ous  powers.  During  the  past  twenty-three  years  the 
metropolis  had  ex})eriencetirre(]nont  disturbances,  sonic 
of  a  ]M>litical  naturc>,  others  in  the  ap[)eai'ance  of  that 
familiar  and  dreaded  visitant — earth(juake.  Two  se- 
vere shocks,  occurrinj^  jNTarch  4,  1751,  dil  considerable 
damage,  chiefly  to  the  churches;'^  in  17. )7  a  shock  was 
felt  to  which  the  natives  gave  the  name  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, Two  more  wei'e  felt  in  17G5 ;  the  llrst,  called  the 
holy  trinity,  was  disastrous  to  the  province  of  Chi(pii- 
niula,  and  the  second,  called  San  llafael,  desolated  the 
province  of  Suchilte[)eque,  but  neither  did  any  dam- 
age in  the  city  of  Guatemala,'^" 

About  17r)G  a  riot  occurred  in  the  city  on  account 
of  the  prohibition  of  the  sale  of  certain  liquors,  but 
was  soon  suppressed  by  the;  persi^nal  courage  and 
prompt  measures  of  President  Arcos.''  In  17(50  a 
serious  outbreak  was  threatened  because  <>f  the  estal)- 
lishment  of  the  tobacco  mono]>oly,  and  was  only  ])re- 
vented  bv  reducin''-  the  pi'ice  of  that  article.  The 
alarm  and  excitement  caused  by  this  danger  was  m- 
creased  by  the  atrocit)Us  murder  of  two  friars,"'^ 

The  minds  of  tin;  peo[)le  wei'e  lor  a  time  diverted 
from  their  local  troubles  l)y  the  funeral  obse(iuii's  of 
the  queen  of  Spain.      The  official  notilication  of  her 


'•'' T!ic  Jesuit  clmroh  sufTcrcd  most.  Afcfirr,  Ui^^f.  Comp.  Jcfum,  iii.  20.")-fi. 
five  iiliio  J iiarroK,  tlnul.  (liI.  Luiul.,  IS'J.'I),  l.Vl;  JJsraiiiiUri,  A'o^  (,'»>•.,  17;  Ca- 
dill  ',  Ur(io.JJc.irni>.,  7,  II. 

^■^Jiii:rro-<,  Cinif.  (od.  J.oml.,  IN'J.'!),  I."i4.  Acr:'nliii,u;  ti>  Cailcna,  Jhriv  J)<: 
S"ri/t.,  ]  I,  Cm  two  alKJuks  in  1705  ucciutocI  on  Juno  "-'Ist  unci  (Jctolior  •J4th, 
rcipcciivc'}'. 

''■  Arrni/o,  Col.  Due.  Ai'f'i'J.,  ]o~-0. 

^''l)>ii  iii.'X  t!iu  alariu  caused  by  liic  tiiivaiencil  uutbiuak  the  autlioritics  of 


>Saiiti;; 


d  a  force,  and  the  royal  oliicials  had  their  Visli^alihs  i-cniovci 


lt(. 


one  (,f  t'lc  ehni'e'.ierf  ior  .saieiy.  liel'i.re  tlii.s  ixriteiiient  had  sidi.iileil  a  .le.suit 
pi'ieHfc  v.as  cruelly  iiiurdcred  in  the  jail  hy  tiuce  negro  crhiiiiialswhoni  he  \va.s 
cu'.il'esBi.ig.  The  jaik'i"  <;ave  the  alarm  l)y  rinyin^  the  hell  if  tlie  jail,  and 
thereiqK  a  t'.ie  [leejile,  in  the  liclicf  that  a  riot  had  hroken  ont,  Hei/ed  their 
anna  .".nd  hasaned  to  the  principal  xijuare,  even  tlie  wcjuien  lloching  tluiher 
vith  tiConcs.  Tiie  tlu'ee  ne^;roe.s  were  ca])turc'd  after  a  ck.'teruiined  reftistanee, 
anil  one  of  them  liavinL,'  lieen  icillcd  in  tiie  seiillk^  liic  other  two  were  hanLCil 
the  tiaine  rfic. noon.  A  few  days  later  a  l)oniinicun  was  found  niurtlercd  in 
Lis  cell.  lj«:andllu,  Not.  Cur.  Gnat.,  MS.,  IS-l'J. 


720 


GUATEMALA  AND  CHIAPAS. 


cloatli  was  received  in  Guatemala  ^Nrurdi  2'),  1750,  aivl 
on  tlie  20th  of  the  followinLj  June  ponipous  funeral 
ceremonies  were  celebrated.'^' 

Two  yciai'S  later  the  oath  of  allei^iancc  to  Carlos 
III.  was  taken. *^''  In  ()et(tl)er  1702  the  valley  was 
Hooded,  and  the  town  of  Petapa,  and  the  portion  of 
the  city  known  as  the  Barrio  de  los  Keniedios  w;is 
inundated.*^*  l>ut  the  crowning  disaster  was  yet  to 
conje.  A  few  slijjcht  shocks  of  earthquake  in  the  latter 
part  of  May  1773  gave  no  cause  for  a})[)rehens^on 
and  were  almost  forgotten,  when  on  the  11th  of  June 
they  returned  with  such  violence  as  to  damage  sev- 
eral houses  and  churches,  notahlv  the  Carmelite  and 
Dominican  convents,  and  tlie  hospital  of  San  Juan  do 
Dios.  The  shocks  continued  for  sevei-al  days  witli 
din)inishing  force  and  frequency  until  they  had  nearly 
ceased.  On  the.  2oth  of  July  they  were  again  renewed, 
but  although  frequent  and  violent  there  was  no  serious 
damage  until  the  20th,  Avhen  the  people  had  partially 
recovered  from  their  alarm.  Then  they  were  startled 
by  a  sudden  shock,  coming  on  about  four  o'clock  iu 
the  afternoon,  which,  though  comparatively  slight, 
seemed  poi-tentous  of  evil.  So  great  was  the  a})pre- 
hension  felt  by  the  inhabitants  that  many  instantly 
abandoned  the  city,  and  those  who  remained  were 
ready  at  the  hrst  indication  of  its  return  to  llec  from 
their  dwellings.  Scarcely  ten  minutes  had  elapsed 
since  the  hrst  shock  when  there  was  a  second,  and 
of  such  violence  that  with  the  first  vibration  the  work 
of  destruction  began.  Tlie  motions  were  as  varied  as 
they  were  sudden  and  deslructive;  now  horizontal, 
now  vertical,  the  latter  uplifting  the  earth  with  ex- 
plosions, and  compelling  man  and  bea.st  to  remain 
prostrate.  On  every  side  were  heard  the  crash  of 
fallinu:  walls,  the  doleful  clanijfor  of  the  church  bells  as 
their  towers  rocked  under  the  impulse  of  unseen  pow- 

^*  Iturriwjn,  El  Dolor  (MRey. 
^  licit  res,  livlactonde  las  Fkdaif. 
^^Juurron,  Guat.  (ed.  Loml.,  1S23),  153-4. 


DESTRUCTION  AND  DEATH. 


Tfl 


crs,  nnd  abov  3  all  the  loiul  wailini^s  of  tlio  tcrror- 
.stridaii  pu(>[)lc,  who,  eollrcted  in  tlic  sqiiaros  aiul 
streets,  vamly  implored  divinr  protection. 

Tliroiiuhout  the  iii;:ht  the  shoeks  conliinied  at  hrief 
intervals,  and  the  horrors  of  darkness  wei'c  iiii-reascd 
hy  a  sevire  rain-storm,  accom})anied  by  thunder  and 
lin'htniu'jf,  to  which  the  thinly  clad  inhabitants  were 
iiiliy  ex[)(jsed,  none  darinij  to  seek  shelter  from  its 
fury  lest  a  worse  fate  should  overtake  them.  When 
day  broke  they  were  enabled  to  realize  the  full  exfent 
of  the  calamity.  Of  the  uiagnilicent  cathedral  n<>lliin:Lj 
was  left  but  a  hcaj)  of  ruins.  Not  a  house  in  tlu;  city 
had  escaped  cither  destruction  or  serious  dama^'e.  lu 
many  cases  where  i\ui  houses  remained  standin;^'  tluir 
foundations  had  settled  or  their  walls  were  shattered 
or  twisted.  The  greatest  ruin,  however,  was  caused 
in  that  portion  called  the  ]Jarrio  del  Candelaria.  Here 
every  house,  including  tlic  church  and  the  Douiisiicau 
convent,  was  levelled  to  the  ground.  In  many  [uirts 
of  the  city  even  the  pavements  of  the  streets  .ind 
the  tiled  iloors  of  piivate  dwellings  were  U[)lifted  and 
shattered.  The  deaths,  strange  to  say,  were  com- 
paratively few,  not  exceeding  one  hundred  and  thirty 
v.itliin  tlie  city,  and  ])rol)ably  a  smaller  number  in  the 
surrcjunding  country."^' 


"-  From  the  incidents  narrated  by  old  rcidcnta,  oye-\vitnessc=  of  tlio 
event,  iiiidtlic  appearance  of  the  city  in  lii-i  tinie,  Juanos),  (leaf.,  ii.  ■JU(j-^i,  cou- 
eludo.s  tliat  even  the  cliici:,!  reports  ui  tlie  ellect  of  tliin  eartiiijiu'.ki^  v,r;-j 
grosMly  exaiLrvccratcd,  ]irtil):ilily  owin;,'  to  the  interested  re)if)rts  of  en;iiue;'!-'i, 
areliiieet.s,  iamX  notaries,  lie  (piotes  from  t\v(j  paniplilets  pulili^iied  at  ,M'..\i(;() 
in  \7i~\,  to  hIiow  instances  of  e.Na:rj;eratioi\  in  tlu'  details  of  t!iis  ealaiiiily.  \n 
one  that  appears  in  Ca(hna,  liri  re  Jhxcrlj).,  40,  the  Ktatc-nient  is  made  tiiat 
tnistwor'ihy  jiersons  aliirKied  that;  dming  the  earihipiake  tliey  t^a\v  tiio 
nuLrlity  \'olcan  dc  A^^iia  opened  fr  in  cone  to  base  liy  tiio  lirtt  slioiks:,  jmd 
a;,'ain  nni.id  liy  those  that  sueeeetk'd.  Tliis  and  otlicr  vaynries  e'liialiy  id)- 
surd,  the  eli'eets  only  of  a  terrilied  inuiL'ination,  form  part  of  every  deycri))- 
tion  of  tliis  di.^aster,  hut  do  not  nece: 
wliolc.     The  worii  of  Cad 


isar 


account  as  a 
I 


ily  imp 

ena  liere  t[\i 


nv  tlie  trnthlumess  ot  tha 
]ted  lias  ):ein  used  r.s  tho 


lis  aullioi'  ;>.as  a  iii'Mi.i!- 


)asc  of  tlic  present  account,  and  from  the  fact  lint 
neiit  chr.rehnian,  an  c_vc-\vitness  (>f  the-  events  I'elat 
which  received  the  sanction  of  superior  authority,  was  jml^lished  within  .'i 


1' 

il,  and   lli.:t  his  h  ol; 


year  o 


f   tlu;  occurrence,  its  trustv.or 


LUiness  can 


hanlh 


il.ted. 


rk,  il  reprint  of  the  ori'Mual  made  in  (aiateuiala  in  l;i.")S,  is  a  sma 


11  ]-_'ii 


•f 


pa',i .:,  and  de -crdjes  tlie  even 


tsof  th. 


1" 


id  extendin'4  Ir.Mm  dime  il 


177;J,  LU  .Maivli  10,  1774.  iiicludin^'a  detailed  description  of  tiio  ci-y  of  Guate- 


HisT.  Cknx.  Am.,  Vol.  II.    40 


722  GUATEMALA  AND  CHIAPAS. 

On  ilic  following  day  the  duty  of  interment  was 
begun  under  the  direction  of  the  civil  anci^ecclcsiastical 
authorities.  Fearful  of  pestilence  the  dead  were 
l)uried  wherever  found,  the  grounds  having  iirst  heeu 
consecrated.  Hunger  and  thirst  next  stalked  about 
the  ruins.  Most  of  the  supplies  within  tlie  ?ity  had 
been  destroyed  or  buried  beneath  the  fallen  houses, 
and  none  dared  venture  in  those  yet  standinuf,  as  the 
sliocks  still  continued.  The  aqueducts  had  been 
destroyed,  and  but  a  scanty  supply  of  muddy  water 
could  be  obtained.  This  distress,  however,  was  soon 
relieved  by  the  prompt  measures  of  the  president, 
who  caused  to  be  distributed  a  quantity  of  stores:  des- 
tined ("or  the  fortress  of  Omoa.  Vigorous  measures 
were  also  taken  to  suppress  the  pillage  of  tlic  ruined 
houses,  already  begun.  Thefts  t'>  the  value  of  ten 
pesos  or  more  were  made  punishable  by  death,  and 
for  lesser  amounts,  the  breaking-open  of  any  trunk, 
or  tlu!  ;ip[)roacii  after  evening  prayers  to  the  teni- 
})orary  quarters  of  the  nuns,  two  hundred  lashes 
and  ten  years'  jienal  servitude  was  the  penalty  fixed. 
As  [)roiir  of  their  determination  to  carry  out  these 
measures  the  authorities  caused  a  gallows  to  be  at 
once  elected  in  the  ])rincipal  square.  The  presence  of 
the  militia,  wlio  had  been  summoned  from  the  neigh- 
boring town,  also  helped  to  keep  the  criminal  classes 
in  check."' 


iiii)ln,  its  (]c'sti  uction,  nMd  tlic  measures  for  its  renioval  u  to  tlie  i.ist  iliito. 
It  in  written  in  the  usiiiil  iiillated  religious  styl(^  The  .a  thor,  Vv.ty  I'\]i|n! 
('••lileii.-i,  wr..;  ;i  Poiniiiii'iiii,  jirofessnr  of  tlieoloi.')'  in  the  univir.«ity  of  San 
(Vu'los,  synoil.il  examiner  of  the  airliliishojirie,  and  .s-cre  ary  of  hi.s  oi'der  in 
OnatenKila.  There  are  olliei'  aeeonntu,  however,  w  hos(  cxa.!,';.:eration;^  are 
gioss,  and  v,'iii.-'0  narrative  could  not  Iiave  lieen  ol)taiu(  I  fron'  any  relialili! 
sonree.  Aeewdinj;  to  ffii.ssi /I'.i  J/i.i'.  Aimr.,  i.  ,'{!)(>,  the  i  ity  rjf  ( !ual(  iua!;i, 
witli  40,()!10  to  ."i(),('lOO  inhal.itantK,  and  nearly  |.".,()0(M!{M)  pesoa  in  treasure  and 
nierehanilisc  ,  v,as  so  conijiletely  s^^valloweil  up  in  A'miI  I  77.'>  that  n^t  evcna 
traee  was  h  I'l  nf  it.  Flint's  //i4.  dud  (/"';/.  j;ivt:<  tlie  date  of  the  eartlii|Uak(! 
as  ITTil.  and  ^ays  tliat  it  was  .■iecoini)anied  liy  terrilie  and  distnietive  ]ilie- 
noniena;  tin'  ;;ea  ro,-e  from  its  l)eil;  one  voleano  jioured  out  IxiiliuL;  wati  r, 
luiolhcr  waves  itf  lila/ing  lava;  and  H,000  fanulieswere  «\vallov,  ed  iij)  in  a 
moment, 

'^^  Aeeordini:;  to  P^seaniilla,  .Vo^  Cur.,  MS.,  'i.V?,  Iho  s,)ldiery  were  guilty 
of  iiilla,!jin,Lr  (l:e  convents.  Siirn'riaii  rlii'iiin>lo(th-,i  ili  Ids  l^ris'iili  nti  h  i/nf  /uni. 
(jon  rniidii  tsli'  /'t  i/iki  ih  (imit/io-  Ohisjios  ili'  Uonlhiiniilti  ij  ^ofirinn  Curiiiniix 
Vrunulvijiais  ili'.-iUui  Inuiui  i.'j  the  title  of  a  nuuinKcri]it  volume  in  folio  of  7? 


THE  QUESTIOX  OF  REMOVAL. 


723 


of 
1- 


11  to. 

Sim 
'  ill 

nil! 

lllc! 

,m!:,, 
l.l 

(  n  :i 

Ullkl! 

ati  r, 
in  ii 


]\Iany  liad  loft  the  city  for  the  adjacent  villa^'os,  or 
had  oi'cctcd  tomporary  shelters  in  the  outskirts,  but 
more!  lin^-ered  near  their  homos  snilferinjj^  i'roui  lack  of 
food,  clothing,  and  shelter.  Within  a  fo\v  dnys  \\lien 
the  shocks  had  gradually  diminished,  and  it  was  a 
(lUosticMi  whether  the  city  should  be  rebuilt  or  re- 
movetl  to  a  now  site,  the  })rosident  co.ivoked  a  meet- 
ing of  tho  civil  and  church  autiioritics  and  prominent 
citizens,  and  it  was  tinally  decided  to  remove  to  tho 
valley  do  la  Ermita,  tho  portion  known  as  tho  Rodeo 
being  chosen,  and  the  choice  approved  by  a  decree  of 
]\[ay  24,  1774.  But  finally,  at  tho  instance  of  tho 
new  fiscal  of  the  audiencia.  tho  site  was  clianged  to 
the  plain  of  tho  virgin  adjoining  La  Ilermita,  whero 
Uere  greater  advantages. 

Although  a  removal  was  favored  by  a  majority  of 
the  prominent  persons,  subse(juent  events  ,\'M)\ved  that 
it  was  not  tho  free  ox[)ression  of  tho  popular  will. 
Many  of  tho  citizens  were  not  in  a  condition  to  reason 
cahnlv.  The  nj)prehension  of  fresh  calamities  was 
kept  alive  liy  tho  continued  shocks,  which  t)n  the  7th 
of  September  and  loth  of  December  were  unusua.Uy 
severe.  Those  of  the  latter  date  were  said  by  some 
to  have  equalled  in  violence  that  of  tho  2!)thof  July, 
and  caused  furtner  ilamago  to  tho  remaining  build- 
ings.    As  time   went  on,  however,  tho  fears  of  the 

pngos,  usually  attributed  to  Jose  Man'.i  Eseanii'Ja.  It  Mas  licjmu  in  1777. 
!t  ())H'iis  with  a  list  of  t\\v  govei'iiors  nji  to  that  date,  takuii  Iimiii  tlic  ciliililo 
rucdi-iis  of  tho  city  of  (!iiateiiialii.  'J'liis  is  followijd  by  a  list  of  bishops  ,"11(1 
ni'Lhbishiijis,  tliijn;,'!)  from  \\  hat  soiu'oo  is  not  stateil.  ricuinidiii;  witii  tbi-  iViUa 
of  tho  (lisoo'.oric's  of  .Viiiciii.'i  ami  tli>'  South  Sm  ami  with  tiio  ooiii|uosts  of 
!Mi\ii'o,  <  iuatomila,  auil  I'orii,  u  bi'iof  oliroiioloy;ioal  list  is  j;i\('ii  of  tho  iiioro  im- 
liiii't.int  ovonts  iu  (Jiiatouiahi  aiiil  its  ilcpomjciit  jiroviiioos  from  l.i'Jo  to  I7il-. 
From  tho  lattordato  until  177!)  tiio  i-vonts  arodosoribod  with  nioro  fuliioss,  osjie- 
cially  tiiu  aocount  of  tho  dostruotivo  oarthipiako  in  I77't.  tho  ooiisoiiuont  re- 
moval of  tho  oity,  and.  tlio  l.ittor  oontrovorsy  to  wiiiih  it  giivo  riso.  It  is 
unoortain  Mhothor  elio  initlior  was  in  (  'atomalii  jjicvioiis  to  1777.  as  tho 
iiiimitoiii.'ss  M'itli  wiiioii  he  di'scrilios  the  events  of  the  iirocotliii;,'  four  \oars 
may  have  lioon  tho  result  of  information  obtained  from  tho  residents  of  tho 
oity.  \or  is  then  a,i\  tiring  to  indieato  the  nami^  ot  tho  ooiiqiiler.  Tho 
inanusoript  was  prosontod  to  tho  Abbe   i5rasseur  <lo  iiouvboiug  in   IS.'ifi  liy 


]•; 


ilia,  aeeording  to  notes  in   the  liaiidw  litimr  of   tlii'  al 


n   the  title 


]iaj:e,  and  at  the  end  of  the  vol 


d   in  his  Jlililiofliii/iic  Mcxirn-tlinitc- 


!    1'^ 


VKiiii  line.  ]).  (iO,     Its  ehiof  \aluc  is  tho  lueouut  of  tho  do^.truotion  a.'id  robuild- 
ing  of  tjruatonmla  City. 


724 


GUATE^rALA  AND  CIIIArAS. 


])i'()|)lo  (lisa])]H\'ir(>(l,  and  i]\o  (  j)[)()sition  t<>  a  roiiiovnl 
<;iT\v  stroii^ci'  aiiioni;'  all  clas-ios;  hut  still  tli(^  aiidi- 
(.'lu'ia  <)l)ji'('(e(l.  I'liis  body,  to^i'tlicr  with  the  I'oyal 
ofliiMids  and  the  troops,  had  hccii  ostahlislu-d  in  the 
llerniita  since  Septeniher;  hut  IV'W  if  any  of  the 
citizens  a|)[)eai'  to  have  joined  them,  and  not  evcMi  a 
jH'techial  lever,  which  a])[)eare(l  and  ra^ed  until  May 
1774  ctiuld  induce  them  to  abandon  tlic  ruined  city.'' 

1'he  ]iresidcnt  woidd  fain  ha\e  conn»('llcd  the  re- 
moval, hut  the  royal  decree  which  arriwd  in  the 
latter  part  of  1774,  made  the  s(di>cti()n  of  the  site 
suhject  to  the  appro\al  of  the  \iceroy  of  Mexico,  and 
ordered  tiiat  until  such  ap|)roval  was  obtained  the 
erection  of  permanent  huiltrm"_;'s  should  not  l)e  made. 
The  viceroy  was  duly  infoi'med  of  tlu>  choice  of  site, 
but  instead  of  ap[)i()vinL^  it  he  reported  the  matter  to 
the  crown. 

^J'he  removal  of  the  city  to  the  plain  of  the  viri^in 
was  continued  by  I'oyal  decree  of  Xovend»er  177.'), 
and  inunediati'ly  followin*^-  its  receipt  l^resident  ^la- 
yorLi'a  issued  decrees  invitinLT  the  citizens  to  select 
their  lots  in  the  new  locality.  ]>ut  few  j'es[)onded  to 
this  invitation,  and  none  bi'^'an  the  construction  of 
houses,  belitning  that  this  site  would  be  ultimately 
abandoned. 

"^roward  the  owd  of  December  a  second  royal  decr(>e 
arrived  with  insti'uctions  as  to  the  manner  of  ri'mo\al, 
but  forbiddinjj;'  the  total  abandonmtMit  of  the  old  city. 
Sup])ressin«j;'  such  portions  of  these  instructions  as 
suited  his  ilesi^'u,  the  president  contiiuu'd  his  meas- 
ures of  coercion,  but  apjuirently  with  little  success, 
for  on  the  'J'Jth  of  July,  1777,  ho  found  it  necessary 
to  dei-ree  that  within  a  year  the  old  city  nuist  i>e 
abandoned  and  all  buildinn's  pulli.^d  doM'ii.  The  ayun- 
tamiento  had  been  ordered  to  take  U|»  their  })ermanent 
residence  in  La>  Ilermita  at  tlu>  end  of  177;"),  and  their 
protests,  lirst  to  the  president  and  subse(|uently   to 


6*.//«/7vs  Giiut.  (ctl.  b.iid.,  is-r,),  157. 


V 


ilS 


y 

li- 
nt 
ir 
to 


]MOr>K  QUARltlXS.  T2r, 

iho  crown,  n])jX'ar  to  liavo  availed  iiotliiiin'.'^''  TIio 
aT'chhislioj),  lio\V('\('r,  and  the  ee-elesiasties  ^still  I'e- 
maiiied  in  the  I'uined  city. 

'V\;  ■  archMshoj)  had  opposed  the  reino\al  IVoin  (li(3 
be^'iniiin^',  and  in  liis  inunerous  representat  ions  to  the 
(Tiiwi!  had  occasion  to  comjilain  of  t  lie  minister  ( ial\ez. 
One  (;!' these  letters  fell  inio  I  he  hands  of  (jlalve/,  who 
det(.'rniined  on  I'evenge.  'i'hron^h  his  inlhu'nce  seei'ct 
and  stringent  orders  wei'e  issued  lor  the  total  ahaii- 
doiunent  of  the  ruined  citv,  and  a  foniier  resi^natiMU 
of  the  arcidiisho[i,  made  in  17(11),  a.  d  rejectcsd  i)_v  ihc; 
crown,  was  reconsicK-red.  and  accepted.  'I'ho  orders 
issued  1»y  the  president  he<'ame  morti  and  more  strin- 
<.;ent,  hut  as  ho  I'el'uscHl  to  show  the  I'oyal  (K'ci'ees  to 
t'.ie  art'hl)islio[)  the  latter  paid  no  heed  to  them. 

Thus  ajl'airs  contimieil  until  .\ui;'ust  I77H,  when 
Don  Mati'as  (Jalvi'Z,  a  hi-othei'  ol'  minister  (jlalvoz, 
arrived  in  (Juatemala.  with  the  i-ank  of  inspector- 
;!,'enerul  and  actini;'  president  of  the  audiencia  in  the 
.-dtseiice  or  sickness  of  j\Iayori;a.  In  the  he^inniuL,^ 
of  177;)  lh(>  entry  to  the  I'uiiied  ciiy  of  all  kinds  of 
m<'rchandisi'  was  lorhidden ;  re[)airs  on  houses,  i^^rounds, 
or  sti'eets  were  prohihited;  music,  Lulldiu'htiiiLif,  an<i 
all  other  puhlic  diversions  wer(^  interdicted;  the  tem- 
porary liuts  in  the  streets  and  s(|Uares  wei'e  ordel'e(l 
remoN'ed,  and  all  artisans,  militia,  and  otheis  of  this 
class  were  ordere<l  to  transfer  their  residence  to  the 
new  site  within  a  limited  j)eriod. 

On  the  .Hh  of  .\j)iil  (iaKc/  took  temjtoraiy  pos- 
session of  the  pi'(  ^odency,  ^Fayor^'a  l)eini^  pi'omoted  to 
the  \icero\alt  \'  of  New  S|iain,  for  which  placi-  he  s^'t 
old  toward  the  end  of  the  month.  The  appointment 
of  (Jalvez  ari'i\ed  the  t  Mil  of  ^^ay  when  he  took 
formal  ])ossession  of  tli«'  otlice.  Throunh  his  suhor- 
dinates  heat  once  issued  pei'<'ni]»tory  orders  to  all  sec- 
ulars for  the  innnediate  ahandomnent  of  the  old  city 
imder  severe  jxiialt  ies.  'J'his  ty  ramiic.d  nieasui'c  coidd 
not  he  fully  cariied  out,  and  such  was  the  sulfelin^'  it 

'^  Afdmlo,  tU.  Due,  Aiitl'j.,  100-71. 


7-26 


GUATEMALA  AND  CHIAPAS. 


1^ 


caused  among-  the  poorer  classes  that  man)'  were 
allowed  to  remain  among*  tlie  ruins.  The  princi])nl 
cause  of  all  these  troubles,  however,  was  the  ardi- 
bibhop.  The  civil  authorities  could  not  compel  him 
to  leave  the  old  city,  and  it  was  hoped  that  a  system- 
atic course  of  annoyance  would  induce  h'un  to  rej)air 
to  Spain,  and  that  during  his  absence  the  new  arcli- 
bishop  who  had  alread}'  been  appointed  would  quietly 
take  possession.  Having  set  out  on  a  pastoral  visit, 
August  21,  1778,  it  was  supposed  that  he  had  departed 
for  Spain;  but  in  September  1779  he  was  again  in 
Guatemala  City,  whence  he  issued  an  edict  disputing 
the  validity  of  his  successor's  claims,  this  latter,  Cay- 
etayno  Francos  y  Monroy,  having  arrived  in  Guate- 
mala durinii'  the  preceding  month.  From  the  9th  to 
the  30th  the  struggle  between  the  archbishop  and 
the  audiencia  continued.  To  the  former's  threats  of 
exconnnunication  the  latter  replied  with  demands 
for  the  recognition  of  the  new  archbishoji,  and  this 
proving  ineftectualhe  was  ordered  to  depart  for  Spain, 
and  the  recognition  of  Monroy  by  the  people  enjoined 
under  h(?avy  penalties.  It  is  uncertain  to  what  ex- 
tremes he  president  might  have  proceeded  had  not 
Arclibi  hop  Cortes  secretl}''  left  for  Spain  at  the  end 
of  the  month.  Monroy  at  once  took  possession,  and 
thus  ended  this  scandalous  affair."" 

Notwitlistanding  its  want  of  resources  the  new 
citv^  aided  by  the  cession  of  the  revenues  I'or  ten  years 
made  by  the  royal  decree  of  1774,  was  soon  rebuilt, 
and  in  1800  had  its  paved  streets,  tine  squares,  pul)lie 
buildings,  and  churcbes.  The  cathedral,  of  smaller 
]>roportions  than  that  of  the  old  city,  and  the  Jesuit 
college,  wore  still  unhnished. 

Alarms  and  disaster  still  followed  tlie  people  of 
Guatemala.  On  the  11th  of  July  1775  a  violent 
thougli  liarndess  eruption  of  the  volcano  of  Facaya 
occurri'd;    in    I77(i    the  eruption   of  the   Nolcano  J  )o 


Cwlc 


f<^lW,iiinlhi,  Xnf.   Cm-..  :\IS.,  iM-O,');  Juunw,  Cwtl.,  i.  8,j-9;  ii.  2ti(J-7~; 


I'i/i.,  I0-.j3. 


M 


SALAZAR  AXG  GALVEZ.  7'J7 

Tornicntos,  near  Aiuatitlaii,  destroyed  the  villaire  of 
Tres  liios,  three  leagues  distant,  and  filled  with  lava 
the  rivers  from  which  it  took  its  name.'^'' 

In  1780  the  new  city  was  visited  by  sniall-pox, 
which  extended  over  the  whole  country  and  c;irri»>d 
off  many  victims.  The  use  of  vaccine  was  now  for 
the  first  time  tried  in  Guatemala,  and  jiroved  a  suc- 
cess, as  few  if  any  of  those  inoculated  died.""* 

Before  these  events  had  fairly  passed,  the  declara- 
tion of  war  between  England  and  Spain  in  1779,  and 
the  almost  immediate  invasion  of  Honduras  and  Xica- 
I'agua,  compelk'd  the  reorganization  of  tlie  military 
I'orce  of  the  kingdom.  Wo  have  no  informati(jn  of 
the  condition  of  either  the  regular  army  or  militia  at 
this  date,  but  it  is  hardly  probable  that  any  matei'ial 
change  in  their  condition  had  taken  i)lace  !>ii)ce  the 
report  of  President  Salazar  in  1778-9.  As  therein 
shown  the  country  was  not  in  a  condition  for  war. 
The  whole  number  of  regular  troops  in  the  kingdom 
consisted  of  two  companies  of  dragoons  numbering 
sixty  men,  and  who  were  stationed  at  the  cajtital. 
The  militia  force  included  all  the  able-bodied  men  in 
the  kimxdom,  the  maioritv  of  wliom  were  mulattoes; 
but  in  the  rare  event  of  their  being  called  «>at  for 
service  a  certain  proportion  only  was  taken  from  each 
town,  the  remaiinkn'  being  indispensable  to  the  culti- 
vation of  the  soil.  ])oth  infantry  and  cavalry  were 
j)oorly  disciplined,  and  their  arms,  usually  deposited 
in  the  principal  towns,  would  not  sulliee  ibr  one  half 
of  the  troops,  besides  being  for  tlu^  most  part  out  of 
repair  for  want  of  an  armorer.  A  few  of  the  midat- 
toes  had  rude  side  arms  of  home  manufaetui'e,  but  it 
was  rare  to  tin<l  one  who  had  ac(|uire(l  any  skill  in  the 
use  of  tiro-arms.  The  regulai'  force  was  sulisi  (pienlly 
increa^nH.!  to  two  hundred,  a  detachment  of  one  hun- 
dred Spani.sh  trooj)s  ai'ri\ing  in  August  1777.*^'    At 


'"./(i«>v^  Gnnh.,  ii.  3.");i-4;  Sy/nirrn  States  Cent.  Am.,  493-4. 
''■\/(fro'/- ..s,  (liKii.  (oil.  Loud.,  ls-j;{),  1,j7-«. 
^  U^cftJiiillu,  XiA.  L'ur.,  Ms,,  4. 


728 


GUATEMALA  AXD  CHIAPAS. 


this  same  time  infantiy  and  cavalry  officers,  artillory- 
iiujii  aiul  engineers  were  asked  for  l)y  President 
Saiazar  to  reorganize  and  instruct  the  militia  and 
take  charge  of  the  artillery  and  fortifications.  The 
vai'ious  forh'esses  and  principal  cities  were  well  ])ro- 
vided  with  artillery  and  small  arms,  hut  many  of 
them  in  an  apparently  unserviceable  condition. ''"  At 
the  first  note  of  alarm  I^resident  Galvez  applied  him- 
self to  the  oriranization  of  an  armv,  and  such  was  the 
enc^rgy  and  ability  displayed  in  his  conduct  of  the 
subsciiuent  camoau>'n,  that  he  earned  mei'ited  fame 
and  jiromotion  for  himself,  and,  as  we  have  seen,  led 
his  troops  to  victory.^^ 

Th(!  rule  of  President  Galvez  ended  on  ]March  10, 
178;],  wh.cn  he  was  transferred  to  the  viceroyalty  of 
New  S'pain.  liis  administration  was  an  exceedingly 
]n'ospcrous  one  for  Gaatemala,  and  his  departure  was 
greatly  regretted  by  all  classes.'^  His  successor  was 
Jose  Estaeheria,  who  assumed  office  the  3d  of  'Vpril 
the  same  year.  He  was  l)rii>adier-L*'eneral  and  ex- 
governor  of  .Nicaragua.  His  term  of  office  expired 
J)eceml)er  29,  17^!).  To  him  succeeded  Bernardo 
Troncoso  Mai'tinez  lei  Rincon,  lieutenant-general, 
formerly  king's  lieutenant  of  Habana  and  ex-gov- 
ernor of  Vera  Cruz,  who  wns  in  power  until  171)4, 
and  Jose  Domas  y  Vallc,  a  knight  of  Saiiti;ig'>,  gef'e 
tie  escuadra,  who  held  office  fiom  the  latter  date  until 
the  28th  of  July  1801.'=* 

From  :\ray  13,  1753,  until  June  24  17^,5,  ttic  aHii- 
episcojial  chair  of  Guatemala  was  tilled  by  J)ocf()r 
I'ranciscv)  Joso  de  Pigueredd  y  Victoria,  who  had  been 
promoted  from  the  see  of  I^opiyan.'* 

'^l\l,i,z.  Mrm.  Hist.  Giiat.,  iii.  SU-Ot. 

"/'</«':.  M,m.  J/isl.  (liiKt.,  iii.  10(i--J!). 

''-AnrithJ'til.  Doc.  Aiili<l.,  171-6. 

'■'JiiarroM,  (/iicif.,  i.  272-3. 

"*IIo  wn.i  II  native  'if  'Jiaii!i(Tn,  pi-frfntnf,  flfi't  tisliop  of  I'op!iyfin,  to 
^•liic'h  lie  WHS  I'diHcil  ill  I'/^O.  Ifis  iip]i(iiiitini  jit  fn  tlic  iin  liliislK.pi  ic  iif  <  inn- 
t'liiiil.i  w.is  (liitoil  17"»l;  liis  Imlln  isncil  Jiiiiiiiiiy  'J.'J,  )~'i'2.  On  tlir  lotli  of 
^liiy   17j3  i)uctov  Agustia  dc  Ja  C'a.Nigii,  uliauccHor  of  the  cuthcdial,  took 


MISSIOXARY  WORK. 


720 


Tlic  only  event  of  importance  (lurin,i>'  his  rule  was 
the  partial  secularization  of  missions.  The  order  was 
received  from  Mexico  by  the  audiencia  sometime 
after  the  death  of  President  Vazquez,  but  was  not 
r.iado  public  until  1754,  when  the  secularization  of 
the  missions  in  the  valley  of  Guatemala  at  once 
ben'an." 

On  the  arrival  of  President  Arcos,  a  little  over  a 
month  later,  the  Dominicans,  who  had  ap})eal(!d  to 
tlie  crown  against  this  measure,  ])revailcd  on  him  to 
delay,  under  some  pretext,  the  transfer  of  their  mis- 
sions. This,  however,  proved  only  a  temporary  relief; 
i'or  though  the  provinces  of  Veia  Paz  and  Quiche 
wei'e  lel't  to  these  friars,  Archbishoj)  Figueredo  re- 
ported the  conduct  of  the  president  to  the  crown, 
whereu[)on  the  secularization  was  ordered  continued, 
and  Arcos  was  reproved.  The  l)omini<'ans  redoubled 
tiM'ir  exertions,  but  succeeded  only  in  obtaining  a 
cedula  orilering  that  the  transfer  of  the  remaining 
missions  should  be  made  oidy  on  the  death  of  tlie 
fiiars  in  charge.  Later,  even  this  concession  was  re- 
voked by  the  archbishop  of  Guatemala.'" 

At  tlie  time  the  missionary  field  in  the  province 
of  Guatemala  jjroper  seems,  with  the  exception  of 
the  Lacandon  territory,  to  have  been  exhausted;  for 
\\i'  hnd  lliat  the  Franciscan  college  of  Ci'isto  Seiior 
Xuestrt»  Crucificado.  founded  April  27,  l7j(),had  mis- 
sions in  Veragun,  Costa  lii(*a,  Honduras,  and  ^Nfos- 
(piitia,  but  there  i^^  no  mention  of  any  in  Guatemala.'' 
In  ]7'.)0  tlie  pai'ish  priest  of  PaliMKjue  made  a  frcblc 
attempt  to  rvdw-e  the  Lacandones.  IIa\  Iiig  obtained 
pecuriOJAiry  and    fr*/m    the    intendente  of   C'hiaj)as,  Ikj 


prissfissii>n  ill  liis  naiiu .  and  on  the  l.'Sth  folhjwing  iiidiicted  him  into  nlliuc. 
Jiifirrox,  V«"t.,  i.  '2!VJ-;{. 

•5 Tlie  niatinrr  of  ]>rooco(Hni,'  wjih  .somcwhiit  f-.p  unary.  The  .li'r;_'yniaii 
V  ho  wns  asHJ^rnod  to  the  cnriU'v  without  pfvions  <  otioo  snchhuly  aitpcai-cd, 
H.  roin|i.iiiic(l  hy  the  aloahlo  umyor  of  the  <li8tiict,  who  gave  Iiini  possuh.-^ion, 
II  .d  thi^  fiiar  i  cliargo  vas  coniiK'Ued  to  transfur  everything  to  lii.s  siieo(;8. 
turn  iiudi-'f  invontoiy,  J'JsciDnH/a,  A'o/.  ('in:,  MS.,  "Jd. 

'•'■  h'.-nuiiil/n,  Xot.  Ciii'.,  MS.,  JO;  Jii(irruK,Cuat.,  i.  'Jij;}. 

''dual.,  CoiiKtit.  C-iloj.  Xi>(.n,  i.  '£)•!. 


rno 


GUATEMALA  AXD  CniAPAS. 


founded  a  town,  baptized  several  natives,  and  won 
tlu'ir  good- will  by  numerous  presents;  but  the  ad- 
vantage thus  gained  does  not  appear  to  have  beeu 
improved.''^ 

Some  excitement  was  caused  in  Guatemala  City 
in  July  1772  by  a  disturbance  in  the  convent  of  the 
Recollets.  0>ving  to  violent  dissension  among  the 
inmates,  the  audiencia,  at  the  request  of  the  i'riai-, 
caused  the  arrest  and  remittance  to  Spain  of  two  of 
the  !-ingloadors.  The  po[)ulacc,  ignorant  of  the  cause 
of  this  interference,  were  with  difficulty  quieted.  This 
action  of  the  audiencia  was  approved  by  the  crown,  and 
the  remainder  of  the  turbulent  friars  were  sus[)ended. 

Having  become  blind  from  old  age,  being  now  in  his 
eightieth  year,  Arc-hbishop  Figueredo  jietitioni'd  the 
crown  to  a})point  a  coadjutor.  Accordingly,  ])octor 
IMiguel  de  Cilieza  y  Velasco,  a  native  (jf  Guatemala 
and  chancellor  of  the  cathedral,  was  selected;  but  the 
archbish(»p  died  before  he  was  consecrated,  and  ho 
was  nominated  for  the  see  of  Chia])as,  whence  ho 
departed  in  October  17G7.  The  archbishoj)'s  deatli 
occurred  June  24,  l7Go.  In  accordance  with  his  re- 
quest his  remains  were  deposited  in  the  church  of  the 
Jesuit  college,  to  whose  members  he  had  been  warmly 
attached.'"  The  archiepiscopal  chair  remained  vacant 
after  Figueredo's  death  until  17GS,  when  it  was  occu- 
pied by  Doctor  Don  Pedro  Cortes  y  Larraz.^"  Pre- 
ceding his  arrival  in  17G7  the  famous  decree  of 
expulsion  against  the  Jesuits  was  carried  into  efl'ect 
in  Guatemala,  but  was  unattended  with  any  of  the 
serious  disturbances  which  maiked  its  enforcement 
in  Now  Spaiii.*^^     The  utmost  secrecy  and  despatch 


•'^PhirrJn,  in  Soc.  Mcx.  Goofj.,  Bnh-thi,  iii.  .'i4S-0. 

''^ ,/ii(iri-o.i.  Omit.,  i.  'JO'J-,'{;  177(>  is  given  .ia  tlic  ilat>  of  i.'is  death  by  Con- 
cilio"  I'ror.,  Imo,  L'iCJ,  '2f)S;  and  Alfrilo,  jih'  ,  ii.  "U."). 

^^  A  native  of  ]5clcliitc  in  tlio  kiiiudoni  of  Ara<i(in,  pioti'"<or  of  sciences  in 
the  univei'sity,  and  subsiijucnlly  canon  in  tlie  calhidral  of  tn.  city  of  Saia- 
gossa.  III!  was  appointed  to  tiiu  aichhitiho]>ric  (f  ( i'!.;al<in;ilu  in  ITOV.  Jn(tnu.-i, 
Hunt.,  i.  '2!)4. 

"'  The  motives  and  nature  of  this  nieasiirc  aiv'  fully  treated  in  my  Jliatoi ^' 
of  Mexico,  this  series. 


EXPULSION  OF  THE  JESUITS. 


731 


were  observed.  At  G  o'clock  on  tlic  morning  of  tlio 
2()tli  of  June,  troops  liaving  been  stationed  at  certain 
points,  tlie  ))resident  and  audiencia  with  an  escort 
of  dragoons  ])roceeded  to  the  Jesuit  convent.  It  was 
the  feast  of  the  sacred  lieart,  and  service  had  ah-eady 
begun.  Awaiting  a  favorable  opportunity  the  presi- 
dent requested  the  celebrants  to  cease,  and  the  sai-- 
ranient  having  been  covered  and  the  doors  closetl, 
in  tears  he  notified  the  friars  of  the  fatal  decree. 
Silently  and  with  bowed  heads  they  signified  tlieir 
submission.  The  convent  was  surrounded  by  a  guard 
of  militia,  and  all  connnunication  with  friends  for- 
bidden. On  July  1st  they  were  conducted  to  Gollb 
Dulco  and  embarked  on  a  Spanish  frigate,  and  a 
month  later  the  members  of  their  order  from  Chiapas 
joined  them.  The  decree  was  [)ublislied  on  the  30th 
of  July.  The  total  number  of  exiles  was  eleven.  The 
rector  and  two  lay  brothers  remained,  the  former  t;) 
deliver  the  church  property,  and  the  latter  because 
they  were  unable  to  travel.'^* 

Archbishop  Cortes  took  possession  of  his  office  in 
February  17G8.  The  chief  event  during  his  rule  ^^■as 
his  ditliculty  with  the  audiencia,  owing  to  his  opposi- 
tion to  tlie  removal  of  tlie  city,  and  which  has  b(;en 
related  in  connection  with  that  event.  These  ditfer- 
onces,  however,  were  evidently  of  an  earlier  date. 
Cortes,  who  had  been  appointed  by  the  king  in  opj»o- 
sition  to  his  council,  did  not  find  matters  to  his  liUiig 
in  Guatemala,  and  accordingly  in  August  ]7('>U  lu; 
tendered  his  resignation.  This  was  rejected  by  tlie 
king,  who  expressed  himself  as  satisfied  with  his  con- 
duct, and  this  rejection  was  considered  final.  In  op- 
posing the  removal  of  the  city,  however,  he  did  not 
count  on  the  influence  of  I*resident  ]\Iayorga,  v.Iio 
was  [)rotected  by  the  chief  minister  of  the  r(jyal  coun- 

^'^E^cumUhi,  Kot.  Cur.,  MS.,  19-20;  ,^rs»/7,i,  rnkr.  C'eii.,  24,  an.l  I'>l>if~., 
3lem.  Gimt.,  iii,  0()-8,  give  a  sonu'wlmt  dillbrciit  vtTHJoii.  Aci'onliiiL;  to 
tlics(!  aiitlioiitiea  the  (Iccii'o  was  {.'ivcn  to  tlie  aUalile  mayor,  vlio  iiolitird 
tlie  t'liiirH  at  two  o'clock  in  tlie  iiioniiiig.  'I'lie  stateiiiciits  of  EscaluilLi,  ulio 
M'us  i)iubi,iit  iu  (Juutcmalu  at  this  time,  are  to  be  preterieil. 


783 


CUATr:MAT,A  AXD  CIIIArAS. 


eil;  and  however  ju.stifiablo  in  the  l)f\!j;iniiiii!^  tliis 
()j)})osition  nmy  have  hoon  it  was  unwisely  prolonged. 
?>iinister  Galvoz  succeeded  in  havintj^  the  resign.ation 
(.f  Cortes  rec^onsidered,  notwithstanding^  the  ])rotests 
of  tluit  prelate.  lie  caused  his  brother  to  bo  n[)- 
]!(>inted  Mayorga's  successor,  had  Cortes  transferred 
to  the  bisho[)ric  of  Tortosa,  and,  as  we  liave  seen,  a 
liew  an.'hbishop  nominated  to  Guatemala.  The  re- 
fusal of  Cortes  to  surrender  his  chair,  it  is  claimed,  was 
because  he  had  not  recc^ived  his  bulls  coniirming  his 
apj)ointment  to  the  bisho[)ric  of  Tortosa.  After  leav- 
ing Guatemala,  as  previously  narrated,  he  proceeded 
to  his  nc;w  bishopric,  where  he  continued  until  hi.s 
death,  which  occuired  in  178G.  His  interest  in  the 
welfare  of  Guatemala  did  not  end  with  his  (lc{)arturo, 
i'n'  he  subse(|uenl,ly  donated  sixty  thousand  dollars 
Avitli  which  to  found  a  colleu'e  for  the  education  of 
the  young. "^^ 

Doctor  Cayctano  Francos  y  Monroy,  his  successor, 
v»as  installed  and  dulj'  recognized  after  Cortes'  de- 
})arture;'"^  but  not  satisiied  with  the  manner  in  which 
he  had  been  a[)pointed  he  procured  a  confirmatory 

^"'Eiicam'ilht,  Not.  Cur.,  MS.,  O.j-7-i;  Jitarro.i,  Gnat.,  i.  '2{)i-'r,  Id.,  Corn- 
paid.  ,  '2'J2-i. 

*''  Francos  Mas  a  n.itivc  of  tho  Villa  of  Vilbviccucio  do  los  Caliallcros,  and 
vas  canon  (jf  thu  catlicihal  of  I'Lisuncia  \\  Inn  appointed  tu  tlio  aicliliishopiic 
(if  ( luaU'iiiala.  lie  died  on  Ihc  ITcli  of  July  17'.'-.  His  .successors  were  l),iii 
Juan  Felix  de  Ville.L;a:(,  M'lio  ruled  fr:)Ui  .May  8,  ITi'-l,  to  In'liraary  .'1,  IS;)(); 
ii:id  Don  Luis  I'efialvcry  C.irdenas  ^.  ho  entered  ollico  on  Juno  .'i,  l.'iOJ.  Ju'irro<, 
(I'.'iiif.,  i.  'JOr)-?.  AUhoa;i!i  Juarro.j  Ui  justly  rc^jarded  as  the  eliief  Iiistorian  of 
ll:c  Central  American  provinces  for  the  coni|uesb  and  colonial  period,  he  has 
f.iilcd  to  descrilje  in  a  conneciied  lorni  the  political,  social,  and  ni  iral  develop- 
r.ient  of  tiiose  countries  durinj;  that  period.  Thii  omission  has,  i:\  jiart,  b.'cu 
ii.led  hy  the  assiduous  labors  of  the  presliytcr  Francisco  de  I'aula  (larciiii 
IMae/.  l^'sidin^^'  for  many  years,  as  pari.sh  ]iriest,  at  the  old  city  of  (luate- 
laala,  known  ;is  the  Anti^i^ua,  he  devoted  his  leisure  li  no,  from  ls;;;(  to  1811, 
i.i  cxamiuing  as  opportunity  permitted  the  jiublic  and  private  arclnves  of  tho 
lir.'.vince,  and  in  stndyiny  the  piiuci])al  ancient  and  modern  writers  on  tliiit 
territory.  The  result  of  this  research  was  a  work  of  three  volumes  in  fciuiall 
(j'.'.arto,  entitled  Mcnt'  r'ms  pdi-t  la  JIlsl  iria  del  Aiil'cjiio  Jici/iio  dc  (Innlcmida, 
v.Iiich  was  jiuhlished  in  (Jnateuiala  in  IS,")!.  It  is  divided  into  the  ahori^'iual 
nnd  the  colonial  epochs.  The  former  treats  of  the  origin  of  tiio  natives  and 
tho  degree  of  civilization  they  had  attained  at  tho  time  of  the  conquest,  ami 
consists  of  a  brief  and  systematically  ari'auged  compilation  of  facts,  wiih  tiio 
corresponding  references  to  the  authoi'ities  from  ^^■hich  tliey  were  obtained, 
each  chapter  Ijeing  devoted  to  a  separate  topic.  This  occu[iies  but  'M  jjugeg 
of  tho  iiist  volume,  tho  remainder  of  the  work  beiny  taken  up  with  the 


HISTORICAL  iri:vinw.  th.t 

l)iill  from  Pone  Pius  Y\\.  in  177i).  This  iiTOijularitv 
was  also  i'c'coL;ni/.(:(l  hy  tlif  council  oftlic  Indies,  as  is 
shown  bv  the  fact  that  tlicv  declare;!  that  the  I'eve- 
iiues  of  the  archhishoprit;  of  Cluateniala  until  JJeeem- 
ber  1779  belonged  to  Cortes,  whoso  ap[)ointuient  to 
Tortosa  was  not  conlirniod  luitil  this  date. 


Thus  wo  have  traced  the  history  of  Fipanish  con- 
quest and  colonization  in  Ceiiti'al  Auierica  Ironi  the 
time  when  liodriu;()  de  iJastidas  tirst  t(-)Uched  Tierra 
Firuie  to  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  (."entur_y.  ^\'e 
have  seen  the  sword  and  the  cross  side  b}'  side,  with- 
out a  shadow  of  right  or  reconijiense,  enter  in  and 
take  possession  of  the  broad  area  from  J)arien  to  New 
Siiain;  then  sittinu:  down  to  v,ran<'le  and  to  I'est. 
iJuring  the  process  of  gradual  extinction  the  natives 
broke  out  in  occasional  rebellions;  but  ibr  the  mo:t 
part  tluy'  were  docile,  and  sul)nntted  with  philoso[»hic 
or  Christian  resignation  to  the  inevitable,  which  was 
too  often  infamous  on  the  part  of  ci\ilizatiou  and 
Christianity. 

It  was  a  pei'iod  of  repose,  the  two  and  a  half  ce-n- 
turies  of  Central  America's  existence  under  Spain's 
audiencias  and  governors,  a  period  of  apathy  and 
stagnation  as  far  as  intellectual  and  moral  nroucr(.'ss 
are  concerned.  Xor  \^  there  much  to  bo  said  in  the 
way  of  material  improvement.  Neither  God  nor 
mannnon  could  truthfidly  claim  much  higher  or 
nobler  results  IVom  the  couutiy  under  l']ur. ij>e:!u 
domination  than  under  American.  'J'he  province  and 
policy  of  rulers,  civil  and  ecclesiastical,  were  fixed,  and 

politicnl  history  of  tho  country  to  tlic  lircinniiic  of  tlic  ninotcpnth  ccntivy, 
and  willi  tlisj  ''.uneral  fonilitioii  lunl  prognss  of  tlic  jicoplo  and  tliuir  iiis'^ilii- 
tion.-i  from  V.m  t( miui'st  to  I.sl'I.  T!ic  niunucr  of  trcatmc-'ut,  tliouyli  nr  ;\j 
connccti-'d,  is  siiniiar  to  that  of  tlic  lir.st  cpouh.  The  stylu  i-s  tcrsi'  and  (.■ic;-.!-, 
though  sonu'what  dry,  aa  few  c<iiiinic'nt.s  arc  made,  and  lliose  of  iin  i'iipar;i:il 
nature.  It  contains  a  niultitude  of  vahiahlu  facts  nsjt  f'luinl  elsewlierc;  yet 
IVlae/.  deplores  tho  iiieonipletench;s  of  his  v,d'.'!; ;  for,  though  he  cxaniii.  'd 
liuiny  of  tho  original  doeuiueiits  in  the  puljlic  archives  of  Ouateniala,  the 
want  of  an  assistant  to  aid  liini  ia  CAiiaciing  mites  compelled  him  to  li.'a\o 
the  hulk  of  them  untuuclicd.  Tiio  iiutaoi'  buhsctjucntly  hccamu  archhisliop 
of  CiuaLCUuilu. 


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734 


GUATEMALA  AXD  CHIAPAS. 


the  duties  of  subjects  was  determined.  Although  the 
people  did  not  know  it,  the  grasp  of  the  mother  gov- 
ernment upon  the  country,  however  nervous  and 
jealous  it  might  be,  was  in  reality  weak,  for  the  parent 
herself  was  rapidly  declining. 

There  was  nothing  to  tight  for,  and  nothing  to 
work  for.  If  we  except  an  occasional  attempted  sub- 
jugation of  unpacified  jieoples,  and  the  descent  of 
l)irates,  tlie  greatest  issues  of  the  time  were  those 
affecting  precedence  and  place.  It  was  easier  to  evade 
obnoxious  laws  than  to  quarrel  with  them.  The  na- 
tives found  it  less  burdensome  to  perform  the  little 
labor  necessary  to  the  support  of  themselves  and 
their  masters  than  to  endure  the  penalties  of  opposi- 
tion. Between  the  poor  kings  of  Spain  and  the 
pirates  of  England,  France,  and  Holland,  tlio  wealth 
of  the  people  was  far  from  secure;  there  was  no 
great  incentive  to  enterprise  in  any  direction,  atid 
had  there  been  it  is  not  certain  that  men  would 
have  exerted  themselves.  Siuple  existence  satisfied 
them;  high  development  and  limitless  wealth  could 
do  no  more. 

The  appearance  on  their  shores  of  legalized  robbery 
and  murder,  in  the  form  of  freebooters,  was  not  gen- 
oiiiUy  regarded  as  retribution,  though  tlieir  infamies 
wore  .scarcely  greater  than  those  which  had  been  per- 
petiated  by  tlie  Spaniards  in  this  quarter  a  century 
(»r  two  before.  The  buccaneers  and  Scotch  settlers 
were  right  enough  in  looking  upon  the  Spaniards  as 
iiitiiiders,  having  no  more  ownership  in  the  country 
th:in  they,  except  sucli  as  priority  in  wrongs  com- 
iiiittod  gave  them;  which  wrongs  by  no  means  made 
riglit  tiic  cruelties  and  injustice  of  the  English  and 
French  inflicted  upon  the  Spaniards. 

In  the  third  and  concluding  volume  of  the  Ilisforif 
of  Central  America  will  be  more  fully  presented  the 
social,  industrial,  and  political  condition  of  the  coun- 
tiy  in  the  nineteeth  century,  particularly  at  the 
transitional  epoch  following  the  achieving  of  inde- 


APPROACHING  REVOLUTION. 


735 


pontlcnce  from  Spain,  and  ininicdlatcly  afterward. 
Twice  during  the  sixteenth  century  did  Spain  nar- 
rowly escape  the  loss  of  her  richest  territories  by  le- 
bellion.  Twice  durinaf  the  eiixhteenth  did  British 
armaments  threaten  to  overthrow  her  domnnon  in  the 
New  World.  And  now,  at  the  close  of  the  latter 
century,  the  Spaniards  of  Central  America,  goaded 
by  heavy  and  unjust  taxation,  and  by  the  vexatious 
restrictions  imposed  on  the  trade  of  the  colonies, 
stimulated,  morever,  by  the  success  with  which  tlie 
icj)ublic  of  the  west  had  thrown  off  the  yoke  of  Eng- 
land, and  by  the  brilliant  career  which  the  great  re- 
public of  Europe  had  achieved  under  the  dazzling 
leadership  of  the  first  Napoleon,  were  already  ripe  for 
revolution.  Spain  meanwhile  is  about  to  reap  the 
reward  of  nearly  three  centuries  of  misrule.  Through 
her  indifference  the  conmierce  of  the  westei-n  hemi- 
^phere  had  long  since  fallen  into  the  hands  of  i'oreign- 
ers;  and  her  colonies  no  longer  desired  to  maintain 
tlieir  connection  with  the  mother  country,  from  which 
tliey  had  nothing  to  gain,  and  with  whose  interests 
they  had  little  in  common. 


For  tho  history  of  tlio  colonial  period  of  tlic  Centr.il  American  provinces, 
csnociiilly  that  portion  innncdiately  following  the  coii(|ue3t,  when,  ji  secure 
footliold  having  been  gained  by  tlie  Spiiniard.i,  griulmd  exploration  and  scttlu- 
ni<;nt  completed  their  subjugation,  tho  data  supplied  by  the  earlitr  S[ianish 
chroniclers  and  official  reports  arc  ai)undant;  but  tlic  cvidonce  from  theso 
sources  is,  in  some  rcs[iects,  so  incomplete  and  contradictory,  tliat  it  is  <i:ily 
after  iin  examination  of  tiic  numerous  valuable  collections  of  original  documents 
brought  to  light  in  modem  times,  that  tho  student  is  alile  to  lix  with  precision 
the  true  character  and  setpience  of  events.  Tlie  standai'd  gcticr.d  iiiitoriaus 
of  tlie  sixteenth  century,  suclias  ncrnal  Oiaz,  Oomara,  Ovicdo,  and  Last'aras, 
giv(!  us  but  little  inforiiiation  concerning  <'cntral  Anieiica  after  ITioO;  and 
in  ccjiiscipicnce  tiio  special  accounts  of  individuald  like  <Iagc,  IJciizoni,  and 
Andagoya,  not  to  mention  the  writings  of  the  buccaneers,  wilh  occasional  oi)e- 
cialeli'orts  of  a  time  or  phicelilce  tliose  of  Iteynolds,  and  of  Fucnte.iy  (iu/man, 
foliowi.'d  by  Juarros,  and  all  supplemented  by  documents,  aj'suiiK!  i):iranioiiiit 
iniportanec,  and  become  tho  chief  sources  of  iiistorie  material  for  t!ds  epoeli. 

The  loiiiiiling  and  subsequent  progress  of  the  eliurch  in  this  territory  aiu 
traced  ill  a  g"neral  way  by  its  ri'prescntative  ciironiclers,  Motcdinia,  .Mendicta, 
Toriiuemaiia,  and  reruundez,  until  Ileniesal  and  Vazipiez,  chroniclers  rcsiiec- 


736 


EicLioGR  \riiY  OF  voYAGK  coll::ctions. 


lively  of  the  Doininicnn  niul  Franciscan  ortlcis  in  C.iitml  America,  profitirg 
]>y  tlif  liiliorH  of  tlie  foriiicr,  aii<l  aiMiiif?  some  original  rescareii,  l)rin;jr  the 
liistoiy  of  tlie  I'huri'li  down  to  the  fntl  of  the  Jit  veiiteenth  cniitury.  Some 
utt('Mi|it  is  iiKso  niatlo  hy  the  lust  two  writers  to  follow  the  politiutl  lii.story, 
Imt  only  in  ii  (lenultory  way. 

Tlie  first  speeial  history  to  bo  written  was  that  of  Fncntos  y  Onzin.  n, 
contaiiiinij;  ninch  original  matter,  hnt  n  )t  geniTully  relial)le.  The  iiianuscrij  t 
was  never  puhlislieil,  but  was  used  by  Jiiarroa.  Later  appeared  the  i);:ia- 
phlet  of  Caileiia,  <levote<l  entirely  to  a  description  of  the  destnicfi<iii  of 
(iiiateinulii  City,  and  n)M)ut  the  sanio  time  Kseaniillu  compiled  from  uHiciiil 
sources  a  !ist  of  governors  and  bisliops  and  of  the  more  important  historiial 
events,  and  gave  a  special  account  of  the  destruction  of  Guatemala  City. 

Without  the  valuable  collections  of  .Sipiier,  I'aclicco  and  ("iirdenas,  <';irt;i3 
de  Imlias,  'IV'rnaux  Conipana,  Ar(''val(>,  leazbalceta,  and  Coleccion  de  Diku- 
inentos  Jnc'ilitos,  the  result  of  modern  research,  the  history  of  this  territory 
from  l.'dJl  to  ISOl)  would  be  meagre  indeed.  These  collections,  8i)eii:d 
notices  of  ne;:rly  all  of  which  I  have  already  given,  contain  almost  nunib.r- 
Icss  olilcial  letters  find  reports,  which  were  either  unktiown  or  inaccessible  to 
early  writers,  rromineiit  among  them  all  is  what  has  been  called  the  Sijuicr 
collection,  consisting  mostly  of  manuscripts,  and  which  foil  to  nij'  eollectioii 
by  purchase  after  the  death  of  Mr  .Sijuier.  It  consists  of  extr.icts  and  copies 
of  letters  and  reports  of  audiencius,  governors,  bishops,  and  various  goveru- 
nient  oliicials,  taken  from  the  Spanish  ai chives  at  Madrid  and  from  l!io 
library  of  the  Spanish  Royal  Aca<lcmy  of  History,  mostly  under  the  direction 
of  the  i:ulefatigablc  collector  Mr  lUickinglmm  Smith.  Many  rare  and  valua- 
ble doeuiiicnts  relating  to  C'entr.il  America,  including  numerous  letters  and  re- 
ports of  Las  ( 'asas,  arc  also  to  be  found  in  the  viduminous  collection  of  I'aclieco 
und  (Mrden;!s,  and,  thouglr  fewer  in  number,  in  that  of  Ternaux-Conipatis. 

In  the  ali.-ii'nce  of  any  early  local  chronicler,  and  by  reason  of  the  neglei.t 
of  those  who  came  later,  many  of  the  records  have  been  lost.  The  only  por- 
tions of  those  published  arc  to  be  found  iu  tlio  collections  of  Ar^valo,  which 
arc  iiuli.-ipensable  to  tiie  local  history  of  Guatemala,  though  evidently  not 
compb'tc,  and  containing  some  omissions  owing  to  the  apparent  illegibility  of 
the  origir.als.  The  second  of  these  collections,  Voleccioii  de  Docnnunloti  A,i- 
thjitdx  ill-  (I'lidtiiii'ihi,  published  in  Guatemala  in  1S,")7,  contains,  besides  the 
grants  of  the  coat  of  arms  and  privileges  to  the  city  of  Guatemala,  and  ni''- 
morials  auii  re[)orts  of  tho  city  council  from  liJ37  to  IT81!,  a  few  letters  of 
Alvarado  an<l  IJishop  M;irroquin,  sonu?  without  date,  not  founil  elsewhere. 

The  work  of  Itemesal,  though  published  in  Madi'id,  was  the  first  one  wi-itten 
in  (iuutemala.  In  connection  with  the  ."peeial  history  of  the  Dominican  order 
and  a  gencnd  .leeount  of  the  church,  considerable  political  history  is  given, 
though  in  a  desultory  manner.  This  author  was  tho  first  to  nnike  use  of  the 
archives  of  Guatemala,  but  in  the  presentation  of  this  original  matter  much 
carelessness  is  shown.  Las  I'asas,  the  Dominican  order,  and  tho  natives  aro 
Ills  favorite  topics,  and  events  are  colored  accordingly.  A  century  later, 
deeming  his  order  neglected  by  liemcsal,  the  Franciscan  chronicler  \'uz(pic/, 
issued  his  work,  liorrowing  much  from  Uemesal  and  other  wiitcnt  fir 
the  earlier  epoch,  lie  coutiuued  the  history  of  the  church  duwu  to  the  cud  of 


REMESAL,  VAZQUEZ,  JUARR03. 


tlio  sovcntcontli  century,  giving  also,  m  that  author  had  ilono.  tlio  pditiLiil 
history  in  a  diseunnccti'd  form.  Willi  the  Kaine  facilities  as  rt'L'ards  original 
Bourcen  \'a/(|nfZ  makes  IkIIlt  u.«e  of  them  thiiii  Ueniunal,  hut  wl.ilc  i'X]io.sin^ 
tli'j  errors  of  his  rival  he  falls  into  others  equally  great,  disiilaying  a  iiairow- 
ininded  i)rejiidie6  against  the  natives,  while  fanatically  defending  their  op- 
pressors.  Jlcnie.sal  and  Vaz<|uez  arc  at  variance  on  many  jxiints  of  ehnrrli 
history,  hut  on  none  more  than  the  missionary  lalwrs  of  tluir  rcspicUvo 
orders.  Each  claims  for  his  order  the  honor  of  lirst  entering  the  mi.iBii)ii;iry 
Held  in  this  ipiarter,  hut  neitiier  makes  good  Ids  pretensions. 

'i  he  next  wcjrk  to  appear  was  that  of  Juarros,  which,  having  ahsorhcd  ti;at 
of  I'uentes  y  Ciuxnian,  was  the  fn-st  puhlished  of  wliat  might  he  called  a  iiis- 
tory  of  Guatemala.  Notwithstanding  his  access  to  original  ilocumiiits, 
Fuentes  y  (iiiznian  eomndiled  many  errors  whicli  were  unwittingly  copied  i.y 
Juarros.  Witii  the  aid  of  suhscipient  research,  however,  these  errors  aio 
readily  detecteil,  Juarros  still  remaining  the  leading  historian  of  Central 
America,  though  owing  to  the  greater  imi)ortanco  of  (luatemala  as  the  seat  of 
government,  tiie  greater  portion  of  the  work  is  taken  Tip  with  the-  hi.stoiy  <  f 
this  province.  In  fact  this  is  the  only  comprelienf-ive  history  extant  of  (iua- 
temala  anil  its  adjoining  provinces,  whilo  the  other  portions  of  Central  Amer- 
ica make  scairely  any  pietext  to  the  posses.siou  of  a  histoiy.  I'ruui  no  oiher 
Source  can  the  writer  ohtaiu  connected  accounts  of  their  conqu  'st  and  setile- 
iiicnt,  cle;<criptiou  of  towns,  early  resources,  and  lists  of  oliicia's  and  hiogra- 
pliies  of  pnjudnent  men.  Of  the  Spanish  writers  he  is  also  muc  of  the  most 
impartial,  even  in  matters  pertaining  to  the  ihunh,  though  lie  was  one  ni  its 
nunistcrs.  Nevertheless,  Juarros  is  iu  many  respects  incomplete.  Jle  has 
f:iilccl  in  a  lamentable  degree  to  present  anything  like  the  true  political,  sccial, 
and  iimrid  lonilition  of  the  jn'ople,  or  the  devi  lopriii  nt  of  the  eimnfry  diiring 
this  jieriod ;  and  for  the  conquest  and  early  colonial  epochs  there  is  a  manifest 
hnk  uf  .study  anil  research.  Noting  these  defects,  IVlacz  in  his  M-  niiirim 
aiteuiiited  to  supply  lliem,  and  has  succeeded  in  a  measure.  Arranged  in  n 
ell  iir  concise  form,  under  their  appi-oj)riate  headings,  and  with  ciirresponding 
ref(  I'rnces,  liie  student  will  hnd  co'.lected  all  the  evidence  presented  on  the 
diir>  rent  '•ulijects  l>y  nearly  all  of  the  earlier  and  modern  authors  uf  note;  to 
vliiili  is  adiled  the  testimony  froni  a  largo  nmnher  of  oiiginal  docuiiieiils 
over!iiu!;ed  or  neglected  hy  his  predecessors,  lint  while  the  hislnry  of  ( iuate- 
mala  fv>r  the  latter  coloiii  d  jK'iiod  is  comparatively  complete,  that  of  tho 
remaining  i)rovince3  of  Central  America,  as  I  have  intimated,  is  hut  a  meagre 
outline,  dependent  for  the  most  part  on  occasional  documents.  Amoii,'  tho 
modern  authorities  eonnKjsed  ehielly  of  Eugli.-li,  I'reu'h,  and  <  leri;i.in,  hat 
a  hrief  historical  review  is  given  of  this  period,  a  mere  compilation  iimui 
well  known  works,  which  serve  as  an  introduction  to  narratives  of  travel,  or 
hooks  describing  the  dill'erent  province.!  and  tin  ii'  resources. 

A  pi.'culiar  feature   of  Central  American  biblioL;ra])!iy  is  tin;  buccaneer 

literature,  here  being  the  principal  scene  of  the   piratical  operations  of  tho 

Bixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries.     Tho  total  absence  of  any  Spanish  work 

on  this  mdijeet  has  h'ft  the  lield  open  to  the  English,  Erench.  and  l)utc!i, 

whose  accounts  of  tlie  exploits  of  their  countrymen  on  the  Spanisli  main  uro 

nut  alway  t  ini|)artial. 

UiHT.  Chat,  Am.,  Vol.  II.    i7 


738 


BIELIOGRArnY  OF  VOYAOr:  COLLECTIONS. 


Procoding  this  cla8s  of  literature  ami  closely  nllliil  to  it,  owinjr  t  >  tlift 
Rliirit  (pf  ailvfiituro  aiiil  tlie  >:('(>;,'r)ii)liii;al  kii()\vlfili,'<'  v  liicli  it  <lin'uHiil,  aio  tiio 
tltlliKTOus  uccoiiiits  (if  v<iya;,'ea  iiiuilo  lor  tlic  |iiirpur<cs  i>f  truth',  cxplnratiMii,  or 
discovery  in  tliis  jsirt  of  tlio  world.  Some  of  tlicso  I  will  hero  notice;  tlioiigli 
ill  tnitli  many  of  llii'in  n-latt?  iu»  much  to  other  sections  of  my  work  as  to 
Central  America,  or  even  more. 


Cniiiplcti-  as  is  the  I'firrnlta  of  Ramnsio  .ind  like  collections,  in  rcprodnc- 
in;,'  tile  leading  voyajreH  up  to  its  time,  a  large  niimlicrof  minor  iian-ativcs 
reiiif.ined  uimoticed,  while  others  stood  iMiefly  rccordeil  iipon  mere  hearsay 
in  tlie  writiii,'  of  otiiers.  Tliis  dericieiicy  iia<l  liecn  oliserveil  hy  Antonio 
(Jalvaiio  ill  earlier  eolieetions,  and  hi.s  efl'ort  to  repair  it  ga\c  ris(!  t'>  the  Hist 
coniprehensivo  history  of  voyages.  15oni  at  Lisbon  in  1")03,  Oalvano  left  at 
th(!  a^'e  of  twenty-four  for  the  Indies,  wlieru  he  was  intrusted  with  tiie  eon- 
quest  and  yiiverninent  of  tin;  Moluccas.  Of  this  ho  remained  in  eh;irj,'e  for 
six  or  seven  years,  distinguishing  himself  hotli  as  a  just  anil  heuevolont  ruler, 
and  as  a  zealous  proselytizer.  His  unsellish  eon<liU't  served  only  to  attiaet 
oaliuniiy  and  to  reduce  hint  to  poverty,  so  much  so  tiiat  ho  luul  toFcili  r(fii;,'o 
in  the  royal  iiospital  at  Lislion,  where  he  died  in  1.m7.  His  undoiilited  talent 
had  liecu  fostereil  hy  extensive  readinir,  particularly  of  narratives  of  \ny- 
ages.  ^Vhile  s;»  employed  ho  kept  notes  with  ii  view  to  form  an  outline  of 
the  pro'^ress  of  iiavi:,'ation  .and  discovery,  which  siioiild  serve  as  introiluetory 
to  a  collection.  Huiin;,'  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  while  siiflering  under  the 
liaii  of  royal  displeasure,  he  foiinil  ample  time  to  perfect  these  resenrehes, 
niid  at  his  death  a  friend,  I''rancisco  de  Sousa  Tavares,  was  intrusted  with  tlio 
papers.  Among  these  a])pears  to  have  heeli  a  history  of  the  diseovery  and 
resources  of  the  Moluccas,  a  lii;iniiseript  in  ten  hooks,  according  to  Faria,  of 
which  rinelo  sjiys:  "I'or  no  havcrle  visto,  diiihi,  si  pernianece."  J'/ii/iiiDf, 
ii.  (».'{(■).  l>e  Stius.a  caused  tiie  treatise  undiT  consideration  to  he  published 
nt  Li.-ihon  in  l.">(i;{,  under  the  title  of  TrnUvlo  qnv  coiii/ms  o  nuhri>  r.  vo/am I 
ciipifan  Aiiloiiio  (luhion  <le  tmlos  an  (/i-^^cvhriiiKiilOH  (tiilhian  c  iiinili mm  <iiii'  r-i'io 
J'i'ifi).t  i!  <  ru  ill-  111,/  <•  i/iiiii/iiiitiis  ('  ciiinii-iitii,  with  a  dedication  to  the  duke  of 
Aveiro.  wiiorein  lie  it-cords  (ialvano's  many  services,  ami  eominents  on  their 
p(K)r  ii'tognition.  Mention  has  heeii  iiKuh:  of  Ji  dnoih-cimo  eilition  of  l.i.'i,"), 
liut  this  must  h-  ii  mistake,  to  jiiil;j;e  liy  Sousa's  preface  to  the  edition  ui  l.'id.'J. 
()f  tiii.s  only  three  copies  are  known  to  exist,  one  owned  ity  Mr  John  Carter 
Jlrown,  of  I'rovidence,  from  whom  thi^  H;d:.luyt  Soeiety  ohtained  a  copy, 
printed  as  a  niunin.L;  foot-note  to  tiieir  reissue  of  HaUliiyt'?  version,  umler 
the  editorship  of  Adniirid  liethune,  1'he  latter  is  called  'J'he  iJixcuVfrii-'i  c/ 
till'  \Vnrl(t  frniii  liiiir  jir^t  nriiihiiilf  viifu  Iho  ijivrcL'i'i'i,  In/  Aiit'niii'  (nih-niin, 
Ijondini,  1(11)1,  to  l>e  found  also  in  the  reprint  of  ll(il.lri/rn  I'ni/'iiji'",  and  in 
Cliiiri/iirn  <'<i/lertloii,  wiiile  rurehas  gives  it  in  reduced  form.  'J'lie  Portu- 
guese copy  was  n-printed  at  Lishon  in  IT'il.  Haklnyt  explains  in  the  dedi- 
cation  to  Sir  Koi)ert  Cecil  tiiat  his  puhlication  thereof  was  intended  as  an 
Introductory  to  his  own  work,  and  Mas  made  from  an  old  manuscript  truus- 
laled  hy  an  Knglish  merciiant.  In  order  to  nioilify  tin!  "maiiil'old  erroiirs" 
theiiiii,  llakluyt  tiMjk  jiaiiis  to  consult  Spanish  works  for  the  coi-reetions  and 
additions  which  are  to  he  noticed  in  this  version.     The  treatise  goes  back  to 


GALVANO  AXD  nAKLUYT. 


7:w 


tlio  ilisL'ovory  vnya-ifcs  rclntcil  by  Chinese,  (Inrk,  ami  Latin  writers,  ami 
brings  tiio  concise  recoi'il  for  every  region  of  tluj  j;lol)o,  in  ciironolonio  orilcr, 
ilowii  t<i  I.ViO.  'J'lic  KiLvt  lixliii  vi>yii.U''s  lire  jiartly  from  lii.s  own  nott'«,  while 
otJH'r  <'ont«'n)i)orary  fxiM'<lition.s  are  dfi-ivL'il  from  the  chroniclers.  Tlie  jiro- 
Colnmliiaii  ])erio(l  ocunpies  only  a  little  over  one  fourth  uf  the  text,  and  Hhows 
the  want  of  access  to  material  rcvealetl  liy  sii1)sci|Uent  investigations  in  dillVr- 
eiit  countries.  'J'he  later  period  is  jn'ctty  comi)leti!  for  Spanisli  and  I'ortugueso 
Voyages,  considering  the  tjirdiness  with  which  occurrences  were  ))uhliMhed. 
]Ld;liiyt,  while  regretting  that  I'lnglish  voyages  are  "scarce  fower  times 
mentioned,"  admits  that  nt  the  time;  "there  was  little  extant  of  our  men's 
trauailes."  Muuo/.  speaks  slightingly  of  (Jalvano,  saying  "compendia  infcli/- 
mente"  what  others  have  done  more  fully.  Whatever  its  di'feets,  the  trea- 
tise wa.s  cerUiinly  a  most  valualilo  contrilmtion  to  the  suliject,  and  is  still 
highly  important  as  one  of  the  iirst  es.says  toward  a  history  of  voyjiges. 

Among  those  who  followecl  Uamnsio'.s  example  of  collecting  and  jmMish- 
ing  narratives  of  voyages  ami  travels  stands  jire-emiiu^nt  lliehanl  Hakliiyt, 
whose  Work  v.'as  remarkahle  not  only  as  the  first  but  as  the  most  valuable  in 
Jlnglish  for  the  originality  and  rr.iity  of  its  narratives,  jjarticularly  th(Ke 
ri'laiiiig  to  America,  ^\'h^■n  llakluyt  began  his  stmlies  L'ili'ii'i<  J/islor!'-  </ 
rnrti'/lf,  containing  translations  from  Martyr  and  Uviedo,  was  the  only 
I'.nglish  book  extant  on  maritime  discovery.  Nor  was  much  known  abroad 
of  JlngliNli  voyages,  Jiartly  because  the  tradei's  preferretl  to  keep  their  own 
conn.sel.  llakluyt's  jiernsiil  of  foreign  collections,  and  his  private  reseai-ches, 
showed  him,  however,  that  the  Knglish  luid  performed  deeils  worthy  of  being 
recorded,  and  he  was  lired  with  andiition  to  make  tlnni  public. 

llakluyt  bi'longed  to  a  good  Herefordshire  family,  settled  nt  Yatton, 
whiih  liad  for  centuries  held  a  leading  jiosition  in  tiiec<»unty.  After  passing 
tliiough  Westminster  scIkkjI  na  a  queen's  scholar,  he  was  in  l.")70,  at  the  age 
of  17.  electcil  to  (.'hrist  Church  college,  Oxford,  and  tcok  the  degree  of  1!.  A. 
Iiiui'  yc.iis  later;  that  of  M.  A.  being  obtiiined  after  three  years'  further 
Rtuily.  While  yet  a  boy  he  hail  lj<;en  directed  by  a  cousin  t(»  the  8tu<ly  of 
g«ogr;i|iliy  ancl  navigation,  which  henceforth  became  bis  favorite  pursuit.  So 
\M']\  did  he  use  his  o]pportunitj'  at  Oxford,  where  he  alio  mastered  several 
laiiguaics  for  his  studies,  that  he  npjtears  to  have  been  appointed  lecturer  on 
e  ;iiiio'.nii)hy.  In  the  dcilication  to  Walsingham  of  the  liist  edition  of  his 
( iillucti.iii  he  say.s:  "I  in  my  jiublike  lectures  was  the  first  that  produced  and 
H^ewrd  both  the  olde  and  imperfectly  composed  and  the  new  lately  retoinnd 
m.ippi's,  globes,"  etc.  ISetWeen  l."fS4  and  l.VS!)  he  held  the  post  of  chaplain  to 
till'  cniliasHj'  at  Paris,  and  wiiile  there  purs\ied  actively  his  researiln  s, 
bciiles  publishing  narratives  of  voyages  in  l''rencli  an<l  Knglish.  In  \iHK)  ho 
olitaini  d  a  rectory  iii  Sufl'olk  ('ounty,  on  the  strength  of  which  hi;  marrieil 
four  yc.'irs  latei,  and  in  lliO.")  he  succeeded  Dr  Webster  as  jirebendary  uf 
^\'estminKt^•r  abbey.  l>ying  November  2'.\,  KilfJ,  he  was  buried  in  St  I'eter's 
<if  thisabltey,  leaving  to  his  son  a  fair  estate  which  was  soon  wpiandeied. 
.\ithi'U;di  inttirested  in  lialeigh's  patent  f(jr  iimking  discoveries,  and  forming 
oii>'  of  the  chief  adventurers  in  the  comjuiny  for  the  colonization  of  Virginia, 
he  look  no  other  share  in  maritime  projects  than  to  promote  them  by  hid 
writings.     His  devutiuii  to  researches  was  so  great  that  he  uncu  rode  two 


740 


r.inuofiRAi'HY  of  voyaoh  coLLnrTioys. 


Inimlrcil  miles  tn  meet  tl iily  Kiirvivnr  of  If!iri''»  ilisastroiis  vnyago.     IIo 

ciirrcspoiidrd  with  Oitrlius  iiml  MiTcitm-.  anil  ri'cciviil  tlif  fiifiully  i-nconr. 
n;j;<'iii<'ht  of  WalHiii^jiiiiiii,  Cecil,  Ailiiiinil  llnwanl,  l)rake,  mid  oIIhth.  \1''H 
fust  )iiililieutiiiii  ua.s  JJintK  I'oi/iiiirH  tioirhiit'i  thit  J)ii<rorir!f  of  Aiinrir'i  ami 
(Ik  t-^/uinl-i  uitlnrriil,  Loitdon,  l.")S2,  dedicatecl  to  I'liilip  Sydney.  Of  tlio 
ori'.'inal  only  five  copies  an;  sn|iposed  to  exist,  from  one  of  wliicli  the  Ilukliiyt 
tSociety  isrned  ii  re|irint  in  l.S.')0,  nnder  tlio  cditorsliip  of  .Folm  Winter  Jones, 
of  the  Ilritisli  .Museum,  Mho  ])rcfaces  it  witli  a  valuaMe  review  of  llakliiyl's 
lifi-  and  writintrs.  'J'he  severMl  narratives  refer  to  tiio  north-cast  and  iiortli- 
West  piissntjes,  the  Jjist  Indies,  and  the  east  coiwt  of  North  America.  A 
ciiriuiis  maji  herein  of  conic  projection  shows  tin*  North  American  contini'iit 
extendinj:  to  about  latitude  4<i',  where  tiic  (,'alifornia  peninsula  ''onnect;)  with 
n  rnngo  called  .S',V/T'»  .\i  iniihi,  running  latitudinaliy.  .\1m)vi!  4ii'  all  is  <ipo» 
ocean.  Ill  irihrcfl  on  the  cast,  however,  liy  a  strip  of  land  connected  Mitli 
Florida  li_\  a  narrow  istlimus,  and  extending  to  f.'ape  Ij;d)iador,  The  uorlli- 
trn  piirt  of  California  Iwars  tlio  name  Qiiiviri,  the  Houtliem  (Capo)  California, 
and  the  central  part  S.  Croc(;  (Santa  Cruz).  On  the  majipemondc  the  Ticrra 
del  I'"ucgo  forms  j)art  of  a  great  antarctic  continent.  AViiile  at  I'.'iris,  lia!;- 
luyt  caused  tolic  j)ulilished  in  Frenc.'h  an  account  of  I'lorida.  from  a  mannseriiit 
found  liy  him,  and  this  was  issueil  the  following  year,  l."»s7,  in  isnglish,  m^ 
..I  iiiJiiUli  liinforic  f'tilniiiliii/  I'liiff  riii/ii'ji.i  itii/o  /■'/uii'/n,  liutii  vcr.sionsdcilic:itcd 
to  lialeigh,  with  nn  cxhortition  to  prosecute  the  colonization  of  A'irginia. 
The  saric  year  he  published  at  Talis  an  improved  edition  of  M;irtyr"s  J'e 
vrlii-  7/o(V)  which  some  years  later  was  translatt'd  into  ICnglisJi  by  M.  Lock. 
In  l.'ih!)  ni)pearc(l  the  first  instalment  of  the  gnat  work  Tho  iiriiicijic  t 
ti'irii/itl'ioiis,  roi'iijm  nml  dinrurirlrH  of  tin'  Kinjl'i^h  witiun  diihIc  Inj  sm  nf 
or<  r  Idiiil,  a  folio,  dedicated  to  Sir  Francis  W'alsingliam.  It  is  dividid 
into  three  parts,  relating  respectively  to  Asia  ami  Africa,  to  the  north  nml 
n"rth-c:ist  of  Ilurope  and  .\sia,  and  to  Ameiica,  including  Drake's  voyage. 
Mine  years  later  lu'  iiublished  the  lirst  volmue  of  a  new  edition  of  his  collec- 
tion, followed  in  ir>!»!(  and  KKH)  )>y  two  more  volumes,  in  none  of  which  refer- 
ence is  made  to  the  first  issue.  They  are  line  s[H'cimens  of  iilack-h  tter  type, 
with  marginals  and  headpieces,  but  with  the  prcfacccl  Ijitin  text,  headin;';s, 
and  names  in  roman  tyi)e  and  italics.  The  liint  \olunie  is  dedicated  to  Lord 
Howard  as  a  tribute  to  the  patriotic  services  of  the  family,  ami  in  recogni- 
tion iif  the  favor.i  received  by  Hakliiyt  and  his  brother;  the  others  to  Sir 
Ilobeit  Cecil,  secretary  of  state.  They  are  properly  a  rearranged  cularge- 
ment  of  the  lirst  issue,  volume  i.  containiii'^  voyagis  toward  the  north  and 
north-east  of  England;  volume  ii.  to  the  Meditcrraman  and  Africa'  ami 
volume  iii.  to  Ameiica,  including  several  voyages  by  forciL'iicrs  to  jiarts  not 
visited  by  the  Kuglish.  The  narr.itives  are  generally  in  tiie  liii\<\  age  of  tlie 
luirrator,  and  in  the  first  two  volumes  their  order  is  chronolog'  ;  i  ut  in  tlio 
American  section  they  are  groupeil  under  ditrcrent  geographic  1  cadings.  This 
opens  with  the  dubious  voyage  of  Madoc  in  1170,  and  continiii's  with  expeili- 
tions  to  the  extreme  northern  jiarts  of  the  continent,  eliiclly  with  reference  to 
the  north-west  jiassuge.  The  region  between  Canada  pud  l'"lorida  conns 
next,  followed  by  explorations  toward  New  Mexico  and  California,  and  in 
^ic.xico;  then  the  Antilles  and  Central  Aiuericu,  succeeded  by  aseries  of  groups 


BK  r.UY,  i:XS,  COTTFninDT,  PURCIIAS. 


741 


f'lr  Smitli  Anu'ri(\n,  the  wliuli.'  cdiu'liiclin'.' witli  tiiYuinii:ivi;:iit!iiiisniii1  vi)ya;,'C9 
(lircctcil  li»  tlu!  Soiitli  Si'.'i.  Ill  till' iliilifalidii  to  tilt!  tliif'l  vipIuiir'  Ihtkliiyt 
s.-iys:  "Xow  lit'L'aiiKc  loii;,'  wiiico  I  lUd  forcsw,  tliiit  my  iin>ft'.vsii)ii  of  diuiiiitio, 
till!  euro  of  my  family,  ami  ntlier  (iccasions  mij,'lit  call  ami  <liufrt  mo  lioiii 
tlii'sc  kimlo  <jf  oiidi'auois,  I  have  for  tlu'si?  .'J  yctivs  la.st  i>ast  I'licomai.'cil  ami 
furtlicrfd  in  these  htmliis  of  l.'osinoL'rajiliii;  aiiil  fdrri'ii  iiistorlL'S,  my  very 
lii'iu.st,  imhistriiiiis,  ami  k-arnoil  friuml  Mr  loliii  I'oiy."  l'ri)titiiii{  liy  this 
tiaiiiiii;.',  I'oi-y  in  KHHJ  i.-isucd  ;i  tran.>lati<>ii  of  /.va'a  lliMnfii  of  A/ri'ii.  Oih- 
ii'.s  were  fiiniilarly  direutocl  to  g('o;.'ia])hical  rcsianli,  aiiioni,'  tliein  l'a;k('  wiio 
i  vsiii'd  u  translation  of  u  history  uf  China,  and  lliondclh;  who  pnlilishcd  u  |iart 
iif  I.f.scarhot's  I/inlnirc  <!('  !u  Ab«iv7/c  Fniiu'i'.  llakhiyt  hiinsulf  continued  to 
di  voti;  to  his  favorite  Kiiliject  tlio  litllo  leisure  reiiiainin.i.'.  and  hft  etiiiiiL;li 
m.iiiuscri|)t  to  liave  added  a  fourth  vtjlnmo  to  lii^j  colleetioii;  hut  eoniiii;^  into 
I'urrlia.s'  hamls  tliry  were  alaiil^'ud  for  liia  Pi'i/rhiKH.  .Soino  of  them  wireevi- 
ihiitly  jireiiand  for  the  fiuidam-j!  of  tin;  l^ast  India  romjiany,  whieh  had  not 
failed  to  eonsult  the  renowned  eosino;,'raiiher,  without  w  iiose  advieu  few  mai  1- 
time  enierjiri-ses  were  then  nndertaUen.  In  KiOl  ho  issued  a  translation  of 
1!ii!r'tiii)n  JJisroririct  uf  tlic  Wurlil,  and  in  llidf)  hi.-i  last  hook,  a  tran.-'latiou 
(if  Sol(j'.i  Jtiiioririix  ill  i'loriihi,  with  the  main  olijeit  of  encouraginj{  tho 
\'irginia  colony.  Virginia  is  )L:reatly  indebted  to  ilakluyt,  and  tho  inuritiniu 
eiiteriiiise  of  Knglaml  in  ^.'enei'al  was  much  inoinoted  liy  his  j)ersonal  aiipliea- 
t.oii  ami  W)'ilin,L,'s.  l;ohcrl.s<iii  adils  that  to  him  '■Kn^'Iand  is  more  indehtiil 
f  'Y  iis  American  iiossessions  than  to  any  man  of  that  as,'e. "  A  re|)rint  of  all 
llakluyt's  Works  was  issued  in  live  voluniis  i|narto  in  iSttO-TJ,  hy  15.  Kvans, 
only  ."iJ.")  collies  hcliij,' printeil.  'J'he  fifth  volume,  issuid  in  a  hir;,'er  edition, 
is  eiititlcd  A  Sriirliou  rj'  Curious,  I'<iri ,  ninl  Jyir/;/  I'"//' ','/'«,  mid  Ui'lnrim  uf 
Jiiti  nsliirj  Jfiscnirrii s,  Clii't'il  I'lili'i'^h'il  inj  UiiLlin//,  lint  not  iiirliiihil  in  /lis 
(.'oiii/tiliitioii;  London,  1.S12,  SOT  l>p.,  and  is  really  a  suiiplement  to  Ilakluyt 
and   I'urchas,  oU'erinj,'  reprinta  of  documents  torichiiii;  ilillerent  parts  of  tho 


.'loh, 


Clidi'i 


•'s  JJi.iron  riis,  'J'he  Jll-^lnrii-  of  ihv   Wisl  IiuliLt  by  Martyr, 


f;olii  Lock's  translation  of  Ilakluyt's  vi'i'sion,  and  several  others,  ciiietly  relat- 


iiiLT  to  Asia.     Ilakluyt's 


works  s 


taml  an  enduriii''  nionuimnt  to  well  earmil 


fa 


line,  and  his  spirit,  utter  inlhiencing  contemiiorary  enleriuise,  continued  to 
animate  the  nation,  and  to  assume  einhodiineiit  in  the  Ilakluyt  Society, 
\\  hii'li  has  for  its  aim  to  continue  the  lahors  that  liavu  duue  so  much  for  litera- 
ture and  science. 

Among  foreign  writers  influenced  hy  Ifakluj't'a  exhortation  and  example 
may  he  iiieiitioiieil  Theodore  l»e  llry,  the  engraver  of  I'raukfoit.  'J'he  oppor- 
ti-.nity  all'orded  him  in  his  profi  ssion  to  hecome  acipiainted  with  and  to  collect 
Works  relating  to  voyages  and  coiu|Uests,  had  not  failed  to  awaken  an  interest 
for  the  suliject.  Hut  u  visit  to  Ilakluyt,  then  engaged  upon  his  I'ollection, 
(t'ave  a  deciiled  impulse  to  his  iilcas,  and  ijeing  a  man  of  enterprise  he  forth- 
with  engaged  editors,  and  in  lolH)  hegan  piihlishing,  simultaneously  in  Latin, 
(ierman,  and  French,  the  famous  Colli clioii  ilc-i  (I'nunlx  it  I'ltiln  VnywjiK,  re- 
fi  rriiig  resjiectively  to  the  new  and  old  worlds,  the  larger  si/<!  of  the  voluiiiea 
fur  .\inericii  giving  rise  to  the  title.     Uiidei'  the  supervision  of  his  sons  and 


other  memhi'i-s  of  the  family,  the  colh'ction  w; 


itilllieil  after  his  death,  in 


IWM,  till  cunipletuJ  in  its  fortieth  your.     The  uunieruus  lepriuts  of  vuluinea 


I'l 


742 


BIBLIOGRArriY  OF  VOYAGE  COLLFCTIONS. 


and  seta  during  tliis  intcnal,  uitli  imnc  or  Ics^  changes,  liavo  given  no  iit'!o 
trouMi!  to  collectors  in  .scjiicli  of  tlio  comiili'te  is-iue.  rorineil  \vitlir)ut  criti:iiic, 
it  i.-i  n.'Uiarkiililo  rather  as  ii  eoiiveniiMit  Kit  ami  as  a  l)il)liogiaiiliic  curi(»ity, 
wherein  tiie  eni;rfiviii;;s  constitute  tlie  main  attraction,  tiien  for  geogra|.!iio 
vahie,  Hinci!  most  of  tho  narratives  Iiail  alroaily  been  puljlisbed  iu  butter  form, 
and  Iiiivo  been  rcproibtced  in  later  works. 

Pc  IVy's  set  proved  a  fertile  source  in  text  nnd  cnr^avin'^s  for  compilers, 
and  amoncc  them  (iasparl^.  Kns,  tlio  antlior  of  several  individual  Kuropc;,u 
travels,  nnd  one  of  tho  editors  employed  by  ]>e  ]!ry,  who  issued  tiie  /.i(/,'.r 
(Jcddniliilis  Ilixtorki,  Coloniie,  lOI'i.  On  tho  same  jilan  as  Kns',  but  on  a 
larger  scale,  and  i)artly  ))ased  mion  it,  it  the  X<  w-  Welt  Vii-I  A.nincdiii  rh<i 
l/ixforii II,  Franckfuit,  Ki.'Jl,  reprinted  hi,"),"),  folio.  Tho  autluir,  Joliann  Lucl- 
M'ig  Gottfriodt,  whose  proper  name  appeni-s  to  be  Jean  Philippe  Abilin,  wn-i 
also  an  editor  of  Do  I5ry,  and  wrote  several  works,  one  of  tiiem  bcin;,'  tlio 
*^Arrhi»itoloij'iu  Coxmica,  (juc  es  Farrago  de  diversos  Autores,  sin  ilistingnir  lo 
cicrto  de  lo  dudoso."  Pinch,  Epilomv,  tom.  iii.  pp.  128S.  It  is  also  calleil  a 
translation  of  D'Avity's  Lm  (tids.  Gottfriedt  naturally  sets  ui>a  claim  for  his 
Kvwe  Well  to  be  compiled  from  lending  writers,  without  referring  to  l)e  llry, 
who  no  doubt  supplied  tho  material  for  tiio  text  as  well  as  the  plate;. 
l)e  IJry,  says  ]5runet,  MtniiiU,  torn.  ii.  p.  1074,  "a  nbrOgi5desdouze  preaiiei-cs 
parties  do  la  collection."  The  plates,  which  are  perhaps  the  most  interes;- 
ing  part  of  the  volume,  have  been  selected  chiefly  from  the  nude  and  tlio 
curious,  such  as  Indians  driving  wliales,  playing  with  mermaids,  or  hunting 
Bcmi-human  beasts.  Tho  arrangement  of  the  text  shows  no  iiniU"ovemi;:t 
upon  Kns,  but  the  third  section  dill'ers  in  being  more  of  a  supplement  to  bmli 
the  preceding  parts. 

Ilakluyt's  unpublished  papers,  failing  to  attain  their  destined  ol •](•!':, 
accomplished  a  wider  result  by  giving  rise  to  the  larger  eolleetion  of  Saintiil 
Pnrchas;  for  it  was  their  possession  that  gave  impulse  to  a  work  so  miu  'i 
needed,  both  to  fill  the  gaps  of  tho  former  and  to  narrate  the  nuuuTous  c.N[)e- 
ditions  which  had  taken  place  since  its  date.  The  ])recursor  of  the  work  w.i .^ 
Pvrrhnu  his  I'lli/rimriije,  or  Jidiillons  of  the  World  a nd  the.  Piliijiuiix  oIiki  rri  d 
ill  (dl  A<iex  and  Plucon,  London,  IGl.'?,  dedicated  to  the  arcidjislmp  of  Cantc.'- 
bury.  It  was  reprinted  in  Kill,  and  soon  reached  several  c<Utions.  the  fo\irth, 
lO'JO,  being  dedicated  to  King  Charles,  who  bad  deigned  to  iniiuire  for  it, 
nnd  whoso  royal  father  had  read  it  seven  times,  as  the  autlKjr  proudly  au- 
nonnces.  This  object  of  kingly  delight  claims  to  be  a  compilation  from  ov<  r 
thirteen  hundred  authors,  which  are  decidedly  well  represented  in  the  numrr- 
ous  marginals,  and  gives  a  review  in  nine  books  of  tho  social  condition  and 
the  institutions  of  the  nations  in  Asia,  Africa,  and  America,  particularly  tiio 
religious  feature,  with  some  reference  to  political  history,  lieginniug  with  tlio 
Mosaic  creation  it  takes  up  the  nations  of  south-cast  Asia,  of  the  Kast  ImlicS 
nnd  China,  and  reaches  Africa  in  the  sixth  book.  Tho  last  two  are  devoted 
to  the  New  World,  whose  physical  aiul  luitural  features  receive  two  cliaptei;, 
followed  by  the  general  description  of  the  region  above  Florida  in  five  chapteri, 
while  tho  eighth  is  given  t<>  the  country  west  of  this,  and  tho  next  six  to  Xcw 
S)>ain.  The  fifteen  chapters  of  book  nine  cover  South  America  and  the  An- 
tilles, tho  last  being  an  attack  on  Spanish  cruelty  and  maleconversion.    Three 


th::ve\ot  and  iiai:i:is. 


:»3 


pnrt.i  similar  to  tliis  volinno  M'crc  proiiii.so'l,  tlic  pi'ckimI  to  n-lato  to  Iliir"!^', 
uiiiltlic  otlitTs  to  contiiuio  tliu  Hulijirt  fur  the  four  (livi.-ticiii.s  of  tiiv  \v4irlii:  l>iit 
till-  iii'i'cssaiy  aiil  waMwitlilu-Iil,  us  rurcliusliiiita  in  nii  iidilrts;*  totlic  /'it'/rini'  -, 
iiiiil  w  iii'iciii  lie  uttcmiitH  a  )iiiii  ii|>i)ii  lii.s  name  l<y  iiitiiiiatiii^' tiiat  l')iii>'|>t'  ran- 
not  now  bu  ]iiU'cliaMeil.  Tiie  jn-njett  liad  eviileutly  to  j  ii'ld  to  oliiciii,  an  ,!//'<•• 
rnvoHiinm,  iir  tin'  llii^tory  !■/  Mmi,  Mil!*,  anil  to  tiir  frrcat  i!olU'i.'tioii  wliicii  domi 
cn;.;ios.scil  Iiis  whole  atteiitinii.  riinli:is  was  like  Ilakluyt  a  ["leai-licr,  lnit  uf 
tilt!  rival  iinivei>iity  of  Canil>ri<lge,  trained  at  St  John  (_'ollcj,'e,  a»  lie  xtati  s 
ill  tile  (leilieatory  to  volume  iii.  lie  attained  the  degree  of  liaehelor  of  di\  in- 
ily,  eonfeiTed  al.io  liy  Oxionl  in  Kilo.  In  \y'A)\  he  lUssuinul  tliarge  of  ;i  vicar- 
age in  hid  native  county  of  Kssex,  hut  was  soon  called  liy  his  literal y 
resoarelu  s  to  lAindon,  where  he  fell  into  dillicultieii,  and  had  rei'oiir.se  to  leel- 
uriiig  and  to  friends.  Finally  ]iislio|i  King  canio  to  his  aiil  with  iuimus  to 
pMiseeutr  the  piihlieatioii  of  his  work,  and  by  eonfening  upon  him  tin;  rectory 
of  ^t  Martins.  I'uieiias  (  xpi-e.-sea  his  gratitude  for  these  fiixois  in  the  opening 
uddrcHS  to  volume  i.,  wherein  he  speaks  of  "my  deeussed  I'atron  Doctor  Kin;.:, 
. .  .to  whose  bouiitie  vniler  (iod,  I  willingly  aseribo  niy  life,  ili  liucnd  fmin  a 
sickly  Habitation,  and  consequently  (as  also  by  («pportunities  of  a  l.omlou 
Benelice)  whutsocucr  additions  in  my  later  Kditiuns  of  my  I'ilijriminji ;  tiiej-o 
2>iiselit  P'djriiiKH  also."  In  the  dedication  of  the  I'iljrunitji-  to  tlie  arcli- 
bi.-iiop,  he  signs  himself  his  chaplain,  which  may  be  a  liguiative  expres.-iuii. 
He  is  generally  supposed  to  have  died  in  poverty,  and  even  in  prison;  but 
the  title-page  jiortrait  of  KIC"),  at  the  ago  of  forty-eight,  presents  him  as  a 
sleek,  cniitented-looking  preacher,  with  a  full  though  not  largo  beard;  and 
tlio  several  editions  of  the  PV'jniiiuije  would  indicate  that  he  had  pros]iei'  d 
uji  to  that  time  at  least.  According  to  Wood  he  died  in  his  own  house  about 
Ki'JS.  In  KJij  appeared  y/«/.7c///»'s /''AN/Z/Mw/Mt  or  y*c;v7(,M /i/.i  rilijriiiK  ■<.  Ci'ii- 
t'li/i/iii'j  II  IliMonj  of  ihe  fVorlil,  in  Si/i  voi/aiji'-i  cD  I'luih  ■Truadl't.  Iinjnin/i 'I 
(it  IaiikIiiii  fur  llciinj  FctherMnn.  In  four  parts  or  volumes,  folju,  each 
dtidieated  to  a  ditl'erent  personage.  The  lirst  title-page  is  tilled  with  » in- 
bleniatic  designs,  and  portraits  of  princes  and  great  men,  among  them 
I'lirchas,  at  the  foot,  between  two  heinisidieres,  with  his  anagram  of  "  I'ais 
Bva  Kelvin."  The  other  title-pages  are  all  heailed  I'rrclid.^  Am  I'll  jriiii' ■<, 
mill  this  (plaint  name  the  author  sustains  to  some  extent  I'y  opening  the 
dedication  to  Prince  C'hailes  with:  "May  a  ptore  I'ilgiime  salute  Vour 
Iligliiiesse  in  the  words  of  a  better  .Sanivil."  Directly  afterward,  however, 
he  assumes  another  higher  role  in  "  hauiiig  out  of  a  Chaos  of  confused  intelli- 
gences framed  this  llisloricall  World,  bj-  a  New  way  of  I'.ye-evidence;"  and 
then  he  begins  to  loso  himself  in  an  attempt  at  niagniloipieiit  phraseology, 
with  no  great  promise  for  his  power  to  bring  order  out  of  chaos.  Later  ho 
declares  himself  a  mere  laborer  "howsoeuer  lieic  a  Masterbuiider  also,"  doing 
eveiytliing  with  his  own  hands,  except  where  aided  by  his  son.  The  niaiiu- 
sci'ipts  left  by  Hakluyt,  although  formiujia  very  small  proportion  of  the  Imnlv, 
"encouraged  me  to  v.se  my  endeuours  in  and  for  the  nst,"  he  gratefully 
observes.  The  printing  of  the  work  began  in  Ki'il,  although  not  with  vol- 
ume i.  The  lirst  of  the  twenty  books  into  which  the  set  is  divided,  treats  of 
ancient  navigation,  progress  of  discov(iy,  and  leligious  piiaseo.  'J'he  Mcond 
begins  with  Portuguese  and  Columbian  voyages,  and  continues  with  eiieum- 


Til 


T'.iTii,iof;n.\i'HY  or  voYAni:  roi.i,r(  rioxs. 


liftvi';afi"H».  nfti  r  vlii  li 


tlir  ri' 'iilir  iiiiiriitixtH  I'f  >»iviiir<'H,  cliirflv  liv 


KitL'Ii  liiiKii,  iiili'iK|i<  r.Til  w  i(||  I'xti'art.i  tioiii  iK't.ilil)'  JimiiiiiiIh  imkI  hi>ti>i'ii'H, 


y\H\\ 


III  \ii'\v  III  cciM  r  HIlljrrtH  mill    IuHihIs   not  ollHlwiM-   ^li^|"•s(^ 


1   i.f.       Vol- 


linit'M  i.  mill  ii.  n  l^ir  .ilniDst  » liolly  to  Ai«ia,  Africa,  mul  tin'  l.i  \.iiit.  nml  hImi 
till'  iiiAt  twii  lionk:.,  wliilt!  Ihh.|,i  ill.  iiiiil  iv.,  fi  illiiu  111^',  ill  111  |>ai'ilv  villi 
iiiiitliwrst  viiy(iL;i'H,  iK'^'iiinii!^  wiili  /rii".  lUmk  v.  f;ivi'M  «  \triirts  fimn 
llcrri'ia,  Oxinlu,  Ai'i>.sla,  .-iml  ('iirti'H,  \«lii<li  iliirlly  oiiii'itiih  Mcxirn,  ami  a 
]>:irt  i>f  \i.  tmirhiM  tlir  I  •IIiiiiiim,  Imt  tli«'  main  |<ni'tiiiii  of  tliin  ami  lln-  iirxt 


I  look 


all'  oi  riiiiui 


uitli 


mil  Aiiiii'iia.     I^ook  viii.  is  iliviilril  li.h 


Ml 


It'll  am 


I  till'  I'oiiiiiiy  iioitliwaiil  to  \  n^riiiia,  wliiili  lattrr  taki'i  niitlii'  >slii>li' 
of  i\.  Till'  last  liiii'li  in  NJiai'i'il  aiiioii^  Ni'W  l'!ii"laiiil,  \i'\vfoiim1latiil,  ami 
tlif  l'!ii';Ii.M|i  i'\iniliiioiis  ai;aiii-t  S|iaiii.  Altofrtlii  r  tlir  ariaiii^tiiiciit  in  as 
(■iiiifiiiiiii}{  aM  till'  lr\t,  ami  ill  IniiIi  i-cH|MftN  far  iiifi'iior  to  llaUliiytV;  nor  i^  tlii' 
Work  im  <'iilii|i|rl<-  a.s  liii-lit  liavi-  lurii  i  x|'<'t'tril.  In  tlii'  ultrni|'t  to  ililio<liiro 
foiiii'.ii  liairativi'K  tin'  limits  of  h|«ai'c  wii'i'  <>\riHl«'|i|i(il,  to  the  |i<juilii'f  of 
iiitx,  Aviiii'li  Wirt!  oftt'ii   iniiiiliiioiixlv  t'oinli'iiMil.      I'iiiki  rtmi    ri'- 


iitlirr   ui'i'im 
iiiai'ks, 


inj 
iliat   too  M'VtTi'lv,    I    tliiiik,    that   I'lilrlias  iliicrliil    liis   iiliiio; 


iitti'iilion  to  "  si'liitin,:;  tlio  iiioht  usi'Uns  jiart.s  of  tlu'  uiiliai>|>y  autliors."  I'ul. 
I'oi).,  vol.  i.  ]i.  iv. 

riii't'liaH'  IuImii.i  fiiiitiil  n-i'o<-nitioii  alii'uitl  in    tin'  wi'll  I, 


noun 


/.'/  III/!. 


(/mv/'.-i  r<ii/ii'i' s,  I'ariH,  llWi.'t  '.Mi,  ."»  jiarts,  liy  Mi  li'liisrili'di  'rin'vi  not,  foriiKil 
in.'iiiily  ui'.lia  vii'W  to  rr|iioilii<'i'  tin-  luit  |Mii'tion-i  of  llakliiyt  iiihI  lii.i  mh'- 
t'l'M.Mir,  wliili'  aililiii;;  hoiiii:  iin|>iilili>lii'i|  ii;inativi'.i.  Tlu'Triiot  aiiiiiaistii  liavi- 
Ihh'ii  |iai'tii'nlaily  uril  liltcil  forsiu-ii  iinilritaUiiiuH.  A  Kavunt,  ami  hoiik'W  lial 
(if  a  ili|'lomatist,  la-  was  for  ri;,'lit  yi-arw  in  vliarj,'i;  of  tlio  Koyal  Lilirmy  at 
I'aris,  ilyiii;;  al  lii:^  [hinI  in  !(<'.••_',  at  tlu-  a','i'  of  71.  Tliu  mlcition  of  liis  inato- 
rial  jjivi'H  fviilcnce  uf  j^doiI  jiulyiiicnt;  yet  lliu  iUTungfinoiit  anil  otlii'r  j'oii.ta 
.1. 
Iiicf  ion,  mill  a  cnntinimtion  of  tin-  two  grt'at  Kn^liwh  rollio. 


iiiav  III'  quest ioiii 


Allot  li 


<r  ii'iiriH 


tioii 


as  oll'iiiil  miiiiu  yt'iin*  lutcr  by  John  llarri.s,  Sdriijuntiiiin  (tlipn  Ilin- 
I  ni  lit  HI  III  /!i)ilin//i,  lit:  (//•,  (( I  'iiii'jil'  lit  I  'ilhitiiiii  I'f  Viiyiiiji  inuiil  Ti'iivil^;  i.omloii, 


ITC'),  -  vol.-*,  f.ilio,  with  ('o|<jH'r-jilat<'s  ami  niaii.s.  tdii- of  it.s  iliii  f  aiiii;i  liiing 
to  i'i'|iair  till'  iiiaiiy  omissions  that  hail  iM-coinu  a|iiiai'<'nt  in  tlir  ori^^inal  works, 
till' liist  \oluiiii' is  ilt'Miiiil  to  till'  Kiim-  jirrioil  as  I'urciias' I'olU'ctioii,  whilo 
iiitroil'iiiii;,'  a  iiiiiiilii'i'  of  aililiti'.inal  voya;^('S.  Its  livo  hooks  M'frr  rcspri't- 
ivi'.y  to  I  irciiiiiiiavigation,  to  Asia,  to  Africa,  to  tlii!  north   ami   north  rast 


V 


lis  of  til"  l'IoIh',  ami  lo  Anii'iiia,  the  lattci'  ciiiliraiii 


1^'  OIK' 


thiril 


th 


i.'in   liii'i'lias. 


T 


II!  iiia]>|H'iiioiiilc  jilaci  s  the  slrai 


th 


it  of  Ai 


inoir  iiai- 
ian  aliovo 


l!u'  i.slanil  of  California,  Imt  oii  Ihr-  Ainrriiaii  iiia|i  this  is  not   niarkril.     'I'lii' 
Mi'oinl   Miliiiiii',  ri'laliiit,'  to  Miy.iuis  anil  tra\<'ls  after  this  tiiiii',  i  liiitly   hy 


l'.m;Ii.siiiiu'ii,  is  h'ss  ili.->tiiK't  ami  tarclnl  in  its  arraii; 


,('nir 


lit.      J'looks  i. 


.lii 


cover  Hiissia,  Asia,  ami  the  Lcvuiit;  lioiik  iii.,  I']ni'o]ic;  iiiiil  iMiok  iv.,  America. 
The  latti'i'  inelmles  only  the  lnu-eancer  e\|)eiiitioiis,  ])ainiiier's  voyaj^'c,  ami  ex- 
jiloiatioiis  in  the  Missi.ssipiii  ami  C'anaila  reyioiis.  A  varieil  ajipeiulix  con- 
cliiiKs  the  volume.  Acciinlin;,'  to  (iri'cn,  of  tlio  Astley  collection,  John 
Harris,  who  is  styleil  an  \.  .\l.,  ami  Fellow  of  tlio  Koyal  Society,  hail  little 
or  iiotliiiig  to  ill)  with  the  work  l>e>iiles  writin;?  the  iiitroiliK'tory  on  the 
yrii;in  ami  emigration  of  races,  uiul  on  the  iiro^j'ivss  of  iiuvi^'atiuii.     Four 


VAX  i>i:u  lios,  VAN  i)i;n  aa,  <  mucuiu.. 


7».-. 


lnuiiliTil  {in'IioiM  lire  rl.'iifiii"!  tu  li.'ivc  lii'<  ii  iixliiilt  il  ill  tlic  ti'\t,  ill  )il>i  iili_i'il 
«'i'  ('>itni>i!i'<l  I'diiu.  liifli,  /»'//).  Aiiiir.,  vol.  i.  •■•  ri'iiiitrliH  that  "it  iipin'.irn  to 
li.'ivi!  Iii'cii  );iit  lip  ill  r'iui|irtitiiiii  u  iili  <  'liiiri'i'il'',  C'llli'i-tiuii ;"  Imt  it  i  i  iiiiicli 

t'll  in  l~\',i  -I,  uitli 


l.ii>r<;  ;'ii 


iiTiil  ill  il « iii'iiiji',    (M  iiiiijiiiiliti'il  \aliir  i>  'vas  n  isHit 
iiiii:ii'iiiiii  rDrrcclioiiH  mill  lulilitioiiM,  uiiil  r('|iriiiti'il  .,    STIi-l. 

A  liiMik   lyipjcal  iif   ilM  iiatiiiiialil  V  i-"  /." '"c/i  in  h'tinh  n  />tr  Ihuirlii'hthiKli', 


iirr.H.I,/,,,,   Allltlfr.ialll,    I 


'•lit. 


I.v  I. 


it.  vail  iliT  jlin  <ir  I'Morli    ulnriiii 


lirugi\tii  iIki  biii;;ra|iiiirH  III' iiHMii  lunirs  finiu  Xrii  >  linwn,  Imt  I'f  inin  ,i' w  ii  li 

1 


iri'liicKil  aliioli  '  I  IK  III 


I'arlii'ular  iii'iiiiiiiiciii'i!  tu  tlion' ni  ll>r|hiiiil,  iiml  fi 
Jtll}!!!-,  t  )  wliiiso  hull   liir  lU'iJicatiiiii  i.4  ailiirisMi'il,      Wliii 
1ii<)^'ra|>liy  iiml  imlilical  cvcnls  i  iniiii'iti  i|  u  itii  llirir  liv>  s  lli< 


A. I 


inuii 


I'  I  nil  I  in,'  inlii  tlif 


M" 


\H   lll.lllllV 


ill' 


ll' 


I  iltHiiilii'  naval  ('\|mcIiI  iiui.i  ami  iiiciiiiiili  tm  hi  mukhih  /(iiir>,  an 


i  I'.tl 


.1 


ti  ii'l  al.K  till'  jilati's.     < 'uliiiiiliiiH,  \'i-jinci  i,  I  )raki',  ( 'avi  ncii,-li,  iiikI  f-uini' i.f 
till'  M'UI'clii  I'.t  for  liir  lini'lIi'Ursl  |>UHsa';i:  iii'ii  tlioHU  tiiucliili;{  my  lit'lil  ulio  iiavii 
I  I'lM  U>-coi'iU  >1  It  c'liiijiaratiM  ly  Miial!   i'|iai'f.      |)r.4|iito  tint   lantlalilo  oliji el 
t'li^  Imok,   til   |ilai'i'    licfoir    tlir   |>ro|>I(i   llii  ir  rlijil'  j'Joricx,  tin;  aill  iiiil' li  rl  I  it 

lic(;i'ss)iiy  t'l  Itriii^'  forwiiiil  •' w  wi  !1  uom  cmii.,!-  tliat  to  tlio  nolii  iUilioii 

(if  p't'soiis  iiitcri'Mti'il  in  tliu  Kiiliji'it  w-.m  ihh'  Ihr  |iiilili.;|iin;4  of  wliat  liin  'iwii 
itii'iiiiatioii  liait  li  !  liiiii  to  in'i'iiari-.  'i'lm  lliTiiiaii  Iransl.aion  o*'  NiiiiiImI';;, 
]li.>!,  ii  ail  tiliiiortiially  Htdiit  liltlu  voliiiiic,  \t  itii  an  ii|'i>i'iiili\  liy  liraMiiiiis. 

Xiniiiktiiriiif  ri i\sii nil liii'j  ill  r  'ji'ti  iiLinin I'll' js'c  /,'i  ;/■«;(  iinitr  OumI  fit  W'imI- 
liflii  II,  hryili'ii,  l7tM»-7,  i-i  II  lilai'li-li'tlfi*  liouU  of  'M  voIiiiiich  TJino,  i.^HUiil  liy 
I'i.lcr  vainltr  Aa,  anil  ('iiilnaiin^^  voya;;i'rt  to  all  jiartH  of  IIh'  jjIoIh!  fri'iii 
]-i<i  to   lO'.llt.     liil('i'.-<|H-i'si'iI  ail)  ('oiii[iilatioiiM  of  minor  i'\|MMlit,ion^<,  ami   of 


l.olitii'al  iillairs,  ii|i|iari'iitly  witli  a  view  to  covir 


.f  III 


o,  ic  (111  I  ,"rogi;i[iliii;  f^iqiM    III   tlic!   Iryiilal'  mili-s  of  iialiatlVi  s,  .vii 


ly  rl 
<l    to    i> 


inn  a 


Hill  siivcH  latli'  r 


foiiii  Ifti:  lii.stoiii;  luviiiw  ;   lillt  tlii-i  i  liorl  i  t  imrily  ^iiaHlm 

to  «'.\|Mmi!  till!  Iiaslu  uf  tliu  cililor  in   not  roiiHiilliii;,'  inoii'  aiillioriliiM,  or  in 

ii'iin;^  HO  can  Icsily.     Jn  mlilition  to  tln'  inioiniijclrncss  iiiiist  In'  notnl  tho 


1.1 


:;  III  oi'ilir  in  rliaiitrr.4  as  Urll  a.<  illvi^ions,  ili-iiiirt  alio  tlisioiini 


■l.il 


ra'iviM  III  iii„'  not  iiiifi'i'i|iu'ntly  jiimlilril  niiijii'  iiia{i|iropriati:  luailin; 


'I'll 


lii.i.liT  iclallli;; 


to  A 


ini'iici  IS,  III  aroo 


ril.inci^  \\  illi  tliii  ori;4Jiial  tlioii-li  in 


li'i'u'il  )>lan,  Hi'atli'i'cil  t!irou;;lioiil  tin:  hi't,  in  f.iir  |ii'o|iortioii  lor  lln'iarlirr 
].('rioilH  at  leant.  Tlii.s  applii;!  |iartiiiilai  ly  to  tin;  norllnrn  S|.;ini-ili  colonii -t, 
fill'  vliiili  tlio  iirrioil  Iri'iii  ( 'oIiiiuIimh  to  ( 'oilis  is  pri'tty  fully  tolil,  clmvly 
li'i'in  llirri'i'.'i.  Arosta  ami  .M,iii|iirttc  an;  ^ivin  in  aMircviatiil  loriii.  Allrr 
l.'i'Jlt  tliid  rryion  ni'tivi  s  littio  notiic,  lii\iiiiil  tin:  nlaiimof  a  IVw  viiy;ij;cij 


fr 


loiii  runlias.  Hiu 


lias  I'lloa,  Cliilton,  llrakc,  ami  (  aviiili^h,  tli<:  lalisl  ilalii 
lirin;.;  I  "iH.'i.  'I'lii;  iniimT  Ills  i'ojiim  r-|i!atis  ami  niaps  aio  an  .■iltriili\e  fi'aliiio 
(i.s  may  1h;  jinlgiMl  from  tlio  f.-nt  tlial  1>.>  I'.iy  lia<l  In  in  largely  lioiiowi  il  from. 

His  trXt  lias  also  liuuil  liscil  to  hoIiii  <\trllt,  MrllHi  1,  I'lili.  lli.-il.,  tolll.  ii.  Jil.  i. 
W'M,  goiiij,'  HO  far  as  to  wiy  that  ail  luloii;^s  to  Id:  I'liy ;  Imt  this  i.-.  an  i'\a;.';.'<'r- 
atimi,  for  ino.st  of  tliv  text  can  readily  lio  traci.il  lo  llirreia,  iiakliiyt,  I>o 
Uarros,  ami  otliers.     A  revised  edition  of  this  work  was  pnlilislied  in  17-7  »< 


J>r  A, 


iiiiiiii  rhiiiKii'iutriliijiii'  in  ^'. 


A  loin  III 


ilr.   y.n 


L'iiii/iii:.i  II,  folio,  8   vol- 


ines  hound  in  4.     'J'lie  Haiiio  hlaekdetter  tyjitJ  and  plates  are  preserved,  lint 


th 


arrangemeii 


t  dili'i 


h   net   heiii;'    ill    eliriilioloi'iiral   orihr,  and    each 


liurratisvu  in  u  Buparatily   iiuyed  .'icetioii.     Thu  lirtit  two  volumca  rclulu   tu 


740 


BIBLIOGRAniY  OF  VOYAGE  COLLECTIOXS. 


Portuguese  voyages  toward  the  East  India  region;  the  next  two  to  Spanish 
voyages  lip  to  iri40,  to  botli  liemispliercs  though  chiefly  to  AmeiiLu; 
the  two  folhnviiig  to  similar  English  voyages,  till  IGtlO;  and  tlio  last  two 
Volumes  to  those  of  other  nations,  and  to  nanatives  supplementary  to  tlio 
preceding.  The  I'di'tUL  nese  division  is  chiefly  made  up  from  De  llanos 
and  DeCouto,  and  the  following  Spanish  from  llerrera.  Volume  iii.,  lu'ar- 
ing  on  the  title-page  tlio  ])ortraits  of  (I'ljlumlms,  Vespucci,  Magellan,  a::d 
I'oncc  do  Leon,  ojieiis  witli  tiio  voyages  of  the  grei^t  admiral,  and  con- 
tinues with  expeditions  and  events  in  Tierra  Firnie,  the  iVntillcs,  Nica- 
lagua,  and  Florida,  concluding  with  Grijalva's  discovery  of  New  Spain, 
'i'lie  next  volume  is  alui'  t  wholly  devoted  to  Cortes,  and  events  in  con- 
nection with  his  conijue^t  and  rule,  alternating  with  sections  on  conten.po- 
ravy  expeditions  under  Magellan,  Narvaez,  Godoy,  Loaisa,  and  Cahot.  in 
the  follow  ing  set,  obtained  chiefly  from  Ifakluyt,  Erohisher's  voyages  tin'  the 
firjt  to  touch  Anici'ica,  followed  hy  I)rakc"s  and  otlier  circumnavigations  and 
the  settlement  of  the  English  American  colonies.  In  volumes  vii.  and  viii.  wo 
find  Verraxano,  I'izarro,  and  S(jto,  Dutch  and  I'rench  csp<'ditions  to  Smith 
anil  North  America,  including  1'.  Mar(|Ucttc,  and  extracts  fron)  iJen/oni  ainl 
Acosta.  On  the  title-pago  \  under  Aa  chooses  to  anno\nice  that  the  collection 
is  based  on  the  German  works  of  I.  L.  Gottfried,  but  largely  augmented  w  ith 
material  from  his  originals  and  from  later  authorities.  This  all'cctation  can 
bo  regarded  only  as  an  advertisement. 

A  (.'oHedion  (if  VnijaijiA  ami  Tnirffi.  Some  iinw  Fird  Printed  frum  Oriiii- 
V(tl  },IunuKcniit.<,  olhi  i'h  Svir  J'ifnt  PuUiHhid  in  EixjIi-^/i,  is  generally  known  by 
the  name  of  Churchill,  the  jiublisher,  who,  in  connection  with  Awnyham, 
issued  the  first  edition  in  1704,  in  four  volumes.  In  17o3  it  was  iiicriascd  l)y 
two  vohiiius,  and  the  reprint  of  1744-7  by  two  more  of  the  so-called  llarh  ian 
Collection,  culled  fronj  the  (Jxfoi'd  Library,  and  printed  by  Thomas  Osborne. 
The  w  hole  eight  were  reissued  in  17o"2,  and  also  used  by  foreign  publishers, 
tin!  introductory  tliscourse  by  Caleb  Locke,  on  the  progress  of  navigation, 
being  translated  into  I'rench  to  form,  with  additions,  two  duodecimo  volumes 
known  as  llitituire  di:  ii  Xariijulion,  I'aris,  17-'2.  Although  neither  so  uni- 
versal in  its  scope  as  llaklnyt's  or  Harris',  nor  so  well  translated  and  ar- 
ranged, yi't  it  stands  as  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  collections  from  its  many 
rare  narratives,  such  as  the  life  of  Columlius  by  his  son,  in  vol.  ii.;  Gemelli 
Carreri's  much  ipicstioned  yet  interesting  voyage,  vol.  iv.;  an  account  of  the 
Mosijuito  kingdom,  v(d.  vi.,  and  (Jastell's  di'scription  of  America,  in  the  Har- 
leian  Collection.  A  number  of  other  pieces  refer  to  America,  as  Monson's 
tracts,  and  Ovalle's  history  of  Chile,  but  they  do  not  touch  my  field. 

The  most  famous  collection  of  voyages  pulilislicd  in  the  eighteenth  century 
is  the  Jlintuirc  G'iik  ndc  <li:-<  Voiiwji »,  I'aris,  174(5,  etc.,  'JO  vols,  4to,  edited  |py 
Abbt5  Antoine  Franvois  Prcivost  d'l']xiles.  I'revost  was  one  of  those  brigiit 
bubbling  genii!sc!s  whose  life  and  writings  have  assisted  in  making  the  capi- 
tal <]f  La  Ijclle  Fi'ance  also  the  capital  of  the  liti'rary  and  fashionable  world. 
In  tiie  role  of  a  dashing  young  oliicer,  lie  had  at  an  early  age  sipped  of  all 
frivolities  in  that  gay  city,  till  a  misdincted  Ciipidian  barb  caused  lum  in 
171!>,  at  the  age  of  twenty-two,  to  cxchaiiue  the  glittering  uniform  for  the 
eimple  garb  of  a  Uenedictiuo.    His  success  as  a  preacher  again  drew  him  into 


PREVOST,  GREEN,  DIDOT,  ROZET. 


747 


the  whirl  of  society,  uiul,  tiring  of  the  vowa  that  held  him  hoimtl,  he  cast 
asiilc  the  rohc  ami  retireil  to  Holland  in  1720.  Alremly  famous  as  a  writer, 
lie  ontert'd  with  nnlor  upon  the  career  for  which  he  saw  hiiiisc'.f  destined, 
producing  a  iiundxi  of  romances,  histories,  biogniphics,  and  periodical  works. 
The  protcc;i(jn  of  I'rinc-e  de  Conti,  whose  almoner  he  became,  enabled  him  tr> 
return  to  France  and  to  obtain  the  robe  of  a  secular  ecclesia.stic.  In  Novem- 
ber 1703,  vhilc  in  the  height  of  his  fame,  h<;  was  seized  with  an  apopleciio 
fit,  and,  regarded  as  dead,  the  scalpel  of  aii  unskilful  liand  cut  oil  the  life  <  hi:t 
Was  just  returning.  The  most  importiint  of  liis  many  works  is  the  llhlniii; 
(lis  I'oi/'iiji.i,  which  might  indeed  lie  pronounced  of  English  origin.  In  17-<."> 
Astley,  the  London  publisher,  began  issuing  with  great  flourish  the  wee'.iy 
nundjers  of  A  ^'cw  Gcnoid  CuHciion  of  Voijuqea  ami  Trnv<l<,  edited  by 
I.  Green,  rianued  on  a  large  scale,  it  was  intended  to  supersede  all  othi  r 
collections  as  a  standard  woik.  Every  countiy  was  to  bo  represented,  r.nd 
every  lirst  and  leading  voyage  to  any  region  was  to  bo  naiTated  in  ctiiii^o. 
To  avoid  useless  and  uninteresting  repetition,  later  and  minor  cxpedition.s 
were  to  be  used  merely  for  extracts  and  notes,  as  a  complement  to  tiiosc  pi-i'- 
ceding.  It  was  also  proposed  to  form  a  compiled  description  of  the  seserid 
countries.  Ilakluyt  and  his  successors  were  to  bo  overhauled,  and  tin  ir 
mutilations  and  omissions  rcpaireil,  while  later  narratives  would  bo  supple- 
mented with  a  proportion  of  foreign  voyages.  The  government  was  besouglit 
to  grant  aid  to  so  vahudjlc  a  work,  but  failed  to  complj';  and  the  cost  proving 
to(j  great,  the  collection  stopped  in  1747  with  the  fourth  volume,  after  cover- 
ing nearly  half  of  the  proposed  field  by  its  Asiatic  and  African  narratives. 
The  only  voyages  relating  to  America  are  those  by  Captain  Roberts,  and 
I.  Atkins,  in  17-1,  extending  from  Ijcrmuda  to  Ihazil. 

No  sooner  had  Green's  first  volume  appeared  than  the  French  publisher, 
Didot,  resolved  to  be  tho  means  of  giving  Franco  the  benefit  of  so  great  a 
project,  and  Abbu  I'rtjvost's  skill  as  an  Eiiglisli  translator  being  well  known 
it  was  arranged  that  he  should  be  the  eilitor.  Prevost  did  not  follow  tlio 
English  cilitiou  implicitly,  but  made  several  altemtions  in  text  as  well  as 
arrangement,  some  of  which  were  severely  eondeinned,  and  corrected  in  a 
suiiplementiiry  volume.  He  also  gave  perhaps  too  much  play  to  the  style  of 
vriting  so  much  admired  in  his  romances.  With  his  seventh  volume  tho 
English  set  was  exhaustid,  and  ri\'v(jst  iiovv' continued  the  collection  iinlc 
pendently,  introducing,  \\\X]\  the  ail  of  Frciu  h  libraries  and  foreign  niiiiistc  is, 
more  foreign  narratives  than  hiid  been  done  by  tiie  English  editor.  He  also  im- 
proved the  order  by  allowing  several  travel'  "rs  to  tho  same  region  to  succril 
one  another,  so  as  to  form  a  continuous  account.  Tho  conclusion  of  the  .'^it, 
so  far  as  ho  and  Didot  are  concerned,  came  witii  the  sixteenth  volume,  con- 
taining tho  index.  Soon  after  a  seventeentl;  vulume  was  addei!,  with  fuilii'i- 
matte- and  corrections,  chiefly  from  tlie  Dutch  edition.  Aumng  tlie  iiieii'.iy 
of  narratives  in  volume  xi.,  forming  the  sictjucl  to  Old  World  voyages,  is 
Gemelli  Carreri's  journey  round  the  world,  which  touches  also  New  Spain. 
The  New  World  divi.^ion,  covering  Vdlumes  xii.  to  xv.,  begins  with  CoIuiiiIiuh' 
voyages,  and  eonteniporary  and  immediately  succeeding  events  in  and  round 
the  I.-it!imii:i  region,  followed  by  i.ic  conipiest  of  Mexico,  together  with  a  I'om- 
piled   description  of  its  social  and   political   condition   under  uativc  and 


748 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OE  VOYAGE  CCLLFXTIOXS. 


Spanish  rule.     After  this  conica  Charlevoix'  history  of  Now  France  at  di^pro- 

portiDiiate  k'liglh,  fsuccec'dutl  hy  iiarriitivc^  on  Uio  coiKiucst  ami  comlitiDii  of 
the  South  Aiiiuricau  countries.  Tlic  region  from  l"Iori(Ia  northward  in  treated 
in  a  »iniilar  Kcries,  followed  by  north-west  voyages,  including  tliosc  niado  by 
Spanianls  on  tlie  Pacific  side,  particularly  umler  Aguilar  and  Fonto.  A  de- 
scription of  tlie  Antilles  concludes  tlic  divi.sion,  though  several  additional 
pieces  are  j^iven  in  the  supplcnieiitiiry  volume  on  Vespucci,  Pizarro,  and 
^i'anish  South  Sea  voyages.  Tliis  partial  review  gliows  that  faults  Iiave  been 
c:iiiiiiittcd  bolli  in  the  arr.'ingement  and  in  the  selection  of  material,  duo 
I  aitly  to  lia«tc,  witii  a  consequent  confusion  and  repetition,  and  a  carelessness 
of  facts,  whicii  greatly  impair  the  value  of  tlie  work.  The  uniformity  of 
bty'ic  for  tlie  varying  subjicts  and  the  dissertations  on  trillcs  are  also  to  bo 
objected  to.  After  I)idot's  deatli  the  collection  passed  into  the  hands  of 
P.;);:ct,  wlio  caused  tincu  volumes  to  be  addcil  by  Querlou  and  de  Lcyrc. 
Tiiey  arc  tiie  l)est  edited  part  of  the  set,  according  to  La  llarpe,  anil  form  a 
continuation  of  tlic  voyages  to  the  north  Ix'gun  in  vol.  xv.,  witli  a  full  descrip- 
tion of  tli(!  nortiiern  regions  in  the  tlnx-e  parts  of  the  world.  The  line  engrav- 
ings, after  Cocldn,  have  aided  greatly  to  make  the  first  cclition  in  (ptarto 
esteemed  above  ethers,  and  to  make  the  fortune  of  the  publishers.  Tw  o  re- 
prints, one  of  eighty  volumes  duodecimo,  were  issued  while  the  ])ublicatiou 
va.-i  .still  iirogressing.  The  Dutch  version  of  Hague,  1747-80,  in  -■")  vols,  -Ito, 
begun  from  the  ICnglish,  but  continued  from  Prevost,  contains  the  portions 
omitted  liy  Prevost  in  his  early  volumes,  and  sevcr.d  additional  narratives, 
ehielly  on  the  Dutch  Asiatic  pos.'^essions.  A  CIcrnian  tran.-lation  in  21  \oIs 
4 to  was  issued  at  Leipzig  in  1717-T-i  by  Arkstec  and  Merkus.  The  editors, 
I'.iistncr  and  Schwabcn,  begin  with  a  round  of  abuse  on  Prevost'.'!  faulty  pi'o- 
d.uction,  and  announce  that  they  will  follow  the  I'^nglish  original,  while  cojiy- 
iug  the  superior  French  engravings.  With  the  stoppage  of  Green's  labors, 
tliey  sudilcnly  discover  I'revosts  superiority,  but  in  adopting  Iiiui  as  their 
guide  for  the  remainder,  tlicy  maintain  their  former  division  of  chapters  and 
K..b-headiiig3.     The  last  three  volumes  cover  Ixozct's  additions. 

The  plan  of  a  general  history  of  voyages  outlined  by  Green  hail  been  pro- 
jected already  by  the  academician  Du  Pcricr  do  Mimtfraisier  in  his  Ilistoire 
i'lihrrsf  'Ic  thu  I'oi/dijrs  i'(ii/.i  p/ir  Mir  cO  //(;/■  Tirir  i/tinn  l\iiicini  <(•  d  it  n't  la 
i.oiircnu  Monde,  Paris,  1707,  wrongly  ascribed  to  Abbti  Lellegarde.  Although 
dedicated  to  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  the  king's  father,  the  patronage  failed 
to  give  it  popularity,  and  the  first  duodecimo  volume  proved  also  the  last. 
Beginning  with  an  introductory  on  the  developmeut  of  navigation,  he  miens 
the  narrative  witli  Columbus  and  closes  it  with  Cortt^s,  giving  in  addition  to 
the  intermediate  voyages,  a  general  description  of  resources  and  nations  of 
tropic  America.  The  whole  is  brief  and  superficial,  with  particular  attention 
to  tlio  marvellous,  as  indicated  also  by  the  engravings.  The  English  hastened 
to  give  thi.ir  approval  Viy  issuing  a  translation,  but  oidy  to  be  superseded  like 
I'revost's  collection.  If  this  work  had  anything  to  do  with  promoting  Gi'eca'a 
plan,  it  may  be  said  not  altogether  to  have  failed  in  its  aim. 

Tiie  size  and  cost  of  Prevost's  popular  work  induced  the  well  known  litte- 
rateur and  academician  I^a  Harpe  to  issue  iniAhniji'  de  l'I/ii(oire  Grin  ml-  d'H 
Voywjes,  Paris,  1780-1801, iJ'2vols,Svo,  the  last  eleven  byComcyras.    La  llarpo 


DU  rERIER,  LA  IIAHPE,  WALCXEXAnPv,  BERNAHD.       740 


vas  moved  tc  tliirt  nlso  liy  tin- iiuniprous  fauUa  of  the  on^iiiiil.  in  jM-oliNity, 
dryness,  iiiid  confusion,  as  lie  takes  ])ains  to  explain.  His  ]ilaii,  wliile  taking 
I'ivvost  aa  a  liuse,  was  to  gi\'c  a  ck'ar,  attractive  review  of  voyagea  in  all  that 
is  of  interest  to  tiie  majority  of  na<kns,  eliiiiiiiating  matter  not  to  the  point, 
as  navij,'ation  notes,  aeeounta  ciiveinl  liy  preceding  nari-atives,  and  sn)H'iHiio!H 
d<!tails  on  }ihysical  ami  other  features.  This  plan  is  carried  out  hy  dividin;^ 
the  set  into  four  parts,  on  Africa,  Asia,  Anierica,  and  circumnavigations, 
nrrangc'd  ehronologii.'aliy,  and  interspersed  or  prefaced  with  i-eviewsof  n:ttiM;!l 
geogra]ihy,  and  l)y  giving  proniinence  to  adventures,  social  features,  .•nd 
wli;itHoever  may  prove  attractive  to  the  ordinai'y  reailer,  even  at  the  i-i  k  if 
tauipering  with  credidity.  It  is  to  bo  regretted  that  La  Harpe  should  have  i om- 
fined  himself  so  much  to  a  collection  declared  incoinplele  ami  inexact,  instead 
of  expending  a  little  more  time  and  troidilc  to  provi<le  a  work  of  greater  value. 
As  it  is  he  achieved  his  declared  ohjcct,  a  series  of  sprightly  narratives,  full 
of  striking  incidents  and  graphic  dt'tails,  traits  to  which  Irving  among  otlu  i:i 
jiave  paid  t!ie  tribute  of  a  borrower.  'J'ho  part  by  Conieyras  exhibits  far  h.'.-s 
jskill.  To  this  edition  has  been  added  twelve  volumes  of  a  l/infi:hr  i/<  <  ]''>■■ 
O'ji.^  rii  Kiiiri/ii'  poorly  prejiared.  La  Harpe 'a  set  passed  thi'ongh  .scvcr.d 
editions,  om;  of  bSKl  being  in  •J4  vols,  Svo.  The  similar  S'.'tof  IS'Jl)  wa>!  revis.  d 
by  ]''.yries,  and  subsecjuently  enlarged  to  30  volumes.  Kyrics  in  IM'J-'JI 
issuc<l  ii  continuation  r.nder  the  title  of  Ahri'ijr  ihn  Voijiujih  Mmhrnfut  (h jui'.t 
J7SU,  ]  1  volumes,  Svo. 

About  this  time  C  A.  Walckcnaer,  the  well  known  writer  on  Africa,  iw- 
ran'icd  with  publislicr  Lefevrc  to  i)rcpare  the  Jfistnliv  (Ii'ik  rale  dot  Vo^jcji^, 
on  Xuiir(/I('  ('ollittioii  (If  J'l fuliiiiii  dm  Vi'i/aji/.i,  I'aris,  1S'J(J-.">1,  which  ac- 
cording to  the  jirospcctus  was  to  excel  I'revost'a  in  completeness  and  relia- 
bility, and  to  comprise  not  over  .sixty  volumes.  ]5ut  so  badly  <lid  Wali'k(  iiacr 
manage  his  material  that  twi  r.ty-ouc  octavo  volumes  had  been  printi'il  Imig 
before  the  lirst  division  of  African  voyages  had  been  exhausted,  and  the  pid)- 
lisher  thereupon  abanchineil  the  work. 

Among  less  noted  collections  i;)  ftiriirH  <!i>  dirrr/t  Vo>iaijr'< /(utn  i>n  .i/riijrr, 
ft  rii  r.lnii riijili',  Paris,  l(i74,  4to,  which  presents  a  few  select  j)ieces,  such  .-.a 
the  history  of  Barbadoes  Islaiuls;  dc  hi  ISorde's  account  of  Carib  customs  and 
mission  work;  and  a  description  of  tin;  Antilles,  besides  African  narraMvcs. 

Ji'cnii  11  (le  VoidjcK  ail  Aon/,  Amsterdam,  171o-"J7,  0  vols,  I'Jmo,  is  a  collec- 
tion of  entire  and  abriilged  narratives  of  voyages  to  northern  counti'ies,  in- 
cluding searches  for  the  north-east  and  north-west  passages,  and  with  llio 
main  object  of  displaying  the  n  sources  of  tlioso  regions,  with  tlie  mutes  of 
approach,  so  as  to  promote  trade.  This  laudable  puriiose  is  indicateil  by  t!io 
dedication  in  which  licrnanl.  tlie  bookseller,  i)laces  the  work  under  tho 
patronage  of  the  emperor  of  llus-ia.  I'he  earlier  volumes  contain  a  nnuiber 
of  valuabh^  pieces  on  America,  extending  as  far  south  as  Loui>iaiia  ami  tlie 
gulf  of  California,  among  them  the  memoirs  of  l)e  I. isle  and  Piccolo  <iu 
Li  iwer  California.  The  later  volumes  are  conllne<l  to. Asia  and  Europe,  em- 
bracing respectively  Con  a  ami  the  Scandinavian  iieninsula.  'i'he  arrangement 
is  not  (juite  satisfactory;  but  this  was  iniprove<l  somewhut  in  a  later  edition, 
increased  to  ten  volumis.  In  one  of  the  divi.sion  iirefaces  the  editor  enters  a 
jirotest  a^^ainst  the  prcdileclioii  shown  by  travellers  for  describing  the  mar- 


750 


BIBLIOORArnV  OF  VOYAC.E  COLLECTIOXS. 


vvlloiis,  nixl  iit,'iiiii.st  till)  jinvnhnt  Itiiiotry  nml  incjudior.  Roino  al»lo  olisrn*- 
iitiiiiis  ari>  also  iMiiilc  on  tlic  cliarat'tiT  of  tlm  nanativo  to  follow,  vliiili  mo 
<liiiti'  ivfitsliiiig  ill  face  of  tliu  iiiuiio  louiaiks  to  bo  foiiiiii  in  tlic  iiitroihictiona 
of  tills  pcrioil. 

^Vitllill  tlio  lirii'f  compass  of  thivo  (liiodcciino  voluini-a  ciifitlcil  A  Xi  m 
I'liiii  r.sfil  ('(illirlioii  of  I'lii/iniis  (did  TniriU,  London,  I7.'>'>,  an  <Hort  is  inadi; 
to  |in'si'iit  11  HyiKipsii)  of  all  I'l'lclirato'.l  voyai,'t's  to  iliircrciit  parts  of  tin-  woiM; 
liiit  tiio  ii-siilt  is  a  latlifi-  iiii<M|ual  iiii'dlty  «if  imliviilual  narrativt-s  ami  coiu- 
].iliil  reviews,  eliit'lly  relatiii;^  to  Mii.i^lisimieii.  Aineriea  is  more  or  less  re- 
frniil  to  in  tlie  series  of  cireuiiiiiavijrations  covered  liy  tlio  first  volume.  In 
the  seeoiiil  is  j'iveii  tiie  history  of  trade  \\  itli  tlie  l''ast  India  rruioii,  followi  tl 
liy  tlie  disiMivery  and  settlement  of  Anieiiean  eountries,  New  Spain  Iteiiij^ 
deserilied  in  chapter  vii.  The  last  volume  relates  almost  wholly  to  blurope. 
1'he  nia|i])enionde  oiitliiies  California  as  nil  islanil. 

Ot  wider  scope  is  Tin'  World  J)is/iliiii(  d;  or,  A  ('urioiin  <'iillrrtii)li  of  Vni/fi'iil 
mid  Triiril<,  l.ondoii,  17(>{)-l,  -0  vols,  ICinio,  which  devot<'S  tlio  lirat  sovcu 
\ Illumes  to  America  and  to  circumiiavi;,'atioii,  leaviii;^  the  reiiiaindcr  to  tin) 
other  thrci!  continents.  The  material  has  been  selected  iippareiitly  from  oiio 
tif  the  larger  collections,  uitli  no  attemjit  at  critical  iiiveslii;ati<m  or  eom- 
pleteness,  liiit  mainly  for  its  interestinj^  fealures.  In  the  lirst  volume  aro 
jrivcii  the  voyayes  of  < 'oliimltus  and  contcinporai'y  events,  ami  in  thi^  sei'ond, 
tlui  expeditions  of  ("ortes.  In  the  apticnded  map  of  North  Amoricii  "tho 
sujijiosed  Str.  of  Annian"'  is  still  retained  in  alioiit  A'l'  lat.  N'olunio  iii.  open:i 
Mith  the  conipiest  of  I'anamii  and  passes  into  South  America,  >\hile  iv.  aii<l  v. 
relate  to  l^ni^lisli  and  rreiich  iliscoverii's,  including;  Hrakc's  voyaj^e.  I>am- 
picr  and  llogcrs  share  volume  vi.,  leaving  tlu^  whole  of  volume  vii.  to  Ansoii'ij 
eirciimnavigation. 

,1  Ciirioii.i  Colli c/ioii  of  Trnnls,  Loiulon,  17<>I.  '"^  vols,  Itlino,  maps  and 
illustrations,  treats  of  the  ilillerent  jiarts  of  the  world,  partly  in  the  form  of 
M.yages,  ])artly  in  liistorieal  reviews  tif  eoiintrii's,  iiK  hiding  disi'ovry,  e\- 
jilorations,  and  settlement.  Of  tlu^  three  \<ilumes  devolcil  to  America,  i\. 
and  V.  relate  to  Mnglish,  Dutch,  anil  l''reiieh  colonies,  and  vi.  to  the  Spanish 
tind  I'orfugiiese. 

I'isgustcd  with  l)iilky  collections  and  their  jirofuse 'rulihisli' on  wiinls, 
funeiits,  and  log-book  records,  the  editor  of  , I  Cuiii/ii  mliuin  of  Aiilhciilic  imd 
J.'n/<  r/iiiiiiiiij  VoijiKji-i,  London,  ITtIti,  7  vol.  I'Jnio,  resolves  to  jiifseiit  only  tlio 
v.scfiil  and  attractive,  and  further  to  carry  on  the  narratives,  liegiiining  with 
( 'ijumlius,  ill  ;i  chronologic  order,  so  as  to  givi"  his  readers  tlu?  annals  of  iia\  i- 
{.atioii.  The  authorities  consulted  aro  probably  ono  of  the  larger  collections, 
Iroiii  which  are  I'ulled  the  interesting  voyages.  Thus  volume  i.,  the  only  ono 
ret'crriug  to  my  lieid,  pivsents  simply  those  of  Columbus,  (.'ortes,  liuina,  ami 
(.'alral. 

Another  refuge  from  verbose  and  credulous  collections  is  thrust  liefore  tho 
))ulilic  in  A  A<  ir(\)llcrli(iii  of  l'iii/iiiii.<,  /)isr(lrl•rir.^,a)ld  '/'/•((/•(/>•,  London,  I7<i7, 
7  Vols,  Svo,  with  maps  anil  engravings,  wherein  the  editor  promises  to  show 
none  of  the  bad  judgment  and  neglect  to  be  found  in  other  compilations  des- 
tined only  for  the  vulgar.  Whatever  iiiiiirovenients  may  have  Iteen  intro- 
ihiced  tliey  are  iiiori)  than  couuterbalanced  by  incompleteness,  anil  waiit  of 


DRAKE,  PELIIAM,  IIENTIY,  BKREXOER. 


T.-.l 


proportion.  Of  tlio  three  volunn's  on  Aiiicrii'a  for  iiiHtiiiici',  vol.  i.  refi-ra 
cliieily  to  ('iiliiiii)>u.i  !in<l  (.'ortis,  with  minor  m't'oiiuts  nt'  I'i/urro  anil  UiK>u, 
UMil  tlio  ri'gicMi.s  toiiciii'il  liy  iht  in.  \  ohiUH!  ii.  cdUliiinM  <'\lractH  troni  Wafci', 
and  lU'sirijitiiins  of  Jiiiti.sh  iiinl  I'ldtiiguc.-u!  i'dIdhIih,  whili!  in.  <(ivirs  tlio 
tirtninniavigiitionit  of  Ihakf,  lluiniiici',  Ifoyi'r.s,  iiinl,  iliii'lly,  Anson;  iv.  v.  ami 
vii.  concern  Knnipf,  liio  last  trcatinL;  of  En,L'Iunil':i  na\y  ami  roii.itiliition, 
and  in  vi.  ai-o  colUi'tcd  odd  travels  in  .Asia,  lv,'yiit,  and  tin;  i^evant. 

^1  iitir  I'liiriiMil  t'ullvtiou  if  Aiilluuln:  timl  Knhfl'i'miinl  I'','/";/'"''  '""' 
I'l-'inl.^,  liy  Edward  C.ivendish  I'raKe,  London,  1771,  foiio,  with  ents,  ei,n- 
Ki.st.i  of  a  iiundMjr  of  ahiiilgid  narratives,  eaeii  lorniinL;  a  ^li^i^^i')n  l>y  itself, 
wllli  ^Ileeiul  cliaptorM,  Itut  without  II  dclinud  arrani^'iinent.  'J'lio  alni,  wliilo 
Keekiii;^  to  endiraeu  all  rf!.;ions  of  tin;  t^lolie,  is  to  jileaso  thu  oiilinary  leader 
liy  exeiting  and  enrion:)  aeeonnl.-!,  inelnding  Htories  of  seniihnnian  I  leasts,  a:j 
hhowii  hy  the  illnstrations,  en;,'ravuil  liy  tirignon.  America,  whieii  eovera 
fully  one  liiird  of  the  text,  is  on  tiie  niappeniondi!  [irojeeted  into  two  liranelnH, 
tin;  noiliiuard  one  connected  with  (ireenland,  and  the  other  with  a  lancl 
made  to  e.vtend  over  all  the  pole.  l)e;^'inniny!  with  (,'olninliM^i  the  editor  takes 
U[i  the  eireunniav  igatoi-s  to  Anson,  and  then  retnrns  to  the  coni[ne,stof  the 
l^lhmil.i,  Mexico,  and  i'ern.  After  this  eonu"  thu  rortugnest;  i(inc(nest,  the 
Engli;.h  KettlcnicnUt,  Wafer's  adventures  in  l>arien.  ami  the  north-we.st  ami 
iiorlh-t;ast  searclius.     The  rest  concerns  thu  tlirc;o  old  continents. 

\iin  Voijdijia  Kind  Trunin;  Cdiis'tstiiiij  of  Oriijiiiiii-',  'J'nnishi/iniiK,  innl 
Alii'dtijiniul.t,  \)  Vols,  tSvo,  explain  their  appearance  very  correc^tly,  ami  thu 
nci'd  of  a  i>eriodieaI  jinltlieation  of  recent  voyag(;s,  to  which  they  are  eonlim  il. 
Eacli  original,  or  net  of  coni'iiled  narratives,  forms  a  Hepaiati:ly  paged  part, 
liiit  follows  no  ordei',  the  <ilij(  ct  heing  to  give  in  each  vohiniu  pieces  relating 
to  iicvei-al  jiartsof  the  woild,  and  Aniciica  is  accordingly  repi-esented  in  every 
one.  Kot/ebneaml  Koiplefenil's  voyages,  in  vi.  and  ix.  respectively,  are  thu 
only  ones  relating  to  my  tiel  1. 

'I'lic  WOrlil;  or  Ihe.  I'ri  •cut  Sluli'  ifl/if  Unii'irsr.  J'.chnj  a.  d'l  in  rnl  itwl  <'iiiii 
]i/i  f  ■  <  (i/lcrliiiu  <f  Moiti  ni  VoyuijM  and  Truirls,  hy  Cavendlsli  relhani,  l.ondin, 
i:si);i-l(),  'J  Vols,  4to,  has  in  view  not  only  to  [iresc'it  the  most  recent  narra- 
tives, in  aliriilged  form,  Imt  to  give  a  inod(;rn  aeeoimt  of  every  eoiintiy,  in  a 
[jvographic,  [Hilitie,  and  social  aspect.  IJeginning  '  ilh  a  Icieithy  r  iation  of 
La  I'l  idn-;c's  voyage  ani  search  for  him,  the  editor  eonlimics  a  ilh  a  tonr 

in  Ivanichatka,  and  with  I'l.rtiock  an<l  Dixon'.s  voya;e,  followed  hy  a  medley 
of  narratives  on  Africa,  Asia,  and  partienlaiiy  Einciie.  'J'o\\aiil  liic  end  is 
given  an  outline  of  |,liy.-ica!  and  political  geography,  w  hereof  America  reeeivis 
Kcvcn  pages;  and  last  conu'S  a  sketch  of  the  leading  voyages  not  alrea^ly 
j.  ivcii. 

An  appropriate  subdivision  of  voyages  is  presented  in  Ai>  J/'isturh'rd  .Ac- 
Cd'tiif  I'l' (ill  I /i<:  i 'oi^(»;/< .t  riKiiil  /lir  ICo/v'./,  /iirinniml  lii/  Hii'ii'ish  Xiir'i'iiihir.t. 
l.'iidon,  l77.'5-4,  4  vols,  >Svu,  majis  and  engiMvims.  \  ohnne  i.  (.mtaius 
I'lake,  (.'iivendish,  and  l>ampn'r,  with  liriefcr  references  to  (  Kiulcy  and  ilog- 
gewcin,  while  Cook's  voy.ages  occnpy  not  only  the  greater  ]iait  of   iii.,  lint 


par 


t  of  iv.,  uud  tlio  whole  of  a  tifth  ami  Hixth  volnmc  aiUl<  d  in  \'i 


d  I7M 


l.y  l)avid  Heiny,  the  editor  of  the  lirst  two. 


n, 


I  Lulli  vtiuil  t/(  towi  /ti  l'<, 


>!JU<,li:'*J 


lit.^  aulDiirdu  Moink',  I'ari.s,  l7''i!S-!), 


I.J^i 


BIRLIOGRAPIIY  OP  VOYAGS  COLLECTION.^. 


9  vols,  embraces  circmnii.avigations  by  all  nations,  but  kIiowh  itself  cvni  ni<  ro 
disproportionnto  in  iu  tirianguniLnt  than  Ilunry's.  Ma;:flliin's  all-iniportiiiit 
VDvagu  is  «i»  hastily  <li.sii().sud  of  us  tu  create  a  belief  that  tiie  work  was  never 
buscil  uixm  a  I'lau;  nor  have  any  prefatoi'y  remarks  been  given  to  asKirft  tlio 
■wondering  r»-ailer.  Dnike  and  Cavendish  aro  not  shown  niueh  more  favor, 
•while  the  doubtful  voyage  of  Carreri  occupies  the  whole  of  ii.,  and  Cook's  three 
Voyages  till  the  hist  tliree  volumes. 

All  Ilistoriral  Accon'it-  of  the  Cimimnarhjallin  of  the  Olohc,  and  of  /he 
Projris.i  of  Dl-iriirrrii  in  the  I'arijic  Ocnin,fr(im  Mii'jrHaii  to  Cook,  Edinbur;li, 
liS;'.7,  l"Jni'.»,  has  for  its  chief  aim  tlie  relation  of  Ccjok's  voyages,  to  whieli  iialf 
the  Volume  is  devoted.  It  is  claimed  tliat  S(!veral  original  papers  and  pnints 
Were  obtained  from  the  family  of  the  great  navigator  for  tiie  perfection  of  t!io 
narrative.  The  li'iok  oj)ens  with  a  ijricf  review  of  the  progress  of  na\  iLiati'ii 
till  tin;  discovery  ol  the  South  >Sea  by  ]]all)oa,  and  then  begins  the  narralivo 
jiroper  with  Magellan's  voyage,  and  with  voyages  that  have  assisted  in  ojicn- 
ing  the  I'acilic  Ocean.  The  freely  sprinkled  foot-notes  indicate  that,  alt]lou^  li 
the  work  is  small,  considerable  care  lias  Ijecn  bestowed  upon  it.  Acontinu.i- 
tion  was  issued  under  the  title  of  Vni/ui/in  round  the  World  from  the  Dcnlk  <f 
Cojituiii  Cook  to  the  Prexcut  Tinn-,  Edinburgh,  1S43,  which  gives  even  greater 
attentit^u  to  scientilio  features  and  to  generalizations,  than  to  detiiils  of  voy- 
ages; yet  a  sulhcient  number  of  curious  and  exciting  incidents  are  introduced 
to  attract  tlic  ordinary  reader. 

Tlie  preceding  work  on  circunmavigations  shows  the  value  of  a  subdivision 
of  the  collections  and  histi>ries  of  voyages,  wherein  the  attemi)t  to  embracu 
too  much  nutui-uU}'  leads  tosupurliciality,  to  a  neglect  of  important  points,  .'uul 
wliereiii  tiie  arrangement  forbids  a  comprehensive  view  of  particular  section.,. 
A  sulidivision  allbids  better  opportiuiity  for  tiie  proper  study  of  special  sul)- 
jects  an>!  I'e^'ions  in  connection  witii  history  and  sciences.  Sucii  works  as 
Jiirmd  dr  Vi.i'iijiA  (in  Xord  aro  convenient  for  tliis  pui'poso,  to  be  used  Ijy 
Scholars  for  the  [ireparalion  of  more  complete  ami  critical  works,  as  For^  <  r, 
Lo si-lihhtf.  dir  ilntdckHnijcil  uud  SrhijjUhrlcn  ini  Xordcn,  Fraucfart,  17  ■>•"), 
translated  into  Englisli  in  ITSO,  ami  into  French  in  ITSH.  The  latter  opens 
witli  a  review  in  books  i.  and  ii.  of  the  lieginning  of  discovery  voya:;e3 
among  the  ancients,  and  their  progress  during  tiie  middle  ages,  p;irtieulariy 
under  the  Italians,  among  them  tlie  brothers  Zeno.  In  book  iii.  follov.  sat 
greater  leiigtli  llie  history  of  voyages  to  nortlicrn  regions  in  modern  times, 
each  nation  engaged  receiving  a  chronologically  arranged  cliapter.  Most  of 
tlic  voyages  are  of  course  directed  to  tlio  search  for  a  noi't!i-east  or  north- 
west passage,  but  they  also  include  those  that  have  merely  been  direi-ted 
northward,  as  Ulloa's  and  Alareon's  in  loX)  and  ir(40,  which  <lid  not  pass  be- 
yond Lower  (Jalilorniu.  Tlie  latter  occur  in  the  Spanish  cliupter,  embracing 
the  several  American  voyages  from  Gomez  in  \o'l\  to  IJodega  in  ITT."),  and  i.i- 
eluding  Fuea's  and  Fuente's.  Tlie  voyjiges  close  witli  the  Kussian  entry  into 
Alaska.  Like  most  German  works  of  research  it  has  received  careful  study, 
and  forms  an  authoritj'  for  its  field.  John  Iveiuhold  Forster  was  one  wlioso 
tiiK'Uts  and  investigations  had  met  vith  tlie  recognition  of  nu'mbership  in 
Beveral  learned  societies,  lie  had  made  the  geography  of  the  iKJrlh  iiis  par- 
ticular btudy,  and  hud  aeeoinpauied  Cuuk  rouml  the  world,  in  177--7o,  as 


FORSTER,  BURXEY,  DALRYMPLi:,  DELAPORTE. 


7.-3 


as 


a  naturalist,  ami  with  a  view  to  prepare  a  ]iliilosopIiic  liistory  of  the  voyage. 
He  also  wrote  0/wrra'(OHf  Mwhi  dur'ui'j  a  Voiiinjc  roiiml  the  World,  London, 
177s,  4to,  (leilicated  to  tiic  Royal  iSocii.'ty  of  London,  and  relating  to  geog- 
raphy, ethnology,  and  cC.ca.  Tlic  journal  kept  liy  him  during  this  voyuge, 
together  with  the  reports  to  the  government  and  to  soeieties,  was  eLiliorutecl 
liy  his  sou  and  voyage  companion  into  tho  liiise  vni  ilif  U'llf,  a,  work  to 
whieli  llumhohlt  gratefully  ascribes  the  firt  impulse  to  his  love  for  nature. 
IJt'sides  several  books  on  Egj'pt  and  Africa,  Forstcr  issued  tho  MmjaJii  ron 
J,'i  i.idxifr/irrihini'jfii,  Berlin,  KliO-lSO'-I,  -4  vols,  which  is  not  prepared  with  tho 
care  due  to  hid  fame. 

A  Chrouoloijicul  Il'mfory  of  the  Discover!/'^  in  (lie  SovthSea,  by  James  Bur- 
ney,  Loudon,  1S0.'{-17,  5  vols,  4to,  owes  its  existence,  like  several  of  I'oister's 
Works,  to  companionship  with  Cook.  Thu  later  Admiral  Rurney  sailed  as 
lieutenant  with  the  great  navigator  during  the  last  two  voyages,  and  having 
made  geographic  discoveries  a  prirticulur  study,  his  attention  was  naturally 
directed  to  the  racilic.  Stimulated  by  Foi'ster's  example,  lie  determined  to 
write  a  liistory  of  voyages  to  cover  this  field,  a  project  which  received  llio 
enc(juragemcnt  of  ,Sir,Josoph  Ranks,  wlio  opeiu  d  his  liKrary  and  lent  iiis  itillii- 
enee,  ri'ceiving  iu  return  tlie  grateful  dedication  of  the  woik.  After  somo 
j;reliminary  remarks  on  attempts  between  149'J  and  l.-)17  to  find  u  pa:3.s,-;^;e  to 
the  South  Sea,  the  chronologic  account  of  voyages  therein  is  begun  v.ita  Ma- 
gelLin"s.  Amongst  tho  earliest  cruises  aro  those  in  search  of  a  route  to  tlio 
Philippines,  and  of  a  passage  to  tho  Atlantic,  nf^rth  cf  Mexico,  both  bciiriiig 
good  fniit  in  the  extension  of  geographic  knowledge.  WithUrako  is  resumed 
the  lengthy  series  of  circumnavigations  to  which  the  .second  vuhime  ischiilly 
devoted,  interspersed  with  miuur  expeditious,  and  with  cautious  reviews  of 
the  doubtful  narratives  f)f  ^laldonado  and  Fuca.  Volume  iii.  gives  consider- 
able attention  to  tlie  Asiatic  coast,  and  to  the  tuifnlding  of  the  Australian 
group,  and  tho  following  is  swelled  with  a  full  history  of  tho  buccaneers, 
which  concerns  cliiefly  the  Antilles;  butafterthis  I'acilic  voyages  are  resumed 
with  l>aiiipier,  Shelvocke,  Itoggewein,  Anson,  and  minor  lorA  exj)editi()ii3 
until  about  170G,  when  their  increasing  number  called  for  a  dilFcreut  tnat- 
nieiit,  and  they  were  therefore  left  for  another  pen.  Tho  whole  forms  an  al)!o 
digest,  iKjt  only  of  maritime  expeditions,  but  of  tho  progress  and  condition 
of  settlements  along  tlie  coast.  The  autlujr  is  not  perhaps  so  consistent  v.iJi 
his  plan  of  thoroughness  and  comprehensiveness  as  the  very  sensible  pi(  laco 
leads  us  to  (;xpect,  nor  is  the  lengthy  account  of  the  Antilles  (piite  relevant 
to  the  subject  when  so  much  matter  to  the  point  mirht  have  l)een  included. 
These  oljjectioiis  are  more  than  balance'd,  however,  by  an  evident  lesearcii, 
and  a  study  of  the  material,  manifest  also  in  the  souml  comments  and  eiuielu- 
bious.  As  supplementary  works  may  be  regarded  .1  I'liroiiohniirtd  Hl~l''rj  if 
Sorllt-KiiHl<rii  Voynijen  of  Dixcovcrii;  London,  ISl'.t;  A  Minioir  on  the  (•mi/- 
riiylnj  if  the  Xorth-eunlern  Part  <f  AKid,  London,  IMS;  ^1  Meinoir  of  tlm 
Voijii'ic  if  d'Entrvrastcau  :,  London,  18:20.  1'hc  continuation  of  the  Avrnk  is 
Bupplied  by  llawkesworth's  collection,  Ijougiiiiivi'lcs  voyage,  and  later  pub- 
lications. 

It  will  be  seen  that  a  ptu'tion  of  the  ('/iroiio/o'iii-  //:ili>ri/  had  alre;i<ly  been 

covered  by  I'orsters  volume,  fur  the  north,  v.lule  the  southern  region  hud 
UlBT.  CiiM.  Au.,  Vol.  II.    id 


vt 


mnLiooRAniY  of  voyage  collections. 


fouiiil  fin  ospniiPiit  ill  Dr  lirnnxex,  Jlhtnirr  tlrn  X(iri;inf!'mn  mix  Terrei  Aui>' 
ti-(ili->.  tiaiislatcil  into  Eiii,'lish  with  adtlitioiia.  This  work  was  rather  a 
iiasty  jiKiuiratioii,  luiviiig  f(ir  ita  ohjcct  chiefly  to  (Uiiionsti-atc  the  a(lvuiitaj.'es 
tif  till'  Sdiitli  I'acilic  for  colonies;  so  that  thero  was  ample  room  for  An  lln- 
tiii-iiiil  Cirlcrtioii  of  the  unrriil  Voiiwirs  oml  Dkcowrifn  in  llw  South  Parijie 
Orvtiii,  l.y  Alexander  Dalrynipic,  London,  1770-1,  2  vols,  4to,  wliieh  treat* 
of  S(i;iiii~h  and  Duteh  voyaj,'es  between  South  America  and  Pnpiia.  A  French 
translation  appeared  at  I'aris  in  1774  by  Frevillc,  who  the  same  year  issued 
in  Ills  lliiilriKjriijihhine  M'hat  may  be  regarded  as  a  continuation. 

y.c  Vdijtficiir  JVdii'joi.i,  on  la  CdiiiKiisKujicr  ilv  VAiic'ivn  el  ilii  Noinrnii  Monde, 
Mm  (lujourjinrM.  I'AIMIMnporte,  I'aris,  l7<>7-7-,  4'2vol8,  l'2mo,  presents  an 
liistorical  ami  descriptive  account  of  the  world  by  a  lictitious  French  traveller 
wiio  ;id(liessen  liims<'lf  to  a  lady  in  the  form  of  letters,  dated  at  leading  towns 
in  dillbrent  coiintri<ss.  While  descril»ing  the  actual  'condition  of  the  country 
in  a  ]vilitic.  oeononuc,  and  social  sense,  he  also  gives  lengthy  reviews  of  tho 
past  history  and  of  the  ancient  customs  of  the  people,  as  if  related  by  a  na- 
tive or  culled  from  memory.  The  narrative  is  by  this  means  rend<'red  most 
interesting,  and  assumes  a  freshness  and  a  spri^htliness  of  style  which  con- 
done greatly  for  its  superticiality,  incompleteness,  iind  want  of  critical  dis- 
cernment in  ailo])tiiig  statements.  The  epistolary  form,  while  intended  to 
couit  the  ]iublic,  doubtless  adds  to  the  llii'i)aney,  in  which  respect  La  llarpe, 
among  t)tliers,  expresses  himself  rather  like  a  jealous  rival,  beginning  his 
tour  in  tlu^  Me<liteiTanean,  the  author  passes  through  Asia  Minor  to  Lidia  ami 
Ciiina,  and  in  volume  ix.  turns  up  in  the  Ih'itish  American  colonies.  In  tho 
three  volumes  following  he  enteis  tho  Pacific  States,  devoting  to  Mexico  tho 
greater  ]  art  of  x.,  describing  chiefly  the  contpiest  and  the  ancient  customs  of 
the  Aztecs,  antl  leaving  almost  untouched  the  later  historj' and  condition; 
but  then  the  object  is  to  interest  the  ordinary  reader.  Only  the  first  28  vols, 
are  from  the  pen  of  the  abbe;  the  rest  .show  the  inferior  style  of  l)e  Tontenai 
and  Domairon.  The  success  was  such  as  to  warrant  a  new  edition  in  1702-n."). 
A  Clerman  duodecimo  edition  was  issued  at  Leipzig  immediately  upon  tho 
completion  of  the  original,  under  the  title  of  ndsim  ohivn  Frrmzri.ii')!.  A 
Sp.uiish  translation  was  begun  as  El  Viwjero  Uiiivcrmil  6  Notirld  drl  Mitii'lo, 
Madrid,  17!).")-1S0I,  4;i  vols,  including  four  supplementary.  I'y  1).  P.  F.  P. 
The  editor  socm  tired  of  the  faults  of  the  original,  and  with  the  (ithvol.  began 
an  indi'jiendcnt  work,  in  which  nuich  new  information  is  given,  so  that  the 
liiKik  greatly  surpasses  the  French  in  tho  value  of  its  material,  while  it  falls 
behind  in  style  and  treatment.  Volumes  xii.  xxvi.  anil  xxvii.  relate  to 
Mexico,  Central  America,  and  California,  and  several  adjoining  volumes  treat 
of  other  parts  of  America,  including  searches  for  the  north-west  passage.  So 
conscientioi  }  is  the  editor  that  he  devotes  the  supplementary  volumes  to 
complete  and  correct  the  first  five  wherein  he  had  followed  Delaporte. 

Voijnijc  Piltorcnqne  aiitoitr  ilu  Monde,  Paris,  1834-5,  2  vols,  4  to,  under  tho 
direction  of  Dumont  d'Urvillc,  is  also  a  voyage  round  the  world  by  an  im- 
aginary person,  who  starting  from  Toulon  proceeds  by  way  of  Rio  do  Janeiro 
to  South  Africa,  coasts  along  the  East  Indies  to  China,  visits  the  Pacific 
groups  and  .\ubtralia,  whence  ho  returns  to  France  with  barely  a  reference  to 
America.     The  object  is  to  fasten  the  attention  with  a  pleasing  narrative, 


DUnviI.Li:,  Di:  LURCV,  riNKHRXON". 


*.).» 


,1a, 
V. 

the 

lulls 

to 

[•c;it 
So 
to 

Itho 
lim- 
ciro 

tiric 
to 
live, 


while  imparting;  as  itindi  iiifnrinatioii  as  jKissihle  tm  t'''"?''ai''iy.  political  and 
social  lii.stoiy,  ami  cui-ioiis  tacts,  illustratcil  l>y  a  profiisinii  of  nuat  cuts. 

A  Work  covcriiif;  inuch  of  tlio  saincgroiiufl,  ami  soiiicwhut  Hiiiiilar  in  'liar- 
nctiT,  t!iouL,'h  written  liy  the  navi^rator  himself,  is  \'iiiiniii:<  nulnur  ilii  iiimtile. 
«-/  S'ltiij'rii'jrs  Cihlin",  I'aris,  1S44,  S  vols  in  4,  hy  Oabriel  I^iifond  dc  l^uny, 
part  of  which  had  already  appeared  in  1840  as  (Jiiiiizf  ana  de  l'oyn<iPs,  ii  vols. 
The  iiiiriativu  he^'ins  with  a  voyage  performt.'d  dnritit;  the  Spanish  Amerii'iin 
revolution  from  Manila  to  Mexico,  to  which  latter  connti'y  and  the  adjoininii 
dependencies  the  whole  vohimo  id  devoted,  reviewing  the  political  and  social 
condition,  the  coiKpiest,  the  Spani^ii  rule,  and  tlie  insurrectionary  war.  In 
ii.  to  V.  the  author  relates  several  voyages  along  the  South  American  coast 
to  Cliina,  the  East  Indies,  and  the  Pacific  groups,  which  are  made  thevcliicle 
for  similar  reviews,  including  ('olumbus'  voyages  and  the  con(]uestot  Panama 
and  the  region  to  the  south.  'Die  last  three  volumes  relate  to  notid)le  voyj'ges 
by  others,  and  to  adventures  of  shipwrecked  crews  in  Africa  and  in  the  Pacitio 
groups.  The  easy  narrative  inclines  to  the  romantic  style,  and  little  atten- 
tion is  given  to  exactness  or  completeness.  Still,  the  account  of  revolutioiuiry 
events  <leserves  attention  from  tlie  fact  that  Lafond  was  an  actual  participant. 
He  also  wrote  fyiidcn  siir  rAinrri'iiic  L's/inijiiol,  1S48,  and  some  other  treatises. 

Ci(rioii!<  ami  EuOrtuiiilnij  Voywiix,  London,  17{*t),  4to,  consists  of  a  Portu- 
pnesc  and  Spanish  collection  from  Prince  Henry's  time  to  1.V20,  given  in 
ehi-onolog.j  order,  and  without  repetition  in  hiter  narratives  of  matter  al- 
ready related;  but  there  is  little  merit  in  the  treatment,  and  negligence  is 
sliown  even  on  the  title-page,  where  particular  atti'Ution  is  called  to  Colum- 
bus' eon(iuest  of  Mexico!  Of  the  four  books  forming  the  division,  i.  and  iii. 
relate  to  Portuguese,  and  the  others  to  .Spanish  voyages  and  expeditions,  from 
Columbus  to  Cortes  and  Magellan. 

A  General  CoHirfion  of  (he  hint  ami  moxt  iiitrrrntiiirf  Voiiaiien  and  Trard.'iiii 
all  j>url»  of  (he  World,  by  John  Piukerton,  London,  18()S-14,  17  vols,  4to,  u 
iiinounced  as  "the  most  voluminous  of  the  kind  ever  publislu'd,"  next  to  the 
Jll-to're  of  Prevost.  After  pointing  out  the  numerous  defects  of  this  col- 
lection, an<l  of  its  prototype  by  Green,  with  even  more  details  than  La  llarpe, 
the  accomplished  Pinkerton,  friend  of  flibbon,  proposes  not  only  to  avoid 
tlii'ir  dryness,  inaccuracy,  and  rcju'tition,  but  to  embrace  all  the  materi.il  of 
fiMuier  collections,  together  with  many  additional  narratives.  ])ividin_;  his 
subject  into  live  parts,  coiresponding  to  the  live  continents,  he  devotes  volume 
i.  to  the  north  and  noi'th-(!ast,  besides  two  or  three  .soutliern  voyages;  the 
two  following  to  travels  in  Great  IJritain,  and  iv.  to  vi.  to  other  parts  of 
llurope;  while  vii.  to  x.  relate  to  Asia;  xi.  to  Austndasia;  xii.  and  xiii.  to 
North  America,  beginning  with  Colund)us;  xiv.  to  .South  America;  and  the 
tv.o  following  to  Africa.  Volume  xvii.  contains  a  retrobpcct  of  the  progress 
of  discovery,  a  catalogue  of  books  on  each  region,  and  a  detailed  index.  Li 
these  gi'oups  he  collects,  with  little  attempt  at  order,  a  mass  of  narratives 
wliirh,  however  excellent  in  themselves,  often  cover  but  a  portion  of  the  tield 
nlrcaily  better  described  in  other  works  by  several  or  more  thorough  narratives. 
Of  the  conspicuous  and  absorbing  concpiest  of  Mexico  and  adjoining  rcgion.s 
not  a  word  appeal's,  and  the  only  description  of  that  countrj'  is  from  the  later 
incomplete  and  comparatively  unimportant  travels  of  de  Meuouvillc.     The 


rir.LTonnAriTY  of  vovAcr:  fOLLncTioNs. 


norlli-wrst  const,  witli  f '.illfuniiii,  is  luily  sli.'litly  n  frricil  tn  uiidrr  l)riiK('s 
visit.i.  In  oflici-  iiistiiiiccs,  MMial  V(iya'_'i'H  tn  tlic  wnni'  if^iun  aU'  ;;i\tii  \\\\h 
vuluck'.s.s  ri'iK'titioii.s,  as  lV(jlii.sln  r's  tlncc  suai'i'lics  lor  a  north-west  jiassa^o 
niid  till)  li  voyaLtcs  to  Persia.  A  iiiiiss  of  uiiiiitereHtiiit,'  extraets  fiom  In;.'. 
liooks  are  also  j)ies<'iiteii,  lie>i(les  otlur  veiliosi!  trivialities.  .MloL'ctlier  tho 
collei'tioii  fails  to  reali/«^  its  |iroiiiises,  ami  is  dcciileilly  inferior  in  helei'tiiii, 
arrangement,  treatment,  and  above  all  in  eomplclcncss,  to  many  les»  preten- 
tions HctS. 

A  )iuieli  more  tlioront,'!!,  tlioit'^di  less  known  work,  is  -1  ft'i'in-rnl  H'lntunj 
mil/  ('(illci-lioii  iif  Viiijmjvxniid  Tr(tvelt,jrovi  tin'  mrlh.^t  ti'ji  s,  liy  Iloliert  Iverr, 
Kilinlinrj,'li,  lSll-114,  IS  vols,  Svo.  It  is  tlu^  first  work  of  '"'e  kinil  issutcl  in 
Seotlanil,  and  elaiins  to  be  tin;  first  systenialioally  arrani,'iil  history  of  voyai  es 
in  I'jiglish.  I'nrehas  is  admitted  to  possess  system,  hut  is  ineouipletc  and 
merges  the  traveller's  individuality  too  often,  faults  whicii  Kerr  jiromises  to 
avoiil.  ]io  divides  the  Work  into  five  parts;  first,  voyages  luiil  travels  fioni 
King  AlfredH  time  to  the  fifteenth  century,  nearly  all  ilireeted  to  Asia,  y  t 
ineluding  in  volume  i.  Zi^iio's  voyages,  and  in  ii.  tho  discoveries  of  (iulvaro: 
second,  voj'ages  between  14!)2  and  ITliO,  constituting  volumes  iii.  to  >.i. 
These  oi)en  with  two  accounts  of  Columhub'  discovery  and  eontcmi)ora;y 
events,  l)y  his  son  and  ]>y  llerreni.  Tiic  saniu  volume  has  tho  Iteginnin;;  <  f 
Cortes'  eoncpH'st,  which  is  continued  in  iv.  together  v.itli  Tizarro's.  Viuin 
the  coiKjuest  of  South  America,  conelude<l  in  v.,  tiie  ehronidogie  order  takiM 
the  reader  to  the  north-east  coast  of  America,  from  Florida  northward  ;  !  iid 
in  vi.  the  voyages  change  to  the  East  Indies,  to  return  in  x.  and  xi.  to  Aiuir- 
ica,  with  the  cireunniavigators,  \(  ho  occu]iy  both  vohinies.  I'lio  thiid  ]i^irt 
relates  to  partieuLir  voyages  in  each  of  the  five  parts  of  the  glolic,  arranged 
nnder  each  country  and  section,  and  begins  in  xii.  witii  liyron,  Wallis,  Car- 
teret, and  Cook.  The  .several  voyages  of  the  latter  (ieeu]iy  the  i-emaimlir  i  f 
tile  Work,  xiii.  to  xvii.,  with  the  exception  of  a  brief  .s]iace  to  ]5ougain\  il!e, 
and  to  circumnavigations.  Tins  I>y  no  means  com])letes  the  jiart,  aspromi>ed, 
nor  tiie  fourth  i)art  on  general  voyages  during  the  rei;;n  of  (leorge  ]  I  f . 
A\'hi'ther  this  is  oMing  to  the  early  abandonm(.'nt  of  the  plan  announced,  or  to 
Kerr's  death,  is  not  clear,  but  the  work  certainly  leaves  gaps  by  conehidiiig, 
in  volume  xviii.  with  the  fifth  part,  a  histoiical  deduction  of  the  progress  of 
navigation,  discovery,  and  connneree,  uliieh  was  written  several  years  after 
volnnx!  xvii.  by  ^V.  Stevenson.  This  well  prejiared  treatise  is  followed  l)y  a 
list  of  books  on  voyages  an<l  geogra|>hic  descriptions.  The  method,  so  far  :.s 
carried  out,  has  been  to  gi\'e  in  chronologic  order,  at  considerable  length,  aud 
chiefly  in  tho  original  form,  the  mo.st  valuable  voytages  ami  travels,  particu- 
larly suidi  as  have  extended  geographic  knowledge;  and  further,  to  review  at 
the  lieginning  or  end  of  such  narratives  all  minor  aceoiuits,  so  as  to  furnis'i  .a 
history  of  voyages.  Objections  may  be  raised  in  many  instances,  such  as 
giving  (IJolumbus  two  versions  where  one  might  have  sufiiced  if  notes  luul  bien 
added  from  the  other  or  from  others.  Co<jk"s  voyages,  so  well  known  by  thi.^ 
time,  are  out  of  proportion  to  the  rest,  particularly  when  narratives  were  f-o 
greatly  needed  to  cover  the  progress  of  discovery  and  settlement  in  dill'erent 
regions,  as  the  Xoithwest  Coast,  Mexico,  and  other  J^panish  colonies. 

A  method  similar  to  Kerr's  is  mure  con:iistently  adhered  to,  on  a  sni.aller 


Ki:ni:,  i..m;[)M:::.  T)T-mi:xil,  ooonnicii. 


iOt 


lilt 

a 

li  ti 
Ilia 

10 

lut 
Lr 


fimIi".  ill  77.'    Hi  Innj  !■/  Miii-'iHiiii   mill  I,:l'iiiil  Jt'isruriiii,  \.i<\\iV'\\,  \K'X\  I,  .'? 

V'.l:-t,    I'JilMI,    \vlii«  ll    lol'IIIS  VullMIHS    ii.    \i.   mill    X\i.   nl'   'I'hr  I'lllnllll  l  'iJilnj.lV  I'm, 

ciiii<hi>'tt'(l  l)y  JIi  V.  I>ii)iiysiii.s  Lariliur.  It  I'lTtaiiily  is  a  must  tlioniii^;!!  Lis- 
tiiry  for  ita  (ii/f,  iiinl  \iilunl>!c  lis  n.  ^^iiitlo  to  hirjicr  iiK'niniiicto  wti».  Vciiimii! 
i.  ciicls  with  ( 'i)liiinliii.H'  li.-.-t  vi)y.,L;<'.  while  ii.  c:!!'!^!'^  aloii;,'  « illi  .M:iu'(Hiiii  :iiiil 
Cnrli'ii  llit^  lircuiiiiiia  i;.','itiprs  innl  luiciiuii'L'l's,  aiiil  cinsi's  «  itii  tin?  ilisioviiy  cf 
Aiii'-liii,  liy  tliu  ]!usi<uiii.s.  \  ol.  iii.  d^k'hs  witii  liynui  ami  Wallis,  ami  cIusim 
ill  \S22. 

Ill  Xonri'llr  li'i'iV.o'huiV)'  ill  1  ]'"iiri'li--  finririi.i  i  f  itli'i!/  rii(  ■;,  I'aij.J,  I'J  Vi  ils,  Svo, 

wit'i  iiin|M  ami  »'ii^ravin;.'s,  I',  jiiumiiil,  i-ilitor,  ]iii'S('iits  a  siliiliini  ol  (liu 
must  iiotcil  ami  intinsliir^  voya'.'is  in  full  ami  alMi.l;.'((l  fnnii,  the  lattir  irii- 
(h  red  ill  attractive  style,  .\lter  an  iiiiiodiietoiy  e-isay  ou  tlit'  pro  ,'ih>'<  of  e\- 
j.loratioii  hy  I)upoiii  liel,  the  .'eiien  lic'/iiiM  with  tiicuiiin!ivi;_'atioiis;  Anson, 
livroii,  iiml  l'.oii;raiiiville  oeeii|iyiiiL'  the  liist,  vohiiiie,  while  ( 'ooU  tiiKes  ii.  to  v. 
In  vi.  are  j;iv(  n  the  nairali\is  ot'  La  reioii.-ie  ami  live  i.lher  I'n  iieli  voyau'eri 
li('\veen  I'lOOaiid  ISJO.  'J'he  three  follow  in^' vo'.iiiins  enilnin'e  .\iVii  an  travel, 
v!;ile  A.sia  ainl  \'.iiy\  t  eoihliiiiecl  liiid  a  jilaee  in  x.  aiiil  xi.  \'ol.  \ii.  treat.s  cf 
(.'ii.iiinlms,  ( 'orti  s.  ami  I'i/arri.,  fnlloweil  hy  minor  and  aliridgi'd  narratives  on 
11. J. Ill  and  miith-i  ast  .\mei'iea  aii<l  the  LiNMiit. 

li'.stiirin  ill  la  Miiriiia  /.'ml  li-<iiiii'i<,lii,  Madrid,  lS4fl  and  1S.")J,  '1  vols,  Ito, 
]  rot'u.sely  illu.strated,  forni.s  a  iim  fnl  .sulidivi.sioii  of  voy.iire.s,  liy  ;.;ivini,' a  lii.-- 
tory  e.f  all  ex]ieditioiis  ]iei  I'oniied  not  oii._,-  liy  the  S|i.aii.sli  royal  navy,  liut  ill 
the  interest  of  tli<"  piverninent.  Of  tin;  two  liooks  in  vohiim?  i.  the  first  is 
nhnost  wholly  devoteil  to  ( 'olunilms.  while  the  .second  is  oeeiiiiied  vitli  l.itli- 
n.i:i;i  expeditions,  the  conf|nest  of  Mexico,  and  Mau'ellan'.s  t'iivuninavi;;alion. 
Volume  ii.  heyins  with  (hiray"s  expedition  to  IMiiiico,  and  ]iasses  on  to  Mo- 
lucca voyau'CiS  from  Sjiain  and  Mexico,  to  I'izarro's  eompiest,  and  Corti'.s' 
expeditions  in  the  Paeilic.  'J'he  last  three  hooks,  vii.  to  ix.,  cover  tin'  \v- 
liiainder  of  the  sixtoeiith,  and  the  whole  of  the  seventeenth  and  ei-liteiMitli 
eeiitiiriea  resfieetively.  'J'he  inea.sures  connected  with  l)rake's  raiil  on  tliu 
Sj.aiiish  niaiii  form  a  strikim,'  feature  in  the  seventh  hook,  and  \'izcaiiio'.s 
voyage  opens  the  next.  In  the  ei;,diteenth  century  ai'e  given  the  several 
M(  xiean  voyages  to  tlie  north-west  I'aeilic,  from  the  time  of  I'ere/  to  that  of 
the  Siitil  II  MijUiiiiii;  ami  in  the  liattU-of  'J'r.ifalirar  is  t'oiind  the  apt  linale  to 
a  history  intended  to  ri'coicl  the  i,dories  of  the  Spani.sii  lleets.  Alllioivh  n'^efiil 
for  the  field  it  covers,  till'  Work  sliow.s  little  investigation  or  ciitiiiiie.  The 
liliiois  were  Jose  'J'erier<le  t  'onto,  \\  ho  liri]iaied  the  first  tiilO  p.ij,'es,  and  .lose 
March  y  I.,ahores,  who  finished  tlie  uork.  'J'he  didicatioii  to  tlie  kin'_',  which 
is  .iliiiost  rc]iulilicaii  in  its  .straightforward  tenor,  hears  the  names  of  \'il.i  ainl 
Maniiii,  jproprietors. 

Mhii  upon  tlif  Sra;  or,  a  Histury  r/  Miiridnie  Ailn  iifiiri\  E.r/iloniiinn, 
mid  Dixcovcri/  /rum  tin:  Kurl'ii ■<!  Aiji--!,  hy  {'rank  J5.  (ioodrieh,  l'iiiladel]ilii,i, 
IS.'iS,  Svo,  while  jirescnting  a  most  complete  ami  useful  history,  lays  claim  to 
no  particular  research,  hut  <lcpeiids  for  pijpulai'ity  on  the  prominence  eiven 
to  curious  facts,  striking  ineident.s,  and  allurin;,'  narratives,  pleasingly  illus- 
ti'ated  with  cuts.  ]5o;:inning  with  a  review  of  early  notions  on  {.'eoi:r;i|iliy, 
it  eon.siders  the  lieginniiig  of  naviLration.  includinL'  the  il  veloiimcnt  of  ship- 
building, and  enters  upon  the  regular  lii.slijiy  of  voyagis  in  the  I'huniciau 


■.s 


r.ir.i.innTiAPHY  oi-  voYAf;K  roLLi'moxs. 


rni.  i'!irryiiif{  it  to  tlif  prtM'nf  tinn'  in  ;is  i'liiiiiiiil(i;.'ic  ;in  oi'iIit  m-  the  iiMi-i;i(ivn 
w  ill  iilluw.  St'i'tioii  iii.  I'livi  IS  tlu'  iiiiioil  frum  ( '<iIiiiiiIiii.m  t<>  Mii;:rlliiii,  nml 
the  licAt  two  Mitiiilis  ;in'  iliviitiil  til  llir  hixttciltll  iiliii  Ni'VciitiMiitll  nlitlini  .-, 
witli  llir  iiiirtliriii  V(i\!ip''«  iiii'l  tin-  I'irciiiiuiiis  i;,'aticiii.-i,  wliilu  vi.  is  rliiilly 
<nrii|iifil  with  tlic  Aiiiii- xdviim-s  iiiiil  tlif  l;iyiiiL,' "f  tin' Atlantic^  <';;Mi'.  An 
lilii  iil;4iiniit  til  till'  iMHik  iiii[hai«il  11.1  VVjCiS'dt  uiiil  /nr  Jhiinni.^  Siiihu'^,  l.iiiiilnii, 
liS.".!»,  ll'ino. 

Xiiiro  I'lnjiro  /'//('/•• /•xi/,  I'.iifUhiinilin  iff  Vlajii  Mmlt  i-ikk,  Mailiiil,  IS.iII, 
■>  Mils,  Ito,  fditi'il  liy  N.  I'tiiiaiiilr/ ( 'ncsta,  and  i'iiniiii;,'a  |iartip|'  tlic  l',ili!',uli'ii 
llii>li-iiiln  (if  ^la^llal■  ami  Kui^',  is  ii  fdllci'ticm  nf  tin'  latest  vnyaiji's,  |inifi!M  'y 
illiistiatiil,  ami  mi  m  KtIi  il  an<l  a  nan '.'id  as  f<i  ^'ivc  a  drsi'ri|itiiin  of  all  ]iai  Is 
<if  tln!  wciild,  with  nmro  nr  less  i(iiM|ilittnrss.  Tht-  viiliinns  uw  fi|iia!!y 
(listrilinti'il  aiming  thr  livi'  cimtintnts  in  tlir  ruder  of  Afiiea,  Asia,  Aineii.a, 
l'aiiii|ic,  and  Oeeania.  Xnith  Aincriea  is  enveic  d  liy  six  narratives  refenin,' 
les|n<lively  tci  the  Western  I'liited  States,  Canada,  ( 'alilurina,  .Mexieci,  and 
Central  Anieriea,  while  li\e  others  desi'rilie  Sontli  Anieriea.  The  acconiit  of 
( 'aliloiniii  is  extrai'ted  fioin  llryant :  that  of  <  inateniala  and  adjoinini^'  rcvions 
from  Morelet;  and  of  M(  \ieo  troiii  J'>a.>il  Hall  and  Zaniaiois.  I'iaeh  narrali\o 
has  its  own  division  and  eha|>ters. 

I'erhaiKs  no  indi\  idiial  navi,L,'ators  have  done  so  inmh  fur  the  extension  of 
coast  jii'oj.'nipliy  in  Aineriea  in  early  times  as  the  Imeeiineei's,  who,  ev  r 
llittinL;  aliont  in  <|nest  of  Spanish  ;rold.  and  ever  in  need  of  a  relnj^i-  fnun  stern 
pnrsinrs,  K'ft  no  availalile  harlior  or  ]ioint  on  the  nntin  ininotie'd.  Nor  \m  il- 
they  ehary  of  impurtin;.'  the  information,  lint  imlilisheil  it  freely  in  tlnir  n;i:- 
I'atives  lor  the  lienelit  alike  of  Irienil  and  foe.  Anion;,'  tile  speei.d  wurlv^  coin- 
piled  from  tlieseas  Well  as  thi'  more  secret  Spanish  iloenments  wastiiat  of  .Sli,ii;', 
wliicll  was  xpeeially  devoted  to  the  I'aeilie  eo;ist.  A  valualile  .siipplenii'Mt  to 
this  Im  All  Ai'i'i  iiili.r  tn  Shiirji't  Stiiitli  Sfi  W'd'i'ininr,  /nnis.'ufii/  mi/  i,jl' lie 
or'ni'iiKtl  S/'fiiii^/i,  a  M.S.  folio  of  H."»  pa^es,  ^'ivini.;  .s.iilin;,'  direetions  fi<im  ( 'Idle 
to  Califoinia,  with  a  niinnte  description  of  the  coast,  reel's,  and  harbors,  ex- 
plained liy  the  .seventy-two  rude  chart.s  of  the  ap[)endix.  'I'hi'se  are  p:aMien- 
lurly  interesting,  fioni  tin;  fact  that  they  ire  relies  of  a  colU'ction  .'f  two  to 
three  hnndred  oriLrinal  charts,  colleeti-d  ly  the  traveller  Xic  Witsen,  and 
valneil  )iy  him  at  over  twenty  t!i<ins;in(l  .  'den,  jiai'tly  perliap;t  liecmse  th'.y 
inilieated  tiie  localities  when;  Sp.inish  ve  Is  had  .siinU  with  tinii'  treasmis. 
He  had  sold  them  to  the  kinj^  of  Spain,  lai  hey  perished  in  a  shipwreck  w  Uiin 
on  th(^  way  to  Madrid.  So  rnns  the  story  !d  iu  the  auto^^'raphic  pielarc  in 
l)iitcli,  sii;ncd  liy  Witsen  at  Amsterdam,  It    .'. 

The  lirst  iniixM-taiit  work  of  llii.s  class,  i  ned  in  the  United  States,  was  the 
Aiiiiiiriiu  Cofisf  I'ilol  of  lllunt,  which  lias  ^rtiwu  in  size  and  importances  wi.h 
every  succeediiii,'  edition  .since  IT'.Ki,  when  it  a|>pearcd  at  Newhnryport  as  a, 
small  Svo  of  Vl'l  paj^es,  ]irepared  by  Cajitaiii  Fnrloiii,'.  Since  181.")  the  lUnnt.;, 
father  and  scjn,  h;ive  liad  control  of  it,  improving  and  adiling  until  tl.c 
tweiity-tirst  edition  came  out  as  a  closely  printed  rojal  Svo  of  O'JCi  pa^'es.  1'iiis 
volume,  lifter  an  introdnction  on  winds,  enrrents,  ami  other  general  matter, 
begins  its  do'cription  of  coast  lini!  and  harbor.sat  Newfoundl.iiid,  and  carries  it 
to  this  ntirth-cast  coast  of  South  Ainirica,  giviii,^'  also  a  full  accoinit  of  the 
Antilles.     The  part  relating  to  the  United  States  occupies  about  half  thu 


Ti'.nxAUX-roMi'ANs,  r.rT!(iiToi,r>.  < -ami's. 


Vdliiiiic.  All  iiiHtiiiu'c  of  tlic  intrrcHt  ninnifrsti'il  liy  tlif  S|iniiisli  pi>v<ni- 
iiifiit  ill  im\  iv;aliuii  is  fiirniMliril  by  tin"  />i  irnt,  in  (/<  //»•(  i>lii.i  Aniiilni  </,  I,ih 
Ciisiii.i  ilf  I'll  ri'd  jiiiiif  i/ilil  Mini  Mij'iiiiiiii,  Miuiiiil,  iNiO,  Mil.  'Itii,  ]iic|)iii('il 
l>y  llio  |)iri,'ccii)ii  We  lliilrogrufiu  of  Mailiid  um  ii  luiiiilIiiNik  t>>  ar>  ninjiuiy 
till  ir  I'liai'tM.  'I'lio  Antillt'H  arc  tirst  ilcRcrilicil,  tliiii  tii>!  iiiaiiiliiiKl  iiurtliwanl 
to  l'"liiri(i;i,  i»if,'t's  ,'tJ()-iri."»  liriii^  ili'voti'd  ti>  tlit:  Mctioii  liitwi'rii  I'mtcilpiilo 
iiihI  Siiii  r>.'iiiiiii(Io.  Si'Vi'ial  iiniirovcil  rditiotm  wcro  ]>ii)iliHlu')l  in  S|iiiii  ni 
Will  as  AiiH'rii'ji;  tliiit  of  Mfxico,  |.SJ."i,  lii'iii;^'iiiitii'ralilf,  an  rcvisul  l'y<'iiinla- 
lii|pc!  \'ii'loriii,  till!  lirst  iinsiilciitof  Mixico.  Ahj'  >  •'ualilc  <i)iii[il(iiH  ut  t.i  i!iii 
jiifci'cliii;^  coast  ^uiilcM  may  )n!  re}.'iinli  d  A  JJirriioriij'nr  Ihr  yuriiii'linii  nj'  /In; 
J'liriiir  Oirnii,  Loiiiluii,  |s.">l,  I  Vol.  Ill  "J,  Svo,  liy  Alrxamli  r  <  J.  Fiiiiliiiy.  It  in 
«'i|iially  tlioron;;li  aiiil  wvll  nrranu'i'l,  villi  many  Ktali.-itii'al  fails  in  connrc- 
tioii  with  liiirlHii'.i,  Tlio  lirst  i)iirt  iflati'si  to  tliu  west  coast  of  Amtiiia,  tiio 
bi't'oiiil  to  A.siii  ami  tlin  Australian  j,'ron[)H. 

I  iiijit'ii s.  III liildiiisii  Ml  iiinin .•iiiiiiiiiKiii.i'jiiiiir XI  rririi  /' /liKlnir'  il'  hi  1  ii r.,ii- 
rrr/ititi' I'jiiiii  rii/iic,  l>y  llcnri  'l"finaii.\('oin]ians,  Paris,  l.s;!7  11,  -0  vols,  ,Svo,  in 
'2  si'i-iosof  10  vol.s  I'juli,  i.s  oni;  of  tlir  valiuilili'  <-olU('tioiiH  of  ori,L;inal  iloniiiK'ntH 
or  rfpriiitH  wjiirli  have  of  lato  ynir.s  hri'ii  ili.  invercil  l>y  /riilous  ntnilrnts  an<l 
|iui>lisii('i|  at  their  own  cost,  or  with  the  aiil  of  thi^  rajiiiily  iiu'retisiii;^  niiiiiiirr 
of  historii'al  societies.  Of  the  lirst  neriis,  only  the  last  two  voliimes  aio 
oiiu'iiial  i>ulilications,  the  rest  hcini^  reprint.t  of  raio  (ieriuan,  rortii;,'Uf^i',  .-11111 
Spaiii.sh  works,  chiilly  of  tiie  si.xteenth  century.  .*>cvcral  of  tliein  refer  to  tlio 
I'acilic  Stales,  as  llilalioii  ririiliijiic  ilf  la  Cdin/in'tf  ilr  I'l  run,  etc.,  liy  \ercs  in 
Vol.  iv.,  which  al.so  rela  es  to  the  iliseovery  of  Panama;  Itilnliiiti  ih  <  V;'-.  in  ilr 

]'iti<(,  vol.  vii.,  which  runs  tlirou;.;h  northern  .Mexico;  I'nnnili.A  //nrri/i/is  iln 
i'diiijiitniiilH  fill  Mc.ciijne,  l»y  Ixtlil.xochitl,  vol.  \iii;  tliu  valiiahle  /,'< Inl'K^ii  Jn 

Voi/uiji'dr  Cihula,  vol.  ix.,  givin;;aiuiccountof  the  lirst  entry  into  New  .Mixj.  n; 
Iicniiil  ilr  i'lirrs  Itihit'ire^  (i  la  <  'iniiiin'/i'  ihi  Mi  .ri'/in ,  vol.  x.  'Ihe  set'  iiiii  :•(  1  ics 
is  even  nioro  valuable  ami  interesting,  as  all  the  volumes  jiutilish  .srh  ition.s 
from  the  nianu.soripta  collected  hy  Munois  for  his  Jlisloria  ilil  Sinru  Miii.dn, 
ami  jiartly  issued  hy  Kingslxirougli  in  his  larp-  work.  Those  nlatim,'  lo  tin; 
I'aiilic  States  arc,  Ziirila,  Jtii/i/iorl,  vol.  xi.;  /jflil.iiiiliill,  Hiihurr  ih  ■•:  (  h'nhi- 
iiii I/Ill's,  vol.  xii.,  xiii. ;  Ovhdo,  llinlnin'  ih'  Xnnr'iijiiii,  vol.  .xiv. ;  /i'lrmi/  ihi 
I'liriH  .iiir  II'  Ml .lii/iii',  vol.  .xvi. ;  /(/.,  .siir  la  Fltiriilc,  vol.  .\x.,  wliii  ii  contains 
letters  on  New  SjKiin.  Only  a  limited  miml«  r  of  eoiiics  were  )iriiitcil.  \\\ 
conneetion  with  it  was  formed  the  liililiullnqne  Ann  riiiiiin ,  I'aiis,  In.'. 7,  a 
valiialile  addition,  jiarticularly  in  reference  to  Siiunish  and  <;cMiiaii  \'.oil;s. 
'rei'iiaux-t.'omiians'  Anliin.'t  iIik  Viiyiiiicx  i\in\  llirtn il  ile  />ii<iiiii< nl-i,  l.uili  jmh- 
lislied  in  I'aris  in  1S40,  8vo,  liuvc  uW>  imiiortant  material  on  Ami^riia. 

I'Voni  the  jiroccduig  review  it  will  be  seen  that  even  the  lai'f^est  collection.^ 
of  voyai;e.s  failed  to  keep  pace  Mith  the  extension  of  maritime  pro.L,'ress,  and 
recorded  at  the  most  the  leading  undertakings  (>f  a  few  nations,  coinpleim  iilcd 
Ity  references  to  a  certain  nnmher  of  minor  ones.  This  gap  was  partly  cov- 
ered liy  hooksellcrs'  cat'ilogues;  hut  even  their  lists  were  for  a  long  limo 
inconi[)lete,  and  surpassed  in  many  instances  by  tho.so  ainiendcd  to  their 
Works  by  authors.  JWi'ditold,  for  instance,  in  his  Vi.wKy  h>  Triia !!ir<,  J, on 
don,  ITS!),  gi\cs  a  full  list  of  European  travels  arranged  tinder  countries.  A 
luoi'u  extensive  list  for  voyage  narratives  was  that  of  Iteu.'s.s,  issued  during  the 


7C0 


BIBLIOGRArriY  OF  VOYAGE  COLLECTIONS. 


u 


ei^'htccnth  century,  and  Stnck's,  puLlislicd  .at  ILillc,  17St-7.  But  thcso 
woic  mero  ciitiiloi^ue.s  with  few  or  no  notes  to  indicate  contents  or  character 
of  books;  an<l  this  rei^Mrdless  of  tho  iidniiraljlo  exanijile  and  aid  given  by 
Giiill.  Fr.  de  I'.uro,  to  wiioin  is  due  the  credit  of  issuing  the  fii'st  descriptive 
Lil)liography,  the  Jlihlioi/mjihiqKP  TnMruHhc,  Paris,  17li3-S,  7  vols,  8vo,  tlio 
germ  of  which  lies  in  his  imperfect  J/hxiphwi  Tyjioijnijihirani,  Paris,  17"'J.  Tho 
■work  is  pcrha[)s  needlessly  profuse  in  its  notes,  )jut  nevertheless  of  some  value, 
even  now,  beside  the  many  modern  works  of  this  class  to  which  it  may  bo 
said  to  have  given  rise.  lb  devotes  considerable  space  to  voyages,  and  among 
other  collections  it  treats  pretty  fully  of  Do  P)ry's.  The  interest  manifested 
in  thi.s  oct,  however,  and  tho  confusion  which  its  immerous  partial  editions 
liad  created,  warranted  tho  siiccial  IJi^moire  mir  la  C'ollertioii  ilfs  Grand  et 
I'ctllH  Voyuiji'S,  ft  mif  Id  Collcrl/on  di'  Thrrowt,  Paris,  1S02,  prepared  by  A.  Vt. 
Camus.  This  gives  not  only  a  satisfactory  amount  of  De  liry  fur  the  collector, 
but  a  review  of  its  composition  for  the  benefit  of  students.  It  docs  not  excel 
l)e  Durc's  in  details  of  contents,  but  sui'passes  it  in  scientific  treatment  and  iu 
eriti((uc,  presenting  ijuito  a  mod(d  analysis.  Canuis  had  at  first  prepared  a 
briefer  mcinuir  which  rinstitutXational  induced  him  to  elaborate  and  publish 
nt  its  expen.'c,  with  a  similar  nuiico  of  Thevenot's  collection.  Camus  was 
the  author  of  a  voyage  narrative,  and  a  noted  work  in  connection  with  his 
profession  of  the  law. 

While  Camus  was  yet  occupied  with  Ids  memoir,  a  more  extensive  work  of 
the  same  class  had  l)ecn  undertaken  byG.  Jjouchcr  do  la  Richarderie,  who 
after  ten  years  of  i-esearch  among  the  various  literary  deposits  in  Paris,  aided 
by  traii.ilators  and  others,  issued  the   llihlidtlii/fie  Unicfraclle  dcs   Voi/diji'.'f, 
I'aiis,  ISUS,  G  Vols,  8vo.     Dispite  the  labor  bestowed  tho  work  is  far  from 
ji'-rfeet,  either  in  its  titles  or  notes,  and  tho  number  of  omissions  becomes  more 
iiud  more  a])parent  when  later  catalogues  are  brought  into  conipariscjn.     Tho 
arri.ngemeut,  however,   displays  consideralde   judgment,   begijining  with  a 
review  of  voyage  nari'ativcs  and  travelling  guides  in  general,  and  proceeding 
with   accounts  of  voyages  during  the  classic  and  middle  ages.     Aftei'  this 
come  collectionj   and  general  histories  of  voyages  and   circumnax  igatioiis, 
followed  by  the  main  subject,  an  account  of  individual  voyages,  arrangecl 
chronologically  under  tho  part  of  tho  world,  the  region,  or  tho  country  to 
wlueh  they  arc  directed.     AVorks  on  geography,  natural  history,  antitjuities, 
and  concpiosts  are  excluded,  but  not  purely  descriptive  accounts  of  acountiy. 
In  most  cases  only  the  title  of  tho  work  is  given,  in  I'rcnch  and  in  the  original, 
with  a  .sprinkling  of  notices  on  various  editions,  their  rarity  and  character,  but 
at  times  a  more  or  less  lengthy  review  of  the  contents  is  presented  in  ordei'  to 
f;irnish  from  tho  best  works  a  eonciso  account  of  the  diflerent  countries.    Tho 
book  is  accordingly  a  condiination  of   bibuography  and  historio-geographic 
det^ciiption  of  the  worhl.     The  value  of  descriptive  extracts  iu  such  a  work 
is  (piestionablo,  and  a  more  satisfactory  treatment,  in  consonance  with  its 
mission,  would  have  been  to  present  i,  larger  proportion  of  bibliographic  notes, 
tluis  incieasiiig  its  value. 

The  field  covered  by  De  Xatiiro,  found  a  modern  and  more  profound  ex- 
ponent in  Antonio  do  Ulloa,  one  of  tho  most  enlightened  Spaniards  of  the  last 
century.     Ilis  Xolicid'i  Ainiricainifi,   Madrid,  177-,  presents  a   philosophic 


ii    \ 


ULLOA,  VILLAGUTIERUE,  riNHLO. 


7C1 


ro 

10 

;v 
ing 
lis 

IS, 

to 

us, 

'■y- 
,1.1, 
It 

to 

ho 

liio 

ork 

its 

;c3, 


ti'oatise  on  climatp,  iifituial  products,  and  customs  of  the  natives.  At  first 
gl-.uico  tlic  ot).  euro  styli;  and  conceit  j^loaniing  tiuoughout  tho  preface  might 
Lad  one  to  suspect  the  pedant;  but  tho  merit  of  the  \\ork  soon  becomes  np- 
pnrent,  and  appears  wortliy  <jf  tho  attention  it  has  received  in  several  editions 
a;id  translations.  In  tlie  French  Mi  inoirc-i  Phllosojihiquvs  it  nundicred  in  17S7 
tlio  third  edition.  It  must  not  be  confounded  with  the  curious  Nulicias  Si'rre- 
^;.t  cle  Amcriro,  by  Juan  and  UUoa,  which  forms  a  report  on  tho  political 
ndiiiini.stration  of  the  Spanish  colonies  in  South  America,  though  applieahlo 
iilao  to  the  northern  provinces,  and  aiding  not  a  little  to  explain  the  caiisej 
which  led  to  tho  war  of  independence.  As  a  secret  report  it  was  kept  from 
the  public,  and  did  not  .see  tho  light  till  David  Barry  camo  across  tlie  MS.  ;ind 
1  ublislied  it  in  Lon(1on,  lS".2o,  in  4to  form.  To  Ulloa's  revisimi  are  greatly 
dr.e  the  merits  of  tho  Hclar ion  Ilintdricadel  Viaijc,  by  Juan  and  Ulloa,  Madrid, 
174o-;),  so  widely  translated.  IIo  also  prepared  some  val  .able  reports  on  the 
revival  of  trade  and  manufactures  in  Spain. 

I'illdgutierre Soto-Maijnr,  Ilisloria  dc  la  (''o»quisfn  dc  la  Prov'uicki  de  rl  Ityi, 
Jtidvcriijii,  y  Proijirsio-i  dc.  la  de  cl  I.ncaiidon.  ^ladrid,  1701,  folio,  1  vol.  (H\0 
pp.  To  this  author  we  are  indebted  for  a  very  complete  history  of  the  opera- 
tions conducted  against  the  Itzas  and  Lacandones  during  the  seventeenth 
century.  The  work  contains  an  excellent  resuuie  of  tin;  partial  and  transitory 
oeeii|iatioii  by  t!io  Spaniards  of  the  country  inhabited  by  thoso  tribes,  and  of 
t'le  ellbrts  of  ecclesiastics  to  eCfect  a  peaceful  entry  into  it  during  the  fiist 
three  quarters  of  the  century.  Then  follow  full  details  of  the  campaigns 
organized  by  I'resident  IJarrios  and  of  the  final  conquest  of  tho  It/.as  by  I'rsna. 
Tile  authorities  from  whom  Villagutierre  obtained  the  material  for  this  portion 
of  his  work  were  such  as  to  render  it  thoroughly  authentic,  being  (Jaiitaiu 
Xicohia  dc  Valenziiela,  who  took  part  in  the  expedition  of  liarrios,  and  I'resi- 
<lent  Ursua.  According  to  Pclaoz,  Mem.  GimL,  ii.  207,  Valenzucla,  with 
olileial  documents  at  his  service,  wrote  a  minute  aci-ount  of  the  campaign  in 
vhiili  ho  took  part.  His  narrative,  contained  in  4t)2  pages  of  niantiM(Mi[it 
divided  into  L'O  chapters,  was  never  ^I'lblished,  but  Ursua  supplied  Villagn- 
t  errc  with  material  to  continue  the  history.  Coijolludo,  If  inf.  Yiic,  Madrid, 
loss,  also  furnished  Villagutierre  with  scanc  mateiial,  eke  both  autliors  had 
access  to  certain  original  documents,  since  iiassa;,'cs  almost  word  for  word  alike 
vyccurin  their  respective  works.  Villagutierre  dedicated  his  book  to  the  eouiied 
c"^  the  Indies.  The  volume  contain:-  a  frouti.spiei'o  on  which  are  depicti'(l  tlie 
arms  of  Spain  suspended  between  the  pillarsof  Hercules,  thi.'  whole  fianied  in 
a  border  composed  of  iiinlo  fi'iiialo  busts  aiid  clusters  of  fruit,  with  a  elieriil) 
on  the  upper  border  aiid  an  idol's  head  on  tho  lower.  It  was  tho  chronicler's 
intention  to  pulilish  a  t^eeond  part  to  liia  history  "si  el  Materia'  ilo  lo  (pio 
PC  obiaro  lo  diere  de  si,"  p.  (j(j0,  but  this  has  never  appeared.  The  bibliog- 
rapher Brunet  states  that  tho  volume  contains  '"J  part,  en  1  vol."  ('iihln.<, 
Sfhrii/ldii.  Alr(ii(Z  Alj'oii.to  li'oxira,  Cojiiii.  dc.  l'ari<i.  Karrllii  ti  Su  Maijcstnil,  Ini- 
]>r<n^(i,  (11  li'iiiilf  mala,  Pur  losr/ih  dc  Pnuila,  Yljarra,  A  no  i/c  /'<';;,  i.s  a  eoiiy 
(if  the  proposal  made  by  rresideiit  t'.ildas  to  the  king,  by  which  ho 
undertook  to  accomplish  the  sulij.:;'ation  of  the  Laeanilon  country  at 
his  own  expense,  and  open  a  road  between  (liialeniala  and  (.'aiiipethe,  if 
assisted  by  the  governor  of  the  latter piovinee.     lie  calls  his  Majesty's  at! en- 


7r.2 


BIBLIOGRAniY  OF  VOYAGE  COLLECTIONS. 


tion  to  the  great  commercial  advantage  which  both  provinces  w  >iilil  gain  by 
such  a  consummation,  and  among  other  slipnlations  requests  that  the  king 
will  be  pleased  to  give  to  the  territory  iu  the  event  of  its  conquest  the  nanio 
of  "  Provuicia  de  Caldas,  para  quo  aya  memoria  do  quicn  la  rcJuxo,  jjacificu, 
convirtio,  y  poblo" !  p.  5.  Though  tho  president  was  in  no  way  benefitctl  by 
this  address  to  the  crown,  being  shortly  deposed  from  office,  his  having 
caused  it  to  bo  printed  in  Guatemala  excited  interest  in  snch  an  undertaking 
and  stimulated  future  enterprise.  Tho  printed  copies  of  this  letter  aro  rare, 
since  nearly  every  one  of  them  was  lost  in  the  earthquake  which  destroyed 
tho  city  in  1773.  Piiielo,  Antomo  de  Lnon,  lielacion  qve  en  el  Conaeio  de  Indhts 
hho,  Sobre  la  Parjficacion,  y  pohlacion  del  Manchi  i  Lacandoii,  que  j^i'dende 
huziT  Don  Die<jr>  de  Vera  Ordonez  de  Villaqxirnn,  Vavallero  de  la  Ordcn  da 
L'ulatrava,  dx.,  aiio  IGJS,  folio  11,  is  a  report  of  Antonio  do  Leon  Pinclo, 
tlio  celebrated  histoi'ical  secretary  of  the  council  of  the  Indies,  on  the  dis- 
trict occupied  by  the  Lacandoncs,  Manclies,  and  other  uncouqucred  native 
nations.  Tlic  book  Is  extremely  rare,  and  probably  not  more  than  two  or 
three  copies  aro  in  existence,  since  only  a  limited  nundjcr  were  printed 
for  the  individual  use  of  tho  members  of  tho  council.  The  one  in  my  pos- 
session was  the  property  of  tho  late  E.  G.  Squier.  It  contains  a  brief  descrip- 
tion of  the  Manchii  and  Lacandon  country,  which  is  followed  by  a  concise 
sketch  of  tlie  various  attempts  to  pacify  and  people  those  districts,  from 
the  time  of  the  conquest  down  to  the  date  of  tlic  report.  The  greater 
part  of  tl'.e  treatise  consists  of  a  careful  consideration  of  the  proposition  niado 
by  Diego  de  Vera  Ordonez  do  Villaquiran  for  the  pacification  of  tho  Lacandon 
territory.  Attached  to  the  document  is  a  copy  of  tho  royal  patent  extended 
to  Villa(piiran  approving  his  proposition  and  appointing  him  governor  and 
captain-general  of  tlie  "  Provincia  do  el  Prospero  (alias  el  Lacandon),"  drawn 
up  in  lOoS,  and  issued  by  the  king  on  tho  29th  of  March  Kil]!).  Mention  has 
already  been  made  of  Pinelo's  labors  in  vol.  i.  p.  287,  Hint.  Cent.  Am.  In- 
Joniie  dti  Hev.  P.  Prior  del  Convvnlo  de  Cohan  al  Ilimo  y  Jiimo  Sr  D.  Frnij 
A  nitres  de  Xnnas  y  Qnevedo,  Arzobifijio  de  Guatemala,  sobre  bin  Misionefi  de 
Verapaz  y  AhUzaex,  escrila  en  Cohan  dS  de  Fcbrero  de  1GS5,  ^18.,  ."'7,  is  an 
interesting  report,  formerly  belonging  to  tho  Al)bi5  Brasseur  do  Bouibourg, 
and  containing  an  account  of  tho  Dominican  missions  in  tho  Cliol  country 
from  1G7.'1  to  the  date  of  the  document.  It  constitutes  a  spirited  refutation 
of  the  charge  of  abandonment  thereof  brought  against  tlic  order  by  Sebastian 
de  Olivera  y  Angulo,  th-j  alcalde  mayor  of  Vera  Paz.  The  letter  is  ably  and 
conrteously  written,  and,  as  the  production  of  a  .Spaiush  friar,  not  very  ver- 
bose. 


Herewith  I  give  further  references  to  somo  atithoritics  consulted  for  tho 
prcccdiin;  chapters:  Vazquez,  Chron.  deClnif.,  1-771;  Kscamilla,  Xol.  Ciir., 
1-7S;  Ov!edo,  i.  lir»,  l.'>7-8,  ii!)!M;02;  iii.  12.'?,  1:51-2,  1S9-21)S,  211-20,  222-:!, 
2.M,  4SS-»4,  r)40;  iv.  8-10,  19-32, 2;59-42;  ConrilioM  Prov.,U^.,i.  100,  passim; 
Jd.,  l.V>,")y  1505,  pp.  vi.-vii.,  2S;)-89,  29;j-8;  J/errera,  dec.  i.  lib.  vii.  cap. 
xii.;  lib.  x.  cap.  xi.;  dec.  iii.  lib.  v.  cap.  xiv. ;  lib.  ix.  cap.  vii.  x.;  lib.  x. 
I'ap.  ix.  xi. ;  dec.  iv.  lib.  i.  cup.  vi.  vii.  xi.;  lib.  ii.  cup.  i.  iii.  vi.;  lib.  iii.  cap. 
ii.;  Iii).  iv.  cap.  vii.;  lib.  vi.  cap.  iii.;  lib.  vii.  cap.  v.;  lil).  x.  cap.  v.  xv.; 
dec.  V.  lib.  i.  cap.  ix.;  lib.  iii.  cap.  v.;  lib.  vi.  cap.  i.;  lib.  ix.  cap.  viii.  ix.; 


FURTHER  REFERENCES. 


703 


dec.  vi.  lib.  i.  cap.  viii.  ix.;  lib.  iii.  cap.  xix.;  lib.  vii.  cap.  iv.  vi.;  dec.  vii. 
lib.  il.  cap.  X.  xi.  xii. ;  lib.  vi.  cap.  v.  vi. ;  dee.  viii.  lib.  vi.  caji.  i.  ii.  iii.  v. 
vii.;  dec.  viii.  lib.  x.  ca  i.  xx.;  Torquemada,  i.  3'J2-31,  333-4;  iii.  o3;>-r\ 
3S1,  4GS-70,  533-0;  Brnml  JJiaz,  Hist.  Vcnlad.,  177-83,  205,  219-21,  2."."j-7, 
24r)-0;  Oonzalfz  Ditvita,  Teatrn  Edca.,  45-308,  passim;  t'ar!(is  ifc  Iiu/'n.-; 
23-5,  -ill,  451-55,  CG2,  073-8,  708-10,  735,  745-0,  757-8,  770,  797,  831,  til, 
857;  lientesal,  Hiit.  Chyarpa,  1-771;  America,  />wr//i. ,  MS. ,  2— 1,  130-5,  155, 
]<J0,  182-!);  Gomnrii,  hist.  Mex.,  233;  Id.,  jllxt.  Jiid.,  04,  243-1,  2u:i-7U; 
(Jhiaims,  Doc.  Oii'j.,  M.S.,  0-8,  55ctBcq.;  JJdvila  Padilla,  Jlint.  Feud.  M<x., 
50-1,  8!»-03,  100-15,  179-89,  303-29,  343,  478;  Ak'in-,  Hist.  Camp.  Jrs'i.'^,  i. 
183,  254-5,  429-48;  ii.  10,  passim;  iii.  3-0,  18-30,  48-80,  172,  179-80,  2:))-C.; 
Cciiiro  America,  Kxtractos  Siiclto'i,  MS.,  1-149;  Pacheco  and  Cdi-deiiux,  Cd. 
Due,  i.  511,  passim;  ii.  209et6eq.;  iii.  .351-02,  .380-8,  .507-8;  iv.  131-5;  v. 
522-9;  vi.  0-17,  304,  342-3;  vii.  0,  passim;  viii.  19^0,  89,  224;  ix.  .si- 115; 
X.  SJctscq.;  xi.  91-153;  xiii.  130,  passim;  xiv.  47  ct  seq.;  xv.  9,  jiai-siin; 
xvi.  324-7;  xvii.  489-95;  xix.  .329-40;  xxii.  515-24;  xxiii.  171-89;  Darila, 
('oiiUniiacion  de  la  Cronica,  MS.,  r27-.30,  290;  Icazbulceta,  Col.  Doc,  i.  p]). 
Ivi.-cxv. ;  ii.  pp.  xxxvi.-xl.  509-14,  595-000;  Uohlea,  Prov.  df  Cliiaiia,  5  71; 
JJiircia,  i.  100-79;  ii.  29-33,  173;  iii.  172-5;  Calle.  A^em.  y  Not.,  72,  passim; 
Chi>niilpaiii,  Hist.  Conq.,  ii.  181;  Beaumont,  Crdn.  Mich.,  i.  540-1;  ii.  12 
ctBcq.;  iv.  104-0,  252,  489-93;  v.  475;  Id.,  MS.,  322-4,  435,  038-42,  1083; 
Cdldax,  Carta  sohre  Lacandon,  1-13;  Alcedo,  Die,  iii.  325-0;  I.cllilxocliH!, 
JlorribleaCvueldadea,  71;  Florida,  Col.  Doc,  138;  Papc'cs  Fraiiciscunos,  JIS., 
i.  53-221,  308-13;  ii.  321-0;  Bnnjoa,  Geoq.  Descrlp.  OaJ.,  i.  83-7,  387-8;  ii. 
2.33-8,  385,410-11;  Id.,  Palestra,  174;  Peal  s  Cnlulas,  .MS.,  12,  192;  ii.  i:)9, 
194-7;  Codex,  Tell.  Hem.,  Beuzoni,  Momlo  Nuovo,  99,  100-7,  159-00;  Ordriim 
dc  la  Corona,  MS.,  i.  90,  158-00;  ii.  58;  iii.  45-73;  iv.  130-1,  1.50-7;  Vilan- 
cvrt,  Chron.  San  Fvaii;/.,  24,  77;  Id.,  Trat.  J/cj:. , 24-0,  37,  .53;  /(/.,  Mrito/';/., 
24  8,  4t-5,  135-0,  2.59;  Garcilaso  de  laVeqn,  Comment.  Peafes,  ii.  57-81,  .'Jvi!)~ 
75,  400-7;  Medina,  Chron.  S.  Dicjo,  11-12,  239-41;  Pii;in,  C'didario,  21  7, 
75-93,  115,  101-3,  lSS-201;  L' 1.1  Ca.ta.t,  Carta  Amonek.  15y>,  p.  iv.;  Id., 
Car/a  alGutfinara,  15,.'0,  1-5;  ///.,  Carta  a  loa  PP.  deGwit.,  lofi.'i,  1-10;  /'/. , 
Hist.  Ajioloij.,  MS.,  23-9,  222;  Id.,  Ilisl.  Iiid.,  1.400,  p.  vii.;  /(/.,  Peqionrui, 
3.5-40;  Providencias  Peaks,  MS.,  10-15.  49-77,  158-00,  178-208,221-54,  270- 
309;  K<piiiosa,  Chron.  Apost.,  308-407,  490-9,  5.34-90;  Fslmda  Pnntun, 
Desrripeioii,  MS.,  2-11;  Arvvalo,  Aeta.i  Ayiiiil.  Gnat.,  1.5-172;  Id.,  Col.  JJor. 
Anliq..  1-198;  Arricivi/a,  Croii.  Sifdfica,  1-157,  227-35,  588-9,  003-5;  Col. 
Doe'.  Inal.,  1.  122-4,  140-1;  Ivii.  3i8,  .344,  .381-412,  478;  J/f //.//>/,(,  //;  7. 
Deles.,  382-94,  545-8,  019-21,  007-74;  Gai-arrete,  Capias  dc  Doc,  MS.,  1-55; 
Gnat.  Col.  de  Cedidas,  MS.,  1-130;  fd.,  Slo  Doniini/o,  en  Ii..'.'/,  MS.,  1  71; 
I/ai/a,  Informe  al  Iliij,  MS.,  1-23;  Pmv.  Sanl.  Fvan;/.,  MS.,  1-7,  100-0, 
200-10;  Doc,  Hist.  Mex.,  seriu  i.  toiii.  i.  103,  passim;  ti)m.  ii.  3-520;  turn.  iii. 
23S-495;  torn.  iv.  110-2,37;  toiii.  v.  109,  142;  sirio  ii.  torn.  iv.  21-2,  2i2-S.S, 
349-72,403;  torn.  vi.  41  8;  torn.  vii.  75-0;  llecnp.  de  Iiidias,  i.  II,  imssiia; 
ii.  17,  piissini;  iii.  311,  passim;  Jnarros,  Gnat.,  I,  jtassiin;  Id.  (id.  hi)ii(li;ii, 
1823),  1-520;  Cnqollrdo,  1 1, si.  Yuc,  93,  2.34-42,  .320,  037,  745-51;  Hi.dn 
Ordenes,  ii.  305-31;  iii.  91-245,  308-12;  viii.  188-9,  422-:J9;  Fernandez,  J/i.-t. 
/v7.,  29-32,  115-185;  Pelaez,  Mem.  Gnat.,  \.  1-,'ilO,  j)assiiii;  ii.  l-.M  I,  pas-ini; 
iii.  1-291;  Gracias,  KMadisiiea,  22-31;  S'ptier\i  M'SS.,  i.-xxxii.;  Criado  ile. 
CaMilla,  Deseuh.,  JlS.,  1-04;  Mdltrafainieulo  de  }'«(//o>',  MS.,  1-4;  Cor/rs, 
Pesidvncia,  i.  51-00,  90-7,  155-0,  232  4,  421;  Pitrehas,  His  Pit, //ones,  iv.  .S77, 
1140-7,  l."')09-1003;  v.  880  8;  Cerezeda,  Carta,  MS.,  l-(;2;  Ihrrol'ro  pani 
Aare;/.,  MS.,  17-133,  passim;  Cabrera  Bneno,  Navr<j.  Experrl.,  .31.3;  Lobi, 
Itelwion,  M.S.,  1-217,  passim;  G'tder/o  ij  Cadena,  Ildacion,  MS.,  1-lS;  Laz- 
cano,  i'ida  del  Oviedn,  17;  Papelis  de  Jesiiilat,  MS.,  3;  Apiano,  Co-iukkj., 
18-19,  75;  Garcia,  Snhlir.  Zemlabs,  MS.,  1-154,  pnMsim;  Ari!<i,  y  f.n/o.  De- 
8-7-ip.,  MS.,  1-8;  1,'ainiisio,  iii.  300-4;  Cednlarlo,  MS.,  i.  31-40,  21(i-S;  iii. 
81-91;  Garcia  de  llerniosilhi,  .Mcnlorial,  MS.,  l-(i5;  iSinion,  Conq.  Tii  rr  k 
Firine,  401-32;  Fr.nlacion  y  Proy.  ile  Pror.  Santiaijo,  MS.,  2-5;  Hnorfc, 
Jiclacion,  MS.,  1-5;  Carriedo,  D<itudios  Hid.,  1-117|  passim;   yUla^ulierre, 


704 


rJCLIOCRAniY  OF  VOYAGE  COLLECTIONS. 


//;■^  roil').  II:,t,AAl,  Tfl-ni  ',  r>ll-401.  nOJ-ll,  r,4i]-G.-;);  Frjvprpa,  Vnulhhi..^, 
MS.,  70-1(14;  11(1.1111.11.  LI  Jii/i/niic,  M.S.,  20-.S!);  Zii,-ita,  LilarUiii,  MS..  G.); 
.'.•'n'toii,  JJi.tciii:<o.  MS.,  1^;);  A'.r/y/tt,  Mniwrkil,  MS.,  1--J0;  Almnulo.  C(iii-!.<, 
MS.,  1   4-_';  Moirin,  Jusft  Xori  ()rf,!s,   107-15,  140,   LSI-.'},  -JOG,  IMS,  ;:(il-,-). 


11;    JV/nwo,  Car/ft,  MS.,  1  ctscfj.;  iMiniiiilK,  Me 


4Si)-0;  Pan  Id,  Jiddc'to, 

va/m,  MS.,  1--J0;  /'ic/ruhita.  Hit.  6'( /(.,  r--2'J-;iO;  .Vonl,  S/d'Criiz  I'is./a,  MS., 
1-1G4;  /-.'ijiiin-c,  Hchicion,  M.S.,  I  ct  r.t'<].;  Coila  U'tra,  Cui,llo  tie  /,'i''(irluii, 
MS.,  1-lS;  llaklvijl,  ]'u)/.,  in.  rj07-9,  ;);)0-7;  Aran,  Jhirkn,  MS.,  'J-HS;  /«;(- 
f,/</a',  f.V,/.  />,«•.,  piissini;  6'/(r(/.  ('uict.  dd.  Ciilnfio,  MS.,  1  ctsei|.;  ]'(r'i/i'r.  ij 
J/i'il-.dcs,  jVisioiicx,  MS.,  1-27;  Anrlfu/ni/n,  Car/a  «'  /A//,  MS.,  0-10;  ,l<ri.v^f, 
Conij).  Hist.  K.  ilratiada.  ;,'24;  iSVnt  tSV'/c,  Tmtnlo  d<'  la  Fiinducioii,  MS., 
]-27;  J'>^>\in,  Df/cnce  of  Si-ot.-<  SiUhiiiriit,  1  ctscq.;  Id.,  L'lKiiiiri/,  1  ct  se(j.; 
/(/.,  Jinmhlc  Address;  Id.,  Lrtti-r  UtldliiKj;  Id.,  Or'nj'.md  I'a/jcrs,  1  cti^ei).; 
/'/.,  Viiii.'hatloii,  1  ct  scq.;  Toitroii,  U<.tl.'o'<)i.  Am.,'v.  11)0-214,  240-! )7;  vi. 
71-124,  3tJ7--lS;  vii.  (iO-KiS,  2;]:(-4S,  2{;0-7S;  Saulos,  Chron.  I/!sp.,  ii.  47!»-Sr.; 
Catria,  liist.  llith.,  i.  2.")-7;  ii.  3-12,  2S-20;>;  iii.  1-17:!;  iv.  l-:!0;  /-/.,  ui-srna 
(.'(.;/.,  7;  t'orrtd,  I'o//.,  i.  04-5,  101-12;  Id.  (cd.  Amstciiluiii),  7o-H2,  12."i-l-7; 
Id  (c.l.  riuis),  (;.')-l(,0,  2.H-2;  I't.icdu,  IhscnjK  Gro;/.,  1 1-14,  45,  ,S5-S,  120  ".'i; 
Vddf'ini,  Ilri  re  iJrsrrlp.,  5-5G;  Ifivcrn,  Hist.  Jiddpa,  i.  (JO-3;  Oii/fudi/ras  /nra 
r: lunlio  dr  Ndchs,  1-24;  Lijhvh,  It' I.  I'liiifual.  MS.,  1-10;  Gotli'ri-il.  Xcirn 
y,'<lt,r,-2-'),-2S-2-(J;  Ocxmrliii,  Hist,  d.e  Fiih.,  i.  102-5,  107-228;  i'i.  Il-li,  :;i- 
lO:;,  2;)7-4G;  iii.  :J0-202,  301-47;  liainircz,  I'rocc-o,  pp.  xi.-xxiii.,  G-!S2,  102-:!, 
124-;];),  277-00;  !•'<  iiil/'C,  Joiiri:ul,  ('5-80,  UG-GO,  ;)ll-2:!;  Lurmiianr,  Suro- 
li-'-rn,  l-.'l,  17-25;  Sqiil<  r's  Xofcs,  121  ct  ppip;  /'/.,  Sfa'fs,  44,  jia.ssim;  Id., 
Ti'dvclii,  82  ct  sc(|. ;  Lact,  Nori  Orhis,  325,  .■So;)-4G;  E.cijucnuliii.  Ani.  Z<c- 
Ji'n-vcrs,  59  ct  scq.;  /(/.,  lUiccutm  rs  of  Aii).,'2\}  et  sc!|.;  /(/.  (ctl.  15o.slon, 
1S57),  7lictsc'i. ;  Id.,  IJisf.de  Iloccnidirs  {vd.  Amst.  17tO),  r2sctH('(i.;  Jk;/- 
hjii,  Cosmaii.,  1080-0;  Ddmpicr,  Vni/.,  i.  3  ct  scq.;  UHoa,  XoHrius,  345; 
Clcvrlf'iid,  j\ic.  Ti-dns't,  :MS.,  '}-2-()C):'Ldrriidiiiliiri',  Jf,'.,:  rf  Gnat.,  208,  2S7- 
DO;  rirscott\-<  Mrx.,  i.  377-SG;  Id.  (cd.  :M;Hlriii),  iv.  22S:  /(/.,  Hist.  Pirn,  ii. 
5^)1-72;  Moiitanvs,  Xicinrc  Wccrdd,  2GS-S1;  .S'oc.  Mex.  Ghk/.,  IJolitiii,  iii.  .S7, 
paL-.iiii;  V.  320-32;  Id.,  2<l;i  i''i>.,  i.  222-50,  203,  45G,  5G5-73;  iii.  77-M);  iv. 
()0("-712;  /(/.,  3ila  cp.  ii.  3G4-2G;  Arclwiilwll-:  Hist.  Piratis,  03.  passim;  South 
S<:i.  Co.,  Vicir  o/\  1  ct  scq. ;  Sharp,  Voy.  and  Adv.,  2,  piissiiii;  Liissaii,  Junniul 
d-  I'...»/.,30-lld,  129-43,  152-274,  3S4-4oG;  Fancoiirt's  Hist.  Yiic,  147,  passim; 
('■dro,  Trnit(s,  ii.  205-9,  350-HI;  iii.  240-55;  xi.  10(;-203;  .l//o»,  Cmi^id. 
I.!,:i;l(K,  9-10;  Luyts,  Intn.dw.  Gimj.,  727-9;  Aa,  Xdnnh  iiri'jr  I'crsdiiu'HiKj, 
X.  10-25;  Iliiiidioldt,  L'sNui  Pol.,  ii.  4()7-73;  ItiistaiiHinto,  Mtdidas,  MS.,  ii. 
11-12;  Zciiiarols,  Hist.  2Iij.,  i.  715-18;  ii.  375;  iii.  144;  iv.  48.VG,  G32-S4; 
V.  187,  422-8,  G17-34;  x.  1123-5;  J/oiitct,iai/<,r,  Sn,i((rios,  11,  1G3-G,  ISO, 
2.;3-4;  Pap.  Var.,  xliv.  pt.  i.-x.;  cxlix.  pt.'  x.  403-14;  Id.,  clxvii.  pt.  i.  1 
tt  s;'q. ;  Id.,  ccxv.  pt.  xvii.  pas.siiii;  Hvirliurdl,  Xic,  ."il-2,  71-80,  110-13, 
]"G-8,  110-4,  205  7;  Daviti/,  I)isrri/>.  Gm.,  01-4;  lirdscnr  do  Ijniirlnii'r'j, 
Pi').  Mir.  Gnat.,  :?G;  /(/.,  Il'ist.  Xaf.  Cir.,  iv.  574-G33,  7M-98;  Monti t,yo!i., 
ii.  201,  303;  lidps'  Curtis,  it.  1G2-3;  /(/.,  A;/)' o/' Lrrx  ('((«(>•,  182,  passim;  /(/., 
S/i:ni.  Com/.,  iii.  275,  ])as,siiii;  iv.  !)-14;  (,>i'iiitiiiia,]'iila,  120  ctscii.;  IHnra, 
Goh.  di'  Mcx.,  i.  31,  248,  254,  258-0;  Biinio/s  Dis,or.  South  Sra,  iv.  50, 
lartiin;  Xoiin lU's  An.  de  I'oi/.,  xxi.  244,  2()l-2;  xx\i.  405-G;  xxw.  127-8; 
l::.\x.  129-G9;  xcii.  58;  xciii.  25-0;  xcix.  102;  c.  51-4;  cli.  1-15;  clviii.  200; 
Gnat.,  Apnnt.  Aijric,  42,  passim;  W'l-d  Indies,  iJi'scrip.  o/Sjuni.  Sritl.,  1-lOG; 
L'rdo  de  Tcjadd,  Apind.  Hist.,  201-2,  200;  Aidmlir.,  Mmi.  Hist.,  ])p.  Iviii.- 
1- iii.  Ixxxiii.-xtiii. ;  linreauiers  o/^lw(.,ii.  1  ctsc(i,;  La  Unrpe.  Alri'iir.  x. 
1  iii-20,  257-314;  xi.  237,  passim;  Iliisseirs  Hist.  A)ii.,  i.  3SS-03,  41G-lo',  517- 
4'';  dc-iiits.  Col.  Gen.,  i.  I  ctscq.;  ii.  1  ctscq. ;  Clement,  Tidilas  Chron.,  HO- 
ST, 205;  Kirr's  Cul.Voii.,  v.  175-80;  x.  214,  passim;  /(/.,  Travels,  220;  Cosia 
P  ea,  Uonndaries,  10-50;  Palacio,  S.  Salr.,  1-70;  Ii/lesids  i/(  \inrenlo'<  de  Me.r., 
277  81;  Cortes,  Diario,  v.  220;  xix.  300-1;  We-t  Indies, 'Gen;i.  and  Hist..  GO, 
pv.ssini;  Molinc ,  liosiiiieji)  Cost.  /,'.,  G7  ctscq.;  /(/.,  ('o(//;  (r(V,7,  G  ct  si(|.;  See- 
'i..a:ni'ii  I.-<th.  oj  Panama,  l-'-'M  Id.,  in  /'aniiiiid  Star  and  Herald,  Maicli-  May, 
\lii)S;   Gaijc's  Xew  Surrei/,  180-205,  308-9;  Id.,  \'oy.  (cd.  I'uvis,  1070),  ii.  pt. 


FURTHER  REFEHKNCES. 


705 


lii.  l-Ca.  170-2^7:  I<1.  (od.  Anist.  1720),  i.  non-7fi;  Do>i;ifa^'  //m'.  rnul  Poi.. 
i.  t-t-ti,  ss-d:  ])r'tl:.('s  I""//.,  .">(»-(;."),  ."iOIi-l");  'J'cr)iini.r-(.'i,i,i/)(uiK,  Voii.,  fn'UL-  i. 
tuiii.  X.  ir,|-;)l.  -JC.I-S.".,  n'.V-JS;  .sirio  ii.  toin.  v.  11  •_'-:!,  I7'.l-Sl,  2012-;!,  -.^.V'  '.',; 
J'rir!ii.t.  Iiiil'miii^'hi  r  I!<li<i.,  ISO— 1;  Carliajul,  J/iif.  Mrr,^  ji.  Ci.vi-ii;  J)rfil:i, 
Canii'li-h  and  Junnjiln;  Lire,  170,  ISl'-o,  lSs-<)(»,  •2;;:i -40,  •_'(;:!-70;  ,/•'/..';,, 
Tr(t.-Hitnnfi-.'0}ii-  il,  !l^  1-'J.S();  i'ool:c''K  <iio<j.,\\.  Hj'i-S;  F<  ruaDi/n,  \\].;  Jin  )•■/'■•<, 
8(i-!)ii;  Ams( wriiii,  Examcn,  '20-2;  Arrhiro  Mrr.,  i.  IK!;  LhinrlwU'ii,  \'<i>i., 
22!l;  i>i:';/i„iil  Ll(cr.f  to  an  Uoiusf  Sailor,  C,~\<);  Alhnm  Mr.,;,  i.  417-1  ^ 
Miif'li  JI  Lahirm,  Marhi'i  K"]'.,  ii.  5S3-7,  "■1''',  (ili2-7;  Kin'iti'x  Xi'\  «./ 
irfi//.'*-,  M.^^.,  (11-4;  Mar/,h(rsoii\'<  Ainialx,  i.  744-7;  ii.  'MO,  4')\,  CiiVi-'J;  iii. 
S."4,  .'IS,  ,")yj;  iv.  4,  1.")!),  17!>,  4i;0;  Diorama,  14(!-7'>;  Ahnnmi,  JJi  rrf..  i. 
2'J-'',~,  172:  iii.  '.',']?,;  Oij'.II.ii'h  Am.,  !)(i  passim;  Mavir'tijos,  ChUijia,  .">  ct  ::i|.; 
liihtrn  I'a'io,  Kl  Maistro,  1-42;  Lo/ic~,  Mtrmrio  Im/.,  ^IS.,  42-.";  H'c/lz-'v 
To//.,  4-LsS;  Via'jiro  L'liir.,  xii.  72,  jia.ssini;  .\xiii.  C.'>-7f^;  xxvii.  ITi!)  ot  .'cii. ; 
Sorarro.  Lxtraii.  (,'>'at.,  1-.'12;  Lc/lrcft  h'llijirniilrn,  iv.  nrd);  Summli/,.';,'  r/.'rr 
y,V(.-(//('.v,/(.,  ix.  (J!t-1(!(),  (;17;  xii.  .'H7')-7;  xiii.  i)\'A,  ]ia.«.siin;  xv.  2.")2-02;  Xi"  nt 
Esjiana,  lltif  nrs.,  MS.,  .-M!),  passim;  /A'^r.s-,  ;.',/.  ^/c  la.t  F.t-s/a.-',  ]'.)■.  I.'ir- 
ra'.u-.nr,  Ilhi;).,  1-1.1;  /'/.,  Jj!-:ciirKO,  12-17;  S/iaiiish  L'm/>ir(i  in  An).,  \'.)\, 
passini;  Xicarariuii,  Difvusa  dr  Dvr<rh<iK  thl  Pai^i,  I.V21;  Orion,  E-</'(n).  Km!- 
i/rad.,  222-3;  Amona,  Hint.  Yiir.,  202,  pas.^iiu;  Amrricn  Cent.,  Hcrbnii.  liii 
Jidiraiiricii.  7-H);  JJi  r'nr/rr.  Col.  Voy.,  ii.  411;  iii.  2Sl,  2f)l;  Vnrinlfiili  <^ 
Jrrl.<p.,  V.  :'>'J-4:};  Ayfuh'intniia,  Ci'xt.  Am.,  Pil,  lOS-!);  //art'/.t'iis,  C'i'iif.  Ai»., 
2:!,  27:  rri,;;i\-- n;.'<t.  Vi.ij.,  I(i4-(i,  :r.4-7;  C'istizoliid,  Pur  d  .'\lar<iro,2;  I"//- 
oijrs,  A  X<ir  Vol.,  i.  422~:!(),  4SS-.")04;  ii.  4'A  ctsrci.;  iii.  42,  pa.ssini;  r/v)/,-.',it 
liosjiil  in  Ci'iit.  Am.,  18  ct  sp(|.;  JJ((-:ti  rn  (.'oast  i  if  ('int.  Am.,  4-S;  C'ln'l.trirn'.t 
Jonniiii.  20  2(;-l:  P(fiii.i<ti'.-<  yotc.<  on  Mcx.,  ir)-21;  Sohnon'^  Modrrn  /;'/■/.,  i'i. 
C:i-.',  2l;»-22:  JJrrrafl,,!,  I'.V/fi  rW;-/o.>t,  iii.  211-12;  Dihrr'l'^  P,n>a„id,  :N, 
passim;  A)i'ri'i{n  L'rr.,  .Tuly  18.")1,  15  ct  serj.;  Cliiirchurs  Col.  I'u;/.,  vi.  2'lS- 
812;  viii.  7."!4,  7til-7t>!':  /Vf/c,  Xourcaii  l'i>>/.,  ii.  40;!-10;  Crm-iifs  Pim,  M.S., 
l-4( ;  Xii-ini'jiio,  Xui  ra  J)'-sriO'ioii,  4-");  jM'iriirc'jor's  J'roijrcM  of  Am.,  i.  oil, 
72S,  741-2,  71!':  Stoid'.'<  Xir.,  101.  passim;  Ahur'iiiic  Cmt..  Com/).  Pnlijc,  ].t. 
ii.  o.Vt),  !)2-.'>:  Xic'irfi'iict,  ])(■  f/rdni  d/l  Dirirlor,  l-M!;  UniI'd  Srrricr.fo.r., 
pt.  ii.  2l!S.  Hl.VlS,  4:i:}-!0,  lit.  iii.  4-!),  2S! )!».".;  Pim'n  (!<iir  fo /',„■;,;,;  2ii 
et  .seq. :  Xilis'  Piiiislcr,  xliv.  ;!.";8;  /j'/.v.vii /v,  ///Jni/iirc  JA.i'.,  ,'!71-.">;  (''>/.'/<■, 
Col/i'  di'  Ho-  d.,  ,")-(<;  ('arnrir.a,  Ihtifri/).,  (if)  7n,  118;  d'r/.-irn'd'n  Piii:n:r,i, 
8(.'tHo(|.;  Pinb  r'oii'.-i  C<d.  Voi/..  xiv.  ;i(il-S7;  Lnrrnnaia,  Pruxiniio  L'ni  !d,i, 
1-28;  lli'rIiUiii  Col.  I'o;/.,  ii.  7<il-"i;  l>iniv\i  Cnat.,  (it,  ]):!ssiiii;  J)iki]i'>r!i\ 
Prise,  X.  ;;4;>,  ;i!)7-41l):  ijiiui-ti  rhj  n<i\,  xxxv.  IVJli- <l;  Mnrilrn'.-i  Ceo,).,  .'iSJ-l; 
Poli/nisian.  \V\.  ."),  l^l;  iro,-/(/  J)i.<jJni/f'l,  vi.  !)-l7,  44-!);  Ih  morrnlir  /.'"•., 
XXX.  ."/Ill;  Jla-tl'li,  Ml  m.KiirXoinrini  /'((....jfrj/c, 21-4.  ."0-2;  I'u  tmih^-'Voii.,  l."2-'!; 
Jfar/ir's  Ma;/.,  xvii.  28-0;  xviii.  18-2;!,  :{i;  xix.  20-;!7,  4:;i-7,  44!i-.".0;  .<.'(- 
vard'.-i  ^V((c..  ii.  271-0',);  l)iinloji''h  Cmt.  Am.,  08-70,  77,  O.'!;  T/f'iiin-o.'i'.t 
Gnat..  2;)(!-7;  .S'"/f  Ml'jml,  Mr.,:.,  ii.  24;  iVf-c//i  ^1;/).  y.Vc,  xxiv.  27'^  ^">: 
Yoniii/'.^  Mosq.  >7i  ire.  12-1.");  Floniicia,  Xi-dia''o  Marini^o,  2.'I!  .'>"i;  <>V/,v'f,;,'.t 
All'-.  Ml. v.,  ii.  247;  /!rili'<h  (Jimrt.  /.Vr. ,  xcix.  2.')S-0;  J/V.r.  f(;/(/  dnat..  ii.  I."."; 

lilirhi's  Enroji.  Siltlr  mrnt,  i,  2!)l-2;  Mi^inn  Srir)llijif]:ii-  dc  Mr.r,,  '){)<);  Pi  :i 
and  S'fmriir\f  ])iittin/-'<.  85  otsfq.;  London  C'ni/.  .Sor.,  Juiir.,  i.  8.');  xi.  sj; 
xxiii.  l'M)-l;  xxwiii.  108-0;  Codmaii'ii  /'oiind  Tri/>,  14-1.');  Si  Fninris  ,■/ 
A^i.-ii,  7.{)?,;  Aiiiifds  Pti-il.  Li-/}^.,  ii.  ,'i07;  J/c(f>7( a '/".•<  Cliristian  .l//'s>v'f,/(.<,  ii. 
224-0;  iS7/»//f( )•'/".■<  Pa/'iiv  on  S/irin.  Am.,  '^'i-~;  Poi/i ra'  To//.,  ajip.  l."!-."); 
Th'  Kiiiirii.'i  d'O'/.,  ii.  207-71;  //( Inu's'  Annidt  of  Am.,  i.  72;  rinb  r'i,n'.i  ,!/-■- 
rrn  (li"'/.,  iii.  210;  lliiri/x  P. rod' is,  ii,  r)8-()0,  171-2;  Moyjiii/o  Tirr.,  (\,r,'c. 
^/londiure  P,i  s/,icfhii}.  7  I't  .scq. ;  Indirndor,  iii.  l,")(i  7.'!;  Cam/ilnll's  S/ifi,. 
Amir.,  (II.  i)assiui;  I'.s/iiiioxa,  Pcni/rino  Si  /it.,  l-4."i0;  /(/. ,  Xinrnx  t'ln/n'ryi  , 
1-10;  Morfin\'<  //if.  IT.  Jndirs,  '  \.  l:!7-0;  U'arhiirlrm\  J),irirn,  1(1!)  "(i';; 
J)ii:on"<  ill-  liidioi,  1,  jiassim;  \'oi/ni/i'>:,  Xcn-  I'liir.  Co!.,  i.  js^S-O;  ii.  ■S7;!-'^; 
P.nddnm-Wli'lli'nii.  An-'SKCinl.  Am.,  100-12;  Thom/isoi''s  /?,rid.,  II!);  .l.'',-//- 
fr'.v  J/'.f.  ..I-.'"',  i.  2.")."!;  W'l iitlurhiad'.'i  Arciunit  of  J'.ipnl.,  .SO;  Ovrlnid 
.Miintli'ii.  iv  4!i7:  Siinlif'  Inti  r.  Comm.,  1.V18:  /''riiir'-<  All  tin'  Vioi.,  ."7  7i): 
Grrfii/itiir'n  Mill.,  ',io-6;  Tliinris  Minnisniiipi  UidMr^'2:l\i-o~,;  Pani'/iaa'\i  Wor^il 


7G8 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  VOYAGE  COLLECTIOXS. 


in  Mtn.,  ii.  23;  Imray's  Saillnff  Dtrrct.,  12;  IloVnisthi,  La  Cat.,  C6-S;  Crofhy'a 
StatimenI,  MS.,  UG-'lS;  Fhullm/s  DincL,  i.  213,  242,  2o8;  Arami,  Ililad'on, 
380-9S;  Giterra,  Jli^t.  Revol,  ii.  GlO-17;  Mexico,  JVotcs  o)i  ia  JS.J2,  2;«»-44; 
Frost's  Pict.  Ilht.  Mcx.,  129;  Shdvoche'a  Von.,  202-3;  Kotkia  Imlividuul  de 
Ion  Derechos,  1-143;  Ponton'a  Earthqualces,  3G,  46;  Nicurwiua  y  lloud.  Doc, 
l-.jG;  Paredex' Coant  of  Mofq.,  1-G2;  Linage,  Spanish  Hide  of  Trwle,  207-8, 
227;  Couder's  Mex.  and  Guat.,  ii.  153,  passim;  J/ansel,  Mex.  und  Gual.,  4f)G; 
Wihon'is  J/ea:.,257;  Lardiwr'a  Hist.  MariL,  ii.  302-4;  Panama,  The.  Ixihmus, 
8-9;  Anderson's  Commerce,  iii.  165;  iv.  47,  449;  liohcrts'  Nur.,  Voy.,  37-42; 
JJarris'  Col.  Voy.,  i.  748,  754;  UVrts'  7/on(i«ra,<,  415,  457-9,  530-1;  GoudricJi'a 
Man  on  Sea,  34,  337-8;  Correo  Merc.  Esp.,  iv.  270;  Tomes,  Punamd,  162-3, 
2!j8-12;  Oviedo  y  lianos.  Par  el  Licenciado,  1-9;  Guat.,  lustrttc.  Arre<ilo,  1-24; 
Otis'  Isthiiius  of  Panama,  127;  Payne's  Univ.  Geoij.,  iv,  461-3;  SiUcio,  Mem. 
I'oment.  Col.  Ind.,  74-8;  Siiarez,  Informe,  33;  I'oyif/es,  Hist.  Voy.  rouml  the 
World,  i.  302-9,  325-9,  443-4;  Cullen's  Darien,  147-93;  Winterhdthnm's  Hist, 
of  C.  S.,  iv.  120-8;  Puydt  et  Binchim,  Colonisation,  72;  Flint's  Geog.,  ii. 
145;  Alzate,  Gacetas,  iii.  326,  442;  Castellon,  Doc.  Nic.  ?/  Jlond.,  51-6;  J/os- 
qiiilolandes,  23,  passim;  Mora,  Informe,  1-127;  Cava,  Tres  Siijlos,  i.  104;  ii. 
07-8,  147;  iii-  35-43;  Brla,  Conjirmationis,  1-16;  Nicaragua,  Nueva  Disen- 
sion,  C-7,  20-5;  Die.  Univ.  Hist.,  i.,  passim;  Arancel,  Derechos,  2-6;  La- 
eunza, Discrrsos  Hist.,  4(jI;  Mosquito-Kiiste  und  Ter.,  14-18;  Fonsecay  Urru- 
'■id.  Ileal  Hacienda,  i.  519-20;  Guat.,  Arancelas,  1-100;  Belly,  Nic,  i.  2S-.30, 
192.  226,  .340-50;  ii.  38,  261;  Rnynnl,  Hist.  Phil.,  iv.  74-5,  200,  205,  221-50; 
Leon's  7'rarels,  15-19,  35-40;  Pinelo,  Jlelarion,  1-11;  Mosquito,  Correspond- 
ewe,  27,  passim;  Itelacion  Historica  de  lance,  1-8;  Muro,  Utilidades,  1-73; 
Fdirira  y  Fstampade  Nayp(S,l-lG;  Llorente,(Euvres,  1-409;  F'ernand.o,\n.i 
Di>r.,  314-27;  Margil  de  Jesus,  Noticie  deffa  Vita,  1-210;  Id.,  N^uevaa  Em- 
j^rcssas,  1^6;  Cancelada,  Tel.  Mex.,  109;  Moreno,  Ileglas  Cientas,  1-136; 
Nicara'/ua,  Mem.,  8-28;  Cent.  Amer.  Pamphlets,  passim;  Mos(piito  Doc, 
pnssim;  Museo  Mex.,\.  193-5,229,  261;  Iturriaga,  El  Dolor  Pey,  1-27;  Ilust. 
Mex.,  iv.  414-16;  Iglesia  de  Guat.,  El  Dean,  1-4;  Linage,  Norte  de  la  C^n- 
traiacion,  1-264;  Navarrete,  Col.  Viagea  Descub.,  iii.  452-3;  Guatemala, 
Autos  de  Parle,  MS.,  1-41. 


